Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur:
Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.
Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at
PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information.
https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits
L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB.
Internal Report (National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building
Research), 1972-04-01
READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE.
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright
NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC :
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=56bd2c49-2371-4b68-9ead-291ad1fdfbc4 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=56bd2c49-2371-4b68-9ead-291ad1fdfbc4
Archives des publications du CNRC
For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.
https://doi.org/10.4224/20338208
Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at
Work under the CSICC/NRC Steel Industries Fellowship: its objectives
and achievements
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA DIVISION OF BUILDING RESEARCH
WORK UNDER THE CSICC/NRC INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP ITS OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
by
G. W. Shorter and W. W. Stanzak
Internal Report No. 396 of the
Division of Building Research
OTTAWA April 1970
In 1964 the Division of Building Research entered into an agreement with the steel industry of Canada, represented at that time by the Steel Industries Advisory Council, for the establish-ment of a steel Industries Fellowship at the National Research Council. The steel industry agreed to support a Fellow to be as-signed to the staff of the Fire Research Section. Topics for study, which by prior agreement were to be concerned with the action of steel under fire exposure, were selected by the Fellowship Com-mittee composed of members from the steel industry and from DBR/NRC. An industry representative served as chairman.
Mr. W. W. Stanzak, a mechanical engineer, was appointed as the first Steel Industries Fellow and was the author of DBR In-ternal Report No. 353, which covers the term of the first Fellow-ship agreement from September 1964 to August 1967. Mr. Stanzak was re-appointed for a second Fellowship term. sponsored by the Canadian Steel Industries Construction Council, which ran from October 1968 to October 1971.
The present report was prepared for members of the joint CSICC/NRC Fellowship Committee by Mr. G. W. Shorter, head of the Fire Research Section at DBR/NRC, and the Steel Industries Fellow. It explains the general nature of the work as well as its objectives and achievements. As will be seen from the appended list of publications, the work represents the Fellow. s own research efforts and projects on which he co-operated with his DBR/NRC colleagues.
OTTAWA April 1972
N. B. Hutcheon Director
WORK UNDER THE CSICC/NRC STEEL INDUSTRIES FELLOWSHIP ITS OBJECTIVES AND ACHIEVEMENTS
by
G. W. Shorter and W. W. Stanzak
This paper is intended to serve as background material for members of the joint CSICC/NRC Fellowship Committee that was created in 1964 to guide the work to be done under the Fellowship agreement.
The first three-year Fellowship term under the agreement between CSICC and DBR/NRC took effect in September 1964. A second term, with work conducted on a part-time basis, ran from 1 October 1968 to the end of September 1971. A new agreement under which the Fellow will divide his time between DBR/NRC and CSICC as a fire protection consultant has followed. The three agreements made to date involve the same Fellow,
W. W. Stan z ak,
DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH PROGRAM
The Steel Industries Fellowship Agreement, as it has come to be called. was the first scheme of its kind in Canada. Basically it involves the sponsoring, by the steel industry, of a Fellow to work at DBR/NRC on subjects related to the behaviour of steel in fire. Studies were generally confined to areas in which a staff member of DBR/NRC might work. with research guided by the joint CSICC/NRC Steel Industries Fellowship Com-mittee at its regular meetings.
Three general directives were immediately adopted by the Com-mittee:
1. that the Fellow should conduct a search of the literature relating to the behaviour of steel under fire conditions and compile a bibliography; 2. that the Fellow should plan fire tests (agreed upon by the members) to
fill gaps in existing test data. particularly with a view to providing ratings for use in Supplement No.2 to the National Building Code of Canada, and
3. that the Fellow should co-operate with senior members of the Fire Section in conducting work of common interest.
These general directives will be reflected in the more detailed description of the work that has been done.
Mapping out the actual research program for the Fellowship presented some difficulty, partly because the task was a new one. As the early work progressed, however, areas of possible research be-came more apparent and the program began to take shape.
