·lD1iu~.~·. popu~'~~i~[l 'af ~e~tln~ 8pOtt~d

r

A'a_Ii

·lD1iu~.~·. popu~'~~i~[l 'af ~e~tln~ 8pOtt~d

S~ndpiper~-(AC'tl~i11;;lleula rill), esti_ted~t 38-~5

. '

.:. -: ^' ",'. : . ' :.- ,

.: -·.,;..i.~ iv~~Ual8.

.? "

'.,tUd ~~ dutin~.t~e ~u_euof;l.97?.end

.19811..Daily.observations wer e_<id efr oll late'!'IlI ylWh e n•

.' ,

, l I ·

/ .:U",

,

.

.

.

.

^.

.bhd s (ha t ~Hivedthco ughmid- Julywhen..ost. e 9 9'Sh~d hat ched. SOlie ind ivi d u a l s were c o l o y r bandedor ..

·o t'h~tW.i S~

^{lI'Iarked .During-}

the.. t~o 8e~SOl}~ .~l

^nest'awere'

.~ocated...andhi a to~ i'~8.r~sU lti n9fromdll~ly obil'e r-v.at i.~ns

-:-~ ~',;~~~_::~_~se_ nest~are8Ulnm~.r1zed.~o~t.riltY"" :ritpor ts

< , .

•somere e eeec bee e (8":9'.Orl09 'Knudson 1972)"pe e ce fve d. .

. .

^".

" \

t

^{' ·}-'-:C-·~~--·-"· ·

.- ' - "'~-- "

^.-'-"

1-- "• • '••

11

shedi ffe re ncesand plulllage'marki ngsinthh ' :. . popula tiondidnot,alIO,"re l i a b ledetermination

o~'se ~

^.

"\,>: ' .' '

,i n

th'~. f~ ~ld .

B1I:t ena.ive

~li!ervatio~s ~ere; lIIad~ ·,~.t ne~ ts.0~

^-.:

1' ,

;.,,~ereon~ or.~tb.~nd1'(~dUalSlIIe r e mark.cltodeiitrmi~!._.: .' .~~~...

. "bethe r on. :or bo~b PairmeD'lb.e rs partic lpatecl'inclut~h,' . ',

'I ...

."".',")'. <c ' . , . . , ' ..,

andb~oOd.te~~n~·,acti:~ti~s.Harked~ndividualB,,~re+ t\. . ".

' . _ ::::i:~~::::'::::f~:::~:.:. :;.:::::~:::_::o~~ ; . ' .': ;" . ' -:

IDate vith-multiplemalesand sOlliede t ailsetcheee '. , ;

rel~~'iO~6hiPS'

^au

~~.~~~~il d. Agqr~88ion' ~aa:

^{ru e and.. . .:}

<' " . .

. seeme.dto occur pumarily in S1tu a ti on a.v~e[eutatj. n q. ...-'

pairrelat ionah ip~

^were

ChAll~~g:ed ~r ~n

ins ta nces of

"ma t e-de fenee ," Terri to rial behavi ourby Il'ialeaand

}, " " ',' //.'

/ /

/./.

'i,"

I"

, :-

\

'. 4'

, -

J

^{... . ..}

'

~.~

...

,, \ .

'\ '

^"

. . . . ...

^''.';:

1 :

1" .

!:

\"

\ :J:. ' , ;

:f : ,;. .: ", r' l, ~?~li. ~'·,·f~~:::,:~.~:;:;".~.·. ~y,d;~:.;';i:On ,

_ . ..:.'"'.: .c:,olllll ~teefor tbeir willing-Ms. tore~dthJB·pap erand .:.~•.

. _{r ' ::;;~:',} ·i::::::~:;t: ;:~::.~ , ^{:d::: . 'Y i .} :~ ,',:"i,~: ,:,:::';::::'":~. ^{' .}

" , I : . rend~ii-~ns'" ,... " . """-.-..:-

::;"speCial than ks'toDr.-

Wi lll~m

^{Tbr;lfaU'f01"his}

- , ge~~.~9~\;1~an ^{"' ,} .~qUl~+ ~.~. a~d ^_ t~:'\:~,l,_~~~ ,':~~~~cf .~:. ~~a~_k, ^<

"r,ou,Jo n Li~n f~~yOp t fr~ et:'~8hi pand',for1I~1,t hea,tuf f'"

.

^"

. .

:

"; :':

^.

' I

.1I~ .-~illcfllllt~ .8i'ud~;nt.:.

^at.-":"Ori al

unh.r.~i~Y

^'ib.r

th~ir-:-.

^{',',: "-,.}

.kindnes s-

'~nd ^{to i eran ce.}

^°'1

II_ _9rat~'ful t 'o

the canadian· ;' '. '"\.

--±,--- '-,---,= """ ' ,,, ' = ' =c-;;;;~ ' t;; ";;o;;;~

^{, . \:.:}

•Gove..~ent f~r:ak:i,rJ9..r.y.tU.d.~.~n:N.eWfo.un.d~lInda \.

"financia llyaolv.ntenter p r ise." .

",.'

.'-'

\

,',cv.. ,.

'. _. . Page.,'

.• ••• t,;Q t••• ••••:•••• •• " . ;.:,'••••• •• :" . "••••"" ,

" ,~ ,

^.

.' ),c:knowledgeille nta•..:.•••

:.,o ... . ^. ...

^.,

^.

^{tv " • f}

\;(.~ . . : ' ~';~;~::c:;::~:;:: :: ; : ;: ::: : :~:':'::::~;:: :" ;:" : . . ^{> • . '}

. ·; · ···· ,i ····'·· -.;

' ": :'. ~:::::~:.~~;:~.~~ : ~,~~~r;:.: ^{:: : .::} :~::i:: :;:: ::::::~ :::;:··::1.:!· ^{.•· ,,: . :} .:~.\.:~ .:.; " ^{.•.· . . .} :.~.·,/..l

',

\( .

-... ^-

'Ref~renc:eaCi ted ••; ••~.••••~-.~-~.~·~·.,~'•• ••:~;.:·..;•••..:.~81...

t r _ .:'/. .

.~ppend.h:. «" __... '.

J

.~

. "

I ,

\~ I l .

J

I ,

.

^~-,

, .:

'., .:'

r -

⁷

^{-·- \1 " I ' '}

" : .!

^{,'1. •" ( ••}

L i. t

0,'

F1~U'le.

Fi g u r e~ ' . '

"1.'· _{.'_, l; :} . _' :

_A

\

\IlP of Green'Isi llnd a

' .

t the entr:anc e

' , ' .

' t_\~ortu~e':.~ll~,;Ne~f,ounil~~d•.•'," '.

~~O~\C~~;dian HYdr,O~rapiiC :serv.~~,e: ,

NautiC\:lCha~~No.",4n~J'~'•' " : •~',: .~

Bir~c()unt s-fr omda ily·surveysduring

i~ "

^.

:-'i,9~;··~:n~\}g:9._.

^{Mi lU ing'}

ra~~'''~~int~ ^{' : ' .",}

pres~ntda,YS:when fog that.,r e s t Iict e tl~

- ~::::1:::\::i:·n:,::. f : .~~~~::::::~:

-"-:'3 ,Ha p of',

~re.e~\I

^..

~+.and ',BJ'l1 _ne9~.S

stu,died

c;1~~.ing _~979 ; ~c~rCleB '~l~ ice.te locat'i~8

. o f" n~.s.t.~

^{di:sc\ver.ed.}

·b~fo:.e·

^ha

~Ch

^{1nq ,.'}

Locations

whet~ bro~ds ^j .fro~ .

^unde t ecte d.

,r ' ::·:: :::~.::::\:;:t::: ~;: :::ttC , "

f ~ ^{. .}

^Cove'

(~·.c ~ ;·

^a're

i\d{c-al~d

^{.•. ••.. .• .-••., '}

~,8

: 4 / _{~ap-of Gr eEl~} IB1~~d a~~~esb stl:ld~e~ -

, dudng r se•. ci;e'~. , .ld;e~te "o e.tion. _ .

. ' ,- .. .. " :/ ~ ." neot. e _{L oe.t,,:,}

^reccvecea

\~eJ;:e ~,h,og. ' ^'.

whmb"~d~cm~etod

- ' _{·· ·--L ~~+: -- ' ··} . . . --,-, : _~-.-.~

-

.-:"".'

I I,

>" 1

. ... ...List.of'Ta bl es. ,

t ..

+h~l: :N."'n9 ^{••eo,d. of} S~tt.d s.ndplp~,~ ~ r'~ . ^{·· f}

'onGuan'I~.l~~d,

lie W:t:oandj...

nciduring.: •

1979 •• •:•

~

^{•• •••••:;•••••• •••}

r ''' :...

¹⁶

t .

Pat t ing-Be ha v i ourOb s e rved-tor-'Bird s-'. .~.

t .

