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Reconstruction incrémentale d'une scène complexe à l'aide d'une caméra omnidirectionnelle

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(1)Incremental reconstruction of a complex scene using omnidirectional camera Vadim Litvinov. To cite this version: Vadim Litvinov. Incremental reconstruction of a complex scene using omnidirectional camera. Other [cond-mat.other]. Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2015. English. �NNT : 2015CLF22541�. �tel-01153320�. HAL Id: tel-01153320 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01153320 Submitted on 19 May 2015. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

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