An attempt was made during both te r m s to include projects with possible long-term benefits as well as those where more im-mediate returns might be expected. There was a real effort, also, to strike a balanc e among structural, sheet metal, and special products interests. Where possible, studies were either progressive or some-how related to each other so as to integrate the research program.
No clear dividing line can be drawn between the work of the two Fellowship terms. Much that was done during the second term was an outgrowth or continuation of work initiated during the first term. Es-sentially the research program was developed by the Fellow in consul-tation with his DBR/NRC colleagues as their experience and com-petence in the field of fire behaviour of steel increased.
Objectives
The objectives of the work were not at first defined beyond stating that it should lead to a better understanding of the behaviour of steel under fire conditions. As time went on, however, projects were channeled in to one or more of the following objectives:
1) to indicate new or more efficient uses of steel in fire resistive assemblies;
2) to help solve some of the more urgent problems facing the industry; 3) to further generally the development of the field of fire technology; 4) to demonstrate the application of recent research (at DBR/NRC or
elsewhere) in design, product development and fire test data inter-pretation;
5) to enc ourage application of existing fire technology to building de-sign problems;
6) to provide data and research to improve the technical content of the National Building Code and Supplement No.2;
7) to make all the work part of an integrated research program.
The more detailed description of the work that follows has been divided into three sections: long -term proj ects, short-term proj ects, miscellaneous projects.
It will be apparent that many of the projects are open-ended, that work on them can be continued or expanded almost indefinitely.
3
-A few are relatively clean-cut and related to a specific problem or area of interest. Where app r op r ia te, possible areas for future research ar e indicated.
LONG-TERM PROJECTS
A number of basic and applied research projects related to the behaviour of load-bearing members under fire conditions have been undertaken. Because work on such projects is a continuing effort and because the results of such effort will find practical application only over a period of several yea r s, these studies have been grouped under the general heading of 1110ng-term projects. 11
Creep Studies
Initially, it was necessary to understand the basic mechanisms involved in the deformation of load-bearing steel elements exposed to fire. As T. Z. Harmathy, a research officer of the Fire Sec ti on, had done work in this area before the Fellowship was established, it was decided that the Fellow should develop creep test data for commonly used structural steel. Tests were carried out and the data correlated for an ASTM A-36 steel (formerly used to a great extent in fire test assemblies) and a CSA G40. 12 steel. From a practical point of view these studies have so far yielded the following information:
1, a mechanical explanation and analysis for the deflection and failure of steel supported assemblies;
2. technical background and support for use of the critical temperature concept for the failure of steel loadbearing members;
3. demonstrated that temperature is the most important single variable affecting the behaviour of steel in fire; that is, the limitations in-corporated in the ASTM Standard E-119 are applicable to all types of steel now used in building construction;
4. CSA G40. 12 steel has creep properties superior to those of an ASTM A-36 steel and exhibit a correspondingly higher critical tem-perature at failure under fire test.
The creep studies have other implications that may be exploited in the future. For exarnpl e, if design of structural fire protection shoul.d, in the futur e, be based on a more rational scientific basis than it now is, it will be pos sible to calculate the critical temperatures of the elements in a structure and to determine the amount of Ins ula.tfon, if any, required.
It may also be possible to take advantage of the superior creep properties exhibited by certain steels in that they may be assigned a higher critical temperature than other steels with a similar yield stress.
Another example of the application of creep theory would include the analysis of cable-supported structures and assemblies and other types of structural systems coming into use.
These examples indicate that the methods so far developed using creep theory add very considerably to the tools available to the engineer in analysing building structures exposed to fire conditions. It is hoped that those responsible for the design of buildings will make increased use of them as time goes on.
