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THIS,LJl SSER'lATioNHAS.BEEN MICROFILMED,,EXACTl.V.ASRECEIVED This',cOP;

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dependentupon'the,qual it yof tpa crigina 1-::tnes ts .s ubrrritted for.:'

",itr:Qfil m~n9 ,''Everye~fo rthas"

been madetoensure thehighest 'qual ity~fj-eproducttcnposst ble.

PLEASE: NOTE: Somepagesmay"have indi s t lnt t print.- F'i l redas recetved.

AV,~S ~U.X, ~SAGERS'!­

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de certainespages,peut, te tssera d~s1rer ,' ,Mh':rofjl ~etel,1e'.que' ..-:(

"~ous..l.'avonsrecue•

- .

Canadi an'Thes es"Oiv i s i on'

"'Ca t al.M uing Branch' . ' .

Nati onal library of.<c.anada·

Ott awa,Cana~a K1A.ON4

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BURIAL:SPATIALFO~T:l_S,^OF"CONTACTOF: jHE

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. ".

endcfia chrorii cal)y:.

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. '.-, .. :::. . :::~~:tW::~ .;;::ejf::~i~?~T~:1d~:t;::~~:tt:~t:",e . ·

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~.?,:~!le.,cal'~ inal ~_?~nts__.o f,-_~~~,c ompas:,s..w.~r_e:_:d~_cta.t~~'b.y,,"

thecncech, ProfessiQnal1y~ct3l:'vedgra~estones. ^{whi ch}'w~r6

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ab~JJ~.',Il·i s·:f,i~l~rese.arc~,in'ontario;Br~~n_

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uni v e rsi,t yLibr a ry, t.ljl.e'r_eferenc~librarians have'supplied -

.) ~~ ~itD:~~'t~ri~~.: J~hO:~t:'·mY

^{asking ."}

. ~; 'deepes'tap~red~

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t.~:e: '~~ \~'i~~ary~ -, ~~ec,i~iq~~.l;: :~~ne,Ha:nda~ord ^{. ,} ~ori.~_~'

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';~ne~-t~ -a~d ' all', t~e- Int~rl'i'br'a~; ,'~~n ~~~aff ~~~~allwa'ys ' ,

pr~_~~~~,--'-~'~'~ePtio~~'l a~~ista~?e,~- 'a~d,.l·' "~~:, s:i~,~ : ~~~'~'~' ^{' at,. "}

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sha'nno'J~'

,Ryan'.'

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^o'f

~Hi·s·tory ,

^..JOhp"'Ma'rll\! O-';

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of:'t.~e,.Depa.rtl'!'7n t:of.:Ge o,grap hy/ Mo.x:1ey.HodderandRaymond".

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:.,: ". '''l".. '. " ' " . "',.•:','" ,..' '..

due•.coae nK!1igh~)^{gr:ad uate} stud~nt .,Dep~rtml!:!~.t~~:~~loqy,

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Be n

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^{:D.enl s}

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.'p21 11a s~.~.range"whlt.yp~~',t,hi s,l:he ai s:fro~.~:.di~:~i.cu !~~~,draf ~..

,The.Dep a rtment ofFol k lore·andthe Univ ers i t y itsel f

. - .. . .1. '- •. . .". _: : - ',

have.prov.idedme with·finan~ia~assis::'a~ceto, un dereak et!; i,s,'

-\

,\

vi

./

.'..;, , .

"

Ishallhe always•.gr atef ul toDr. Her-bej-t;Ha lpe r t,

~nder

^{whosequ.Ldance I}_. ^have'_'^begun_..' ^to

l~ar~t

_I ^{only .the}

'out,

my

_p a s e a rch...=.

,.

res earcn','. This

Studies.

.'I am'deeply

grate~~l~othe"NeWfo~ndlander~: Wh~

~~ip~~

^me

~n' 5:~ ~iany ~'a~s"d~~~~~' mY'~~~~iU"~~ ~~r""this '

,stu 'dy:' Spec ial'th ank s.'a re,due to,:.F·ianoe~'l~J:acey^{'Of., :}

~::::::i::.:;r:;u::,::e::v:~s:::, .O:.'t !it::V::i:~:.:"d . . .

~'f' ~·C:,a.1ver t.': ^'1

_ ' ." . '.1'.:.' "1.-

.To·them~~,e.~s"o f'rny o.w~;pe~a~tme~LIowe:..th.~:most : thanks. .

D £cIt Tal~~a~.

^now'

at,,"tH~" uni.~~rsiti ~f Flo~ida-> ~

~~'rs'~ " s~ggCsted

^__

th~t,,'J; _:;~rite,'. '? :t~esi~':)~n'.~~i~i~.~P.iC./' ~~~l '

,

,Ro? enbe~9 ,'~~~a.d· :~n. ·.e~rl~ . stUd.~ .~~~ ·h~,~·:.cont,i~~:aol-.~Y, en?~·u~,~,

^.'

'age~.^my'work;,Da:vidHUfford; .~?w .'.~ith.the,H:e'r s h e y:/oJe?.icill'·':

Sc ho ol'in;pennsYlvania',

'.. o~fered: ~any, ' ~~g"gestio'ns :conc'c~~;i~g

' ,::et::::~::;,:::Y . S:~~t:::~::::'i:e~:::t:t::g::::::~~ " .

··.:b lk~·Qre

.c o ur s es ..

'-:M~

^-,fe:l 1Ci:W:.-

grad'u~te '.·stud~nts : :have' : p~o-:'

^.';-"

· . '::::a:~ :::no;:::::n:::; ~::~:; ":~':::,;r:r~::,,:\::~tin .

M·r~ ." ViO~~:.t:t(l.':M

^..,;

Ha.lp~·rt ,~h?': ,as~is ted.

^me

,~it~

'a r c.hive

~ater,h,ls

^{,a nd}

, ::.provid ed

many,

~ti,mulati~g .~igC?u'l:t.si.6~s. thrOUqh,-··

. ..--."

.... .. .

:',),

.".,

~r 1y ·ies~ar6.h . ..:D r, ..-Ha'lper~ 'h'a~' :pet~itt' ed,'~e: the ~~e '~ £ .

.hb

.:~·e~,~onai'.·~.irh:~~i~!\.~f·~.~~l :.a.~.':~~~,~{.d~~,~ :~~n~.' r~fer'en~js. ,

His

hi~h".standaI'd7l . .of7·s.ChOl;arshi~; 'r~n .~,:l-y ; ; tv 'e. · a.'~ "a:~'.; ^.

.

" :;n~dei ' t.~'r. :al r fOlkioris~'s" > . , .

.

~ . !

^•

::.Thi·S' ·'S·~~~; ... ~b~'~i-:'ne~er ^{- ,} ~i~' :-~~'e~:q~.~~let·~.4,' Wi~'h~~t "

. .. _· :::d:,::i:~::~:';:h:: :i:~e::t~:;.·::~n.::: :.i:::~. ^{··':: g e.b ·.· . ...}

. ti O!1S~:dUring ai~ therev isions•.:.o·ur.90nver satfon s·' have .

. ~.~i~~lO-~~d~·m.~~;:··RO~~~on~ '-·~~·'-·t~i~::·s:t~4Y. · ^{' '.}

Thank'

a;e">:l'u -e ,',~~', ~y p~~ents.: whO h~C?nt ir;t'l:i·a.i i·~· · ',~

~'n~ou ~aged ' ~;. :,a'c~d~~ic ·i:>~~s.uitp . , ~nd .f:i~at'ly, niy·.· .de:~p~ i:i.t ^..

...,

. .

.

_•List

_{- or}

_{Maps -.}

^.

^. _,".,

. _LiS:~'

^Of.

