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TOWARDS A FIRE PROTECTION PLANNING APPROACH I. CONCEPTS AND DEVELOPMENT

by

R.L. Quirouette

Internal Report No. 418 of the

Division of Building Research

Ottawa May 1975

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There is a growing appreciation that fire protection planning, taking into account the characteristics of a proposed building, the characteristics of the occupancy and the nature of the activity to be carried out in the structure. must be an integral part of the design process. In this report. Mr. Quirouette proposes a discipline to be followed for the orderly planning of fire protection of a building. It provides a way for the designer to catalogue rationally the complexity of factors affecting fire protection. and to relate them so that each can be considered at the proper time and with reference to the others.

Systematic approaches to fire protection planning are not new. The author discusses other proposals. In practice, however, fire protection has been, until recent years, a series of separate legal demands, largely unrelated to each other and only broadly related to the variety of phenomena that create fire hazards in a building.

With the proposed planning approach. direct relationships are possible and indeed necessary since the aim is to match the protection with defined hazards and occupancy characteristics. The application of the method in this report is with respect to apartment occupancy; it would have to be modified for application to other occupancies. It is considered that the method could be a useful way to determine "tailored" fire protection for special buildings or standards for particular generic types of buildings.

Ottawa May 1975

C. B. Crawford Director. DBR/NRC

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I. CONCEPTS AND DEVELOPMENT by

R.L. Quirouette

1.0 INTRODUCTION

In June of 1973 a Task Group was formed under the aegis of the ACNBC to " . . . study the existing requirements of the Code as to their true need in terms of fire protection when a building is completely sprinklered"(l). In the months that followed it became clear that the problem rested not with the information available but with how it should be used. How was this composite mass of technical data and expert experience to be integrated to form a correct and meaningful balance? It was decided that a mechanism or process had to be devised to provide an explicit framework for evaluating the interrelations of existing data.

The problem of data and information management in the area of fire protection analysis is not unique to Canada. In June of 1972 the NFPA Board of Directors formed and approved a special committee

(Systems Concept Committee) to be " • . . responsible for developing systems concepts and criteria for fire protection in structures. The criteria are reported to the Technical Advisory Committee, which may assign the criteria to the appropriate Technical Committee for preparation of or amendments to standards"(2).

A "decision tree" similar to that used by General Services Administration (U.S.) has been the focus of effort for at least two years. Unfortunately, it still requires a great deal of

probabilistic data, most of it not yet available, and ignores the importance of human factors. Nevertheless, it holds promise and has been a positive step in systematizing fire protection analysis.

Concern for systematic evaluation of fire protection is

widespread. It is this pressure and an explicit demand on the part of the Canadian ACNBC's Task Group on Sprinklered Buildings that have resulted in a decision to develop a model process or

systematic approach that will demonstrate, by way of an explicit framework, how fire protection design can be evaluated using existing data and experience as a basis of fact.

This approach seeks objectives similar to those of the NFPA's Systems Concept Committee, but it will not require extensive

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statistical data and will include human factors as a major element in the analysis of fire protection planning. It will also record and assess the results of experimentation, assessments and sources of judgement of expert experience, plus committee decisions. The intent is to develop a framework based on principles of human and environmental behaviour. This paper is a progress report only. The approach, which is still very much in the embryonic stage, has been termed "the Canadian Fire Safety Matrix."

2.0 CONCEPTUAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES 2.1 Problems of Fire Protection Planning

The Canadian Fire Safety Matrix resulted from efforts to solve two problems. The first was stated in the objective of the task group on sprinklered buildings, to " . . . study the existing

requirements of the building code as to their true need in terms of fire protection when a building is completely sprinklered" - that is, to discover the true fire protection requirements of an

occupancy. The second was the discovery that there did not exist any method of isolating the true fire protection requirements of an occupancy. The latter has become the initial concern of the

Building Use Section. A brief discussion of the problems

encountered in the analysis of fire protection philosophy follows. Major development of fire protection in buildings has taken place in the last three decades (3). To a great extent fire

protection regulations governing the design of buildings have been derived from empirical study. This process, however, is approaching its ultimate limitation with regard to fire protection analysis and design. As society has evolved, so have its functions and buildings, but the bulk of present-day regulation governing fire protection still reflects the intent of a past society.

Empirical study, the first step in most research work, is undoubtedly a reasonable approach to the discovery of acting principles or timeless truths, out of which come the base for rational development. One of the fundamental principles of fire protection planning is embodied in the concept of "occupancy classification." This is the truth upon which fire protection regulations were and still are based.

Occupancies in their most elementary units have been classified as schools, libraries, hotels, department stores, bowling alleys, factories, etc. Yet there is such functional diversity within even one of these occupancies that the

classification is almost meaningless. It has become too general to be of any further use without considerable revision and expansion;

for example, some schools are closer to being libraries, and some libraries are closer to being shopping facilities. This uncertainty

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about occupancy has necessitated control based on an unstated blanket fire protection policy.

