Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic plaque: Lost in translation?

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ouom-u‹-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbvbv-l†Ѵঞ=-1|oub-Ѵ7bv;-v;ruo1;vv‰b|_|‰o 7bvঞm1|r;ubo7vĺ$_;Cuv|r;ubo7bvrѴ-t†;]uo‰|_ķ‰_b1_bvѴom]ŊѴ-vঞm] -m7 lov|Ѵ‹ -v‹lr|ol-ঞ1ĺ †ubm] |_bv r;ubo7ķ |_; rѴ-t†; ;ˆoѴˆ;v ]u-7†-ѴѴ‹ =uol |_; ľ=-‚‹ v|u;-hĿ |o |_; -7ˆ-m1;7 rѴ-t†; †m7;u |_; bmY†;m1;o=‰;ѴѴŊhmo‰mľubvh=-1|ouvĺĿ$_;v;1om7r;ubo7bvˆ-ub-0Ѵ;bm 0o|_7†u-ঞomŐvol;r-ঞ;m|v7b;-[;u|_;Cuv|rѴ-t†;u†r|†u;ő-m7b|v v‹lr|ol-|oѴo]‹Ővol;u†r|†u;vu;l-bmvbѴ;m|őĹ|_bvbv|_;ľˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;Ŀ

r;ubo7ĺƐķƑ

7;mঞC1-ঞom -m7 |u;-|l;m| o= -1†|; 1ouom-u‹ v‹m7uol;v _-ˆ; 7u-vঞ1-ѴѴ‹;ˆoѴˆ;77†ubm]|_;Ѵ-v||‰o7;1-7;vĺ11ou7bm]Ѵ‹ķ|_;v_ou|Ŋ |;ul o†|1ol; o= r-ঞ;m|v v†@;ubm] =uol -1†|; 1ouom-u‹ v‹m7uol; _-v vb]mbC1-m|Ѵ‹ blruoˆ;7 7†ubm] |_bv v_ou| r;ubo7ĺ o‰;ˆ;uķ 1ouoŊ m-u‹_;-u|7bv;-v;vঞѴѴ1-†v;vom;bm;ˆ;u‹vbŠ7;-|_vbmbm7†v|ub-ѴbŒ;7

1o†m|ub;vĺ3m7;;7ķ1Ѵbmb1-Ѵo†|1ol;-|Ɛ‹;-ubv-@;1|;70‹u;1†uu;m|

l‹o1-u7b-Ѵ bm=-u1ঞom -m7 7;-|_ bm ƐƏѷŊƐƔѷ o= r-ঞ;m|vĺ3 u;ˆbo†v

v|†7b;v †vbm] -m]bov1or‹ v†]];v|;7 |_-| 7;Ѵ-‹;7 rѴ-t†; _;-Ѵbm]ķ

r;uvbv|;m| |_uol0†vķ -m7 u;1†uu;m| rѴ-t†; u†r|†u; -u; l-bm l;1_-Ŋ mbvlv=ouѴ;vbomruo]u;vvbom-m7-vvo1b-|;71Ѵbmb1-Ѵ1olrѴb1-ঞomvĺm r-uঞ1†Ѵ-uķƓƏѷŊѶƏѷr-ঞ;m|v‰b|_"_-ˆ;lou;|_-mom;u†r|†u;7 rѴ-t†;ķ ‰_b1_ -u; =u;t†;m|Ѵ‹ Ѵ;[ †m|u;-|;7 -m7 |_;u;=ou; l-‹ 1omŊ |ub0†|;|oѴom]Ŋ|;ul-7ˆ;uv;1Ѵbmb1-Ѵo†|1ol;vĺ"ol;1omˆbm1bm]ru;Ŋ ˆ;mঞˆ;-rruo-1_;v-uov;=uol1_oѴ;v|;uoѴŊѴo‰;ubm]Őv†1_-vľv|-ঞmvĿő ou1_oѴ;v|;uoѴŊlo7†Ѵ-ঞm]-];m|vŐ-vu;1ol0bm-m|-roѴbroruo|;bmƐŊ bѴ-moőĺm|_;!($Ŋ$ƑƑ|ub-ѴķƑƑĺƓѷo=r-ঞ;m|v;Šr;ub;m1;7 -1ouom-u‹;ˆ;m|7†ubm]Ƒ‹;-uvo=bm|;mvbˆ;v|-ঞm|_;u-r‹ƓķƔĸm;ˆ;uŊ |_;Ѵ;vvķ|_;_ovrb|-ѴbŒ-ঞomu-|;vv|-‹;7|_;v-l;ĺ6 ;u1†|-m;o†v1ouom-u‹bm|;uˆ;mঞomŐő‰b|_v|;m|blrѴ-m|-ঞom bv |_; lov| 1ollomѴ‹ †v;7 ruo1;7†u;ĸ _o‰;ˆ;uķ |_;v; |;1_mbt†;v -u; -Ѵvo -vvo1b-|;7 ‰b|_ r;ubruo1;7†u-Ѵ bm=-u1ঞom ŐŜƏĺƐƕѷőķ v|;m| |_uol0ovbv ŐŜƐĺƑƕѷőķ -m7 bmŊv;]l;m| u;v|;movbv u;v†Ѵঞm] =uol bmঞŊ