~~oto~ra'~h·~.:·

INTRODUCTION

" )i.~,-·~i~~~i~AL::s 2~~EY .; T~E: ~TtiDY. ~F:

AA:T~R~A~

^C·Ut;.JRE·

~~b' ^{THE' MRK iN G S:' .'} .

"', ;.~,-~'..'. ;' ; ." : '.','.':'"-: '... ..:"

. , ,"

^.

',A~-~or

...

~·HE,~.LAC:E,0:c'~~.~IAL..·":.'.'..

. .

mT~ODOLOGr

.' . ; ,.:;'-.:'" .'. ..

".:.,..

'

I

...

..

_/ / _: /:

-,.

.. .

~.LIST OF,..rA8LE~. ,.

-.TABLE

. ! ;~.~. ' ,: : :::::0:: · . ::::~b~;:::~::~~~e::r;r::

·4 .

(

~': P}~j;

""

14 200

220

·2 21 c-, 223

r ,

~?5,

'310 314' 315

318

3'27

I

(0"

332

. t ... .

~i.oor.,^slab.ma : ki n g burial under,t h e f,looi"'o f a~j1,u~cJ;1,.. ". • .:•.:.;,.,

1~46which'mentio~s.the;ee

re

:o f stone ".

sU:itable,for "Tomb Stones".

mf,,!-·~sto~~. ?~ape~ r~decl:

^in'

• Newfound Lend.',

\; .,-patte~'n.·b o Ok

' / ..

I.

ll. .Broadside~l;gy

9.· Broadside elegy'

N1'ne'~eenth'^{c entiur y''' hQ1y} card"'printedin

·! ',o u e,b'ec -. '.. ..., ''''.'j.. '.'.

M;t;~'l d~si~~s :ifom ~angley 's

^Builder's'

and

WO~km~n',~ ·.T,;e;~UrY ~'

^",:

~"

12.,,De s'i.9 p'S from ~he Ad~':furniture

"".,',

LIST

OF

FI~URES-.

""

lL -111.,'

"~' I' : .. ,'

.:'G~~<t'c~aI:,:~f ,c~~~~;;~~~,:iMng "i':h,

uhedead at-Hie,place.o r buria~

-: :';i:~ ^./....

^Decorated

9r~ve

^{'a t Muddy Hold . .:.}

.'

.)0,'

~~::::, .~O~b·W~t~~~~~i~Y ·

^"

, 6. Ad~':.r,t~se!Tle{l~ov'aSCQt~aquarry.

'.,.1,,\,: appe arInq in aSCJohnls new~pa~~r'in"

': y

FIGUJu.:.

.13. Grave stonede'~ign-fr omTrendall,.'s pattern book'. .~

.1 -. . . ..' • . •

"'-'-,.. .\

, .

'

I

\.

\

'14.

. . ...

~

,~- " .

.'

; /

.>-::

Flora l'designs·from.,oneofRob i nsol) 's

.p~ttern bOOkS· . • . • ..• • •_.' . •

Moldingdesigns'from one of Robinson's PAGE

'3 38.

343

c-.

"".

.

.. ,

\ - pattj3rn,bOOks • • : . •:. • ~'• •._ ,'344

"H .

pag~ ~f~~m

Bi-c kham 's

unlver~al ' ~enman

^{'. 395"}

°r'1':'; ",Gu i de-

for. ?-'ra~ ' g .~n

^..

-s-.

'f r om H611:ins' ,Bri t i s h': tand"rd

2!."

Capita"1'Le:t~rs' Letter'ingguidefrom-'on~':

' ?:

:R'Ob i~SOl1's pattern_bo o k's ',' : .'~ • . • • • •'• Instruotions for a'rra ngi ng,aninscription.

. from one of Robinson's patte.~'.l .books·."

:3 99

407'

415

The

t~o' reg'~~ns

^{0 /}

fi~ld

^.

~eS7arch: i~

^".

Ne wf o un d l a nd • •... . •,• • : • • •

z.

CemmunHieswher- efield~esearch.waf -conduct ed . in Ne.wfoundland..:."."

i - .

3. Communities'wh e r e , field.c e a e a r -cnwa s:.'

.

^'

" .

"

.

conducted~n,the West:'Country,of .,En g l a n d .' '.:." "JI. •~: . • 0,'." " .. \'

Communi ties·where field research ."."a s·;, . .conductedinsouthecn.Ir ela n d . •(. 5. Buri"al

··sit~s.

^!!'arked:by

~rave~(?lle~ " {,~

^"

23',

59

. ' . .

.

P.ort'deGrave . ',' • ; : '.." ',' •"

. , ,"

6:'''' Briglis'S.outh Cemetery•.'

. >' .' . . : •', .' ,.,

We~'t:, Countrytowns . appearing en s'Lqned gra.v~s~.onesin'Newfou ndl~nd

,-13 5 151'

'2 5 0

'.~.

, ·L.. ·

.1,'•

....,,~. ,"LIST·OFPHOTO~¥PHS

.PHOTOGRAPH

1. ,"Po r t de Grave,.Conceptionnay -.- .

2. .'Old burial

grOUri~_.-Q~ ~i'tle

..ee Bay

3. Old:bur l a l'9.r o un d

at

.r orsCove:

4.. Thomas, I!:utler stone,dat~d17 9 4, Port'~e^{Gra ve .'.-'; ... .'. ' ,'.}

PAGE"

.xx ii i 90 93

139.

s.

. .

^{~. '. . ' , .}

.

,"

,.

-.

Abraham Ricpardsstone,'dated October, 18.24;'

po~t

^.de creve; .",^{0,".,",,: • •} 141

145

. . .

-'-

.

.6:", canj.ej, connora^vsto ne, da t -ed·Ap.ri l 4,

1816,.. Port de. '. Grave

.

^.; -•^' • •^.• ,."'. 14 3 7;

RiCh~rd ·~h'e.~-.stone ;

dated".APrll.4;"1826,

Pprt de

Gtave .' . .' . " . . . • .

144

8~'

^.

Mar~. ·~~n. M?r~isSeY. st~:n·e ; ··'d~t.ed·'

^.

~September.~,,1849,' Port de Grave ,-9...Yet~a nat'one,da t.edJu'nr/4, 1750,Bri':Ju~

,", .' . ", ...

, .

.

.

.So~th ••.'.,0'-_. ;-'.' . .'0,;.; - ". . 10. M~X:y,Norris'stone, datedAugu~t,30,'

15'3.

1838,'Brigus 'South'• • '. •.• • • • 154

. ,

11. .: _{~a.ry ' Mai:~i1; '} sto'n~, d~.i~d ,No.~e.:nber. 1; :' >

' :. 177S;'"Bi:"igusSouth -..., :. .:

12•.' E1.e"anor'and'Marg~r~tDUT\phy'$ton~:;datied

•Ma r c h 9,181 0, B'ri g u s'South'. •', 155

157

202 .171

\7

²

"204

205_

'2 0 6.

·2 0 8

209

21i"

"

, '2 41.

243,--.

.

^.'

. . . . . .

^,

...

^'

'.

^.,'

.

^:'~:

'..' - : ',' ,

.

'.: :

. .

and cove red, with"p1as'ticflowe rs',' ..

I::haPE!l '·~ 'co~.e ~~_ .~','r:.--:>. ~, .., ', .

va.:i::: p: _r::: ::a::~W::~:~:~:i~:::i o~ -,

D:ecor:'lt'~d'grave'cont.aInanq a.wooden

I:i~~~r c~ve'red'

:wi t'h

_,:f~:r:mi~a"; ':"

' ..

~.

Bay,Bulls • • .-'•.• ". ,': .- _.'. .'.