The problem is that the fundamental unit of occupancy is much too all-encompassing. Occupancy classification attempts to

describe, in one or two words, the totality of the elements it represents, such elements as occupants, the nature of activities, and the general character of the spaces they inhabit. If these are examined separately, there is substance for the restructuring of a more sound and lasting occupancy classification. Although occupancy as a totality has tended to change, especially in the last three decades, certain aspects of it have remained practically constant over the past three thousand years. The human occupant is much the sarne today, physiologically, as he was, and it is very unlikely that he will change much in the next three thousand years unless, by some accident of nature, the evolutionary trend

accelerates the pace of such change. Similar, but not necessarily as obvious, are the psychological characteristics of the human occupant. Most dramatic changes have taken place in social

behaviour, occupant activities, values, and morals. In addition, basic definitions have tended to reflect the traditional social conditions of occupancy and occupant behaviour, a rather narrow and vulnerable aspect of the total occupancy concept.

An

occupancy classification should consider all aspects

separately, physiological, psychological, and social characteristics, and provide for recognition of the significant changes that take place with time. Timeless truths are not timeless at all. This very issue is shaking the very credibility of today's fire

protection planning authorities. If, in thirty years, the very meaning of the occupancy classification can change, how can this model continue as a basis of fire protection planning?

The present task is thus doubly difficult. Not only must immediate answers be sought for some of the more perplexing problems of fire protection planning, but alternative occupancy classifications must also be devised as the basis for a more rational fire protection philosophy. On the credit side, much knOWledge has been gained in the area of fire technology, although the development of means of applying it lags behind. The effects of fire, for example, heat, flame, radiation, smoke, and toxic gases, are recognized; but specifications call for protection from fire rather than from one or some combination of these effects.

It is surely time for something more than token change in some aspects of the present process of achieving fire protection - for much more fundamental change. Fire protection planning in buildings cannot continue in its blanket coverage policy. It must be flexible enough to reflect rapidly the changing needs of society. It must be more specific and considerably more economical without decreasing its present level of protection.

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2.2 Problem-Solving Approaches

Only gradually and reluctantly did the Task Group acknowledge the need for fire protection more specific to the need. It meant that any further work would involve re-examination of fire

protection fundamentals. It also meant that an approach had to be devised to permit a more rational formulation of fire protection requirements. Further investigation suggested three methods of approach, but each was either too idealistic or too simplistic and not broad enough in scope. Graphic representation may be found in Figures 1 to 3.

The probabilistic approach (Figure 1) depends for its authority entirely on statistical evidence, information as yet largely

unavailable. As its base is empirical data, it is doubtful whether availability can keep up with the ever-changing design requirements of contemporary society. In addition, its scope is limited in its recognition of the necessary occupant criteria.

The deterministic approach (Figure 2) is a most idealistic approach, and is far beyond present capabilities or those of the immediate future.

The traditional approach (Figure 3) has outlived its usefulness, for present-day fire protection problems are much too complex. It does produce results quickly, but they may not always be correct. It should be used as a last resort only. Unfortunately, it has been for a very long time the only approach, and a large bureaucracy has been built around it. It has acquired a momentous thrust, one that will pose very real difficulty if a change of course is required.

The new method should be neither too idealistic nor completely probabilistic, but should contain aspects of both. It must be rational and systematic so as to include all possible available data and decision methods. It must include a mechanism to accommodate, equally well, both principles and committee deliberations as means of obtaining results. What began as a comprehensive analysis of the philosophy of fire protection has become the Canadian Fire Safety Matrix approach.

2.3 An Alternative Approach

The Fire Safety Matrix may be considered a first step towards rational structuring of fire protection philosophy. It is a

systematic approach whose philosophy embodies fundamental principles of general systems theory. It consists of the development of a logical procedure that will:

- permit comprehensive analysis of the nature of fire protection;

- differentiate and identify variable and non-variable parameters of the occupancy in question;

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- permit the development of alternative, specific fire protection plans.

An overview of the process is graphically represented in Figure 4, which identifies major components and their relation to each other, and the beginning and end of the process. Its elements form a set of objective-related tasks, each of which has been

identified by analysis of the functional requirements of fire protection planning.

The development of this analytic approach has been the Task Group's work, and the history of its development is contained in Section 4 of this report. The discussion that follows is somewhat parallel to a presentation of the model approach given by the author at the NRC/NFPA Life Safety Conference held in Ottawa, 23 and 24 June 1974. Most sketches and diagrams are from material presented at that Conference and will be used throughout the paper to complement the model approach. The process overview (Figure 4) forms the basis of the discussion; each objective-related task will be discussed separately.

2.4 Occupancy Needs

The first organizational level of the overview chart (Figure 4) is divided into three constituent parts that correspond to the major tasks, two analytical and one that assimilates the results of the other two. The first examines occupancy situations in order to define fire protection requirements; the second analyses the

principles underlying present fire protection controls. The third relates the requirements and fire protection measures that will

allow alternative strategies of fire protection of equivalent value -trade-offs.

2.4.1 Occupancy Analysis

The first task is the collection of data on three occupancy-related subjects: occupant characteristics; activity profile; and building characteristics.

Occupant Characteristics. Information regarding population, age, sex, marital status, psychological and social profile of the occupancy is collected. "To identify occupant requirements, a thorough knowledge of occupant characteristics is necessary, involving many different disciplines, each with different terminologies and approaches. This information no doubt is

available to a large extent, but very little has been done so far in structuring, coordinating and surveying information from the different theoretical starting points to form a basis for design. This is only a starting attempt to outline the information necessary to identify the requirements posed by different occupant groups • • . .

