Phonology in the mirror

HAL Id: hal-01262293

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262293

Submitted on 1 Feb 2016

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Phonology in the mirror

Jean-Luc Schwartz, Marie-Lou Barnaud, Pierre Bessière, Julien Diard, Clément Moulin-Frier

To cite this version:

Jean-Luc Schwartz, Marie-Lou Barnaud, Pierre Bessière, Julien Diard, Clément Moulin-Frier. Phonol- ogy in the mirror: Comment on ”Towards a Computational Comparative Neuroprimatology: Framing the language-ready brain” by Michael A. Arbib. Physics of Life Reviews, Elsevier, 2016, 16, pp.93-95.

�10.1016/j.plrev.2016.01.007�. �hal-01262293�

Accepted Manuscript

Phonology in the mirror

Jean-Luc Schwartz, Marie-Lou Barnaud, Pierre Bessière, Julien Diard, Clément Moulin-Frier

PII: S1571-0645(16)00008-7

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2016.01.007 Reference: PLREV 701

To appear in: Physics of Life Reviews Received date: 15 January 2016 Accepted date: 21 January 2016

Please cite this article in press as: Schwartz J-L, et al. Phonology in the mirror. Phys Life Rev (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2016.01.007

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Phonology in the mirror

Comment on "Towards a Computational Comparative Neuroprimatology:

Framing the language-ready brain" by Michael A. Arbib

‡ƒǦ—……Š™ƒ”–œȋͳȌǡƒ”‹‡Ǧ‘—ƒ”ƒ—†ȋͳȌǡ‹‡””‡‡••‹°”‡ȋʹȌǡ

—Ž‹‡‹ƒ”†ȋ͵ȌǡŽ±‡–‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡”ȋͶȌ

ȋͳȌǦƒ„

ǡ

‹˜Ǥ”‡‘„Ž‡Ž’‡•

”‡‘„Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ…‡

ȋʹȌ

ǡ‘”„‘‡‹˜Ǥǡ

‹˜Ǥ‹‡””‡‡–ƒ”‹‡—”‹‡

ƒ”‹•ǡ ”ƒ…‡

ȋ͵Ȍ ǡ

‹˜Ǥ”‡‘„Ž‡Ž’‡•

”‡‘„Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ…‡

ȋͶȌ

‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ–‘’‡—

ƒ„”ƒ

ƒ”…‡Ž‘‡ǡ’ƒ‹

Š‡ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘ „› ǤǤ ”„‹„ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ† ƒ• ‹– ƒ’’‡ƒ”• •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ƒ†

…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ȋ”„‹„ǡ ʹͲͳ͸Ȍ ‹• ƒ†‹”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ǡ ƒ† ˜‡”›

…‘˜‹…‹‰‹ƒ›ƒ•’‡…–•Ǥ‡›˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘”‹•–Šƒ–‹–•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡’–•–‘

‹–”‘†—…‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ …‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘†‡Ž‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ˆƒ…–• ƒ†

‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘ˆ‘…—•‘ƒ…‘’‘‡–‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȃƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›‹‘”‹”„‹„ǯ•…Šƒ’–‡”Ȃ

–Šƒ–‹•’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›‘—”‰”‘—’Ǥ

ˆ –Š‡ ‹””‘” •›•–‡ ’ƒ˜‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” ƒ DzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǧ”‡ƒ†› „”ƒ‹dzǡ –Š‹• •Š‘—Ž† ‹…Ž—†‡ ƒ Dz’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ”‡ƒ†›„”ƒ‹dzǤ‘‰–Š‡•‡˜‡’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡DzŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǧ”‡ƒ†‹‡••dzŽ‹•–‡†‹

‡…–‹‘ ͳǤ͸ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Š‘—Ž† ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” …”—…‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ ƒ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

•›•–‡Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ ’”‘’‡”–› ȋͳȌǡ Dz‘’Ž‡š ƒ…–‹‘ ”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘dzǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• „‘–Š ƒ…–‹‘ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ

‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡…‘’‘‡–•‘ˆƒ…‘’Ž‡š˜‘…ƒŽƒ…–‹‘ƒ††‡…‘’‘•‹‰‹–‹–‘