Column Research Program
Building columns are generally the most critical members of a building structure, not only because of the vital function they perform structurally but also because they may be exposed to fire on four sides. As a result, in protected steel construction a heavier insulation is
usually specified for the columns than for the remainder of the structure. Realizing that section geometry and mass have a considerable in-fluence on the fire enduring qualities of a column with a given insulation,
it appeared that research in this area might lead to economies in
con-struction. A rather comprehensive column research program has therefore been undertaken under the Fellowship.
The study so far comprises the following stages:
1) A thorough review and analysis of the literature in the field has been made (1). This has indicated that heavy column sections can provide substantial fire endurance with relatively light protection. It was de-cided that verification of this finding by an experimental program would be useful.
2) In order to fill gaps in fire test data that became evident in Supplement No.2 to the National Building Code of Canada a series of eight fire tests was carried out on wide-flange columns protected with gypsum-sanded
plaster. The column cross-sections were varied to provide some in-cidental information relating to the influence of size and shape on fire endurance. The results have been submitted to the Fire Test Board for inclusion in a revision of Supplement No.2.
3) A series of eight column tests designed specifically to demonstrate the influence of column size and shape on fire endurance was carried out. A single thickness of a given protective material was used for all the c olumn s, which comprised hollow square and rectangular as well as wide-flange sections. The results confirm the prediction that for most protective materials the fire endurance of columns can be
related by a relatively simple mathematical equation. Neither the scope nor the limitations of the method have yet been completely studied, however.
5
-The fire test data developed in these tests also have useful irrunediate application in that the material tested is sold and used in Canada. It will be published through the regular DBR/NRC channels at a future date. 4) To determine fully the scope and limitations of the method of correlating
column fire endurance, a large log of test data is required. The as-sembly and analysis of published and unpublished fire test data is there-fore under way. Much of the unpublished data will be supplied by the AlSI through one of the sponsored projects at Underwriters' Labora-tories Inc.
Steps (1) to (4) were undertaken in consultation with the Fellow-ship Committee. Some additional work seems advisable, for example: 5) A compilation of the fire test data assembled under (4) in a form
most useful to those engaged in building practice.
6) Repetition of test series as described in (3) as time permits, using non-proprietary materials for possible inclusion in Supplement No.2 to the National Building Code.
7) Investigation of light-weight or thin protective materials suitable for application on heavy sections.
Fire Development and Severity
Because of the existence of the standard fire test, this basic and important part of fire research has until recently received little attention in North America. Several studies have shown that in most modern build-ings the course of the fire and the temperatures attained bear little re-semblance to the standard curve. Continued research in this ar ea now under way at DBR/NRC and elsewhere in the world will probably result in new and different ways of approaching building fire problems.
This type of research should be of particular interest to the steel industry since the behaviour of steel in fire is so dependent on its temper-ature, as has been demonstrated by creep studies carried out at DBR/NRC. When asked, therefore, to co- operate with Dr. Harmathy in carrying out some of the experimental furnace tests associated with these new concepts, the Fellow agreed initially to conduct four beam tests on identically con-structed specimens exposed to fires of varying severity in the floor furnace. Protection incorporates a sheet steel membrane, part of another project described under Short- Term Projects.
The ultimate scope of the work and its implications cannot yet be assessed. There is little doubt, however, that the Fire Research Section and the Division will continue to strive for more realistic design and
evaluation methods in building construction. This being the case, the steel industry should welcome participation through the Fellowship and in this way keep up to date on this potentially far -reaching development.
SHORT-TERM PROJECTS
The short-term research projects undertaken generally fall into the category of applied research. They are usually open-ended in that work can be expanded at any time, but they may also be terminated at different stages, leaving a reasonably complete and useful record. Sheet Steel Membrane Protection
This project was initiated by the Fellow during his first term and considerably expanded in the second. The principle behind this method of protection rests on the fact that any protective rrrerrib r anets most vital characteristic is its ability to remain in place when sub-jected to fire, something the sheet steel membrane does very we l l ,
Initial work involved small- scale and beam fire tests to check the feasibility of the concept. It was expanded in the second term to include two fire tests on steel columns protected by a sheet steel mem-brane backed by inexpensive and non-proprietary insulating materials. A sheet steel membrane also forms the basic protection for beams to be tested in connection with fire severity, as has already been mentioned.
