Microplastics and urban water

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Microplastics and urban water

Rachid Dris, Johnny Gasperi, Vincent Rocher, Mohamed Saad, Bruno Tassin

To cite this version:

Rachid Dris, Johnny Gasperi, Vincent Rocher, Mohamed Saad, Bruno Tassin. Microplastics and

urban water. Colloque 2016 de l’ARET :Plastiques : quels enjeux pour demain ? Pollution physico-

chimique & Impacts environnementaux et sanitaires, ARET : association française de recherches en

toxicologie, Jun 2016, Valence TGV, France. �hal-01333692�

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Microplastics and urban water

Rachid Dris, Johnny Gasperi, Vincent Rocher, Mohamed Saad, Bruno Tassin

Introduction

Macroplastics (>5mm)

Microplastics (<5mm)

Fragments/Spheres Fibers

In oceans In rivers

500 µm 700 µm

En milieu urbain : une approche systémique

VILLE

STEP AGROSYSTEMES Ecosystèmes terrestres

Décharges sauvages Centres

d’enfouissement technique

??

?? ??

Boues

Eaux traitées

Rejets séparatifs Eaux usées

Surverses unitaires Ruissellement

drainage

Transfert vers l’estuaire et le milieu marin Ruissellement

Déchets solides

Autres voies de transfert potentielles, y compris éolienne

compost

Incinération

Eaux

VILLE

STEP AGROSYSTEMES Ecosystèmes terrestres

Décharges sauvages Centres

d’enfouissement technique

??

?? ??

Boues

Eaux traitées

Rejets séparatifs Eaux usées

Surverses unitaires Ruissellement

drainage

Transfert vers l’estuaire et le milieu marin Ruissellement

Déchets solides

Autres voies de transfert potentielles, y compris éolienne

compost

Incinération

Eaux

VILLE

STEP

??

Boues Eaux traitées

Rejets séparatifs Eaux usées

Surverses unitaires

Transfert vers l’estuaire et le milieu marin

Déchets solides Eaux

HCMC HCMC

5

Materials and methods

Sampling

Samples treatment

Observation

Characterization

6

Materials and methods

Sampling

Samples treatment

Observation

Characterization

Atmospheric fallout RainwaterWashing machine WWTP effluents Surface water

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7

Materials and methods

Sampling

Samples treatment

Observation

Characterization

Remove natural organic fraction Remove mineral fraction

ZnCl

₂

Density = 1.6 g/cm³

SDS

Lipase, Protéase, Amylase

H

2

O

2

8

Materials and methods

Sampling

Samples treatment

Observation

Characterization

ZnCl

₂

SDS

H

2

O

2

9

Materials and methods

Sampling

Samples treatment

Observation

Characterization

ZnCl

2

SDS

H

₂

O

₂

Transform infrared (FT-IR) micro spectroscopy (Microscope LUMOS FT-IR – Brucker)

0 100 200 300 400 500

03 ‐ Oc t ‐ 2014 15 ‐ Oct

‐ 2014 06 ‐ No v ‐ 201

4 12 ‐ De c ‐ 201 4

07 ‐ Ja n ‐ 201 5

27 ‐ Ja n ‐ 201 5

05 ‐ Fe b ‐ 20 15 26 ‐ Fe b ‐ 20 15

05 ‐Ma r ‐ 2015 A tmos pher ic fallo u t (p ar ti cl es /m

2

/d ay )

Urban site Suburban site

10

Results – Atmospheric fallout

Urban and suburban sites Suburban site: significantly less fibers Between 2 and 355

fibers/day/m

²

0 100 200 300 400 500

Feb-2014 Apr-2014

Jun-2 014

Aug-2 014

Oct-2014 Dec-2014

Feb-2015

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Atmospheric fallout (particles/m2/day] Daily rainfall (mm)

11

Results – Atmospheric fallout

• Microplastics in rainwater?