. .-at i tUd.11i•• u. 19?9::. :.4.. . . :! ...;..

^i...

^{41. .}

^.-!

Ne ating'Re c ords of Spot ted sand pi pe rs '

!

;_;':"

,C?~

^{cre en}

,~~land;· Ne"'fO.llnd l~nd··d~rinq

^:;.

i

.198"( '•• • •~•••• •~•• •; •• ·••~••••;•• •••;••22 ',. I,.

4· .PairingBe ha v i ourObs e rved f'~rSh :d • ."",-,'

,at '~~UdY, N.est~,.'198 ". :

^{••• ;:••, :;; ;:'2.4 ,. - .}

"1'

S

~·s.ulllllllr ized N88~in9 ·tU~t~r i~. 19~;' ·l~BlI 27~

^.:

6 pnc ubat ion

8nd' 8r~od

Te n d in g••:••

7 · ..

^{28 -c,}

'. !; j

7 ...'P.r~~i ved_D iff erence8.i n.~BreaatPl umage" ~

. -.., '..'Spo.t ti ng APIongUl1IIluleClBir d.;~1979·

"' ::";'. ;a!ld_1 9 81i1'::- : ••..•••~^{••.•••}

i : ..

~'3i ~

.,. ~P lu_g.andShe.Dimorphia_ , 1979•••~••• ••·.340 .;

1.

'Plu~ge~al;ldSh eDi mor pb ia._,1981il•••;

35 .1

lliI' Avera g e;S. E.and-Rangeofwei9ht~for" ...

-Ie mal e

a~d

^{Hd e}

s~~

^{sandPiPersaDd "}

t

".:li'

'E8tl~a ted S1z~

^{Dillor,h Ji ID••}

~.:

^{56 ;,1.}

.Rel~ t i o'.1shjPBe~ee!!)FemaleBody W~i~b~,-,. •I '..

..EggandClutc~Wetght ( g ) ~o~spott~ '.

,Sand pi pe r s.: ••:••••••.•••••••• • ••••:••• ••••-:,6 3

, t·

.',

.<-. ,~"

" . ^....J

ro..

.. I

- ..

.'

I

.,

r I·

...

^~;

.'

: ,

^•...

/~; ;

.Ic,. . .

I

.

/

1'~i;a:A:?#;:±;::t:i'

(LII?kl~,~~;Je_nn~ ;:9:74);-O~,in9~~.!a~l>In

j,ts ,

most'., ,~' .'::,

4,~al :~~age._ poIy.and~y_~.illlPl,i-,s·ia ' ~~ti~9· ·s;r'st,~m: in e, ": '.,

whi ch,s:

fema l~

^{ha s}

~lllt'lP.le ,~a't'~~ ,:in ,on~ r'eprod~c~i.v~,

^{--": :.}

s~a~o~:i-(~axson .' & ,dririij~1'98':l:. ·i:t~

cccce r ence'has'

.

.. : ..' :. [. .. •.: ', 8 t~'~.a~;te~_co~s~d.I[~fT >heoi;~dc~l~·:tlfe·~~s:t tOf~~~n_s

. •. < ' ~:::~'1:~7::t::~:::;·::~:,:::·:;::;~8r,,:~;::o;t

l ^{ariomali••} a,.ociat~d.· ^{with ,'h••• tin • •} ~.f~m ^{•• C .e:, :}

,;' ~ ^. m.;.~ ·'''~''~ in<'e~~~ol.i~ p.~;;.tal ·~''' '"d .,

^c'

! . '.'_' 'f~,l.~& ,te.~?.'

^to>,b,e

~la.~9~~.- aT! ~o,~.e~ a~9te:ssive t,,~a,~

^__

~' .

\' males {Je nn i19~.4l ~:The s.e ~nd()t he r~ela ted:·fa:cto r8

; 'hav~ '~d'~ ' th e :·I1~~~;.~i"'p~iyan~r/iise~~l:· fo~, >··':· .: ·:':':: '

u~aers~~nd~n:::l~t~onsh~~~ ~~;t."ee~ s~~U~1~' sel~~'t'fon ;

s~'x .~~~XiJa'l :~i~~,i~h;S:~.~":, ~.~~t:~~~'~·.:.d<~~;I~~ : ~~'~.~

and'apos si bl e ,rOI~ofseJ:',n tioin.£he.evo'lu tionof . mat,t'ng,Bystemli~: '

.'

<;

.:<

" ,-.

=~.

..

'

.

._.••

-~he "t~[", ·di lf(l [e~ci·es

ⁱⁿ

pa i[:~l?nd·i·n9 · r.la~~n'~hiPs

>:.:::::~:::~~~:~~,~~:~'k . of d e

^t.

^allo. ~h.e~v.~io., -o~ ",

-,

~_SeY.et:al ~l,.t.[n~·tive c~ i~er~~ 'f~~ ' c:illSs i ~Yi~~

.·_,1aa_tin~

^..•

y~~~a

^{.ha ve}

b~e~ ;,SIJ.~q~st.e~.:.BlIolen ~n~

^{-o·r.in9-·.}

:.H 97}).·des c ri be dbow.,.lDat'inqsystems". ig ht,

.

be.

, .;::::::::: : , a;:::~:::.: ::o:::~~~:::,.::!~::v:::ni

, .~an8 tJhrOlJg~

^'which

~n.opo liZllt:io.n

^tllk,.es·p'l a c'e, -: ".

,

^-

,0'

' :l: ?",~>

I , . ' .,;

~" co.

"

.

^{. -}

.

^:."

.

^{" .} .~-

.

^.

. . .

^.

.

^-,'

..

'f u tur es"as: (U""buiaber,-ofliates-a<::qu"ired, (UI,II'an'ne't: r •

? ~f-~t;'~~~1sit:iO;" ( ~itJ~ _~~~~e~~~

^and

·'~~.I:~ct~['i~~ 1;~ ,1!. .

^:"'1',,':'

.ofany pailO'Q)ond s end{hipatte rn. of'Puen'tai.

"ja~'~ .~-,:

pio\;i~~d · b~ ~·~acb:s~x:."" ^.",.:

^{t>, 7"-•.. .;". ;}

·-i- _{'.~ '} . r..

: :, ~. ' ^{-:.. .} · ~,·t~~ID_~t , ' , .·~~O .· ,-d,e~~:~'-lI~~ , .Cla . ~·~i.:Y ,. : ,III~~in,? :~Y8~~,'.~

^",

~:.'

^{.'; ' '\}

c-.', .:

h"'<elied h oav"y o nthe 'concept;of,0 01'ohond', . ⁱ

^{v". .'... ....}

^{f ,}

, , : :: ' - :~;;;::;~::I' (::::~~:;;~~:::dB':q:::::j~:;::::~::,.:, ' . '

^{I ..}

^{" l}

.m atin. ,y"ema , can bo,ch",if i odin tu m. oet• •

^{mi "}

! " -

'

;q£ {·~diYi~~·~'~\,~·,~~7~·:, .W+·Ch:,· ~n~:·~ndiv;~~~,: ^{.. 1 '} ,~~f~.~·~·} , "

:g air-,bond••,..;rheutil.t ~y of.t his'pai r ·. ltctnd;.c oncep tt:~r'•",

. .., .'

" ~:.

--

^{,- ,'" , .}

cla s sify in g~ti,nqsY'steIll S ~lI_Sbeenn~itedoocau s~of..

~:

.

-.~:

. .

.··C~r ~dn~~ifl9,^{:?st e ms,Is e e}.o"rin~:'19:~2)^.•"~l';erna.tiv~lY,^. 8'otD.Jl autb orsha ve suggested thatthe most r~levant . .;t:ias~Hicat'ion fOi:"'m"8~i'ngsys-tem~/~OUld'bemad~^{,'on-t h e'}

basis

of'

genet i ca,,:i t e'['ia :·i.e., Whichindi~ id"ua lis

\o~t~~ute 98~e"8 to' Wh~'C~

^{zygotes (Tri'v: r}s 1"972;

~

" J)aali s19771

w~de

^"Ar n Old'·'-19811)".'Such

infor~ation

^'18

·~.:·i/, ... '0 _,",', ',' " . J '. : ' . '-:

;~(lwever ex.trem~lY'dif f i c:::ult.to collecti~ the f~eld (Tu ve r-si9n:1. ail'.

' . " II, .'

SJ;)ottedSandpi p e r s..(Act itis macula ri a )eeceo~eof '.

'~he 'fi ~8t av1~n .s~~cie8 .docum~n·~id

^,to

'p[~ctice

.poly~nd[y_. ^{on- th e-basis}of observat i ofuiof.LndI";id~ail,Y

' .

. . . ".

^{", \}

ma~kedbirds'{Hay s-1972)'._The se: smallshorebirdsof,·the' .'

f~~'hy S~010'paCid~'~ ;~reed ' i:.hcO~ghout

^muoh

0 ;,

^North,

'~lI\erica " Hatin~

^{str ate g i es} empl"oy e dtll>y

indiViCl~_alS

^o'f

.