Two additional tests involving an economical and quickly assembled sheet steel column cover and protective membrane are in progress. These were designed to yield a 2 -hr rating, using only generic materials. The ClSCC Industry Research Subcommittee, of which the Fellow is a member, has been kept informed of progress on this project and plans to further its practical implementation.
Mr. L. Seigel of United States Steel has applied the sheet steel membrane protection concept by using sheet steel as a radiation barrier, protecting the exterior flanges of spandrel beams. The first major pro-ject incorporating this particular application is the United States Steel Office skyscraper in New York City.
Attending a skyscraper fire investigation in Montreal, the Fellow observed that spread of fire from one floor to the next had been prevented by the radiation barrier the sheet steel induction units provided at the curtain wall. This was an unexpected application by the architect of the sheet steel rnarnb r an e protection concept.
Future research could more fully explore the possibilities and ap-plications of sheet steel as a protective radiation barrier against fire. For example, the effectiveness of a sheet steel back-up for the thermal in-sulation required between floor and curtain wall at the exterior of multi-storey buildings to inhibit the vertical spread of fire could be investigated.
7
-As developm.ent and acceptance of this protection m.ethod lead to increased use of steel in building construction, it should be regarded by the industry as one of the m.ost im.portant proj ects in hand.
Mem.brane Protection
A com.prehensive study of m.em.brane protection incorporating m.aterials other than sheet steel has been a continuing project under the Fellowship. This work is im.portant because m.em.brane protection is one of the m.ost econom.ical m.ethods of insulating a structural steel rn ernb e r or assem.bly.
The study com.prises the following:
1) laboratory determ.ination of the therm.al and physical properties of several com.m.only used protective m.aterials;
2) num.erical analysis of heat flow through layer constructions; 3) com.pilation of published and unpublished fire test data; 4) sm.all-scale fire tests on assem.blies protected by a gypsum.
board m.em.brane;
5) sm.all-scale fire tests with an asbestos-cem.ent board to evaluate the effect of ceiling openings on fire endurance.
Inform.ation is being assem.bled in a report on the state of the art in m.em.brane protection and as a reference for the technologies
in-volved in its proper application. The report should be of considerable practical use for the Division and the steel industry in dealing with design or field
problem.s involving this type of protection. Com.posite Action
With increasing use of steel-concrete com.positely designed struc-tural m.em.bers, com.posite action becam.e an item of investigation and re-search under the Fellowship. In co-operation with Mr. N. S. Pearce of Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada, a paper (2) was published showing that m.ost steel supported floor assem.blies subjected to fire test exhibit a considerable degree of com.posite action not contem.plated in the design.
Mr. Pearce and the Fellow have agreed to continue work on this
topic and to prepare an additional report on the fire behaviour of com.positely designed structures, using inform.ation based on test data developed at ULC and DBR/NRC. The report should help to reduce the difficulties reportedly encountered in assigning fire ratings and protection m.ethods to com.positely designed structures.
Heat Sink
This study was designed to provide experim.ental support for the critical tem.perature concept of the failure of steel beam.s and to show that
the heat sink effect of the deck does not significantly affect critical tem.perature. Dr. Ha rrna thy and the Fellow co-operated in this work.
The project was undertaken because of anticipated possible changes in the test standard ASTM E-119 to include temperature limits for failure criteria. It was considered that inclusion of the heat sink of the deck in failure criteria would be unnecessarily complicated and not technically justifiable. The results of experimental and theoretical work (3) showed that heat sink effect should not be included in assigning temperature for the revised standard. This position was accepted by those responsible for the standard and no further work in this area is contemplated.