l-Ѵ _‹r;urѴ-vb- ou ˆ;vv;Ѵ u;lo7;Ѵbm]ĺƕķѶ -ঞ;m|v ‰b|_ 0Ѵo1h-]; o=

|‰o ou |_u;; 1ouom-u‹ -u|;ub;v -u; ];m;u-ѴѴ‹ 1omvb7;u;7 =ou 0‹r-vv

v†u];u‹ĺƖ;ˆ;u|_;Ѵ;vvķ0‹r-vvruo1;7†u;vl-‹0;o=Ѵblb|;7ˆ-Ѵ†;bm

ˆ;vv;Ѵv‰b|_7b@†v;77bv|-Ѵ7bv;-v;ĺmbঞ-Ѵ7-|-u;]-u7bm]Ѵ-v;uŊbm7†1;7

_o|o7‹m-lb1|_;u-r‹=ou|_;|u;-|l;m|o=-|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1

rѴ-t†;Ĺov|bm|u-mvѴ-ঞomĵ

Manish Jain

1

Պ|Պ-‚_b;†,;ѴѴ‰;];u

2

Պ|Պ;ou];v)-]mb࣏u;v

2

Պ|Պ†0;u|ˆ-m7;m;u]_

2

Պ|Պ

"|࣐r_-m;ooh

1

Պ|Պ-ub;Ŋo;ѴѴ;bu-†7

1 1_{-u7boѴo]‹ķ ;r-u|l;m|o=} ;7b1bm;ķ&mbˆ;uvb|‹-m7ovrb|-Ѵo= ub0o†u]ķ ub0o†u]ķ"‰b|Œ;uѴ-m7 2_{;7b1-Ѵ_o|omb1vuo†rķŊ"ķ"‰bvv} ;7;u-Ѵmvঞ|†|;o=$;1_moѴo]‹Ő őķ -†v-mm;ķ"‰b|Œ;uѴ-m7 ouu;vrom7;m1; -ub;Ŋo;ѴѴ;bu-†7ķ ࣐r-u|;l;m|7; l࣐7;1bm;Ŋ_-bu;7;-u7boѴo]b;ķ&mbˆ;uvb|࣐ 7; ub0o†u]Ŋ -1†Ѵ|࣐7;vv1b;m1;vķ ub0o†u]ķ "‰b|Œ;uѴ-m7ĺ l-bѴĹl-ub;Ŋmo;ѴѴ;ĺ]bu-†7Š†mb=uĺ1_ †m7bm]m=oul-ঞom $_bv‰ouh‰-vv†rrou|;70‹|_;"‰bvv -ঞom-Ѵ"1b;m1; o†m7-ঞomŐu-m|ƐƔƏƑƕƐőĺ