.,' .- , "''''' .:

Decoratedsreveswith .varIou s t'ypes,"of

' bo"r~crs ";

^{Bay '}Bulls -,

,.,, ~'". "?--:.

Che,st tomb ;

d?t~- ~a¥ ~8 ,

^)842,

. .

'Brig us". ; ,,: .,;' 22.,

23.

20.

21.

.

^.

24. .Jenkins',atione,'dated'Nove mb:,r 21,17\3-,

:. ' .-.'

plarits.:..BdshopSa.ccve ..' • . ..:...•'~ 18.

~~j~ee, 'dec~r;~_~~~:,?~~ve~_~ark~d '~1:~J\.~.;~1,:!f

_._-'s tone s , Bishop'sCove .'. . '. . •-. 19

.~/·"-'Decorat~d '

^grave

'~~tiihed ',~~th'' ~tO~E:S

. >

PHOTOGRAPH

-

):.~ ~.

.

^{' -}

.... -

---:-;-1'3-.'- '-E.n~;;'~n~.~:.,~er~~bth::-new-~~'!1.~t,:ery----_."-_.-.'.._~,-:--:-.-- -.- 14. ...

ce:::e:;:~:: ' :a~~~~ ,~ :. .. :;: ' ,: : '.

15 :- ·. ':00 ' iaUing"ur r 07 a m il Y ^{·P lo; , - ,}

:

Br~gus

'

~

':

~~,'-

:.'" .

'~

.".

~;

__•, 16.'i Wood~ ~_~~~ve "hor~.~rs~^Pettyttarbour-c , 17. neccc-eeee"g r ave_mark~d.wi t htwofield

" stone~',- -pLi~t ic fiowe;,~·.~~~~ti~ve . . .. ,

---'---:---_ .-

.PHOTOGRAPH

25. Wil l i'amSa~nder's

·"j o hn

'~iinor~y

^..

~~O~"e~ ' dat:~f~.o~to·"e'r

l7-70 ·Rene ws • • .•'.'• .-'• • .'.,.''•

.

Tho~as

..

.

'

Llm~rey

< ' ,

^stone,

,. .-

-:'dat~d' o~o~er

, ....

.~;;

. " .^-.

•'1-7,70,

. p",£gnton,

. ' , ' .

.·'Devon·"

' ." , '

.

,

. .

"~:',~

.-.

'2.8,. Det~~~ l'bfWO,odley.'s'sd.gn~ture

'on

.e.

gr~vestone in',B;~guS· .'. ²⁵⁸

'2 ' 9. woo~,le~y ,'~, ^.. t;ad~ -S~~bO~ ~~.

'e gr.avestone' '::'.27.

.' /26 .

_ ____-7'-_'_.-.-.~----::,- -- -- -:-~..

.Aprp ,,1,77 0.Fe:r.~Yl~rif~·:."

30. wiii.ia~^{,Li l ly's·tl;)ne;.,dated,}Jan~~ry

' , h,;

i79 i,"'locatedLn.Har'b.oui:'Grac e,',a nd

'.'. C~~~;d 'bY·:·.~···B~.~,S.~o,l·,?,a~in, ' G~;l~~~~, ²⁶¹

3,1. Broken qravestonesinside-ehc_r ui ned

. crrlp~il ~< .S~. 'Jo~n;'s :A:'. ley: in\ ' . _-> ,~, ' "

w,a,t.:.~r.ford! Co.Wa t e r f ord··..: ,;'.

· ·D, eta::f.l ·of ', th e,

R(chard Shea'st'6n~, ^dated

: ' , , .

ma d e.fromstlrit h nevo n limes'tone;,·' . • ''27 1 34,. ".John"Ri~·h~rds.'^{'s t one;'da t e d}Ap~i'~'9,

185'3;.6a r ;';'c d",bY Al'e xa'nde,rSmith • 281·, 35. oetai"iof'

'st~nli!

,

^ca;vcd

, I ,

^'by ~1e~~~~~r

. ,

,Sm'itil:"located in''Br i g u s.:dat ed'.

, "

ce cence r 23r,1851 '. " ~83

'.\

(

PHOTOGRAPH-..

.2'84

.~B5

288

30 3 28.

290

293

2'5 29'1

.2;8

~ _i

.30 2

.'. ", ,,' ..

.-.ccmen.t'9I'~v'e :niar~er-,Bi shop'sCove '• • •

cement .:'gra~~

^{marke r,}

g~ner~l '

prete'stant.

:'

. ', '

^{, ,'. '. ,}

.

cemetery,.-St .John's . . : ..." • . '. ,;,"Fiei~,s to~e_grav e _{~arke r,} Bisht;p'sCove. 44.'