Partially Protected Steel Structures
Because the structural failure of steel exposed to fire is such a temperature dependent process, and because actual fires often develop much more rapidly than standard furnace fire, the idea of protecting only the most critically heated and stressed parts of a structure appears to have merit. It should be emphasized that the real concern in building design is whether a structure can resist a real fire, not one in the test furnace.
A joisted floor assembly with only the bottom chords protected by insulating material (web and top chords exposed) was constructed and subjected to fire test. The results show that partial protection provides substantial improvement over unprotected construction
(i
hr vs about 10 min) and may provide adequate protection in certain types of buildings.As North American building codes do not recognize a i-hr fire endurance, no further work will be undertaken in this area at this time. The ability of buildings thus protected to resist fire,however, would in most cases constitute a considerable improvement over un-protected steel construction.
MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS Technical Translation
In 1969 the Swiss Centre for Steel Construction published a technical document entitled liThe Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Steel Constructions.II It describes methods that enable the engineer
to calculate the appropriate protection (if any) for steel structures. This information has been translated and is now available (4). It may be ob-tained from DBR/NRC.
The methods are based on the fire load concept. Fire load is taken as the dominant variable which the structure must be able to resist in case of an ignition. On this basis the design of a fire resistant structure proceeds according to well known principles of heat transfer and struc-tural behaviour. The significance of the document, which has been ac-cepted in the building regulations for the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, is that the design of structural fire protection is placed directly in the hands of the structural design engineer. Thus it becomes possible to base design procedures on scientific and engineering principles rather than on
9
-arbitrary decisions based on past experience and guesswork. Unit Masonry/ Drywall COITlbinations
This is an experiITlental pr og r am designed to develop fire ratings and sound tr-ansrni s s i.on classifications for concrete rna s on ry walls in c ornbinati on with gypSUITl board. The Info rrria.t'i.on is intended for use in SuppLernerrt No.2 to the National Building Code.
The p r oj ect is a Fire Section venture, but the exp e r irnerita.l work is being planned and supervised by L. W. All en, another industry Fellow, and by Stanzak in view of their c ornbined experience with construction of this type. Sta.nzakts interest in the work relates to the rrrec harric a I
fastening and behaviour of the gyp sum board, a rna te r iaI he has examined very thoroughly.
Education
Providing educational rna te r ial for those engaged in the construction industry is one of the irnpor tant functions of DBR/NRC. For the Fire Section this function is even m or e irripor tant because fire technology as it relates to building design is not yet taught at the universities or colleges. Mernb e r s of the Section, therefore, have a tternpted to Inf orrn people of their work through talks or lectures wherever possible or appropriate. As the under-standing of fire technology arn ong those responsible for building increases, technical advances can be rriad e rn o r e rapidly.
Unfortunately, the field of fire technology has not yet developed into a discipline that can be taught in a s irnple and orderly way. There is build-ing, however, a fund of infor ma ti.on and any attempts to r eg irrient it should be we Ic orned , SOITle of the work under the Fellowship therefore has in-cluded writing of papers to educate and assist those engaged in building design or product d eve l oprnerrt (5,
6).
It is hoped that as t.irrre goes on it will be possible to a s s errib l e known i.nfor rnation and technology in rn o r e c ornpa.ct and readily understandable for m.Others
A variety of other areas of research and investigations are con-stantly under study. For e xarrip l e, laboratory tests are carried out on a srnaIl scale on rna te ria.Ls and rn e thod s that appear particularly suitable for the protection of steel constructions. It was through one of these that
the sheet steel rnernb r ane project, one of the rn o st irnpor tant in the p r og r arri, c arrre into being.
It has b ec orne clear that a great deal can be learned fr orn observation of building fires. The Fellow has attended those considered to be of interest whenever pos sible and will continue to do so. Findings rnu st often r ernain confidential owing to possible legal p r ob l ern s , but they provide a valuable log of evidence.