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •‡‰‡–•ǡ ƒ† ƒ…–‹‘ …Š—‹‰ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ –‘ —––‡” ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •‡“—‡…‡•

Ž‹‡Ž›–‘…‘˜‡›‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ‡…‘†Ž›ǡ’”‘’‡”–›ȋʹȌǡDz’ƒ”‹–›dzǡ‡•—”‡•–Šƒ––Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹˜‡

˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ—‹–’Žƒ›•–Š‡•ƒ‡”‘Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”Ǥ

‡– —• „‡‰‹ „› ’ƒ”‹–›Ǥ  ‡…–‹‘ ͶǤͳǡ ”„‹„ ‹•‹•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹””‘” •›•–‡ †‘‡• not …‘””‡•’‘†–‘ƒ‘–‘”–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š’‡”…‡’–‹‘Ǥ‡’”‘’‘•‡•–Šƒ–˜‘…ƒŽƒ…–‹‘•ȋ•’‡‡…Š

—––‡”ƒ…‡•Ȍ …ƒ „‡ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ† —†‡”•–‘‘† „› Dz‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡…Šƒ‹•• ™Š‹…Š ‡‡† ‘–

‹˜‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ‹””‘” •›•–‡ •–”‘‰Ž›dzǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹””‘” •›•–‡ ™‘—Ž† Œ—•– …‘’Ž‡‡–

•—…Š‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡…Šƒ‹••Ȃ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Ž‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†„›‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡” Ƭ ”„‹„ ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ƒ† ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ™Š‡”‡ ‘—” …‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ •–—†‹‡•

…‘—Ž†•Š‡†•‘‡‘”‡Ž‹‰Š–‘™Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‡…Šƒ‹••ˆ‘””‡…‘‰‹œ‹‰’Š‘‡‡•…‘—Ž†

•—ˆˆ‹…‡ǡƒ†™Š‡–Š‡‹””‘”•›•–‡…‘—Ž†„‡—•‡ˆ—ŽǤ

†‡‡†ǡ ™‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ǡ ƒ •‡•‘”‹Ǧ‘–‘” ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” •’‡‡…Š …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ

ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‰ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ—†‹–‘”› ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ† •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‹””‘” ‡…Šƒ‹•• „› ™Š‹…Š –Š‡

Ž‹•–‡‡”ƒ›‡š’Ž‘‹–‘–‘”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡™ƒ›Š‡Ȁ•Š‡™‘—Ž†’”‘†—…‡ƒ•‘—†

•‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ…‘—•–‹… •–‹—Ž—• –‘ „‡ ”‡…‘‰‹œ‡† ȋ‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ȋˆ‘”

Dz‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰„Œ‡…–•—•‹‰‡•‘”‹Ǧ‘–‘”’‡”ƒ–‹‘•dzȌ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–

–Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰ ’”‘…‡•• „› ™Š‹…Š ƒ Dz‘„Œ‡…–dz ȋ‹ ƒ ˜‡”› ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •‡•‡Ȍ ‹•

…‘—‹…ƒ–‡† „› ƒ •’‡ƒ‡” –‘ ƒ Ž‹•–‡‡” „› ‘–‘” ƒ…–‹‘• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ •‡•‘”› •–‹—Ž‹ǡ ‹•

ˆ—ŽŽ›‹–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹•‹†‡ƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•„”ƒ‹ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰ǤͳȌǤ

Figure 1. The COSMO model: the communication situation, which involves a speaker and a listener interacting within an environment, is internalized in communicating agents.