~nis

^{'species ere}

fl~~i'bie' (.Je'nn~ '

^1974;Dr i ng "

H~I\.SOn

^,

1978 ),and bothmon ogs my'andpol y a ndrymayoccur .rn.the

sa-ai~br'eed'ingpopulation'(Or 1n g' 1979 ) •.,pC:·l ya rldro us · ,I

'fem~l~~: ~yp~Ca 1~y ma~'e

^with'a'n'd

~,J:o~uce' a c1~~'ch

^for

..:-e ee em~~e.in su~~e~SiOh ~nd 'ene re:inc ubat i on'and'bro cd'

ten'~iri9

ca r e

~n1Y ~i th ~he

hatmal e (l:Iays1972.)•

•'Among polyandr ous'~peci es'adisti-n·ct'l on.is'

~OmmOnlY

^made

be~~een w~a t: ~ave "been' call~d '

s' i~u1taneouBand's-eq'ueritia i~1(o r ser ially)p01 Yani:l.J:.oull.

{l:Ia ys1'7'2; Jenn! 1974; Graul atat, 1977 ;

\

.

--~-~ --_.~

..

'1·'1" _{" ,1(:}

^.;

..

^.

...

^..7:^{4 -}

.

">¥

, i

',':'

.) ':.

,;,

f i

J I

. 1

-, .,

,{

/ .) ^{.. . .}

,.1.

i,

t. ~ , 1

.. ....

.,_

...

:

'., Or ing.• !'lanon1978; Witt enber ge r U79jOting1982 )•

"" .

-'. -

.

... " .

^-~.-....-

.

~ .

-

Tnh'diatlnc:tl on 18 ba.~·onthewIY whichpa ir -bonda

~re)~l'~'~'-'~nd 1I4~'nt:i~ed: .

^{In s.ll1lu}l:tane ou&,"

poly",n~t-f,

:p.i~~b~nd~between• f'elllale.

and

.ne cmultiple"~ili.,~8·' •

.O~'~tl,ap~~t'~me:~",tie r. u p.!.r~bondlJⁱⁿ~Q9"i..ten~i.allY

POty:ndro~ll.Rpecl~8 arethought,to'be for~ed'i~

'~U~~88,i~n w'i~ho;ut ~V~rla'~·. Se~ lal

,pofYllri"':ry'

~8

^{.• 0t.e}

,t :.:-< ." ..

typl cafaIIongSpotte d'Sandp ipe rs IHa:lt:1111i, Or i ng 5-

'.

~nu"';on .~g~2) ·;_;lt~:~CjIh lJhll;~itan'eo~a' ~tin~a

^{ha ve}

~en

,_, _'~:.; r-~~rte/~6~'i~g ~·.' .. ~.;.on ~9~·~;-".·s·uc~ '·:d):.t,lnct ~';~ ^•. , .i.

I :'

- .- >

^.colliplt c .'ted

t>Y'

hcll:

of,

a'c rlt e ri ,,-'lIit h:'wb'ic,b

t: 9

-'~·uu re.

. .

t'~! ~ .tun~t~--~d ~lir~~i'j~, ~~ '.P~i~-~~di,~q .~ii-~~Dd

^:,:.

characteri8 ti~s'~ay.1so va-i:i.co n8iderab ly,~monq

~pec~ ^..; ' ~ak i~q co~P.ut~~~ '-t'n·~etP;~t~ti~~S ~d.;fficun .

. : ::::::: : :::. ~::~::~::::~:::~t:::O:.::O:;:te." . , ;" .

.";', Ini ot'lI eH on

aboutSpOt t e4S~l)-dP'1per'_t1nq."~.telll•.

~~8 ~~,~~ fio~':t~o, ~~~;·r:~ '~o.~rcu;. ill":, ~~y.,:',-(1 9;"2~ '1

re po rtltd8~r ta lpolyand. ry in:',j :small\ :i~dl vlchtdly,

.

^..'

"

~'~rked"~pul.Uonb'reed1n 9':on'liin··i.s i.n d',1n'yeWYotk•.

';" ~~" .~~~~~ '~~d Knud~on. ·(~?;·2{'~eport~~'. ~~~l1r ·

^{. .}

.

,

I

I· i ' I

-I,

_,,1

j ' ,"

j-:',.

f r

'1"

r:

i"

·1··' ,I I·

j ,

"1

,.

'

· I 1

. ' .

- 5 -

marsh.popula tionclutchlo s'S from pr edetLcnwas high.

females'

~elDOn8trated

⁸ⁿ

-lmpress i~'1t capa~'ity ' t~' rePl~ce Clu'~ches

and matings

~er~' euen~'hll~

monQgamo:us'" The

• "<,

island populatIonwasestllnated to'h~elessclu tcii~

::::::::: ~t: :::_ :::::. :::·::;t:::;r: :d~:. "::::,e s

whIch.:..';'~t!!dwi,t h.lQU~l~eares.,

. .:.Or i ng and Knuds o n (1972) felt that.some

di:fferEin~&~ _.

'

b~tw~~n :~~el~ , ~a~Sh a~l~~ popula~O'n.!! .

.e~,:mpl i fie<lfactors'promoti ~g-the.'o~cur_~enceof POly.rilfr};.:,Sp o t t e d'saridpip'ers mayhave'eve ivee.a _.

"-,'.'. :.: " " " ,'" ,

.:,

^'

.. .

,' ."" : capaCI ty for'producingmu lt ip l e_clutchesinresponse to

'~i9h predat-~o~;'a~ ' 'o'~~erVl1d

^:1n'

t~'e .'~:~r8h -PO~Ul~a tio~',

. .

".a'vailable.llIl)d',re~llIcernent.'clut:che~"are'not,~eedecl.·

'.

S.Qb.'~qUen'~ ':·~Qrll; ~~~ .ShO'w~'

^{thlll't.th·e}

'se~,1 ltil~lo

^.:

:~!.!::::;.:~:.~::.:::~:O:::;:i:y::~S:::::l:::::P::;~:: : " ,

by.certa l~'~99 re?sive:felUal~~cOlllpetitl,lvel~.~xcludln9'

~,

- 6;'

·.~~

other femalesfrom br e e d i ng . Hays (1972 ) re p o r t e d that the',s e ll:ra.t i o for h?tis land populationwa~skewed

I

F~lIlaleS~~tt~d ~~ndPlper~

^are"

:e'nera ~lY, dE!~c:ribed

a~hav'tog, more,he a vil y

.

sp o tte d breast ma r ki. ng s^{;- ' ,"}

. " ^.

and- bei"tl<j larger than llI41u.'Ca t e f ulre",d~n9of.~he

:•• r

-i l.ter~tui:e,:-

hOwev;,.r;:

~U9_ge~t~"

^scee

d~~~IJ~ee~nts '

^as

to

themagnitud~Of'~the s e d i ff e r e n c QI (e.g••'HS"Ys1,972•.

,,: . , , " " . " " . .

,

\

oriQ'J"',KnUdson,1972; Emlen ,.o~~n9::~97?;.

", U!lon,\" .