D a ily rainf a ll (mm)

A tmospheric fallou t (fib ers/ da y /m

2

)

12

Results – Rainwater

Stormwater at the outlet of an urban catchment

• The fibers either come from the runoff or are directly washed down by rain Between 28 and 60 fibers/L

Fibers/ L

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Rain event 1 Rain event 2 Rain event 3

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13

Results – Washing machine effluents

Four volunteers participated in this study

• Clothes are a major source of the fibers

Fibers /L

Between 8000 and 35000 fibers/L

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000

Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3 Participant 4

Water Water + laundry product Water + laundry product + clothes

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

SAV SAV SAV SAV SEC SAM MAV

14

Results – Wastewater treatment plants

Fibers in wastewater

• Very high number of fibers probably coming mainly from washing machines Between 70 and 450 fibers/L

Fibers/ L

SAM MAV SEC SAV

15

Results – Wastewater treatment plants

SAM MAV SEC SAV

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

16

Results - Wastewater treatment plants

Raw water Settled water Treated water

Fibers/L

260 to 320 fibers/L 260 to 320 fibers/L

50 to 120 fibers/L 50 to 120 fibers/L 14 to 50 fibers/L 14 to 50 fibers/L

17

Characterization

Which proportion corresponds to microplastics?

• More fibers from natural material than from petrochemicals Petrochemicals

Natural material 30 fibers randomly selected – Atmospheric fallout

Polyamide

Polyethylene Polyester (100%)

Cellulose (Mainly Rayon or cotton)

Rarely wool Blend of Polyester

and Polyurethane

• Mainly polymers used in the textile industry

18

Results – surface water

Plankton net vs Manta net

80 µm mesh size 300 µm mesh size

High fiber concentrations Fibers pass more easily through the net

“Only” up to 2,500 L sampled Up to 200,000 L sampled

Concentration levels of fragments are too low

The more “rare” particles can be collected

Better for fibers Better for fragments

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0.1 1 10 100 1000

19

Results – surface water

Plankton net vs Manta net

Partic les /m

3

Plankton net samples

Manta net samples

n = 7 n = 96

20

Results – surface water

80 µm net samples

Only fibers

1000 µm

Chemical characterization in progress

So far:

2 Rayon fibers (among 19 particles)

Polyester mainly

Polyamide and Polypropylene

21

Results – surface water

300 µm net samples

Fragments, films and spheres

Chemical characterization in progress

So far:

Only plastic particles Only Polyethylene and Polypropylene

Synthèse

10 ^-2 – 10 ⁰ /L Rivière

10 ¹ /L Station d’épuration (sortie)

10 ² /L Station d’épuration (entrée)

10 ⁴ /L Lave linge

10 ¹ /L Eaux de ruissellement

10 ² /m ² /jour Retombées atmosphériques

Conclusions et perspectives

{ Présence ubiquiste en milieu urbain

{ Bilans encore très lacunaires

{ Méthodes d’analyse non stabilisées

{ Cas des fibres

z Difficiles à caractériser

z Très présentes, (contamination) { Question de l’impact écologique

Microplastics in various compartments of the urban water cycle

{

Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Saad, M., Mirande, C., Tassin, B., 2016. Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment? Mar. Pollut.

Bull. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.006

{

Dris, R., Gasperi, J., Rocher, V., Saad, M., Renault, N., Tassin, B., 2015a.

Microplastic contamination in an urban area: a case study in Greater Paris.

Environ. Chem. 12, 592–599.

{

Dris, R., Imhof, H., Sanchez, W., Gasperi, J., Galgani, F., Tassin, B., Laforsch, C., 2015b. Beyond the ocean: Contamination of freshwater ecosystems with (micro-) plastic particles. Environ. Chem. 12, 539–550.

{

Gasperi, J., Dris, R, Bonin, T., Rocher,V., Tassin, B., 2014 Assessment of floating plastic debris in surface water along the Seine River. Environ. Poll. 195, 163- 166.