Summary

1†|;1ouom-u‹v‹m7uol;bv-Ѵb=;Ŋ|_u;-|;mbm]1om7bঞomo=†|lov|1Ѵbmb1-Ѵblrou|-m1;ķ ‰_b1_ķ7;vrb|;u;1;m|ruo]u;vvbm|_;C;Ѵ7ķbvvঞѴѴ-vvo1b-|;7‰b|__b]_lou0b7b|‹-m7 lou|-Ѵb|‹ĺ1†|;1ouom-u‹v‹m7uol;u;v†Ѵ|v=uol-u†r|†u;ou;uovbomo=ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ; -|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1 rѴ-t†; ‰b|_ v;1om7-u‹ rѴ-|;Ѵ;| -1ঞˆ-ঞom -m7 |_uol0†v =oul-ঞomķ ‰_b1_Ѵ;-7v|or-uঞ-Ѵou1olrѴ;|;Ѵ†lbm-Ѵo0v|u†1ঞomo=-1ouom-u‹-u|;u‹ĺ †ubm]|_; Ѵ-v| 7;1-7;ķ v1b;mঞC1 ;ˆb7;m1; 7;lomv|u-|;7 |_-| ‰_;m -m -1†|; 1ouom-u‹ ;ˆ;m| o11†uvķv;ˆ;u-Ѵmom1†Ѵrub|rѴ-t†;v-u;bm-ľˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;Ŀv|-|;ĺlom]|_;ruolbvbm] -rruo-1_;vķ v;ˆ;u-Ѵ bmˆ;vঞ]-ঞomv ruoˆb7;7 ;ˆb7;m1; o= r_o|o7‹m-lb1 |_;u-r‹ Ő $őŊbm7†1;7 v|-0bѴbŒ-ঞom -m7 u;]u;vvbom o= -|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1 rѴ-t†;ĺ "b]mbC1-m| 7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m| o=  $ v|u-|;]b;v blruoˆ;7 b|v |_;u-r;†ঞ1 o†|1ol;ĺ $_bv u;ˆb;‰ -77u;vv;v $Ľvr;uঞm;m1;-m7l-fouruo0Ѵ;lvņ1_-ѴѴ;m];v|o‰-u7b|v|u-mvѴ-ঞom|o a clinical reality.

  + )  ! "

|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbvķ-v;uķ_o|o7‹m-lb1|_;u-r‹ķ_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;uvķ!;v|;movbvķ$_;u-movঞ1

http://doc.rero.ch

Published in "Cardiovascular Therapeutics doi: 10.1111/1755-5922.12238, 2017"

which should be cited to refer to this work.

ˆ-roubŒ-ঞom o= rѴ-t†; 7;lomv|u-|;7 |;1_mb1-Ѵ v†11;vvĸ _o‰;ˆ;uķ v†0v;t†;m|v|†7b;v7;lomv|u-|;7|_;blrou|-m1;o=|_;|‹r;o=|_; Ѵ;vbomour-ঞ;m|=-1|ouvbm7;|;ulbmbm]|_;o†|1ol;o=Ѵ-v;uŊbm7†1;7

r;u1†|-m;o†v bm|;uˆ;mঞomĺ10 ;‰ |_;u-r;†ঞ1 -rruo-1_;v o= |_;

b7;mঞC1-ঞom -m7 |u;-|l;m| o= |_; ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ; rѴ-t†; -u; ;l;u]bm]ĺ lom]|_;lķ $ru;v;m|v-ruolbvbm]-Ѵ|;um-ঞˆ;=ou-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbv

treatment.11

 $_-v0;;mv_o‰m|o;u-7b1-|;bmY-ll-|ou‹1;ѴѴv-m7 ruolo|; rѴ-t†; v|-0bѴbŒ-ঞomķ ˆ-v1†Ѵ-u _;-Ѵbm]ķ -m7 7;0†Ѵhbm] o= |_;

rѴ-t†;ĺ12

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-mbom ŐO−2őķ _‹7uoŠ‹Ѵ u-7b1-Ѵv Ő•őķ -m7 _‹7uo];m r;uoŠb7; Ő22őĺ