Oring")989).Sur p r i s l nq l y.U~t lehasbeenpUblishedon

~~~~d ~~-~~~ement~' 'f~[ ''e8ti~ilun~ " si:'

^{for this}

'... ...'. ,.".,

:'

"'", ,

.-,"

-' .. / '

sPe.Cle~-.IM.a~_8~~,&',b.[Jn~u)~, \~UCh'lIIe~ll U remen~s^..:~ re ^• aritf c a l'1 n establi'shing':thebestes'timat or sof size for

'~h i~"

's p ed es';. 'in,

d~cpment:'ing' S~gge~te'd d~f'f:~r:ences

-~nd i~' 9~era"';~9

^confidence int'u,va.lsfQr

p;edi"c~-ions

^"

-.)

~':8~

^,,!hen"

·oth~r ~l1del:'~ndent

^..

,s~x ~n9 : c:i ter ia

^{.e xe not} a..Vai~:ble.s.~me'.diffe~:ence8,',i n,:,sexual,dimorphism r~port~for " ":speCie~\COU.I~·~'duet';ge Ogr {l.phic· var i ation,'and the impo;ta.nceof~tbi8·h cto r rs

. .- ;' ' ,. ,' , '' f'" , , ' '. " ' , " ••

evduatea inthe~reaent,st u'dy.,In addition,sexual

di~orphi8m ;~spo,tted sand~iPer 8 ha~

^been

attri~uted ~o

/ .' ,', '.. -. .,',. , ', ,. ":

sel!ual'gelelcti~n (b i e n ' Oring1977~an,dqua ntitati ve .me~8urelll~n tswo'~ld~liow"f,or compar iaons:~ithot-hei::

polygamoUs'

BPe~ieB '~here ·s~xual'

^selectionis'

i~v~ived~

. / \ ^{. .}

,.".

' I i

\

.;.

. ., -

The'presentstudy develo pe.dprima rily"from an in terest in1l1scover i nqhow wid e s p r ead and gene;al po l y a.nd r y is among Spotte d'san d!i'i pe rs .-In an atte'mp't to

"\ max,imize the

P~;b~~ilit-Y· .O(.~i~1in9 po·lya~dry.

^{a:'s ma n}

",.islandonthesout her n.e o a 6 t',a f'Ne wf ou nd l a nd, Canada, . \ k,nown. to Fegularlyeuppcre1!1..~r~~dlng pOP':"la t:o~of

\Spott e d Sandpipersa~dto be freeof.tertes tdal

~~edators

^..

t"~ 'seie~.t.!J.,~

^{. ,,8}

stu~~i 'stte~

^,An

:att,e~Pt

^was

'lm~de to c~ llect_info[ma~.i,onaboutgeneral ecolo9y~,.i repr O:ducti ve'beha vi o'uir 'and'soc i al organiza tiontha t

~OUld

^{"al low.}

f~r 'comp'ar i~on8"

^w'lth

-~'the'~

^-

SP~t"t'd

^.

s~nd~i~~ pop'ui'a~ion'B ; ~ lreadY' stu~ie~., ~'nf-~'[:mat'ion

^.

.

^{' . . " .. . . . \}

^{" .}

^{' .}

.'!!b out se.x,r ":tio , extentof'{e xu~ld1Il1drpbi~m. 1nst ,,:nc e s of pr eQ":tio n'~Indpair--:bond 1ng re lati o nsnipswa r eiOf

spec~a-1

^{1n teru t.·}

I~ _ ~a s

ini tiall y'

assu~~ " t~a~

^{:'s ollle}

~e~8onabie .~sti~·ate 'Of"s~x 'r:;ati~·f~~" r~: be obtai~~~

^by'

' . '. '. ' , r .

vi s u a ll y,exa mi nin g'birds8SthiS-pro c ed u r e had earlie r

' . '

.

^"

beeflus~d (Or'1rig" Knud so n,197 2-1'~~ucheva lua ti o n s wei'e

..." " , i

studiedI'n compar ison,wi th be hav iour.alob serva ti ons (cop ula U ona),:and qu ant;ita't1ve:measureme~t8.'t.

:

Ob8ervauon8 of' ,pa ir~bO~di,n9 r/eiatiO~SniPS we~~. stl:l~ted

.eeat tem p t todisti ngU i~h'^{bet ween'sequen ti aland}

simulta neo u sma~in9s,forthis species•.

\

,island ..

... ^- . ^-

St~dy

.

Ar~aand~eth'Qd~^.

Gte~ n 1I11and (45 -53 N,56- {I W), s~ tu.atedat the entranceto Fortune Bay,Newfoundland.lies 4.8

terrestrialvertebrates'arekno wnto.inha b i t the. .

':"

,/

' "

I

I I .]

I

, .

~ , l I I

·1

. 1 .

,~' I .' ^'

-...·_ -0·

','

- !l"-

".

~"'-

.

!

':'

..

-;

;'

...

'1 -:. >

119ur~

¹⁰

A '~P'_~·f ·'~~

^••

~ :I

^.•

~a~~·'a~

't?8

ent~~ric/to

Fort.un.,

allY;

Newfo undland. Fromcan~d i~n.

Hyd[~C) ~IPbl C

^ser·vi.ce

lil;u t~C.l Ch~~.t _NO.

^"U'16.

,

^'

: . .

" ,

, ..::.

,

.:

~

.. . ..

l i

I ^!

. , 'i ..

i '.

.

--

..,;

.. \ ,

I :, r

! '

.( I

. . / ,I

~ 1

~1111"".,

'J.:

I

I·

. . .•

In 1979 lind 1'98i~fieldwork began,i nlateHay ,

W~~bi.r;~

^{.fi rs t_}

arri~v,ed. a~d donti~ued , thrOUq~1

^.

mid-Julywhen m.o stegg8ha d hatched. TOmo nit or' sandp\per

,acti';i~Y'

^and

loc~te' ne~t;.s , on~

^to

f~ur

^dally

walk9 ~r-;~~d

the island's

pe~~im~terw~~e' m~de

^following

an existingpat!\\ fr.olllwh'ich·all porti'ons'Ofthe.islanCi

. . I ' . '

were vi s i ble.Du r i ngBu1rve y s all SP,ftted san!!.pi_p~r "

.

si9h~in,gs

^and

be.hav~o~~ .~( lOC~tiOn., movemen~8, '

^.

C1isplaying;'c op u l a ti ons, vocalizations, feeding,

. . . , . ".

8qqtesiilon ,btood't e nding , etc.I:we r e tecorded.Sutveys .,

'wer~' .~imed a~d d~i.gn~-t~d., c~~c~i!,point~ ast~bU~~ed

^to.

standardiZeth i~"pJ:_o~ed~Fe';'oii~~J:Vatioris^wete1lI8d~^;"ith

'

. ..

^'

..

^{' ',-'.}

-

./ ^{" ' " "}

.

^,-'

----.7X:.5and;9~ 5 9'b i n~cula:'"andre,co.rde'd'a,?ca s s e t t e

~apell.~eathercandit'ionswe re:~a~edat,:regulilrI

int e r va ls th'rough outthed~Y.^{Whe n} n~t'~anduct i n9 llur~"eY!J'~^..remdned.~tregui~.robservation~ints,^{nea r}

·).-n~at8wi t~markedindividual~an d r~~oi~Eld mOvements andother'IIlC.ti.:.~~.~ie.s•.·1.ndi·vid~~lri"Whi=-he Ve d as a --+~-~---;OP~:<i~" (::-e.g.~feed ~ng^{in,cl o,se}p r oxitd tY-".·ne s t a,earching,

dlspla,ying!,c?ur tshiPfliqhts,"COpu~ati,pns.etc.i~iere sct~ti ni zedfor'~pp.a rerit:'~ i f ~eunce""

in .

sireand:"d e q'"r e e o~"spottin9^patternonbr~a8t^{'wh ene ye r.p}o s s i b l e .'Such . pair~we~e of~en.subs e q uent l y obse:rvedco pul ating whic h

-

ai.l~we'd , conflr~ati,on"\ ~f s~xual :id~nti ~ie~ ~rolU Illo~nt

i

1 - - - - ' - - /'_ .

positions (male assurne<:1 tqma'Unt~. A thstlnctionwas

/

made betweenmount.ing•{standing n back of lDounted._ _ bird}'a n~cop~la ti ng (~ourits w~~~taU~t~~kin_9."and epparent

JC.10~cal c~~t_~ctl

^to

9~arf a9ai~S~. rev~

^..rse

." n t i n, ."~i.c'

'(YO

b••n,"pn"~4J'~o,

, .0••

~p.ci•• (R.."

st.ore~,perBOna l.~o~a ~i~n!•.o lyCOP\J ~ a tion'8were ...~.. considered'a ssuf f i ci e n tconf i r mati o n of sex. \ , Spot t ' nq

on' , .,i•• "".''0",\ w~" ^.:.

^de

' 0' p;'~s ^J

·".~f ,matk~d "ind ivid'~~lS ' ~f ~~,~~. seK(~hr~e , .~~~ject"tv~.::

^{_ .}

,ca ~e90~ ie Bfor,b,rea_~~_, .sp~-.tt1ngpatt;e,~~'were recognizedi

pe~vy ,(nUIll~r~u8 _~pots .J ! ~h

^a

ten~eri'cy

^'for

. - , " • I ~" " '..

r . ' .. ' ,

BP~t8,to,belarge ;~eachirig'·ap~rOX_ir',~e~y.3 - 5~}n d.iallleterli hght'(few,spots with a tendency for/spots

t·0 '.~ 9mall ,. a~p.r~Xima~e'~;,.9 . 5 ~ 10k

^mm

d'~}nle";e'~)

^a,nd'

interllledi~te>

^(ali

~n$tance$ .which CiUld " ~'ot

^beass i g n e d

, ..• ' , ' -. , I .. ,, - ' -

:to

heav~

^{" .light'}

C'~,t~90t r~.8

^l'i'itho

C'jnfl,den~e,i ~.

^{'5,'"Zfl.IlInd·.}

spotting evaluationlwe.tellladeonJy when twobi r d s

, " .'. "

iftclos'epro~illlity(wi t n i n 2 m radius) and engaged in

, . " - - I - ,