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"On the basis of information obtained, requirements should be stated:

- in terms recognizable and relevant to the occupant - independent of the given conditions

- as qualitative and/or quantitative information depending on information available . . . .

"Thus, requirements of safety/protection refer to the qualities of the attributes concerning personal safety with regard to injury and other risk factors for the health and well-being of the occupant as well as the protection of his property."(4)

Activity Profile. This describes and analyses all activities that may be undertaken by the occupancy. It should be further

dimensioned by examination of hourly, daily, weekly, yearly cycles as well as single events. An analytical description of all events is examined with a view to identifying purpose, motivation, and involvement of participants.

Building Characteristics. Data are acquired relating to spatial elements, their distribution and arrangement for the intended function. The description includes all spaces and openings or access to spaces in the vertical as well as horizontal planes. A thorough geometric description is required. In addition, a

description of the anticipated contents of the spaces, which may be regarded as non-variable parameters, is required with a view to identifying their fuel value and burning characteristics.

For this study it was assumed that all involved in the development of the study would, from personal experience, be familiar with apartment dweller characteristics and activities. For the purpose of the exercise, a residential type occupancy was chosen, in particular an apartment type occupancy. The building description was given and the whole is summarized in Figure 5. 2.4.2 Potential Fire Development Analysis

As indicated in Figure 4, the next operation involves the first step in matrix analysis, establishment of the potential fire occurrence and fire characteristics of the specific occupancy. The outcome should produce a set of fire prevention goals for each space in the building.

Insight into the possible occurrence of fire could be provided by statistical evidence (if any), through a simulation model using the occupancy data, or by a traditional approach using intuitive, experienced opinion as the source of information, provided it was documented as such.

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The prcreyuisites for fire, its causes, effects, and dynamics can be examined and identified in an analysis of the characteristics of any fire. In the analysis of fire (Figure 6) the characteristics are followed by principles of prevention and control (Figure 7). Using these data and the information from the occupancy analysis, it is possible to arrive at a set of fire prevention goals using the matrix analysis chart (Figure 8). The goals are identified and listed to form the basis for a set of performance requirements. 2.4.3 Life and Property Safety Analysis

Following detailed analysis of potential fire occurrence, analysis is required also of the hazards to life and property, with a similar matrix approach but the objective of geneTating life and property protection goals (Figures 9 and 10). The matrices

facilitate the identification of required safety goals in relation to control of fire and control of occupants. The task is a lengthy one, for a comprehensive study would require that every space be examined for hazards to life and property as a result of potential fire in every other space. The task can be reduced somewhat by grouping similar spaces in single categories other than those considered unique. Formulation of rules for the selection and grouping of spaces must 8wait future research work.

Analysis of the proposed building and occupants completed, safety requirements are compiled on a master form (Figure 11) that cross relates generic occupancies with fire prevention and control goal characteristics to produce a true occupancy profile of fire safety requirements. Goal characteristics, whether fire prevention or life and property safety, will be referred to as attributes from this point. Thus, common attributes of all generic occupancies probably become the building requirements or general requirements of the occupancy, and each succeeding examination of the attributes profile will produce a program of specific requirements for

individual occupancies such as suites, parking garages, service rooms, lobbies, etc. Thus, the first line of the matrix form

(Figure 11) represents a specific fire protection profile for a typical suite and requires that whatever fire protection plan is devised it must at least provide attributes A, 0, G and L.

This completes Part } of the analysis/synthesis and provides a tentative answer to the question: What is the true fire protection need of an occupancy?

2.5 Fire Protection Measures

The second part of the method, which may be undertaken separately, involves analysis of present-day fire protection measures in order to establish a relation between characteristic occupancy requirements and the characteristics of all fire

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protection measures or principles. Analysis of code type measures is achieved using the format shown in Figure 12. Fire protection measures will be referred to as principles, and are numbered from 1 to 13 on the left-hand column. This format facilitates

identification of the attributes contributed by fire protective principles.

2.6 A Fire Protection Plan

The third and final part of the method is termed the synthesis of a fire protection plan (Figure 13), which is developed following a search of both fire protection attributes and fire protection requirements. Figure 13 illustrates a number of alternative

strategies giving combinations of principles that will satisfy the requirements of an example suite. Each provides at least the required fire protection.

The selection of principles to be adopted is based on their attribute profile. The Venn diagram of Figure 13 illustrates the notion of fire protection principles having one or more attributes. Overlaps indicate principles with multiple attributes. Thus in strategy 1 the profile indicates that four single attribute principles were combined to produce a fire protection profile

A,D,G,L. In strategy 2 only two principles were required, but each (identified by the coded number following the letter code)

contributes two attributes so that it is a true trade-off for strategy 1. Strategy 3 could have been sprinklers, contributing three attributes plus a single attribute principle to provide another equivalent fire protection plan. It may be noted that a conceptual route has been obtained for the solution of the first part of the Task Group's problem (Figure 14): what fire protection is provided when a building is fully sprinklered?