Finally, as a member of the Fire Section the Fellow assists with inquiries, fire tests, and design of laboratory equipment. For example, he is designing loading equipment suitable for testing beams in the floor furnace, and has been involved with the installation of equipment to measure heat inputs and losses from the furnaces as well as other mis-cellaneous equipment.
CONCLUSION
To say that changes and advances in fire technology over the past ten years surpass those of the previous fifty is no exaggeration. The work associated with the Fellowship has contributed noticeably to this picture. A few illustrations follow.
In
1964 the only means of assessing the fire endurance of a struc-ture or assembly design was the standard fire endurance test. There was little technical data to support proposed changes from a test assembly and the criteria for interpolation of test data were virtually non-existent. Now, as a result of the creep studies, it has become possible to calculate the fire endurance of certain structures and assemblies. As temperature, not stress, is the dominant variable, substitutions of one type of steel for another in a test assembly can be assessed on a rational basis. Fire test methods and building design may also change in the future, as with the introduction of new time-temperature curves or heat input rates.Engineering methods now have the capability to cope with such eventualities. Turning to column protection, it is not uncommon to find heavy
members provided with enough insulation to yield a fire endurance of from 4 to 8 hr where only two are specified. Now, through a specially designed series of fire tests and supporting work it can be shown how the fire re-sistance of a column varies with its mass and shape; the difference for two columns identically protected can be over 4 hr. Once these findings are applied to building design the economies gained for steel construction should be considerable.
The Fellow has made presentations based on his researches to the Fire Test Board and his recommendations are under consideration. In
addition, he has worked in an advisory capacity with several subcommittees of ASTM and CSA that are concerned with fire test methods. He has also been instrumental in promoting co-operation with Underwriters' Labora-tories of Canada in unifying fire test practice and other matters of c orrirn on interest. Finally, through his presence at DBR/NRC he has been able to provide assistance to members of the steel industry faced with fire pro-tection problems. Although these activities ar e not normally publicized, they are of considerable importance and should not go unnoted.
In concluding this background paper, it is appropriate to emphasize the amount of fire test work that has been done in connection with the
- 11
-These about equal the number of all other full- scale fire tests (sponsored and research) conducted at DBR/NRC sinc e 1964, when the Fellowship was initiated.
REFERENCES
1. Stanzak, W. W. The Behaviour of Steel Columns at Elevated Temperatures. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 351, March 1968.
2. Pearce, N. S. and W. W. Stanzak. Load and Fire Test Data on Steel-Supported Floor Assemblies. ASTM Special Technical Publication 422, 1967, p. 5 - 20 (NRC 9932).
3. Stanzak, W. W. and T. Z. Harmathy. Effect of Deck on Failure Temper-ature of Steel Beams. Fire Technology, Vol. 4, No.4, Nov. 1968, p. 265 - 270 (NR C 10523) .
4. The Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Steel Constructions.
Schweizerische Zentralstelle Fur Stahlbau, Zurich, 1969. Trans-lated by W. W. Stanzak, National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, TT-1425, Ottawa 1971.
5. Stanzak, W. W. Fire Endurance- -Some Design Considerations. Engineering Digest, April 1970. (NRC 11465).
6. Stanzak, W. W. Product Development and Fire Performance. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, Build-ing Research Note No. 73, Feb. 1971.
lNumber Cost1 Notes Type Proj ect
Beam Creep 4 20, 000 1 Commercial test fee (does not include construction of specimen)
Column Supp. No.2 8 24, 000
Typical floor section was included 2
Beam Supp , No.2 3 15, 000 3 Sheet steel membrane 2
Beam Supp , No.2 1 5, 000 4 Partially protected steel structures Membrane Prot
Beam SSM3 2 10, 000 5 SSMprotection
Beam Heat Sink 3 15, 000 6 To check fire endurance of a massive ex posed steel column
Column SSM 2 6, 000
PPSS4
7 SSM protection
Floor 1 5, 000
Beam Fire Severity5 4 20, 000 Column Size and Shape 7 21, 000
Column Exposed6 1 3, 000
Column SSM7 2 6, 000
APPENDIX B
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS
Publications
1. Stanzak, W. W. The behaviour of steel in building fires. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research. DBR Bibliography No. 30. April 1965. 16p.