some'neut.tala~ti.vity 'e~9.,feeding:,preening, .

•

8Ieep'i~~).J. Rei~ti V~~ize :efJtlmatlon~\:

^{inv:olved,a:simp'le}

visual'at.te~pt·to.detenlinew~etbe.t:6ns bird was nO,"i:oceabiy

iar9 ,'~r ~

^{.: ,:.. ' .}

^{,L ·-"}

/ ,'.8.1r d8'·

w~r8'

^t.ta.ppe d with flush.'

. t. {Ka~arise

¹⁹⁷⁹⁾

, ' --' _ ' , , · 1 , , -

at'the nest, by'stalking.'or with.mistnets while '

0 / .

- \

;~,

/'

I

~·12 --

"

\" ,

,I

'I -

I

_I

i... i.

broo'ding you ng ••Co l our banel's.u.s . Fish and,Wildlife

-;- .

^,"

.

Se r1ieeban ds/·andcq~ormarki,rl9s(bi~i·Cal.~~ye8,.

Dix so nRedimark) wer e usedto MlIrk ind i v i a ua ls . Because

I ',- , -

col o u.rlegb~nd~^{",al e,·n ot}vis ibl~^whenbii~sm~ved;

.thrrU9hgras.8

.o~ w~~n ,flU8bed. "?"?" ."':"

llIark~119swe r e made on..the ne c k.and/orfla.n~of·t ~ a ppe d biJd a. Adults were

a'{s~

^weighed

("e801~< spri~g

^scale.

19~,

⁹⁾

/lnd"mea9urement~

^.of

Wi~9 '(C~rpal

^{jointto dista l}

I . . , " ,,",. ' ", ". .," \

tip'of"l o nge s t:'pri mar y "), bil,llind ten us weu ta ken .with

ca~-iPe~8.·.i!lnd/[:ler· ('cal ~p~[ ':and c/lup.er,-·,~ule!

Jafayett~

^-

Co/(~uler-~ H/I~flto~~B~ll Co ~ h ' onG

fe';a"l e

I, ' , " , ,,',', " ',, ' , "

:Weights taken,afterclutch-cOlllple t.ion-wer~us ed .',Chicks

;~~~'e -~ls~"-~~i9hed (pe~Ola 8Pz:i n9" -;~a~e~s ,

^{U'9f 211'g),}

j ll'Ie~sured

^fo't 'tar su s andbiii

len9th~n~

^{ba nde d sooo'}

t. ,ll.f~e,::" hat~hi~9'

Recap tut ed

.ChiCk~ ~er~' al~ o

^{wei g hed, ,}

l

mea s u r e d andlocation llil:noted~. ^{' .}

'j

^{Ateachne s t the}·max i lllum..length~nd.^{breadt hand} Weigh't'

'~ere , record~d

^{fo r}

"~a_~~" ~qii; '

^{wlti ch}

~.ll: co lo~

1lI.l.i ked {cinonR~d i llla rk'for identi ficll t ion'of,laying andhat:hinqor de r;Internlll

> dillm~ter o~ . n~\st

^{, I}

cdep re l8 i,o n ,llllll(imUIldep t h of d~presaton'~.hllt 'gh t'of

, , ', ' .. . .

. ^.'

^{' , '}

\ '

^,

veg eta tio n.over.theneat and cove r above thenes t

' :' -' '' '

..

^-

,.

(pe r cent age:p f'n.~.st·atl:!~ture'ob.scured~ ve9~tation located,above >~enes t)WeIe:ucCu::ded .,Photog raphswe~e

.'~'

I

_j.

i

-13.-

. .

^.

taken f!)f'each' ne s t ,·itseggs andSur round ing.e'eee,Eac h. nes t 'was

~a'~k:ed:

^wit'ltfa'.

n~llbered. st~ke'

^{pos Hion e d1m}

.swa y .

Int~'r.nes~

^{distances,'were}

eBtlmate~by

^pac)nsi.

W!\en'Il!a k.fn g·obseJ::va'tions"fr o mablind,

b~rds we~

"Photog raPh~'d^1a8the y app toaf'hed'and_left.,thene s t.

When ~ests

_.

. 'wQr~ discover~4

^{with an}

'i ~complete

^~

clutch,'il:ldivllhH)laiSu l ts~eremarkedst the nest

•

~ w it~OU:t h~t;,cil in~ '~~ley

^"

H~~'I~~r

^{.1975 ),to'}

'redU~~" -;

^•

;t.is k

o~ ~e9~r~ion .~~o:~~ , n~8_t~ on'iy" on~ ind~vi~ua~

wasmarke~. th~U9h,,~Ulti~I~"~i.~l,~B:^to'SUCh ~~,Bts '."'

.

allow~d

.

'.' det'e r mi na t i on o~ -,f.',:; -~hethet'','one er.: two'b~r~~", were

~~ndihg^{the n, i t.} Obs~rvafi0r.ts,we~~ concentta~ed^at:.

nes ts where -both in~i,v'idU~I ~'wer~:matkede:arly in the· seas on.'

\.

Results'

Ne s t ingPllt t eYhS. In !9 79

'dallY~ ob~erv~tion's',and

"

' "

" ", '. " '"" " " , ',:

8,t Veysbega n,on'18,Ha y . Spo.t ted Sa ndpipe r swe refir,st- seen'on23Hs y whe n·t.h·ree',s oii tar.ybl'r ds wer e cbaerve d: feed i ng'on

th~ ~h~re:'. :,on

24

a~d

^{25M"al , inaddi ti'on,to}

8oiitat~:'bird~

^{see n}

~'~~d~ng

^ai:ong

c~utai- at~as "bi r~l~

^.,

veee seen feedipginpail~I'(i.e.,'t wo bir dll

moving·

, /.':" toget het,i,n

-'C"1~8e 'pr oxi",i'~y'

^while'

~eedin9)

^{among the}

( ^{---:-:-- -}

- -

-'

-

.

,

i

, -,j

inla'nd

anQ: parti~.iP~ti~9·:

ⁱⁿ

ne~.~ ,'~ea~~hi~I1·;'~~ti'Vi ~:l~~

. '. ', ,:.,...,: -. .:, -,' . '.'"

Y

',e .,~~o~17d~,~8,~k1.n9.dO~'71~.'.~Oge~~er^:,

"'?"

gras s y uplandereaain crouchedpqsture w!th,',tlllnps

::::~~~'~~::~, ; :; ~'::e:;;':~'N::~ '. ::::::::tnt~y

" - ' . .\" , - -' ,^{" ';}

commU:ni~at 1 onl.ha s·:obs e ~~ed'~wo':feRl~~,e_.~pott,ld,:..,,;::.~

'i ': ~ i~ 9ra~~y, ~ i ;ar'eaB. ~~

^The

~~ ~urnber: ~~~i¥&~~f'\

^of

' lii'~d8 'cobn ted' d~r ~nlJ

, ; E:~:g~:8:::~t ~~~gt~, " ,.

'lnterpr:~a~ion' ls'~u'ppo~ted^{',b y},,~iut::h:-i~i ";i~_tlon'dates

iTab·~e ^{:1 )•-}

^I.

l ' '" . ;.:";' :~ .,'," .

^f

. . ~u~ :;:.:;:~~:::::.:.t~;:(:;:t,y';~: .:· ~::';~:,:t.·

~_orm_bre,e~in?.p,a i r~.',,_p)l~~g_-;,~Jhe,.BUb..lt:t,anti~:l,.nUIn~r'

::F:::~~~I::,:~. t*i',:.:,~:t:'[~!;{:;:~I;: ::'IY I

ar, ha~. mo:vedon:.:~a,~e:,: ..i~~tt·~~llo_~o:n... ^I.

~~ ". ' \ ' :

. . , \ . ,

",,"

:,<

"~'!TT:~~=.6:'c~+;.c-+,:--=-:"':';;'~~

.

:,....'

, '1'a~leI,.: -:

Nest1n~

Reco rds Of,'Spotte d

s~'ndpipe"rs

onGr e e n'

i:·s~~nd .

neat ", ' ~ " ~lutch : .' -," hatchi ng

, female

_{'m~ 1~' In~ tia.t}~qna co,lllPle~l'ona

date . success

-.,:,_~._,_,~-,-_:"__'';'i. ~~::,:, : ,-__~ .. .:..;..__.'- _

~icbb. c~~c~

^{'. ·;'3}J:Une' " 6.rune :,a bll:n.do.ned'"

. . ':Icmd;'·...

:,~5 ~u~~b";"'~' 8"Jun~c

^'":'--:.''.

l"J,~lYi

'cm'~~':." :1~ ,~u,~e:-, ' ~: ' ~:: · ··.~' ,j~-f ·,

, ,.9 ' , J~:':c ¹² Jun~e

^.;:I

^;t cJ~l~ ^:.-'

,'':em/ cti ;~(~~.-' .. 19 ,~~~~!( .

:,,13, J u'nec

.5:·i~ l:1

. ;"an,

em .17.June 'i l:,June 1't~JU 1Y':

,.cm/ cb- cm/cb "1 5

.iu~ec ·

^•

~a'>'~~~c

^\:i

lU..

JU:l y

,

" 'I : "~(~U~~ ^{2g :,une .l} ?~; '~1,l1~ ^{, ).,4}

UJ ,._ -- -:- .."ll·.J u n eb Ii Junec 6_{July 4}

, lie

~~_.~~~_~~or:-';'_J-'''''_~~~_~~

__

''''_''~';''''

__

~

.,

~~,::-~_';(f'

e99S)

~~:.:~;~~~~~~~~~::~~~:~~~·~~~:~~~:~~~~~·L::~.~~:~~~:~~~ _

~2l,,' d~Y '-incub~ t1on :a~d' ~, d~Y' ~99 : ·laYiIi9· per i·cidS., ~~~e as~~~ed

f~r,estin:~t1'~n8 whe~

exact

'~at~~

wer e'

~ot lt~own' . '.1

.b·' , ' -, -,:'.-..' .' "'. '.' '-'

' .C::'t.;~::~:ll~t::.r:::~c;~;~=it:~u;~:;nd~d >'.

\i

jncllba

t.1n9"b ird Pho't~9r'-Phed'

e x ten.

i

v ely'

for

"~ideniifi~ati'cin'-",::.". ,," -' -, ..."

et.ounda~d~'a;cideQtallY,dlO!st.~9yed,24 iune '

;~l~s~ t~p~edati~n'²~U1~-:· ^{:-. .,,... . .}

-.1'7-

FOl:Be~en,;ne s t s'i nc u ba ti'o D(iD~el:valbetween.la st

·e 9 g·l ai d.a'n~ f~rsteg~h8otchea) req,!,il:e~"^21.•7Sd~1's .<,l:8o~g e• 21 - 2'3.;9801'5').• Some"p.e s t s'l:eq~idnglonger

, i~~ubation 'pedod.'~

^(e.g:;",

De~ t

^,l/BlIJ

tO~k

^{25 Clays)}

..

: : "

"

", , .

showe d some sig ns of:di s~ur ba.nce. i.e••eg9 s we r e