The statements in Figure 14 were drawn from an analysis of the original problem statement. If it is clear what fire protection is provided when a building is fully sprinklered, it is possible to say that sprinklering provides attributes A,D, and G, but is deficient in attribute L.

These alternatives apply only to the single building space of the example. Similar strategies would have to be drawn for all spaces and for the building as an entity. Final choice among possible strategies in the building design would be subject to the usual non-fire criteria, for example, implementation of one

strategy in preference to another, cost analysis, etc.

The approach is complex, but so also is the problem of fire protection. It is improbable that other approaches of equivalent merit would be much simpler. The approach, however, is still in the development stage, and contains conceptual and philosophical ambiguities that must be resolved.

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3.0 CONTINUED DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL

The goal-oriented tasks of the matrix approach require

research information from two distinct areas. The first, occupancy analysis, requires that appropriate data be gathered, compiled and analysed so that fire protection requirement profiles can be

established for all occupancies. The second involves analysis of the present code provisions so that principles can be identified and attributes classified. A third task requires synthesis of fire protection requirements and fire protection measures in order to produce a highly specialized program of fire design directives. 3.1 Team Approach

To initiate the study effectively, a group should be organized to develop the model approach further. It should comprise a

minimum of four members, three representing the Code Section, the Fire Section, and the Design and Use Section of DBR/NRC. The

fourth member should be a coordinator particularly adept at general problem-solving techniques.

An

abstraction is offered to illustrate the dimension of the research work in progress. If the objectives of the study were to be illustrated in such a way that the main objective could be considered to be the abstract goal, and if the final results were mapped as discrete elements of the sOlution, the progression from problem to solution might look like Figure 15. Further, if each circle were to represent a task that might be completed before the next one started, a completed task would be represented by a darkened circle. The ultimate objective of the study, then, would be to darken all circles of the incentive chart so as to arrive at the set of solution elements that would comprise a possible new code.

If one were to examine what has been accomplished so far, it would appear as follows: The darkened dots would represent

incremental amounts of research work accomplished intermittently over the last six months. It should be noted that efforts to date have not produced results at the discrete level, and that it is unavoidable that at least one line of tasks should be executed to produce a rational and practical result for the example, apartment-type occupancy. To demonstrate feasibility, development of the approach must reach the lower level in at least one case. It is estimated that by concentrated effort a four-man team could attain such a feasibility level in less than one man/month per man.

Finally, the ultimate objective, a new code, would require completion of all tasks.

3.2 Why Complete the Study?

Apart from the benefits already indicated, preliminary studies tend to show that the approach has the potential for defining

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complexity of fire protection. The approach also tends to be

comprehensive, explicit, and logical. It should provide the needed framework from which fire protection planning can be truly tailored to individual requirements. It is considered to be a serious

alternative to the present approach, but it is clear that much work is required to bring it to a level of applicability equivalent to that of the National Building Code of Canada.

4.0 DEVELOPMENT HISTORY

The study was formally initiated when a Task Group on Sprinklers was formed during a meeting of the Coordinating Committee of the Standing Committee on Use and Occupancy of the ACNBC in June of 1973. The objective was to relate the existing requirements of the National Building Code to true need in terms of fire protection when a building is fUlly sprinklered, the results to be available for inclusion in the 1975 Code.

The following were appointed members of the task group:

W. cャ。イォセ Canadian Sprinkler Association; R. Wright, Underwriters'

Laboratory of Canada; R. Thomson, Canadian Wood Council;

M. Galbreath, Fire Research Section, DBR/NRC; L. Vaughan, Canadian Sheet Steel Building Institute.

On 28 August, 1973, Mr. S. Cumming, Portland Cement Association, accepted the post of chairman for the task group.

4.1 Defining the Study

The study was defined as follows:

"For a small task group to carry out the study requested by the Coordinating Committee, even if unlimited time were available, is almost impossible. To merely study the existing requirements of the NBC, without having

developed a basic philosophy on the over-all effectiveness of sprinkler systems, would be meaningless. It is

suggested that the in depth study which is required in this area is almost comparable to the work which went into developing the new provisions for smoke control in high-rise buildings. Notwithstanding the above, the

importance of making such a study, in the opinion of the writer, cannot be overemphasized. The over-all sprinkler issue is one which is of vital importance to all

interested in building construction and fire fighting, and, as such, warrants immediate and in depth study

. . . ." (5)

Mr. Cumming called on R.S. Ferguson, research adviser to the ACNBC, for advice. It was Mr. Ferguson's suggestion that occupancy

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D.N. Henning, J.L. Pauls and R.L. Quirouette, Design and Use Section, ORR/NRC, prepared a note elaborating the occupancy base analysis from which constructive decisions could be obtained. 4.2 Structure of the Study

On 19 October 1973, R.S. Ferguson, M. Galbreath and D.E. Allen, Structures Section, met with S. Cumming to begin the task of

planning the proposed study. The results of that meeting produced a two-part draft plan comprising:

general study, policies;

a six-point plan of action designed to lead to the objectives of the Task Group.

(Note: The details of this plan can be found in a letter sent to M. Galbreath on 24 October 1973 from S. Cumming, Portland Cement Association. )

On 30 October 1973 the Task Group on Sprinklers held its first meeting. It was agreed in principle that the study should be

limited to apartment buildings, and that safety should be confined to life safety, omitting property safety. Assignments were

delegated for compiling relevant data for presentation at a meeting tentatively set for February 1974.