2. Galbreath, M. and W. W. Stanzak. Fire endurance of protected steel columns and beams. National Research Council of Canada.
Division of Building Research. NRC 8379, April 1965, 61p. 3. Stanzak, W. W. Fire tests on wide -flange steel beams protected with
Gypsum-sanded plaster. National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research. NRC 9474, June 1967, 23p.
4. Stan zak, W. W. Fire test on a wide-flange steel beam protected with a one-inch gypsum-sanded plaster suspended ceiling membrane.
National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, NRC 9761. Dec. 1967, 33p.
5. S'tanz ak, W. W. Fire tests of eight wide-flange steel columns protected with gypsum- sanded plaster. National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research, NRC 9768. Jan. 1968, 24p.
6. Pearce, N. S. and W. W. Stanzak. Load and fire test data on steel-supported floor assemblies. ASTM 422, August 1967, p.5-20 (NRC 9932).
7. Harmathy, T. Z. and W. W. Stanzak. Elevated-temperature tensile and creep properties of some structural and prestressing steel. ASTM STP 464. 1970, p. 186 (NRC 11163).
8. S'ta.nzak, W. W. and T. Z. Harmathy. The effect of deck on failure temperature of steel beams. Fire Technology. Vol. 4. No.4, Nov. 1968, p. 265-270 (NRC 10523).
9. S'tanz.ak, W. W. Sheet steel as a protective membrane for steel beams and columns. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research. NRC 10865, Nov. 1969, 28p.
10. Stanzak, W. W. Fire endurance - some design considerations. Engineering Digest, April 1970 (NRC 11465).
11. Stanz ak, W. W. Product development and fire performance. National Research Council of Canada. Division of Building Research, Building Research Note No. 73, Feb. 1971, 6p.
Internal Reports
1. Stariz ak, W. W. Summary report on the first steel industries fellowship 1964-1967. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Build-ing Research, DBR Internal Report No. 353, Oct. ＱＹＶＷｾ lOp.
2. Stanzak, W. W. Preliminary investigation into the use of sheet metal as membrane protection for steel beams and columns. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 352, Dec. 1967, 12p.
3. Stanzak, W. W. The behaviour of steel columns at elevated temperatures. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 351, March 1968, 56p.
4. Stanzak, W. W. A preliminary investigation of the fire behaviour of a partially protected steel structure. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, DBR Internal Report No. 389, June ＱＹＷＱｾ 22p.
Technical Notes
1. Stanzak, W. W. Possibilities for large-scale fire tests employing Expo temporary buildings. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, Technical Note 482, April 1967, 8p. 2. Stanzak, W. W. Calibration of DBR floor furnace loading system.
National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, Technical Note 491, July 1967, 3p.
3. Stanz.ak, W. W. Behaviour of structural steel in fire; report of a symposium held at the Fire Research Station, Boreham Wood, England, 24 January 1967. Technical Note 492, Aug. 1967, 8p. 4. Stanzak, W. W. Temperature measurement: alternate test of fire
protection for structural steel columns. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, Technical Note 538,
June 1969, 6p. SPX Reports
1. Stanzak, W. W. Place Victoria fire. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, SPX 314, Jan. 1970, 9p.
2. Berndt, J. E. and E. O. Porteous. Fire tests on seven protected steel columns with different cross-sections. National Research Council of Canada, Division of Building Research, SPX 335, July 1971, 18p. Technical Translations
1. The Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Steel Constructions.
Schweizerische Zentralstelle Fur Stahlbau, Zurich, 1969. Trans-1ated by W. W. Stanzak, National Research Council of Canada,