-

" :, ' ," " " .' . :.

~~~~~::eB::2:::'J'i:h:~:S ' t:v: .~'.

F~.~ ,.·

^.

.s~~ne ~"'s~'d_. to

^mark.

~.

^qrave,:

Wi

tless '

Bay;'• ."•• • • . .'.'"

. ,:42•.,

F~efd '

^stone

g~·av~·'~arker , Bii~us ~out!J.

^;'

. ' _·~i~\~ ,-'s.tone'~.~rave·

^.sarke.r,.

~rlg~S, ~" " '

^.•

~ :· · · .45.

321

xvii

..

,'.

340 '.

".Ed;';~rd ' R~ce';:

This,

h~'a'dsto~e:'~~on~

tains.the·~·fnstrUment:s'6f.. the'p~s's i6n.

In':~~e .~Yrn~~n~

^{. .•}

" ,' ~" '

^{..: • .,} 323""

50: .:Gr a ve s' tone':in Ha'rbo ur Grace'which .'

,,~on~a,~:n,s

^...

::~~e ~,~:~,~~' .

^bf.

~~hrJ.~~.· ~~~:.i~,i:

taken.dqw:n f;rom'o:the .c r-o a'sfn~e: ;~

tJ:Illp.an~ , :,', '. ~,':" , . ^{0, ••••:,.} 51. ' Herbour-·Gr,~'~e.'~ ston'e,cont;a i~'i~gc::her ''ulJs

i.n't h e-t ymp a num,.,'" ,:,':, .-, ,"

52.'

" ~ort' K~rwan ~t~'~~ .~onta;itling·

:a'n

'ur~

.53. ::

oQ::io;~' ~r~v~.~2i~~i;g~s'~s~ "

:

l~~ , c'6Pi~q' £ro~' a':£urni~~;e' :'~a,f~ern

.':::'

b~o~',··

^",'..,

, <" :', , :," _.~ ..' " .,: _'~" . ;:" , _.;,~ < : " ' {

54 . .'

,Decor~'~~y~

^{t;;or;'on''a st'6n'e}

·.'i~'.··~arbOur

Grac~"pro~a~iy^{ca.r;v'ed by}~he'~ris,t,ol:

mason,Gal'ledge:'.;' ..,':.'".".

.:« ,. .' ":'. ,:' C::~{~n

^wit.hu;rn:i n,'·rir i gu s,.,.:.,. :,

," ~'> : ~'.

^339/

Gra~o~ei~ W.i,:t'~ess

Bay

:~~'~t ,.iik"e l~

.

cal~e~, ~rom

^a

de~ ign

^'

patt;'e~n '

"·bO;k.··...:..

,'~

^{..:;·','.'.':'\ ,,-'}

'( ,~ .'

57. oeccrecfvewo r kona,stpne.inB.rigu5

P~OTOG~PH' 49 . , : '

.:• .342

.

..

. -- . : .

~~ ,h~~r,gl~S'~~,~i?~

^{.',•.".:'.''."':; . .'.}

~rigusqxeve s t.cne.cont~ in ing;awinged:-

-351

352,

'3 511

.353.

'-'.356

'F r~nt

.C?£

gravest~ne'at Lanc,: Cove,.

Bell IS~Md!conta-i,ningcoerrn

".des:ig~";s^i'nt~~ tympa':lu~^.•,.~

~earof r.enee Cove',q r-eve eticne

wi'~h

.i n s c ri p t i o n,. ,:.'

~.

^,.".:.

~ootstone,LnHa'rfour:·Gr a c e,.co_ntahl~rig

'-sh~U: ~o·~;f. : ' -3' " .. ' ~ " , , ::-:.. ; ..

64.' ;'

~ri9~·s

^stone

_. c'arv~d. '~th

"a'n utrt

':i~ ".:

' . -, '.-

:-.t h et~~anum ,^{'.:: : .:'. : ....I' ."•.:.}

65'.

Graves.tpne.cer vedbyEd~ard,Ri c e ,

~

^,6~,.^62.

. lo~at.~d ',~n' B~i~U~ ~

^.

.; co~~a.i~in9

^{..two urns.: '.}

and."',;?"

Circui~r "~eSign:.\n

^the

. .. ' .

ty~panu~,. •'.. . .,;.~,..".'.

6·6.

Wi~low 't~e~ -

motif wUh an.u pwa r d ':.'.· poi'nting,hand'fl~'^a gravest:'one 'i n':

350_

. 67·

( 0

.

.

Eirigus,'• .'"• •,. '.' '-''•.• "

.

").l~~r, ~a'sk

^..

ed ~o.tif

^on

~

^stone

(~'n

H~~bo'U:rGrace'.

"

xix

.' ... .

363

. \"\.

72;

'7 4.

366

374

"3 76,.' 37~. .)71

"-'"" ·· ~8 :· f'l::::e:i:i:"e:~~t~f.O~ . \ ^.:'. . ~ .• ^. Br~g~,. ^.

".Brigus-h e .3hs t q ne~ortt!aining ^<1'ccIumn

~-~~\~r~ ~e.~:gn , '; ", . -> .._:..-. ;:~', :,.- ',' -" . H.~~~t a.rid, ,dio_~U1lIn.· ~es.i~n

on a, 8';:1'9U'5'"

Br::::e::::~s~:~e'~~t~ ~h~r~b: ~r~~n~ .

crown'motif s.Lnt.h e·'tymp a n um:. . . .. , • •

. .•. . 1, . . ... . _

Ch e r ub-design on-srig.gp chest 'tomb. -: .0 -~

. " :' \. ....,," , ' '. : ".• " I:l

H...~rhour ~ra c~.sec ne.wtth a,mo~her'and.

child

sur;tu~~ed ti.Y

seven

cherubi '..

A

ch~rub

_:

" Wi~~::-t~~

_\"

~e.itures~f

_{. ', . '}^{' ;}

yo~ng

_- ,

.

^:

cl1i1don.a;rBri gUS.hea <:ls t.on e" •.• . ••' 75. :1 ~herUb -m~tif^...;~~~,g~~vestoneⁱⁿp~,y

Har bour .'. ..., .' . . .... -. •." .. .- 76.. Ba y Bullsg'rayestonewithattac:-h~d^.

. .

~" motifs,...,. ; . . .,..; '. • . . . .

78.. Circu la r'"d'esi g n

'eil'

a'Cupid s·'h e.ad s t o ne.

.'

. .

79. Br ig us:he adsepnew~ththree ci'r c u l a r,.

378 38 0

"I .s.s.

382

384 \. 385

p~qt;grap~ - . : . .. .' . ; .' .i. >. - .

-

.Flow~r d~~ign ' ~n:'a 'Bri~us gr~vestone

117.

. ..

80 . TO:r ~cov e headstone..wi·than'e la b o r at e

!,'I HS;''de si g n .' , '. . 81. ~~th~opomo.rPhic^moon.~'f1^{To rsCove st one-.}

,.

^,

38.7 3

aa

I

(. .

C

_-,

.:...

'"

.

'''''''';

. - ', "

Ferry~-and.:-."'-~:.:","•.•

~~r~-ous' mi.~-t~k~S. ~n ·~ette.~ing;

^{on a}

. "

.

89',

·:.Le~t"~rj.!,!-g

sty:le'"on-"',:a'

st~rie 'i,n' ::B.ri91;lS,; "

405 Four\ett~ring·!g_tylesQ,O'as~one--rn

~~'rt'de..G~~Y~

. ., ;. ".:'.

_.'1'...•'. ~".':.:^{';" .}406

", ' . '

MaSon"s.

square

arid 'face on,Tor's.cove

. . -r .

stone . . ' ..-. • .'.._,". . .'. .'.:.

.83.

G~e.ek-·c~.OS7

^On

~. ~?n~'\ri ·a~/: ~~l~~" .

84.

.Letteri~g ~t~le

^..

6n"-~

^:

'1~avest?rie :i'~

^{·Po r.t<"}

.Ki;~an', .·:·d~~ed ,Dece~_b~r. a;':'~'746'

^{:,' ';}

85. ",

sp~cial

'l et t erY·;g.

us~d-.for:·i:.h~.·

^{'wo r.d}

'''Sa c r e d "'''o n'-a:ston~:J.n-' Br.igJis '• •-,

:...:..-.'

-

~.'.

91. •une,veti-'spacingbetweenletters-,Oli. ·oiI

" " ".', ' , ' ,

·~:s ton~~,li1.-,a r ig u.¥!..:_:".•_--., / ,'.:

L

92. .'r:e~t~ri ~g ~istakes: ,on.~eeooe.i n

iBr.i~US S~U.th-:

^-.

~

^{-" .··, .i.·...': ....}

93. Le'tteringmistakes on a stonein

",_,Br1gus'Soligh." ,'•..'.- .. . H~ pe?o~a:tive 'c,~r';ing'''u's~d^{-t o·f j,.l l in}·s'p a c e.

'a t "~'he~nd'? f a.'H_ne.·ofvers~^{:o n 'a'}

~ton-e,~n ~r1gus.:";'."

4'10

.41,1 ,

412 ,-xxi"

\. .

2-

.. ~

^...

.: /"0.

~48. .'43 3.

.

:-:.

-. ' ..

. s·ix_t~~n\i·n~s af:.~~~s~~·· ~.~h·iS': ~~On~ - .

-W~s·C~a~¥~d

. in

Pool~._-~-

.. ._,;...•..:: .' .

_~ R~U9'hsurf~cl;:··Of.·th~_~Ck>Of.4g~ave-.-

.-

' .,

.

. ,

"

-; ~ ~~ ₍

_.

. . . . ~

^....

^{-: .: . ..• . :}

^.•...•.

:.. :1. ;

.