ƒ‰‡–‹•–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ›†‡•…”‹„‡†„›ƒ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‰–Š‡Dz‘„Œ‡…–dz

–‘„‡’”‘†—…‡†ȋ ǡˆ‘”•’‡ƒ‡”Ȍǡ–Š‡‘„Œ‡…––‘„‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ȋ ǡˆ‘”Ž‹•–‡‡”Ȍǡ–Š‡‘–‘”

ƒ…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡•‡•‘”›•–‹—Ž—•ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡‡•—”‹‰–Š‡•—……‡••‘ˆ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ„›

ƒ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ȋǡ ǡǡǡ ȌǤˆ…‘•‹†‡”‡†‘„Œ‡…–• ƒ† ƒ”‡”‡•–”‹…–‡†–‘

’Š‘‡‡•ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‡• –‘ †‡ˆ‹‡ ™Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡…Šƒ‹• ˆ‘” ƒ—†‹–‘”›

”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’Š‘‡‡ǡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ȋ ¸ Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ ‘–‘”

”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ‡…Šƒ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘–‘” ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– –‘ –Š‡ ‹””‘” •›•–‡

Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǡ„›–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ȋ ¸ ȌǤƒ›‡•‹ƒ‹ˆ‡”‡…‡‡ƒ„Ž‡•–‘•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‘–‘”

”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ‡…Šƒ‹• ȋ ¸ Ȍ ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •‡•‘”‹Ǧ–‘Ǧ‘–‘” ‹˜‡”•‹‘ ƒ†

ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‘”›†‡…‘†‹‰ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒǣ

ܲሺܱ

ȁܵሻ ן ෍ ܲሺܯȁܱ

ሻܲሺܵȁܯሻ

ெ

”‘–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ†–Š‡’Š‘‡‡”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘‘†‡Ž•‹–›‹‡Ž†•ǡ–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘””‡•—Ž–•

‡‡”‰‡ǡ –Šƒ– ’”‡…‹•‡ ƒ† …‘’Ž‡–‡ –Š‡ ‘–‡• „› ”„‹„ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ”‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ

’”‘…‡••‡•ƒ†‹””‘”’”‘…‡••‡•‹•’‡‡…Š†‡…‘†‹‰ȋ‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͳʹǡƒ—”‡–‡–ƒŽǤǡ

•—„‹––‡†ȌǤ

ȋͳȌ †‡”…‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‡…–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ǡƒ—†‹–‘”›

”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ†‘–‘””‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‹†‡‡šƒ…–Ž›–Š‡•ƒ‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ȃ

–Š‹• ‹• ƒ Dz‹†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Š‡‘”‡dz ™Š‹…Š •Š‡†• ˜‡”› ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡

Ž‘‰•–ƒ†‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–›–‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ …Ž‡ƒ” …—– ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–• ˆ‘” ’”‘˜‹‰ ‘”

†‹•’”‘˜‹‰ƒ—†‹–‘”›‘”‘–‘”–Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š’‡”…‡’–‹‘Ǣ

ȋʹȌ Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‹•‹’‡”ˆ‡…–ȋƒ•‹•—ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž›–Š‡…ƒ•‡‹Š—ƒ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ

–Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹–‘”› ”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”• „‡––‡” ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‡† •–‹—Ž‹ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‘”

”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘‹•„‡––‡”‹‘‹•‡‘”ƒ†˜‡”•‡…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǣ

Listener Environment

Speaker

O

S C

O

M

O

S C

O

M

Communicating Agent

internaliza on hypothesis

ȋ͵Ȍ ƒŽŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ…‘„‹‹‰ƒ—†‹–‘”›ƒ†‘–‘”‡…Šƒ‹•–Šƒ•–‘•‡•‘”‹Ǧ‘–‘”

ˆ—•‹‘‡Šƒ…‡•ƒ……—”ƒ…›ƒ†”‘„—•–‡••Ǥ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–•„›‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͳͷȌ‘‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‰ƒ‡•„‡–™‡‡

ƒ‰‡–• †‹•’Žƒ› ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹… •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ˜‘™‡Žǡ ’Ž‘•‹˜‡ ‘” •›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡ •›•–‡• ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š

’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ‹˜‡–‘”‹‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹Žƒ”‰‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒ•‘—†•›•–‡•Ǥ

Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡Ž‡••‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‹—Žƒ–‹‘•ǫ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡—†‡”Ž›‹‰’”‹…‹’Ž‡•‹

–Š‡ ™ƒ› ƒ—†‹–‘”› ƒ† ‘–‘” –Š‡‘”‹‡• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ …‘’ƒ”‡† ƒ† …‘„‹‡† ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹ –Š‡

ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‡”…‡’–‹‘Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ…–‹‘Ǧ‘–”‘ŽŠ‡‘”›ǡǡ…Š™ƒ”–œ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲʹǡʹͲͲ͹

ʹͲͳʹȌǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡• …‘—Ž† ‰—‹†‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ‘ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡Š—ƒ„”ƒ‹ǡƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆˆ—–—”‡…‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•

‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ

‡…‘†Ž›ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡’Š‘‡‡‹•Ž‹‡Ž›ƒ’‡”…‡’–—‘Ǧ‘–‘”…‘•–”—…–‹‘ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„‘–Š‹

–Š‡ ˜‡–”ƒŽ ƒ† ‹ –Š‡ †‘”•ƒŽ •–”‡ƒǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ› …‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‹‡Ž›

ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ …‘†‹‰ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ Ȃ ’‘•–‡”‹‘” •—’‡”‹‘”

–‡’‘”ƒŽ•—Ž…—•ǡƒ‰—Žƒ”‰›”—•ǡ•—’”ƒƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‰›”—•ǡƒŽŽ•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡†‘”•ƒŽ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›„—–

…Ž‘•‡–‘ƒ†–‹‰Š–Ž›…‘‡…–‡†–‘ƒ—†‹–‘”›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

Š‹• ‹• ™Š‡”‡ ™‡ ”‡–—” –‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •‡– ‘ˆ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ†

…‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ —‹–• ƒ† ”—Ž‡•Ǥ ”‘’‡”–› ȋͳȌ ƒ„‘—– …‘’Ž‡š ƒ…–‹‘

”‡…‘‰‹–‹‘ ƒ••—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’ƒ”•‡ ƒ …‘’Ž‡š ˜‘…ƒŽ ƒ…–‹‘ ‹–‘ ‹–•

•—„…‘’‘‡–• Ȃ ‘” Ž‹‡Ž› ™‘”†• ‹–‘ ’Š‘‡‡•Ǥ Š‘‡‡ †‹•…‘˜‡”› ‹• …Žƒ••‹…ƒŽŽ› ƒ

†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–•…‹‡–‹ˆ‹…’”‘„Ž‡ǡ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡‹–‹ƒ–‡…‘—’Ž‹‰‘ˆ•—……‡••‹˜‡’Š‘‡‡•‹–‘

™‘”†•ƒ‹‰–Š‡‹”†‡…‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘––”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–‹•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ…‘—•–‹…•–”‡ƒ„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ

…‘ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••‡•Ǥ  ǡ ™‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ƒ •ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ „›

•Š‘™‹‰Š‘™ƒƒ‰‡–Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–‘’‡”…‡‹˜‡’Ž‘•‹˜‡Ǧ˜‘™‡Ž•›ŽŽƒ„Ž‡•…‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ”•‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡•

‹ ˜‘™‡Ž• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹–‘”› •’ƒ…‡ǡ ƒ† •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• ‹ …‘•‘ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‘”› •’ƒ…‡ ȋƒ—”‡–‡–ƒŽǤǡ•—„‹––‡†ȌǤ

Š‹• •Š‘™• ‘…‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ –Šƒ– ’Š‘‡‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ’‡”…‡’–—‘Ǧ‘–‘” —‹–• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ’—”‡

ƒ—†‹–‘”›‘”’—”‡‘–‘”—‹–•Ȃƒ†–Šƒ–‹–Š‹••‡•‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‘–‘Ž›‹‰”‡†‹‡–•

‘ˆ–Š‡Dz˜‘…ƒŽ’ƒ–‘‹‡dz‹–Š‡†‘”•ƒŽ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›ǡ„—–’‘••‹„Ž‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ…‘˜‡”‰‡…‡‘ˆ

•‘—†ƒ†‰‡•–—”‡…Ž‘•‡Ž›ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡š–”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰‹–Š‡˜‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›Ǥ

‡—•–”‡‡„‡”–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡‘–‘”–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š’‡”…‡’–‹‘ǣ‹–™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡

‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–’Š‘‡–‹…‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ƒ––Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ’”‘…‡••‡•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‘”›