Shortly thereafter, R. Quirouette, Building Design and Use Section, DBR/NRC, and A.M. Phillips, Fire Research Section, DBR/NRC, were asked to act unofficially as advisers and replace, temporarily, R.S. Ferguson and M. Galbreath who were obliged to withdraw owing to other commitments. A meeting was called for mid-December to review past work and assist in further

crystallization of the proposed plan. Present were S. Cumming, R.S. Ferguson, A.M. Phillips, R. Quirouette.

This meeting proved to be a major turning point in the action plan of the Task Group. There was no doubt that the problem was complex, and that lack of an established context presented the greatest obstacle to obtaining a concensus on a method that the study should adopt. Finally, an approach was accepted that might clarify the difficulty.

4.3 The Matrix Approach

A framework for discussion was adopted, designed to clarify the multi-associations of the criteria involved in the theme problem. It was decided that only a residential occupancy would be considered, more specifically, a high-rise apartment block. It was agreed, therefore, that the model should contain apartment

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units as the only occupancy characteristic. Further, because sprinklers were the issue, the model approach would consider

sprinklers plus a few other fire protection measures judged relevant during the discussion. Finally, life safety from fire would be analysed with a view to considering the hazards of heat and flame and those of smoke and toxic gases. The whole was drawn up using a simple matrix to correlate all possible situations (Figure 16).

The rule for filling in the matrix was simple. The question was asked: "Can the measure or principle being considered contribute to the life safety of the occupant in the designated location by

controlling the hazard being considered?" Completing the matrices was also a simple matter. As the problem was defined there was

little room for misinterpretation of the question, and only three answers were possible: yes; no; or maybe. The table revealed

disagreement within the group in only a few situations; in all other cases, agreement was unanimous.

This approach helped to identify areas of disagreement, which were recognized as areas where further research work was needed, further definition of the framework of the matrix required, or only further discussion. The results greatly strengthened confidence in the approach. The Chairman therefore asked A. Phillips and

R. Quirouette to expand the matrix model to encompass more precise situations and to include a greater number of code type fire

protection measures. 4.4 The Matrix Evolves

In the weeks that followed, Quirouette and Phillips met

frequently to expand the philosophy of the approach and to relate it to factual information. The basic matrix was revised several times, and the basic operational rule was expanded to include a second question: "Was the measure or principle applied sufficient by itself to control the hazard?" This was designed to improve the reality of the matrix approach test of various fire protection measures under specific circumstances.

Figure 17 illustrates the expanded matrix. It now includes 14 measures of fire protection that could be cross-related to specific categories of spaces within the example occupancy.

In addition to using the matrix, it was necessary to provide a detailed explanation of the development philosophy. Consequently, detailed notes and definitions have been drafted, complementary to the matrix charts.

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"

4.5 Second Meeting of the Task Group

A formal presentation of the proposed approach to fire

protection analysis was made to the members of the Task Group at a meeting on 7 and 8 February 1974. A copy of the material presented may be found in the minutes of the second meeting of the Task Group on Sprink1ered Buildings.

The proposed method of tackling fire protection analysis was commended as a constructive effort. "The chairman in summation obtained an expression of opinion from the Task Group that it was in unanimous agreement that the fire protection analysis approach being developed by DBR staff members had great merit and potential and that therefore a recommendation should be made to the Division of Building Research that they take this study over as a staff matter. When the DBR decision on this matter is known, it will be necessary to re-assess the make-up and terms of reference of the task group."(6)

4.6 Meeting of DBR Staff

Those taking part in the study presented a capsule version of the fire protection analysis method to a select group of DBR members 3 May 1974. The purpose of the meeting was detailed in a memorandum, an extract of which follows:

The aim of the meeting will be to establish as clearly as possible the objective of the study, its scope, and the way in which it is to be carried out. We will need to know what has been done to date, and on the basis of this, establish exactly what is to be undertaken in the future. We shall also require some estimates of the man hours involved . . . . "(7)

The project was received with interest, and it was decided, following general discussion, that the approach had demonstrated potential merit. It was, however, also pointed out that it was very unlikely that the required additional time and funds would be

available. Nevertheless, the author was granted a three-month extension to continue development of the model approach.

In the weeks that followed, the method was carefully reviewed and additional refinement effected. Unfortunately, it was impossible to test the model approach adequately within the allotted time, but the review was useful in that it clarified the over-all potential of the method. This version of the matrix model approach is the most recent effort in the development of fire protection analysis. 4.7 NFPA/NRC Conference

In July of 1974 the Canadian Fire Safety Matrix Model was

presented to the Life Safety Systems Conference in Ottawa, organized jointly by NFPA and NRC.

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During the two-day meetings many concepts of fire protection analysis were presented, an indication of the number of people seriously searching for ways to improve fire protection design. The Matrix approach was acknowledged to be the only one "laced with human factors," and thus a more realistic approach. The opinions expressed at the NFPA meeting confirmed the validity of the proposed approach. It is hoped, therefore, that studies of the model approach will be continued.