!" ruo7†1ঞom bm7†1;7 - 1_-bm o= 1‹|o|oŠb1 ;ˆ;m| v†1_ -v Ѵovv o=

lb|o1_om7ub-Ѵ l;l0u-m; ro|;mঞ-Ѵķ Ѵbrb7 r;uoŠb7-ঞomķ -m7 ruo|;bm

7;m-|†u-ঞomo=1;ѴѴ†Ѵ-ul;l0u-m;v-m7ou]-m;ѴѴ;vĺ13

ƒՊ|Պ" $

$_; l-bm uoѴ; o=  $ bm |_; |u;-|l;m| o= -|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1 rѴ-t†; bv |o ];m;u-|; !" |_-| ‰bѴѴ bm|;u=;u; ‰b|_ 1;ѴѴ v†uˆbˆ-Ѵ -m7 1omv;Ŋ t†;m|u;lo7;Ѵbm]ruo1;vvĺubl-ubѴ‹ķ $Ŋl;7b-|;7!"];m;u-ঞom bm7†1bm] 1;ѴѴ 7;-|_ bv 7;r;m7;m| om |_; |‹r; o= 1;ѴѴķ r_o|ov;mvbঞŒŊ bm] -];m| -m7 b|v 1;ѴѴ†Ѵ-u Ѵo1-ѴbŒ-ঞomķ -m7 |_; Ѵb]_| 7ov;ĺ o‰;ˆ;uķ b= Ѵb]_| 7ov; -m7 |-u];| ঞvv†; -u; h;r| 1omv|-m|ķ  $Ŋl;7b-|;7 1;ѴѴ 7;-|_bv7;r;m7;m|om|_;|‹r;o=r_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;u-m7b|vv†01;ѴѴ†Ѵ-u Ѵo1-ѴbŒ-ঞomĺ m|;u;vঞm]Ѵ‹ķ - r-uঞ1†Ѵ-u r_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;u 1-m ];| Ѵo1-ѴŊ bŒ;7bmlou;|_-mom;ou]-m;ѴѴ;u;v†Ѵঞm]bm|_;1om1†uu;m|-1ঞˆ-ঞom

o=lou;|_-mom;1;ѴѴ7;-|_r-|_‰-‹vĺƐƓ

-|_‰-‹vo=|_bv $Ŋbm7†1;71;ѴѴ7;-|_-u;0ub;Y‹7bv1†vv;7_;u; Ő b]†u;Ƒőĺ$‰o 7bvঞm1| 1;ѴѴ 7;-|_ r-|_‰-‹v -[;u r_o|ov;mvbঞŒ-ঞom 1-m 0; u;1o]mbŒ;7ķ |_-| bvķ ruo]u-ll;7 Ő-ror|oঞ1 -m7 -†|or_-]‹ő r-|_‰-‹v-m7momruo]u-ll;7Őm;1uovbvőr-|_‰-‹vĺror|ovbvbvo[;m Ѵbh;m;7|o1;ѴѴv†b1b7;-m7bvbm7†1;70‹1_;lb1-Ѵvb]m-Ѵbm]=uol‰b|_bm -m7ņou=uolo†|vb7;o=|_;1;ѴѴĺ$_;ruo1;vvbv‰;ѴѴu;]†Ѵ-|;7-m7;m7v ‰b|_|_;1olrom;m|vo=|_;7;v|uo‹;71;ѴѴ0;bm]ru;r-u;7bmv†1_- ‰-‹ vo |_-| |_;‹ 1-m 0; 1omv†l;7 0‹ m;b]_0oubm] 1;ѴѴv -m7 l-1uoŊ r_-];vvo-v|oѴblb|bmY-ll-ঞomo=|_;ঞvv†;ĺ;1uovbvom|_;o|_;u _-m7bv-l†1_lou;1-|-v|uor_b1ruo1;vvbm‰_b1_|_;rѴ-vl-l;lŊ 0u-m;bvr†m1|†u;7ķ|_;1om|;m|vo=|_;1;ѴѴvrbѴѴo†|ķ-m7bmY-ll-ঞom Ѵbh;Ѵ‹=oѴѴo‰vĺ;m;u-ѴѴ‹ķ-ror|oঞ1r-|_‰-‹ru;7olbm-|;v-|Ѵo‰Ѵb]_| bm|;mvb|‹ķ‰_bѴ;m;1uoঞ1r-|_‰-‹bv-1ঞˆ-|;7-|_b]_;uѴb]_|7ov;vĺ $ l-‹ -Ѵvo vঞl†Ѵ-|; -†|or_-]‹ķ - v;Ѵ=Ŋ7;]u-7-ঞˆ; ruo1;vv |_-| 7;ѴbˆŊ

;uv1‹|orѴ-vlb11omvঞ|†;m|v|o|_;Ѵ‹vovol;ĺ157o†0Ѵ;Ŋl;l0u-m;

v|u†1|†u;1-ѴѴ;7-†|or_-]ovol;v†uuo†m7v|_;|-u];|u;]bomķ1u;-ঞm] -ˆ;vb1Ѵ; |_-| v;r-u-|;vb|v 1om|;m|v =uol |_; u;v| o=|_; 1‹|orѴ-vlĺ -l-];7 Ѵ‹vovol;v |_;m =†v; ‰b|_ -†|or_-]ovol;v |o _‹7uoѴ‹Œ;