fl:'e·~'uen.ti{'foU"nd

cold.. ae ceusethe

Pf\tt~l:'n

^of

nes~

'c h e c k s used,in th'i5 5tudy would. t~Hidtooveres t ~m" te

'~'; " , "

~~cupa1ionPEll::i~d~ ;'iri~ub~tio~'wa s'a ssume d.to;r e qo ir e ,2 1'~'Y~·fO'

.c 'ilc.'. "o" ,'. ', ., 'to.••

"m't~

c,· uteh .'\

,

,,'~OniP.~~'~i',~n :~~'~.~s. fro~\~~c~ d~tes

^'of

:ri~'~ts ' f~u·nd.

^wi

~h

^'

comp,~eted'cl ut'c h es}" .v

,,',', .f'.- ,'.' . . ,: , ' '.~" ; ^{':. ' ,',,"} l.'

.~•.Loc ati on so~ ne~,ts"a.nd f'o u r'.a d,d,i't i ona l brocde, (fell:

•

"w~ic'~:"'lO , ~~,8~,S ~~,~e~'~~c~te~.J

^-:

Ob:~'~~~~d. d.~ri.~~ 197'~",~rj'

^\

~~o:tm'.iJl, F~.~~~e·

^.'

~3". Tr, ~e:an c.:.~ :,.t?; ~i"ni~u~,;i ~tet-n'est "~

distance:-(includi~9 ~r.op(rlocati ons fro munkncen nests

as

,~:~~~;:~~ IIl~~.e.'ne,s·~ h~~:~ti~~t,i, ;'Ia~, ~9.9 7' 5B·.~i ,m,; . Th~ ·

"~.i,l:S,t',k:O.W~ su~ce~s,flil,.n::~t~a~",~~~~i.a't:~,~bo~t,^4,~,unT

,a n d.completed (4'89,98).,abo u t'S·J Une.",Th e ~~re':l: ^{• \}

;!l'~d~ti<!n~;' b~ OC!d.S: 'fro.n:,,~ndet:e~t~d ⁱ rie~~s . w.e~e 'di:SCOV~,~e-~

,.,'. .:', " .... .. "", ','.,~ . " " ," ."

on'~JUl1',-{,onel'ldu l~.~,Uu: ee.~ icks" 7'i,Jul1' "(oneadUl~ ~, .

foin;:", ~hi,:'k~f~,'~n~,,:'~,.-~J~·y; ·.( f~~~~~~d~~.;\!! <, ~"hre~ ~hick~j .

'C~1~ll: sJ 0he;e,.bro~dsW,8.; ee~~liua;e,d,tQ, be:24-,48ht· ,.

--: ~.', o~~ W'hen,;'~o.~nd. · irh~ esdm~'te'd 'ne~tin~:: den~~t~ fo~

^{. -:}

." ~"

-,18-

!~

"~

~ ' "

)

'."~' .\:

\." : .

• ,./l '. .,. ., •

cov e r e d,are lndicatedby'Xs.'Rave n Cove

.- ,.J " _ .

(R.C. )-and,EastCove {E. C. " are indicatled'~

, , ,

.

-F'i9uri:3'-':Hapof-Green'

I~land

anane St sst udi e ddu"r,i.ng

;" 197;. 0,'«. '0'" lA';i~";" ;0"' ;0"' Of~'''t".

oieeovot.obofO,k

h.t.hl~.:

Loc.ti on • • heee

~:~oOdS

^{. ;}

' unae~ected"'-neat~'~e[e firl?~ .di~-"· ·

.!

I

· f

'.1 :1 I .

I

'. .

~

..

.

; .

.-\ i

/ .

···.c/

;f •

·

\

L _{. \ '}

\

-. I

I I

- f

Ii !

I ! '

i'

i

I ·

'i

!I

; .J

/

/ '

- 19 -

known nest s in 1979wa s ther efo re 4.7 7nes t . ba-1 (17/3 .8). l!t e ed i nqchrono l09Y aridhatc hi nqaueealS'd ata

" "nest:

u~~r

^{Observa tio n'in 19 79}

- f-

IUllIQ4[izedin Table 1.Additiona l Info rma tion on aaaual

.iden tific..t.lon and pa'i r i nqbeh a v i o ur of'bhdstendi ng

'th~se

^{nest ."ia} su_a l/i red

in

Tab le2.

, .

^{- .}

ToaWdyne a t atte nd'mce .du ri ng'inc u bat ion ,mo s t nestswe r e.visited at feast onc e or.ev tce dat.lyan~

',~i ~ c u b:ati o nby.,. singl e'i ndiv idu8,l WIIS inf eteedonly

"af t e r a

.

mi nimum^" o"taevennest'Yi~ i ta

.

^{:,here't he sa me}

iia r ke~_a n dposi tive l y id.n~ ifled indi vi dualwa's foU?d on,'

t~e

^{nes t ;'}

"~8~~.

^{de!='i'st o ns}

~e.r.

^{,b ased_on} cons ider .~ly1II0teda~'::--Th• .:e_!.~.evtd~n'cethat fema l'elmay not·ir:lcu~a teregular ly bU€-'"'eon t1nueto da i t ane s t

1.~tera1~·tently

^{and si t (or}

sh~;;pe~iOas'"-..

^__

·1n.the eaz::ly .orn1rtg and/o.r lat e.~ft.rnoon(Hays,1972 , A.'Nash persona lco_ un i cat i on l.

In-'198i~d,aii'ysurveys be9an on 22· ·Hay .0,1'12.Hay the ~1 rat'·tb're~Spot tedSa nd p'ipe r"s~er..'.~enfeedi"ng alo ng the

sh,o~e

^{-.·,? n}

26

'Ha y birdswe re first/Jeen

'. "

^" ~,

feeding inpair .;loIi~hinterlllit te nt post u ring.and cou r t shi p flights.On 27Ha y'-p~ 1 ruwe re

".1'1

copula ting

,

.

^. ' .

and)na.st searching"11'1graa~yar ea a •On28-Hay an,empty nest'..s c r a p e. .wa s found.As inoj1979,, ~urv.ycoUn tsabo~ed

,

~.

, i" I _I

! ,

;

!

~-

! i.:.._. ,

I

I

r _I'

I.

1 \

I

· I 1

~29 -

. '-

Table 2

Pa i r i og Beha viour Ob' e r ve d for BirasatS_tud~

Nests, -l?79~

___~ • ... ~ ;. _ _ J.

nestcopulat- feed po sture nest Ibir d s I ron togethertogst h ersearchillcubate· brOQd.

- ..

^---- _~_--- - --- - -

.. _ ---. --'---,-- --- ..

^{-~- ---}

.

l aband oned

2 l N/!, a

...

3 '.~+ ^{2. N(A}

2 N/ A·

5 N/ A NIA

,b

2~ 2

.'

, _{. .} '

^{·2 NIA}

•

^,d

^{, .}

^{2 2}

,

NIA NIA

1"·· _{NIA NI A}

I I found (4e9 g s) andacc identallyde.strayed

2 .

Jun e

l2.

, ?

^'N/A

l3 ,d

.' ,

NIA

"

^{discovered (' eggs)}

"

^{June; p[edation_'2 July}

:::.:- ---~--~- -:- ---- --- --- - --- -- aN/A .:rio'relevant

- -.

ob s e rv a t i ons

' .

b t h is wa.s.asecond~~ t ing .At~elllpt

.--£i n~Uba ti onby secondbirdconfh:m·; tt:,·l·ateinse as on

·d·~opuiat~on

^{fOI: male'}

obse~ved

^in'

1~8"

t•

I

^{- 21.-}

₍

aDincrease In birds un til 5Ju ne ~hen'nUlIlbera began to

~eclin.'( F igure 21.·Duringthe se asone~idenceof 28

'pests wa s found (17nestsandtll~eebr oodsfr olll

undetectedn•• ts). Ge n e r alda t aof)the s e nests ar e

. -. .'

su~a':izedIn Tablel an din f o tllla t iOD_~oncernln9sex ident ifi c a t i on andpairing re le t i o n a hip a tor bi rd s'at .the senesta11"

ip

Table ...App roxillla t e nestandbr pod

loc a t i onsa[~a.hawD in Figur e ':

The st)ortest distance betwe e n any"two nestswas 37 m

lnes~i

^12/811

IIn~' l~ /se)

^{withame a nminimum} int~ r:-ne8t^{distance of 82...}!."2;.6e,Thee8 qmat~

:ne s t i ngdensi t y

~O[ .kno~.~

^{nes t s}"in USIfwas^l

th~refore

S~26

^neata

h~':'l

1211"/,3.81 .:

J ~ter-nellt dl~tanceB

^didnot

,dif f er'Signif i c a ntlyeeeveeothe two 8•••"'ona IS{3!..)..

•!lil.·E:>.lllI)._and ne atdensityanddist ributi ono_n

I . .' ~

Green Ialand appea r quite similar 1n 19"{9.n~1981.

-.-v is iJa i uamina....Uon of 'the nesUngdhtr1bution\in

.Figure a

l3 and " augg.st tha t Spot tedsandpiper soost1 ng on Gre"!nIsland tendto ••t",bl h h ne lt.i~.a·in grassy ar~a 8"" the

." ? "

To" "thisla7~

"'. .

,ect"., ul"

.~o'di."t" 'Y"~lIlwith 1C:-•.lCh.C!!./~215) and y-axis (!l• 275)w••••Up.1:lIlpos ed on'~lIlapofcceen ..Islandand nnd o l'!l.

P~h:8 '

^{of x}

a.~

r coor dina.tes were

..comp u t e r

9'.net~t.d

^and:'UBedaYl:andolll nest locations.'

.- .,.. .

," '. .... . ....

^".'

..

, .

I. ^{·'2 2 ..:}

Table 3

Nestinq.Reco r dsfor Spot tedsandPiper~~nGreenIsland, Newf ou nd la nddudnl)UBi

·

---~---

.,c:::;

nest clutch hat chinq

· -~~~ .. ~:~:~:=~:~~~:~~::_:::~~:~~::_-~:~:~-_:~:::::.

~/cb·

^{31'HlI Y!) 3Juneb 28June 4}

2,c~/cb cra/e b .toJun ec. 7June JIil JU'ne 4 3 dlscovend (48gqa ,.:'lIiI:J une; preda 't i on12June 4- cra/ e b" U"June 15Jun~' ~July I -4