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5.0 REFERENCES

1. Minutes of the Twelfth Meeting of the Standing Committee on Use and Occupancy, Associate Committee on the National Building Code of Canada, 27 and 28 March 1973.

2. Thompson, R.J., NFPA Assistant Director of Engineering Services, Fire Journal, May 1974. p.26

3. Fire Protection Through Modern Building Codes, American Iron and Steel Institute, 4th Edition, 1971, New York.

4. Cronberg, T., Human Requirements for Buildings, NBS, Special Publication 361, Volume I, February 1972.

5. Letter to T.R. Durley, 28 August, 1973.

6. Minutes of the Second Meeting of the Task Group on Sprinklered Buildings, Standing Committee on Use and Occupancy of the ACNBC, Minute 2.9, 7 and 8 February, 1974.

7. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, File No. M4-B6-S3, 8 March 1974.

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iャセy

o

"AND" GATE

E9 "OR" GATE

PREVENT I ON

INTRA-BUILDING FIRES (CONTROL OF BUILDING FIRES'

• INTER-BUILDING FIRES PROTECTION OF NEIGHBOURING PROPERTY LIMITATION OF CHARACTERISTICS A rea of fi re, fi re

intensity, fire severity

products of combustion

Provision for safe travel

path sand st aqing to attack fi re constructioセ OF OCCUPANCY Avoidance of physiologically and/or psychologically i ntol erabl e condition s To and from occupants, control

centre, firefighters

fire dept. H.Q.

fire officer

DECISION TREE OVERVIEW

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PRINCIPLE

PRESUMES ABILITY TO DETERMINE PRECISE BEHAVIOUR

OF ANY FIRE AT ANY TIME IN THE FUTURE, GIVEN EXACT

CONTEMPORARY CONDITIONS AND ANTECEDENT STATE OF BUILDING AND ITS OCCUPANTS

REQUIREMENTS

o DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIRE BEHAVIOUR

o PRECISE DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION, TOTAL CONTENTS

o PRECISE DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPANT

BEHAVIOUR

o COMPUTER ACCESS

o BEHAVIOURAL ALGORITHM

(21)

o TASK GROUP

o FIELD RESEARCH SURVEYS

o TECHNICAL EMPIRICAL DATA o LITERATURE SEARCH

o EXPERT OPINION

- RESEARCH PAPERS o COMMITTEE APPRAISAL o COMMITTEE DECISIONS

o ADOPTION BY THE AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION

o ENFORCEMENT BY AUTHORITY HAVING JURISDICTION

(22)

(§)

caE:

IfViI セ

caE:

=

IiViI

9SJ セ

o

<S?>

IfViI セ セ OCCUPANCY nnOFILE POTENT IAL HAZARDS

TO LIFE &PROPERTY

POTENTIAL FIRE OCCURRENCE ANALYSIS

2

I I I I I I I I I I ' , I I I -I / < ,

/ 3 ...

/ ...

"

... / ... / /

セNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

"

- - - ( <, _ , " -I r " .. T " r r or I

J

>---.,..,---Available aエエイゥ「オエ・ウセfire PROTECTION MEASURES FIGURE 4

(23)

o RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCY

o BUILDING TYPE - APARTMENT BLOCK

- 10 Suites per floor

- Elevator serves every floor - Every apartment has a balcony

- Sliding glass door 10 balcony

- Stairs and elevators within building

- Each apartment one storey high - Building over six sloreys

o ACTIVITIES PRESUMED KNOWN

o POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS PRESUMED KNOWN

(24)

CHARACTERISTICS PREREQUISITES FOR FIRE o SOURCE OF FUEl o SOURCE OF IGNITION o SOURCE OF OXYGEN EFFECTS OF FIR E o PRODUCTION OF HEAT, FLAME, RADIATION o PRODUCT I ON OF SMOKE AND TOXIC GASES o CONSUMPTION OF MATERIALS AND OXYGEN FIGURE 6 DYNAMICS OF FIR E o FUEL CONTROLLED o OXYGEN CONTROLLED • SMOULDERING - SLOW SPREAD - RAPID SPREAD - CONFLAGRATION - EXPLOSION

(25)

PREVENTION o LIMIT SOURCES OF FUEl

o LIMIT OR ISOLATE SOURCES OF IGNITION o LIMIT SOURCE OF OXYGEN

CONTROL (ACTIVE MEASURES)

o EXTINGUISH MANUALLY o EXTINGUISH AUTOMATICALLY o VENT GASES AND SMOKE

MANUALLY

o VENT GASES AND SMOKE AUTOMATICALLY

(PASSIVE MEASURES) oCONFINE OR CONTAIN FIRE o CONTA IN SMOKE AND TOX IC

GA SES

(26)

if{セiF

ANAILY§[§ MIA

Giイセ{x

GENERIC IGNITION FUEl LOA D FIR E FIRE FIR E

SPACES SOURCES AM'T FORM CHARACTERISTICS PREVENTION CONTROL GOALS

LBJ FT2 VALUE VALUES GOALS

BACHELOR SMOKING 10 MEDIUM - - EDUCATION

A PA RTMENT COOKING IHAZARDl 2 3 5 4 3 EDUCATION

1 BEDROOM SMOKING 10 MEDIUM

2 3 5 EDUCATION

A PA RTMENT COOKING EDUCATION

2 BEDROOM SMOKING 10 MEDIUM

2 3 5

A PA RTMENT COOKING

HALLWAY ELECTRICAL 1 LOW I 2 4

REFUSE SMOKING HIGH セfuel OR OXYGEN

ROOM SPONTANEOUS 20 OR

t'