‘”‘–‘””ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ…‘—•–‹…‘”ƒ—†‹–‘”›Ǥ‹–Šǡ™‡’”‘’‘•‡–Šƒ–‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡‹•‹

ˆƒ…–’‡”…‡’–—‘Ǧ‘–‘”‹ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ”‡ƒ†›„”ƒ‹™‘—Ž†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›

’—–’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡‹””‘”Ǥ‡…Žƒ‹–Šƒ–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡—…Š‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ†‡•…”‹’–‹‘•ƒ”‡

”ƒ–Š‡” •’‡ƒ‡”Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ƒ† …‘…‡‹˜‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡‡…Š ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹•

•–‹ŽŽƒŽ‘‰”‘ƒ†ƒŠ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”†‡ˆ‹‹‰ƒDz’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ†ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”dz™Š‹…Š

™‘—Ž† …‘‡…– •’‡‡…Š ’‡”…‡’–‹‘ ƒ† •’‡‡…Š ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒŽ •’‡‡…Š …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ

Acknowledgements

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•—Ž–• Šƒ• ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ˆ—†‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‡•‡ƒ”…Š

‘—…‹Ž —†‡” –Š‡ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—‹–›̵• ‡˜‡–Š ”ƒ‡™‘” ”‘‰”ƒ‡ ȋ ͹ȀʹͲͲ͹ Ȃ ʹͲͳ͵ǡ”ƒ–‰”‡‡‡–‘Ǥ͵͵ͻͳͷʹǦDz’‡‡…Š‹–ȋ‡Ȍ•dzȌǤ

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‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡”Ǥǡƒ—”‡–Ǥǡ‡••‹°”‡Ǥǡ…Š™ƒ”–œǤǦǤǡƬ‹ƒ”†ǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ†˜‡”•‡…‘†‹–‹‘•

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‘—Ž‹Ǧ ”‹‡”ǡ Ǥǡ ‹ƒ”†ǡ Ǥǡ …Š™ƒ”–œǡ ǤǤǡ Ƭ ‡••‹°”‡ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǤ ȋDz‘—‹…ƒ–‹‰

ƒ„‘—– „Œ‡…–• —•‹‰ ‡•‘”›Ǧ‘–‘” ’‡”ƒ–‹‘•dzȌǣ ƒ ƒ›‡•‹ƒ ‘†‡Ž‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘”

•–—†›‹‰ •’‡‡…Š …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡…‡ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ •›•–‡•Ǥ Journal of Phonetics,ͷ͵ǡͷǦͶͳǤ

…Š™ƒ”–œǡǤǤǡ„”›ǡǤǡ‘´ǡǤǤǡƬƒ–Š‹ƒ”†ǡǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤŠ‘‘Ž‘‰›‹ƒ–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ’‡”…‡’–‹‘Ǧ

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…Š™ƒ”–œǡǤǤǡƒ•‹”ƒ–ǡǤǡ±ƒ”†ǡǤǡƬƒ–‘ǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‡‡”…‡’–‹‘ˆ‘”…–‹‘‘–”‘Ž

Š‡‘”›ȋȌǣƒ’‡”…‡’–—‘Ǧ‘–‘”–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ•’‡‡…Š’‡”…‡’–‹‘ǤJournal of NeuroLinguisticsǡ ʹͷǡ͵͵͸Ǧ͵ͷͶǤ

…Š™ƒ”–œǡǤǤǡ‘´ǡǤǤǡƬ„”›ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‹‹‰–Š‡‹•’‡”•‹‘Ǧ ‘…ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Š‡‘”›ȋ Ȍ

ƒ† –Š‡ ƒš‹— –‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹•–‹…–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ–—”‡• ȋ Ȍ ’”‹…‹’Ž‡ ‹ ƒ

‡”…‡’–‹‘Ǧˆ‘”Ǧ…–‹‘Ǧ‘–”‘Ž Š‡‘”› ȋȌǤ  ǤǤ ‘Ž±ǡ Ǥ ‡††‘” Ƭ Ǥ ŠƒŽƒ ȋ‡†•ǤȌ Experimental Approaches to Phonologyȋ’’ǤͳͲͶǦͳʹͶȌǤšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