S cm/c b.•7June^b

IS

~uneb ^.f Jul y J

6' ell \ 8Junel;l.·11 Ju neb .'~JUl yb 3..

7 .C1I." 9June c' 13,juned 5 Jul y ..

8' CIIl/cbe\.2 Ju ne^f 5J~nef ^{.aba ndoned}

9 • -em/cb. ca,

'p

June -'18J~ne: ,abando ned

ltI .Clll .11Jun e b..14Janeb .6·Jul y 4

"11 ",CIIl/~b ¹⁹June~^{122J'uned U Jul yC' Ii/A!}

.12 -- -I 15 June9'18June') 111 .1\lly9 Ill/A

·IJ CIII/cb em/cD .U Ju n eb:17Jun'eb 9 July 4 14 em/cb' ---" - -•--_. un h a t c hedh

·IS CIIl/Cb~':.._ _ HIj~neb '13 Jun eb 5.luI)' ...

Hi" 6J·un~b·_ ^{9Jun e b "1July -I}

11" c./c b cm/c b "discover ed (-I'e<398) 26,1Yne ;pre-

'd ation2Jui

y

J_.L . ,

,

- ·23-'

" --- .

^{' .}

Table 3. Footnotes. . '

'J

a c.m..colour

.mark~d .

^cb,"

~r

^banded

besti~atedfromknown hat ch date

/

C~stim·ated'f~om^known·~lutch^{compleUondate,} d s e x basedon·wfng.a nd weight- measurements ee~til!latedfr!=lm embryoexaminat:iori"follow-

1ng'de~ertion

fN/~

^..'no

r~~~vah ob.e,i:"Y4.-~ iOnS

~eBUma ted"f~om ~Videnceof hatching:

hn~"si9~Sof hatc"hin9 on'A~ H."^{9 July}wh"e~'^{:l a s t}

.

^.

,obse~~ationmade"

- 24 -

T~bl e•

" . , .-'.

.~N/A•"nor~ l. v.i.ntobaer~a t.tonB

nes tcopu l~ t... feed posture ne at .-tllrd. .

• ten togethert0get~e r ae~rch incu bate brood

_____ _ " C_- "_"_,__~ ^{: : .,__}

L -

i I

I i

I

I -l It _:....

~+ ~

~/A .N/ A' Ni'A:

.i+••

. . .

.

^-

.+'. ..N/A

'.N/~~ .

'iuA

,+ + + Ib, 2

dj'~c~ver ed(4..e99,a' l,,11Jun~ ;,pr~d8tion12,June

, + +: 1 .~

""- + .

_"·1² _'N/^N/A_~

2 .2

:'~b~n<lo ned '.aba ndoned

1 '\1·

1 .N'/A W/A • N/A

.2' N/A

NIl. N/A.

.•N/A 2

1

,

1 2 J

•

5

.-

7.

.

, ,

10 11

-12

13 14 15_ 16 17

Pair i ngBeh.~vi otn'~~ned.for·Birds~t'·Stud y

·'Nest s,19811

-- --- - - -- - ---- ---~-- -- - --- - --- ---- -- - - -- - --- _ .~ . -

r

\ '-

..

!

_I

',:-

I ··

..

'I J

:;':.,

- 25-

\

.' .

, ', ⁾

~ , '

<,:

\ \

\

/

:,'

\"

\

t'," ', ' "' " .

.Figure'4. Hap'ofg~een'Island ananes tsstudied,.during :'.:

1:98fl'~~~r~e~

^indicate

i'o~~tions'

^of..

n~st:

^.

iisJ~,\r.er~d·

^before

hatchi~~.'\G.c~~~·onti ,~~er~

^I

~ro04~,fro~~unde t e c t e d ne.at.\!!'Ierefi;stais-

, " .' ,:

.

^"

covered-are, 'i nd i c ated~y:XIS..;Raven"COve , (R.C .)";1~~^{East :ove}·(E : C.'l'.are·i nd i Cated.•,

, ' I

I

I

' \

I

. . ....

..

'

. .

.

^'

,-f'- F. ,

t ^'~.~ ..

^'O•••

^{~. ~-~}

^{.. ""-:,: '" .:" ' \}

^'It

I .." -:)-'"

. I \pOiR~S-f" "R' O R ' iR"pp,o prts,eRestln, ~~bs,u 'es

:".~-

^:

I wate.r··'~·~.OC:IGs:,-,bUildi n9~;·· ~t~: ) - ~ere di8~~.ded') ,. :F~r '~

'i f :::;: :::' ,:~~i::~::S:::'~:u::;',:;:: i'::s:h:; ,:::"

,

', wereSi9n if1~arl~1~Clo~erto shon t~~n'~a.~.~~l~. . ,

_ genera ted~ontrol', iteein 197~.(.!(2 6l.•..3~ 18~.£<.e:iS),. .,oJ

. y. "

~9811 '.~(341^•

.3-:

3.S~E.<:ilil5 ).lInd~ffO[·b.,othsea~o~s

:~om~~ned'

^l!'C62.)

~~·"" . 5~ ~ ' ,E.C ~.S~

.' . '~.,.' .. ., ' --', ',.: "

Neati,n9.data.fl:,~1lI1979.and;-19 8." (oT'ables1 and") ."re.compar'ed'In-:Tab le'5.'Table'-:6showa the'r es ult"frolll

• ,.." I ' ", . •, • • ;. -

ne·~t·"Vidt8.;any~.tte~!t,s·:t;Q_d~t~tlll.i~~'.:~~~.;~u~~r-.o~_ ;~_

·indl;ri dual.s·par~.iciP~t1nq·dn-~in~ub:atl~~::and'br ood-, .,·tending.At

all ' ioui,"n~~t~ 'tr'a~p~d a'~'te~ ~'dlltk ~n :'l.9 811 ,

-,

m.l es wereincubating. '.•... ",:."~..' ', '!hr eSt of.fOU.~,1IC:1u.~t.•~ie.!Jbanded^.On.-the i8ll1~nd

.in

197'9.;

~:~~u~,~~,

^..

~n~.:~e~t.e·~.'. t~:l~~.~

^•.

·~~~.~,·~~3~8.~~'O~'

^l(

J.~O~ :

O!G-""~^(M(.,IJI&l~~ wa.~,.t;:lIP~~,a.t ne a t.~/81 .:;~i~.~le. .'

,··:hll~.;~e,~: ~~~.~d

^:

~n ' ~:~.7~

^..

vbe~:c~~ ~.i.~C~~~,~~~

^;.at'

n~s~' .t/~.9

^..:

·a~97,_:away •.On;5.,)un!.N/o.-"",Wlls.~rapP·ed.wJ;ai1e,

I~C·u.~~tinq .·on r;~~,Z, :2!.8lI~'~· ^.. :b.~:B ~l~ ^. ~~~.~.~.~.~

^{.",t.ra,PPe'ci}

:l~·.

,1~7~,lIhe~~he,incubate~'a~n~~~:-13/79.'~()ID.;.'26 tc1i~t;iln·t . 'O'n:i {"and.22;

Juri~ '''Ri~7K~'~as·':ae~~ '.~o~ui..II·t'in9

',Wi

~~ , 'a~'

u·'nbanded~.fe~al~~· 'on

^.

the,"NE "~hoi::~:'ot ' Gtfi~n

^{·,I s·iimd.}

'~hi'~'

~~i'~'';n~~t·.~':

^{'a t'}

th~ :~~·~~~~~e'::~n,~ ·~f': ~h~':' i.l~~ri·'i9;i

~ ,~~:l,. '., ..' ".' .~•

. >; .. .. '

".~":l"' ..../., ,"

,;

-;:

..: .';

"'\,.:':.'

".'

:'.;~, :' :' ~.-.::.; . .. :..>:.

"

-,28,-

'Ta b l e 6

'7'~-,.L.~-"':';-'~'7":':",:~~--~-~'-:--'---'---_:'-.---_._-:---:--:. - ^..

197 9 1'9 ~"·.

• riestl>.. ~: _~~~L_.. .:__''''~''._~'.---:.- - - - -:-..~---~

at t e noe d'

b y

'i nc-uba t ionbrood,ing,inc utia'tl onbl::ooding'

"I

, 5

' r!

.--~-:--~,~,~~~",.::_

..

:..;...;-:- ~:"._-~-~~:~---.;.-;-~~~::-.:.'~-:-

..

_~---:­

a~188~m'-d:

^{'a f ter.}

a~'

^{Illinimim'/of}

~e~e~:

^nest

~is~

^ee,

~~he.;e'

^.'

I"

't h e t end i'ng. bird'w41!1markedand pOBiti'velyiden t'i ~ fed

,

·~a-~'~~~~d_~ ~hen

^two

"~a'r~~ _,.bi~dS

^.

~.~~t·~ ,mp.rke~d~

^{a'iu:JoneI ,I.}

u

n ."••

d)·••,e,ohaezvedte,n?1n••

th'>~'\

" \

~

"\

^..

\ _{. . \}

_.

· L

\ .

'I'

\

-,'

."

-.29- ,

witha·fe~alEJwho.10/",,5also'ba nd e d ,'b utno !'lest for thi s meIe

lola;

found in1~8e . lnte[est~ngiythe first two -"('

•n~stsknown to hatchegg.sin 1989 (nestsl /SSan~2/89) 'we r e tendedby maLesknown to.n~.8t'o n,Gr ee n Is l andin' 197 9•..·0 ~tnefour femal e sbanded in1979;nonewere

\known t_{1979 , none}ore t u r n 10_{we r eknown}

. ^.

1989._eeOf_returnthe 51 chicks ba nd ed_{.t o G.reenIsland}

^..

_in1n

~

Plumage and SizeDi mo r ph i s m.For Spotted s~ndPiPen.'~here.i~^'IItende~cyf~t ^{femaies to be large,r} .~ndhavemoxe I;leavily spo t te dbre.-ast~tha nmal es

Origin:e"~.l""on^Green;ItSl~nd, ^per.eel.Yeddif'feren~es ¹ⁿ

"s i ze atl dspottingwe u not,d wa y s'r~ li able'ind i c iSt o r s"

. ."

^-

.

of selt:in some

.

:pair s

.

both, sexeswere.heav!ly. spotted anddifferenc~8Ln siz·e often\:lerenot:~PPlllrent:In, addition,~heavy~ "and"."light"spottingcatego·rieswere

·nO

,<

,t

":ci~a , rly' non":overl~ppjng . ' ' . .

^in"all

.

^I

"·instanC~8.

^{" • 'He nce , it}

was necessary.toado~tan ·in.t,ermed.~a:te "cate20ryfor

'd e s c rib i ng some birds.While -rnaea e eeaed pdrsboth

'1nCl~VidlJ~\S

_{~,'. ,~}

wer~

_' ^heavily_{., I .}^,spott'ed_{" . , '.}

an~ ' showe~

_. ^no'apparent_',

·sizediffe r enc e ,no~pai r'tnwh ich. 't h e'1\la l e WillS

•obviously