CONTROLLED

COMBUSTION MEDIUM

L

TOXIC GAS DEVELOPMENT

t'

セ SMOKE DEVELOPMENT

LAUNDRY SPREAD POTENTIAL

ROOM

C

BURN OUT DURATION

\ SEVERITY I

v

A RELATIVE SCALE OF 1 TO 5 WAS USED

(27)

EXPECTED HAZARD LIFE SAFETY PERFORMANCE

CONDITION develpmeセt REQUIREMENTS

BUILDING SPACE OCCUPANTS ACTIVITIES TIME (MINUTES'

V'> '" - ,IDENTIFY REQUIRED 'IDENTIFY REQUIRED

« -« z0 <セ SAFETY ATTRIBUTES SAFETY ATTRIBUTES

I:) - = ,0 ACHIEVE) TO ACHIEVE) セ 0 セ -"" セ セ セ 0 セ

x « 0 セ PROTECT IN PLACE TRANSFER LOCATION

NAME NO. セ 0 セ -c -'" セ I '" SU ITE 1 SU ITE 2 SU lTE 3 SU ITE ? HAlLWAY 14 REFUSE 21 LAUNDRY 30 STAIR 43 lOC KER FURNACE FIGURE q

(28)

BUILDING SPACE CONTENTS CHARACTERISTICS VALUE HAZARDS PROPERTY SAFETY TO PERFORMANCE PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS NAME NO. SU IT[ 1 i SU IT[ 2 SU lIE 3 SU lIE ? HALLWAY 14 I REFU SE 21 LAUNDRY 3D STAIR 43 LOCKER I FURNACE FIGURE 10

(29)

=§AWETY

attセャャiidteᄃ]

CONTROL

PREVENTIVE CONTROL OF FIRE OF OCCUPANT

ATTRIBUTES '" セ '" Co u >- セ セ セ

0;

><'" c u u, ... セ セ 0< z セ o

...

'" HIセ 0 0 セ z Cl ::El) 0 :J ッセ o 0 -< <:

...

z z'" Z セ I セセ <:: セ -1/"/" 0 °_<:: OZ 0 Z:;; "'>-Mセ - '"セ " ' UZ;:: Z Z '" Z'" Zjセ Zjセ 0::' 0 0 00 .f>/ ... 0 ;::0 ;::Z - - - セ -8(/ <::--' <::- \ZZセ <:: Cl< Cl::E 'Cl'" Tセ :;::E "'''' 0 BGセ ... ... '::: ... l) ... Z:J コセ "'- "- -'" -C>-/"f' - - セ セGB > I.,;..! <:: ><:: --' i z ->- Z -z <::- Zo

ZZeセ ::Ex ::;<

-

-

-::E ... <:: 0'" ')u

S _:J -Cl 0 OZ ::::;0 x:J セ -' ",l) '" '"'" --' u, --' - ',", _::E -< '" - ' u<:: Q<:: BMセ 4: c^Mセ GENERIC OCCUPANCY A B C D E F G H I J K L TYPICAL SUITE

SUITE UPPER FLOOR ELEVATOR STAIR LOBBY HALLWAY FLOOR (GENERAll PARKING GARAGE SERVICE ROOMS OTHER FIGURE 11

(30)

ATTRIBUTtS V'> V'l 'u V'> w lJ .... .... セQNェ LoU ::> w .... w Co u. ... oc u. Z Z - '"'''' o U セ ッセ セ w w ::; 0< z u, o u, ' " ;:) ()I'IJ 0 0 z ::; s - ::;l:) -c 0 ::> ow V'l "' '" I UJ: セ u. "" -4/"/" Z 11"1 Z "'U ..., < ()セ Oz 0 ::; '" _'" セ Z Z "" Z .. w Z - セ .. n Z::( 0 0 00 Ii'lfi セM⦅ 7 .... ::> <t:::J ... ;;

.

() to - · 0 - - .. -f .... .., セ III " -rlj ::;0 f"ln セ セ :J::; "'''' 0 In loU U/" ,

.

t- l-l'} , :) Z n Z "-r .-'"

...

c I'S .... > Z - oofU j Zn u,Df >u , « セ\ セセ .. セM ;: ,. « 0"" ..., au w J'UJ :! <{ • ....<> OZ J 0 :1 )( IIIn. ,u .... ",,0 "" "'''' c ...."

...