^,'.:'

.'-.~.:

.:

^'

.:

^:

.. \O !.': PHOToGRAPH -:

~:.

....

,. ;.

,,'''' '''.

,.,...

:,,:

. . ....

i->..'

:-..

Photograph 1. Port de Gra ve, ConceptionBay.

xxiii

', "

~" '.

.r

",'.'

,'. l', •_. ", .":. '. : . , . ~_ ..

The traditionhad i~that,.ah, on.e

_9£

theve ea ea s t,hat,·cameout,Y",knpwi on ..tli.eir.way up~hebay,..andeh, oneot-:t?e ere,:" died . So.'they·'.putin to shore,~nd.bur ie d'J tram. Ana·,ah ,we l 1·4 e nc e the grave •. .50 they·cal'led' i t :.the Bay of~'the Grave',. " .. the.pia c e

, :wnore

ejreyburied him they. c;alled.Portof the'Grave. . . :

. . _~ lo~atl'e~L~~~'b~'U'~ . ~.~~~' ~e

. cxeve.• ,'

5on'ceP.tiol'f_13'ay,.

',"'"

..

^'

..""'._.,

~:":

_{_Afld"}

~ha't'~e:1'~'~'1,1

_to.'make an end"Ls.

~he.beginni~~

tomakeja^is

-o~~·~~'~'-fn~'

..beginnihg.•.(

:~.d. :

e_~{~.

~~-';;;;t";~i;';::~;i;~;;;';;~;:;;;'

_{..;~ . .Is a s t.ep to't~e}b.ll?cJ:<;,

tp

.thefir~:!

;;L~"~hK~~d'

··~,Q.wr('1:h:e..sea

~~gi::~n:,

's-·t h.ro a t

^.

l-:;<- Orto an J,llegJ,blestone:.tandthat:J,-S.where we ...:s,t art .' '. '

; ; .:. '.

,:-~:e~::h~~e~~~~~·:1~3:~:d?~ ~~~<J~~;~·.··:;::·,:,~:'-:" ·

^{":''; ', .'}

^':<

.s ee ,'they,return,'and'bringus witc1'l- .~em:;...,. " . 'rnemomencof the,rose,and the moment of the yew-.tree Are.o ~ equ~l',~ura_:~~.n . •"~" ,' ,.. .... ,. '-' -

~ha /fia t'cease,from,exploI;"ation

A~

^{1 b:}

~~da~;i~l\~~ie~:~l~~~~~e~

,P,ndkno-wthe

place

for.-e tre firs:t.

time.

o. . . .. ". _ . T.S . Elio~, FOUr 'QUart;ts

" 'J

::; .

' . I \~

,.~.

'\..' CHAPTER.r

'..

---:- - ' ,

,iNTRODUCTION

. .

~'- ^{_•.. .}

^{I '}

^{' .} .C- ^{f ·.. .}

~'.,

\

.

----.- .'

-'-':- "

--

If!,all.',Cu,ltures, death,,"~s'the f-ina.l'rit-eof.~a~--^. sag'e';

oil';!

's ur r o u n ?e d by acompl~x'ofsymbois,\boJ:.~.a.~tiori~

."

'a~d

;"o'rds,:hich;make

'~he ~i:~nsitioi)- fr.o~i·~~· ~~ 'death

~asier fO~'

^bot.h.

t~~

^living

anJ ,~~)d!a~. ' The:...p~:6.cess

^of

:,' death is'

~e1y

^{with ttJis}

,comp~e_~' h-O~~th~

^very

b:gin~in;,

'.;.rom

t~e- ~er-L~d~~i~kne'sS th;OUg~ . '

^{~ . ,. "}

^. act~~l.deab:h ^{. ' .} ' a'~'~ ^' ~rep- ^,

^\

~~a.ti9n

^of_th;,

b.~dY

^foz:'some'

~~p~, Of·.dAsposa~to t.he\,fina..~.

: tr~?'it:::~:~h:e:::~:~:~~r: .: :h:~::: ;.:;;~:;'~ ' ~~~~:r:Y . ~r~ '(~

';" . -it-seol!' of._t he body,~ f't hedece~sc;d ~ember. This'body may.• be place;d'at-a .

cert~in

^-

figura"fi~e'

or even Ph;sical distance'

, ~ . ~ " .

, . ..

, .·f·r o m the'd a i'ly

'ii'f~'

^and'

wo~k

..of the pecp Le, At:one-

. ', , .

'.

. -

' .

-e x t r eme , f?I-eX.;l~ple,.^{a culture}

ma:y.

belJ.~v~ ^{that the'bod i e s'}

.?-f-:-,k he,-'_:"d e a d

" S,hO-U~d

^be'

,~re~erv~d · 'as.

^{much as}

possil:ii.~·..

^In

,' , I , "

i,tspreserve? state, the bodyis'usually placedin a

9~;te.~

^,

s~~~.ra~~e.'

^.

a,re~,~t

^{·_t he'_}

~th~~ ' ~~'tr eme ^\.

^the,

; ' ;'0 .c~_l tu7e may--~p~o~r.e c be ~es~r;o,yed. 'Th i ~ g~rs.

. "-. rise to'cr-eaat.Lon , or to"t"n-s----expos~\lre~f I<he_,body.to~£he

---",,~~~ ~~_ e~:men,ts

to h.ast.e'n

'1::1ecom~os it~on , ·~·T~es.e praC-~ice~ wOU~d

.' .be-.~he~_mo5t"e x t r eme forms of ;:~flloval.;Betwe~n'-c be e e two

- --

2 .

·ex.tremesLdes:themO~t'commonf?r~'

of

r.e~ovalin~he

west--~ur~aLc . .' " . i~ .

,

Burial as..am~ans fo~ \P~dispo.salof the deadha s peen pract'iced sdnce ear ly·Ch r i s t i<i1.n times~n'.t .he West,

s'~e~=:\l:J _ la~gelY ~~OIn';~~~~h' f.une~a l

^customs.

¹ ' ·.~ealth{

. . .

tially.~uri~\in the " ".?eo~:.~p.~_i.C.:ar~as

r

.t?~- ~e.ws:·.

f

As persecution'grew,-separateplaces,for Christian~

. . ,' . " .

.

burialwenees tab li ~hed':,a n d,~n..'~eg ibns0,1:eX,tremestrge',..

such

a 's

'Ro me.,col'tlplexesOf~li'bd~'rgrOun~'tombs soon were

constr~cted . '

^." ^.

~s

^{mar tyr s}' . ^ebecame

n~rner~us,

^'their

~·uria.l

ⁱⁿ

ebe

se ,

tom~s.qa v e asa'~;edqU~1i~y:-c c't h e-p .Lac e ofburi aL

. . , , '

Religious services weee: frequently'he l d-,i n these_under-

: ' . L=-.:-,,.'.":.:" - "._ '.

qro und catacomb_s,',where,~ e a r'-'f r om-pera e c ut.Icnwa s •

·mi.ndm.i aed •

.F.rom the ou~s~t. Christianity.Jlt ~ li.zed' bil~ia-i.es

t~eaccept.edf~rm<o'fdLaposaj, of'-the dead-,l\nd-.~ythe'

.

' . . .-'

beginrii.ng of thefO~Ji"t:hcen-tury, this method was the_only._

·

~o~m-us,e~·'. ~y _~he

^-

.Ch~rch.:

^;

..

1i~r

^a

,disc~'ssion

^of

e'~;l'y Christi~~:b~r.iaJ. pr~~':

-tLce s ,.a n d their borl'owingsfrom Jewish customs-see: .

~~·~~~ti~ ·-o~~~~~s~~;t~fa~e~~~~a~tMIi;~r~~t~~~i~£~~~~i

^ty,

Ant iq u i t y-, sc..1-(Wa-shiJ;l,gton" D.C .: Catholic una ver s Ity 0.'.'";!JP;<.dc'a Press,,1-9 4 1 ) . . .

· /l> .

, ". " With the disposal of.~he,bodyin,'th e.e:~~'th~~·th~

Phys~~'a'l ;

epece-ubove the

bu~ied bO~Y 't~k~' ' on';"'sp~cif1'c"

,

qU~·l~ti~~- ~hiCh'

^are

r~ia'~~d ·~o 'the~ery

^nature

,"l!~ :'~he

.. ,I'_" . , " "', ' ,. '

dead'. Th,e,attitudes toward'the actualprrysIcaL. location

"~f bU~l~~are , ti.e~ cl~,~elY ~ith' t~e

^..

~hristia'n" a~t~,~Ude '

^.

'.toward!the

·dea~'. .Th~s~ '~e~efs

^have

"b~~~ irif1u"e'~ced:

^b;;

.manr

~f th~tenets OfChr"tianesc~,~t~109Y ~~.d

^{aqis- .}

cusaaon. o,f',t q i,sescnacot.cqywillp~~itacleare,:r::,'1.mdE7r- standing9f:'prac t';ice~'a n,d,beii.ef~concerning~he'dead•.

Ch~ is ti~n es~h~t~i~qy ' dedvedin'iti~llY',

1;rom many