~~~'qer'

or da(u'/hellviiy'

·~~·o~·ted w~·S.:Ob~e~ve.d"

-

~ I Tltb;e ., '.~h~WS ~vaiuations

:0£:' spoiting

p'~tterns

,

,·,(·f~·~· '~n~aI.ked '~i;:d8. ~.o't ~,~'~wn' ~to ~:'o'S.soc1ated

^{'wf t h:any}

I'

\

^-e,Jill-

j

I'.·

r

\-

I

-v

Fig ete 5. EU IlP.l e.ofplu mage.d imor phil llli~bot~rapll.

t.a t e n··fo llo wi n g/10c:opulat i o nwhe.cethe,

. . .

h1il8Viliapo'ttedbird (~lI ft),WAI mountec!l by thelightl y spo tteClbir~ ~

i

i i

I

I .

t I ·

r I

i

i

'<,.. •

- 31-

of thene st!'!unde r stu dy.In the:C1r s t ca t egoty (c op ula t ions) self ide n t i f i cat ionwasba s ed on eeservee copula ti on s(c o pulations teofet to mountswith ta il

~ "tuck i ng" ll.l'ldappatent cloacalcontact) .In allcases, eva luatio ns.o f spotting pat t etn swe r e madebe ror e ccputetI one were .obaer ved, In the'se co nd categot y

.

'"

'(judge dpa ir s ) , bitdswe r eas s u me dpet eed on the basis of behav iou r:fe edin'] in.clo s e ptO Ximi t y,po s t ur in']

and/ o rne s t search1n']together.Theth irdcategor y (81 n '] 18bl t ds) invo lved'so'iitary bitd~ th~t wet~eas ly cbeexved

.

andeva l uat e d.'I'he^.la st cat egoc y^. hi us ed.only to sho w the,prop or t i on of Lnd.iv Ld ua .lathatqoul d.not be tea s o nab lyde sc ti be dusin']onl y'heavyan~~li']ht ca t e gol:fesfor spottil).9 andsU9']est the'a pp r o x ima te re p rese ntationin the~th reespo tti n'] ca te ']ories'used. Becaus e indiv.i dua l s in~a ble7wet e notrna,tked , the freq ue nciesmustbeviewedw~thcauti,on. Mul t ip l e evaluat i onswerenot,mad e.<!It oneloc ati on as a pre ce ut.Lc n to min imizerepeat·evalu ati.ons of an ,i ndi~ idual^{bird(i.e.;''observat ions.ofmarke d p'ird s_}

ind i cate d tpa t the y ccurerelia blybe found in thesame

'-,

. _ ---

locat,i o ~ ondiffe t ent days): In,t hesecondandth itd ca t'ego r i es eva l uat i onseee enotmade f'otbirds.reg ularly

obs ervedat thesamelo ca ti ons andsexua l identi ti~' /,q we r enot known.

. ' .. I

-~r-",..-~'^{••-' -'.- ••-. .- . - --}

f~-~::-~ -· _· · ·--- - -

1 I

_!

I I

I-

I-

I

I l

I I I

.• 32 -

hble 1·

Perc e i v ed DifferenceainBre ut·Plu_ g eSpottin9 Am:0.nq Unllu ke d Birds ,19;9ape!H8I

COpu latio nObser ved di ff e r e nc e"_

~. no"d iff er enc e Judg e dPai n

...diffe unc e no difference Sing leSirda

. ligh tlyspotted heavily..po~ te4

.the n elilate

"">, .

r

I I

-1 ! _,

'-,>:"