_J( ) u Z[セ "'w <Y", U« 0< G-11.1 .-( a. u 0 u PRINCIPLES A B C 0 E F G H I J K L

1 SPRINKLER AND AUTO

EXTINGUISHMENT

2 PARTITIONING

3 CONSTRUCTIONFIR E RESISTANT

4 FLAME S PREA 0

REQLlI REMENTS

5 SOC OF FIN ISH

6 NON -C 0 M BUSTI BLE CONST.

7 SMOKE CONT ROL MEASURES

II AITrRNATf EGRESS ROUTt

l) PROVISION 01 A RFA or REIUGI 10 DETECllON SYSTlMS 11 ALARM AND COMMUNICAllON 12 TACTICAL PLAN OF EVACUATION 13 FIR E FIGHTING FIGURE 12

(31)

o

c

IPJLAN

"A SEARCH METHOD"

EXAMPLE ASSUME A TYPICAL "SUITE" REQUIRES A FIRE PROTECTIO\

PROFILE HAVING THE FOLLOWING ATTRIBUTES lA, D, G. L!

W" IC" C

0,"'"

NATION OF MEA SURES OR PR INC IPLES CO',\PlIES

n

SET OF ALL FIRE PROTECTION PRINCIPLES1 ,hTER'IATIVE STRATEGIES

"' "" PRINCIPLES '.'.1 iH AT'TRI,UTE

A/

PRINCIPLES WITI'< ATTRIBUTE D aG G PRINCIPLES ',',' ITt-! APRI,UTE WITH PRINCIPLES WITH ATTRIBUTE FIGURE 13

CD

Q)

CD

.\,.?' - 0\21 + Gi41 + U8)

'--NOTE: The principle which has attribute

A only. is hypothetical

and does not appear on Figure 12

AG'6' + 0L(91

(32)

LMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMセ

: _ WHAT FIRE PROTECTION IS PROVIDED WHEN :

l

A BUILDING IS FULLY SPRINKLERED? I

- - - --_.I

- WHAT IS THE TRUE FIRE PROTECTION NEED OF A BUILDING?

• WHAT IS FACT AND WHAT IS POLICY? • WHAT IS MEANT BY FIRE PROTECTION?

- Life Safely - Property Safety • WHAT IS FIRE? - Characteristics - Prevention - Cont rol FIGURE 14

(33)

THE FIRE PROTECTION OBJECTIVE

NEW CODE MEASURES

VI VI UJ "" o o "" o, DISCRETE ABSTRACT FIGURE 15

(34)

A TYPICAL FLOOR

LIFE SAFETY HAZARDS CONSIDERED FIRE CASE FIRE STARTS IN A SUITE SMOKE z S? '? ,- z ..- <i 0 '" , 0 ( ' y z -y <J' w セ ... C- ", :; <tv> -0 ?' '" f'...Ju r '" 'U ,--' セ -U 1- 'L <{ .""...: z c, ::> .. - :; セvGャ "" 0 wセ a- D< '" U .. 0 SL11 IE n セᄋi セi ---_.' - - -FLOOR Y Y N BLDG Y Y N z 2 セ z ...: セ 0 z -w セ '" ...:'" '" セ Nw w .... -' '" -v '" ...: "'...:::>0. z 0. セGB - セ '" 0 w ... 0. '" '" V 0.0 SU I TE (2) @ Y FLOOR @ Y Y BLDG Y Y Y OUr ST10 N - DOES TH [ M [ A SUR E CON TRIB UTE I N P RINC I P LET0 THE

SAFfTY OF THE OCCUPANT OF THE LOCATION IN QUESTION Y YES, N NO, G) OR @ MAYBE

(35)

MEASURE ORPRINCIPLE SUI TE SHAFT BLDG. ENTIRE OTHER

FL00 R BLDG. BLDG.

MセN セセ - セN⦅ ..-1 - - - - .

SPRINKLER & AUTOMATIC EXTINGUISHMENT PARTITIONING _...⦅セ - .-FIR! RF':>I"IANC[ MセM . .

--IIAMI ':> I'R IA IJ III I I N I 511 セM

Lセ ..

_-S D C OF rI N ISH ... - GセBMBBM

. . .M M セ セ ⦅ N M

REDUCTION OF FIRE LOA D

1

WITH I N SPACE .... , . . . . .e---'

-._. . . . ' ' '..._ - MMセ

... _-t

nonセcombustible I CONSTRUCTION ,.... T . . ._ -セ ..

I

- - - -

--CONVENT 10NAl SMOK E

NセMMMM

CONTROl MEASURES . . . I iMMセ ._... PROVI':>ION 01 ON f OR IvlO RI II rGR[ ':> S ROlli I<., ... 1 i セ..

_-Aiセ I A 01 iセ I I lJ(; I CO I\J CI 1'1 ... -._.. D!11ClION " Y" 11 M" I " " " " -I f--1

I

MセM⦅NM I

AlARM A NI) (,()MMIINICAIION ヲセ I I ...' - ' ' ' '

f---

.•.

--_.- . ' . ...._-' . _ . -TACIICAI CONTROl Of 1--..

i

.... . . . ----EVACUATION BEHAVIOUR _...- - . -1 - - - , - - .. - ! FIR E FIGHTING i

(F IRS T AID & PROfESSiONAL! r---'--"" .

<]

LOCAT I ON OF OCCUPANT

DOES THE MEASURE/PRINCIPLE OR COMBINATION CONTRIBUTE TO THE liFE SAFETY OF THE OCCUPANT OF THE SPACE?

IS IHE MEASURE OR COMBINATION POTENTIALLY SELF·SUFFICIENT?

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