,

.

^{, .. . '}

Br;eas'of

Jewi~h"'~sChatology

,'t h a t

~e:~~'c~~on dUri~g the fo~atio~ ~ of ~~'ri~' chri~t,i'a~ cOIll)Tl~ni tie;.... '~o ~ain ~~o~~es

I

2Fo r a complete discussionof·the eschatology.

of

"'He ll e n i s ti c and ,PalestiJ.lianJ'ud~l.ism•.and their"effects on,

~arly,ChdstianitYl,~ ee: : RUs~,Death and.Bu r i U ( P'P-,,~- 9 0 ,

,)~,

' . . . ^~'

', '~

.... -

the.~dy ,·the.sou l '~uld ~t.properiy~xi'-s t.. T.hepJ;0p,er

."

dispo~a l.

^{of the}

bodY ~'w~~ "

^thus

vital"l Y _{' i~po~tant .}

'si nce

it:.' .

. .

'.~U14. t:e·.~hr:~~.~ .t~'iS bOd~ th~t l~fe.

^{:WO Ul d'}

ev~nt~~liY'

^oe,

reeeoe-ed."

'. .', ~ep~~i sH CJ~da i sm.Q_~^•:the-'other hand,r~·garded:.' ."

.tht: future in·.t!!~s^..~~f ^theimmor~~}i

tY o t-

th esoul.",.A ..hurian- wa~~~oinpos'ed'-Of"two main~-parts."bod y ~nd·-soui. and .':'the,

so~l"':1

^was

capab~le: ~f

^exiStin;

"a~ar t fr~m'

^the bodyaf_t e r

1.

.

....:.

.'~I.

.

:...

,.,-'~-.

.~~ViSiO~; i'~ . ~Udais~ 'at th~

^{'t i me}i 5 "As

'~ow'~li

a?ain",writes':-.:

Accotding to cine tneoz-ythe'in'dividual soul'remamed in a:state of.euapendsad animation ", 'slept','until·' . the'Lastrraywhen fhe r-esur-z-ectIon.tookz.p.Lace and i t

;~':'. t~~'~~~~~a~i~=si~~n~~~~~d~h~~Ztm~~~t~o~~~~~~f

^as.

"-'''_.'~~

^.

death'a nd ttJe'..aai'ofresurrection appearedcoin- . cidental. The alternativevdew held that the' soul remained conscious in,,·t he, inter:mediate state during which'it was''a ~inos t inva ri ab lyconsidered'to " .

~perierce af~~e~~ste,of,itsfuturedestiny.,~ '"

'r ne.ble,ndi'!1g

o~;t;~es~

^{·t wo.}

t~aditions

hasa:1,ways"ceen

supetfic'ial!.,e s pe c i a llY since.t h e s e beliefs are somewhat

_

contra~ictor~ .,~s ^{. . . .}

If the soul and body 'exp e r'Lenc e a kindof .hiber-

'n a tio n

i~ediatetY .af~er

'd ea t h ;

~h~nthe

^{mo'st;important}

f~etofChri~tia~ eschatologicai:'beli~f15 the 'ul'timate

. .

.

men.t- of happLnesa' .in a·future

st~te.6f

. ^life.. .^,

'This·.fi~·a:l

" (

resurrecti~ ^{of, .the·body.}e~h';nces·:the wor t.h Ofthe body

.o f thedece~sed.;,^singe't h e: bod y corrta Lns'~h e'e s s enc e of

future life.

.

^{." '. .. '}

4 '-' '. . " ,

Rowell ,Hel land the Victorians, p' ,21. Much of this controversysteiiis.:-rromt,heph~-fosophicaldis- tinctionsbe-tween essence and, existence.,

.' _..?Most·C h r i s t i a n -d e n o mi n a t i o ns have attempted-to c'ombine these: two traditions, butthere'ha v e been move';"

ments,- however,. tnat,~ilvefoquse d on only one aspect',

~=~e:~~~~:~'d~o~~~~c~fb~h~~~~s=~~ {~~a~i l,:ii s:;n~:~~;he b~=~t~~h~f~~fi~;' ~~:~~~:~;i~~b~;tt~~ · ~~~~: ",~~~~aA~~:~

-De a t h? " ~tain·Truth,'40:4 (March~, 1975),.p.,lS.

. .- .- . - .-. " .' I

. ,~

..

\,

".("

~--~

The Hellenisticnotion thatthe-.soul.leaves·t he

bOd~·<;1t.' ·d~at~

'd'e-:e mPh asi z e s

th~'

"i mPdr t;r;'ce,

~,f.;the b~Y,

5i'nce'

t.h·e ;S~UI

^,is'

consid~r:d ,~" highe~., :.t~~ei· J1ex~.s~~ri~e-:

^.

The:so~l'would eventu~lly."J::IE~·,ret.1I~·ited'with'the body,but{,~.;

t~~sreuni:-icaetcnwa.s~^,o?IY"a,'~ino~'~ct,ⁱⁿ th'~,f~ture eXi~tenc'e^{of t.he}~~6Ul.,' I~ed·ia.telY^aftier-de ath" the's o u l .would

,~eceive '~~'er~_al

·r ewa r d .

T~US' , ~he

^soul

o~~ t~~, new,~y

c:Iece,.asedvas,hon.or~d, not,t hE!'beldY~

The se

~~o. t~end~ 'promot'~ be,lie~~

ⁱⁿ

~bt.h th~

s cparauLcn and"affinity,of thebody;:a:'~d^soui at"ter'death.·

." . . ,c ' •

it.s'

d'epa ~ted ,mem~e~: Fri~'nd~

^and':re h t i ve s.

of

'th e., .deceased,g a the r to'p,a yth e i r ~fiIlal r~spects"to.the

de a d.

':~onver~~lY , .th~·.bO~Y ,is

^al'S?

gr,~~

^'f e a ; e d.·,This at ti tud e,aris,asbothfr om the'n~tice~Qle^P·hysical.charl9~ii' ,th a t'death ha s ca ll~ed,.·as^wellas' from thebel~ef^that

th e soul ofth e'dee dvLinqez-s-.neer- the body: ,El abo r ate .r .,;,

. ' ..

, ' . ' , '

^'

buri al' ri tua lsml:1stl:!efollowe d",.~rpossible harmco ul 9-.

,:~.

:i

·be.

~~used '~y 0e: SP~;~i~

^{• .}

S~irits

''01,

th~ 'd~a~'

are .'usuallyconsi deredas-pri~arilyharmful't o

Ute.

iivi~9:'"

' I~ _.

^iact,<_.

i~ f~

_.

r~re t~ ~~n~'

^a

cUl'tur~ ' w~ere the · sp.i r·i·~~

_.

'

^.

·of'

the :

dead areconside r e das- friendly anduseful to

the ..

:.

li~ii19.

^{6'.s lnje··t he}

~Pi;i'ts ~f '~he

^.dead

~·!~h . ii"~ger ~~~r':~

the'

!:lO~Y , ar{f~·<;red'.:: ~he

^{}x>? Y.}

'it~~1f i~' t~

be

:~.ear~ d .

^':

" nalinow~ki f~hat

^t'his

dU~1 ~ttitude o~ respe~t

^{and' "}

:fea,r'was

~ui.~e. ·Wi~.~!J~read in 'm~s~ , C'Ult'~:r::~s" ,~nd h~ , fo~n~ '

l,ts compo ne n~s q~ite coepLe xr

. , :-

t~e

^{·domi ,nant·}

ei.ement~ , 'lC;;\;-'~

^{cif the'dea d}

arid''''

loathin g,of ,the' corpse, pas aLona te attachment to the pers ona l i tys~il1:li ngeringabou t the'b o dy-"a.nd. e shattering fea r of the gruesome,th i ngthat.has·

.:~~.n'pi:~ti~~~,r'~a~~e~~h:;~7el~,ments.,'s~elllt~-.n;~ngle'

',Th e se'du a l

atti~~de~ o~.fear

^and

· resp~~t. dir~~t~'y

^.;'.

parall~ l:

^t:-h'eforms

t~at

^{the.dis'posal'of.the}

'~~'ad

body:'.. .:

·

Vil~: 'ta~e /

^..

R~lat~d'.\o

^the

A~~it.U~e ·of ~'espe ct~ is

t1}.e·

" ,iSh.tO" pre,e~e:""" ~dy . wi t.' " fear is

the

d~,,' "for "

;de~ ~ruction.

·Ma ilno.ws kialso'comment s

'~n' ~he~e ~ttf~~de8:

. ",6·" ," " , -': ". . : . .. -.

. See:C.E;vul l iamy i IrMlor t a l ~ ; A~2!.,

. .. .

~~~:r~~ ~h:~~~la~~~d~~~f:e*\l:~q:~g *m~~~a~,~~:) ~n~.

^27,.':

,..

~, -7~nisla

^...

Ma1inowski, , ~Magi c, S~ience ,"and 'R~·ii~i,ori. :,, ·

in his~,Science. ,.Relig ion' 'and~Essays (Ga r den City,·N.•Y.: Doub leda~~,n~Compa nY.,·195 4 ) , p. 4~.,',

. '.8Cf. ~eVl-st~a~ss "

^{co mment.e} conce rnil'ig

'~tindle~

^of'

cont. r ad iq to rya:tt~tudesand rel ati on s in: Cl aud eLev i':' sexeuss, "The Struct.ura l'S.tudyof My t h ," 'Jo ur nalof Ameri~a.n.~,.6B.P.9,55 ),...~•.43 1~ '- - - - ."..,

, .'\

..

:'" .

-.',

.

"

" r

".

~

."~ \ ."

..

....:

state'ofman.:

i"~.;:"~' . '

.

'. '..

- . . .. .

-,

.... .

,."0,.

~f, ~~C~~di~9

^to'

pal~~:~ni,lln J~daism ~ bO~~:

^aka

s~u~

remain

jo~n~~ . in. ~nti:cipati~~

..

o~ .a' :tresurrecti~n .

then. , . · 'thecody.is worthy,of z-especc'and.hb. nor; Thi s respe~t.

.

re.late~

^{.no t only.}

fa

^the"fact·t ha t,·the,bod yis tbe

re~~in-

.

i~g .Vi'~i~l~' , ~art of,

a'

" c6mmti n . i: fy

membe r.',·.Rat her , the

b~Y'

is'

t~~'-

^{object th·at:con-cedns·t h e}

~,ss::nce . ~.f

^{.f ut. uz-e}

t!;xi·~t- .

ence "tha;~ ~

w:i-il

m~.terial.~.ze at the:

final'day

·~f i.e~~rrec,":

.·t1.0~..:

.Fe ar·of..the·dead

r~la:tes ~trOnqly

^to·the

Heil~n-" .

.isdc·~~tio ~:'t hat the:s o ul :··t he hi9h:~t.^fon(·o.fman,.·:

:

:se·P!irat.e'~ ~~Olll th~

^body:

a~

^death

.~~:.achi~ve

^.a

·-?-~,w ..'

.eXistence·:. '.~i~ce"t~e ^S'O?I'h~sCl eft the·bo d y,.~he^body

·.ha~ no

immediate

w.o~~h. ~:'i~ . f:act, "s i':lC~ the'soul' h~;

^·th§.

.

..

: '...', ' . ..

.

^{. . "}

..'power.ec.app ea~· ~n),where,.i~clud~ ng ~neezth ,:thenit'~.s

:likel y.tha t"i tw~ll'llng~.r.n~ar'''~heplace·atform.e~

~ab,i,tat.io,n--th~,

body.-

/I.'squlrlo rrna lly attains it s fina l-stab!"of,."J;"ew-atd or,

p~rii~~eri~.~~edia tetY af~~~. ~eat.h"" ' ali.,d~~has"

^{.nc ne e d}

--,---'---'--;C--_. o· •.• :.

9 ...• .r': . . "' '

Mal ~now!! k,.i, ~".Ia9 ic iScien.c.~, "~.• 4.9•..

..! .

.-.g'

toretur.n't o'ear t h .- I!....·t he sout_·does.re~u~n ,

'l. t.

pr obably rereeeeto'so.me

.k~d\f ·'lilisfortune o~ .~ar~h .

^ccr-reced.o n s..,'

. cif

_tii~se.,miSfor~une sfr eq uen t l y in';ol.ve th e'cauS i n'q\of ha rm:.tothe.,iivi~g. Th~ ^{dead,b Od/},'; t.lierefQre,'ShoU~d~!'!

avoidedat,'~he ris~

ot.

h,:"rin fr-em'·the depa

7

t e d s o UI'. .~. 'J.:wo·sets of rna'jor duali t,ies; o'ne.re'l'at ed to

. ,' : , .. . J

Christ ~an.e.s chatoLoqy , thedt h e r an.aPt::arent·universal :Ci.ll t u r a l:tr a i t,de'a l'wi t h t~e d~a'd^{body and}"th-ef~ture

" " .' " .: '. '. "

round'tqe de a d personare cl o se ly'linkedto hisplaceof

" . . . ' "

.

,:'b~~~a ~_;.

^'T,hi's

~l~~.~ .confle~~ion +s 'lar:ge~y due

to the

?dn cep_t',/Ofcont aqL oua mac;ric.l O

.'JIhe':b b d y'is,placed in,th~'ea'rtli;'cov e r ed ,"a nd

.

^{' . ' ", '.}

eveneuai

ry.

d'isi'ntegrates~ .At·,.the 'seme.time~,^{'t he'pl,aceof} burial iscon'~idcr e d^{to coneeLn.the}Physi~al^{portion of}

J"th:

lI).~mber o~ '

^the

.com~unl

^{ty ,}

i~

^{spite.o f}

.~~e

^fa?'t

~f

^thi's

disintcgrati~n. ', The~e ptlY~icai

^changes

faIl

to'al ter

:'b ehaVio r,' towards th e'

dea~., · Attitude~ ,

^that were held in."

~ " " ' .

.relatioi-ito the -l;>ody.'beforebur.ial'are.,;nOwt ralls f e r r e? to

~hen '~

^death

: occur~'

^..

with~~

^a

cc~Uni,ty: '

^{an elab-}

orate,s ys tem'of'ci ees enable'sthe'p~op'ertra ns i tio n.f r o m,'

. '

.

-lOFor '

'a.·,,'?i~CU:.SSion ~'t' 'conta~iO'U~ ~~;916', , s·e~:

~~~e~ei~;r~~ ~~~~~~~~~d~~t~~~ ,~~ :~M~I~W~

Company, 1929),.PP. 37-45; Also.aee aW111i am Howe llSi TheHeathe~ s:.Prim:i tiveMan,and ~Religions{Garden City, N.Y .: Doubleday.an~'CO!flpany, 1.9 4 8 ) ,'p .,.53-".,

. ' : :.. . . 10 '\:.

the

-'C~~uilitY

^-of

t~~

^liy.ing

- e c

^{,t he .}

cpmmun~

^ty

~f -

^the

' dead ,.- ::

.S tiCh· 'a.comple:::t'o f

:t::ite~ ,

'whi c h·.a cc omp anYa'n 'ma,jar

lif~:

crises,van,Ge nne p hascalled Hrite·~:.ofpassage;:'71 and '.~ ^{these.'cushfon.the abrupt}transition ·f r om',1i f Eit o··death,

.:.. ...' -.', ,:J ,..' .' . ' ..' , . ,. .

, T~hed.i.spoaaL

of,

the-bc dy cannot-gi m,pl.ytake·e..lacewi~hout

.' \f o r ma lit y,; When

deat~'

^{occurs, a,}

m~jcir

^-c·hil.nge

~·s .'

evident,' ·

..,and

·

'c o mmunit y ritu als^{. ,} a^.r-evne e d e d to^, less\i!~^{, the' a}

.

brupt n e s s Of'.th,is,change

so .

t-~at_..

th,,:

li,y~.ng·.memb~r~'s,remo Y,e d

'g r ad ua l ly,-fromthe.,social'nf~^oft'he"com~unity .· ^ateuner

·st;~s:;,es

^{,t h"e}

p.9yc-h~iogical··ne~tl

.tc

less~.~'

·the,

a'~ruPtnes~Of

~.M.s,tran~ition ~

y~t

exe eecee se c ca-nn ot

Si~~ly·,·be

:burledas a dead body':The,pros~ect,of'.total·exc lusion.t:romthe' socialwo r l d wC!u ldbe"t.oo~nxiety-::laden for th e.

·'-'1iv 1 ng ,·,awa r e ·of the~rowneve n tual·f a te,'.l' h e.need

to keep tne.dead alive dire~ts,aoc Let.Lee.to,constr uct;' i~euete.enat,cel eb ra te,andinsure'a'tra...n'sition: 'to&•

. ~e~t:v:~~*~~r~~.~a~~ain 0; '~l~~;;~n~ ' ~:;~~, ~ow

·

·is universal

'~~~~~f~~~·~~,6~\~i~~\:~~~,~~e~/~~;~~~:ilJ'~isposal

toallsocieties;' an dhas ju s tly been

^.

~consideredone,of the c.rucLa I" rites de passage"12

•

..~uneFaice~ernOnY:. .'When the'bO,.~y}s'buri~d.~,.,;the,de';'d,-.a~e,.

, _{s~ill '} cC?n~iiie.r~d a.~~par~i·a~;Y·

c'onn e Q:te d.

~i th

^the"

'r iV·ing" ·

I

llArn~id .~.~~ ,

^cennep,,Th eRite"scif·

pa·ssag~ , · :tta~s·;

Mo ni ka B. Vize dom andGabr~erreL:""Caffee (Ch~cago: : univers~::~f.,C~ ic~go.pr.e,~,s, 1.9,6~)'. " .

:., Roi:)ertare uner, "Dea thand,So.€,i a l structlJre , ~>·

~stchi~try,' 29~,(1 9 6 ?),p. 387. .

/ ~ .:« ^..

^{' . " .,}

'

.: ,

.'(

\

v

^~

.

11,

I i ~j

PSy'~~~~o9'"ically..,^this ~~ntact^{wi th":t;he}buri~d''d ea d enable;>-

'~e

^{fami;y'a n d}

·~~'~i.lnity

eo-jeseenthe's oCiai'

d'i~r~p'ti~n

, " ' "

.

th"atdeath,~a:S":',cause~",:~S Bla!lne~,^against'ress~s, :'T~e

" , " ,," "

ent.Lxe-vcu.LtruraL landscape

of

the cemetery,

C?~ta 'i:ing "~nd~Vid~'r~ 9rav~s

^...

, ~:r:6';~cles

^a

f~CU'~ f~r '

^sociai"

contact,with the,

Q iad

^{0 " .' ' ';' ,' , " ,}

Thesocial,'d.isrupt1ven~6s

i?f,

deathnecesart.eces

, ' \ . , ' , ,

main'ta~nillga ccneece between living'a n ddead'so thatthe

,13Blaun'~~~

;'Oea,th,:'..p . 390;:',

~

^{-. ',:.}

,14WoL10yd'waxne'~~ ^TheLivin 'and.t ne'De ad'(N~""

ji.a'V~n:

^{,Ya :j.e}

Un~versity

^PreSS;

o~

P:-2:s6:"'----:-.' -

" 15ill.!!o,

P:

^{28.5: ' ' " .'}

/ ' "

./

.

\.

,

^.

11 2'

. t~~nSi~ iOn. fr;"m _.~il.e. le~:{Of .~~iste~ce . t~ ~ndthe:t-i-.S~

^....

^{:i. ",}

gradual'·rp.ther'

than

.ibr~pt. -Thec6~tact,betwe'en-t h e

.""l i v i ng'and

.d~ad. :cte:at'~~ ,,~ . CO~~U~i

^ty'o'f'

t~e

^{·de a d ,.centered:'}

I

';iri-:-a::spe Ci fic--~e09 rap~ iC:a:rea':-ti1cceme uar-y.. Since:a U {:"

tude;

c6ncernin(;r'~h~ '

^dead

'';'r~ l~rg~lY ~SCh-~tol~~i~ai', hhis ph;si~a'L 'a~ea

^{'wh i c h}

c-~.n~ai?s

^..

tlie ~.ci~~~ · ~btains, -~n' ~Ck~O~l-

^--:

edged

.~acr~dnes s.

^{Th e pla ce}

~f b~ria l . is

co n s ide r e d as

~~ered i

^{As,pace:'long}

~6

^{as the;:. .s?cial...... -structure, .•. . -.is notable.' . ;t"o}

•fun0 r',n ,mOO~hl~ wi tn

theab';.t.diaappear-ance

of.

^{it ,. •}

members, then contact betweenthe 'living'and thede<:t¥wil l' . , t:::rnue .·. ,'s ac r-:d

~haracter

of the cemetery"dependS

; rn

^tnts cc n t. Lnu e d

~ontact .

^{Whenttus contac t dis e ppeare ,}

thesac r e d natur.eof the place

.

of bur~alalso tends to^, fa e. Wa r ne r sunaartaes t.h Lspo~ntauocfnc bLye

Whencemecec-a eeno long e r- rece.rve freshbuzLa Ie

.. ~ ^I ~~J.~~eC~~~~~~~yt~e~~ea~~et~:~:~~n~o~~e~~et~~V~l~in~

an a

cnam

ofqenez-ae.rcne toan earlyances try, the

\ graveyardsmu~tlose the Lr-~acredqualJ.tyand . ..' be come objects,ofhistor i c a l~i'·'tual. Theli.f e time.·

of individuals' 'a nd the,l iv i rig meanings"-of cemeter;iEls ar e cuetous i.yinterdepef1de~t, for both are'!;~epen~ent .onan .ascripti-onof sacred meaning'bestowed upon ';

.them by.ehoeewho l.l.v e. :Th esymbols of deatn."sp.y

what lifeis and those of·life define what··d eath.

.-rnus t be.' The meanin

1s

^{ofman's'fate_a~efore v er}

wh't,:e

mak~s them ,l

^.:

. , y-'_ '

'.For a diacuea Lon of this'concept,of-aa cj-ed space see:Mi rcea Eli a de ,Th e Sa c r e d andthe profane: The Nature

2!

.Reliqi o n(Ne wYO,r~Harp~r·"sr-Qti1"er s .195.9);pp~"2 0-65 '.

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