7-l-];7ou]-m;ѴѴ;v-m7u;1‹1Ѵ;|_;l7†ubm]-†|or_-]‹ĺƐƓ

)_;m |_; r_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;u bv Ѵo1-|;7 bm |_; lb|o1_om7ub-ķ  $ Ѵ;-7v |o - 1_-bm o= ruo1;vv;v |_-| u;v†Ѵ| bm |_; u;Ѵ;-v; o= l;7b-|ouv v†1_-v1ѴŊƑruo|;bmv*-m7-m7ruolo|;v|_;u;Ѵ;-v;o=1‹|oŊ 1_uol;1|o|_;1‹|ovoѴĺ$_;u;Ѵ;-v;71‹|o1_uol;10bm7v|o-ror|ovbv -1ঞˆ-ঞm]=-1|ouƐŐ ŊƐő-m7bmbঞ-|;|_;-1ঞˆ-ঞomo=|_;1-vr-v;vĺ $_;v; -1ঞˆ; 1-vr-v;v 1Ѵ;-ˆ; m†l;uo†v ruo|;bmv v†1_ -v m†1Ѵ;-u

  & !   Ɛ Պ -0Ѵomvhb7b-]u-lo=|_; r_o|ov;mvb|bŒ;7vbm]Ѵ;|oŠ‹];mruo7†1|bomĹ uo†m7Ŋv|-|;Ő"Əőr_o|ov;mvb|bŒ;u Őr_o|ov;mvb|bŒ;uőloѴ;1†Ѵ;-0vou0vѴb]_| |_-|;Š1b|;vb||o|_;Ѵo‰ŊѴ‹bm]Ő"Ɛőou _b]_;uŊѴ‹bm];Š1b|;7v|-|;Ő"Ƒő‰_b1_ v†0v;t†;m|Ѵ‹u;-1_;v|_;;Š1b|;7|ubrѴ;| v|-|;Ő$Ɛőˆb-bm|;uv‹v|;l1uovvbm]ĺ "†0v;t†;m|Ѵ‹ķb|Ѵ;-7v|o|_;ruo7†1|bomo= u;-1|bˆ;oŠ‹];mvr;1b;vŐ!"ő|_-|oŠb7bŒ; 1;ѴѴ†Ѵ-u1olrom;m|v|obm7†1;-ror|ovbv

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Ѵ-lbmv ou roѴ‹Ő Ŋub0ov;ő roѴ‹l;u-v; Ő!ő Ѵ;-7bm] |o m†1Ѵ;-u 0u;-h7o‰mķ =u-]l;m|-ঞomķoubm_b0bঞomo= u;r-buu;v†Ѵঞm] bm-ror|ovbvŐ b]†u;Ƒőĺu-mˆbѴѴ; ;|-Ѵĺķ†vbm]ˆ;u|;rouCmķv_o‰;7 |_-| $bm7†1;v1;ѴѴ†Ѵ-uu;7bv|ub0†ঞomo=lb|o1_om7ub-Ѵ1‹|o1_uol; 1ķ-ror|ovbvŊbm7†1bm]=-1|ouѴ;ˆ;Ѵvķruo-ror|oঞ11ѴŊƑ=-lbѴ‹l;l0;u -Šķ-m7|_;v†0v;t†;m|-1ঞˆ-ঞomo=l†ѴঞrѴ;1-vr-v;v7†ubm] $Ŋ bm7†1;7vloo|_l†v1Ѵ;1;ѴѴ-ror|ovbvĺ16bh;‰bv;ķ_;m;|-Ѵĺ13†vbm] l†ubm;l-1uor_-];v-m7_†l-mv-r_;mo†vˆ;bm"vv_o‰;7|_-| lo|;Š-CmѴ†|;ঞ†lbvl-bmѴ‹Ѵo1-ѴbŒ;7‰b|_bm|_;Ѵ‹vovol;v-m7;m7oŊ rѴ-vlb1u;ঞ1†Ѵ†lĸ_o‰;ˆ;uķb|-ѴvoѴo1-ѴbŒ;vķ|o-Ѵ;vv;u;Š|;m|ķ‰b|_bm |_;lb|o1_om7ub-ĺ"†0v;t†;m| $u;v†Ѵ|vbm|_;Ѵovvo=lb|o1_om7ub-Ѵ l;l0u-m;ro|;mঞ-Ѵķlb|o1_om7ub-Ѵu;Ѵ;-v;o=1‹|o1_uol;1ķ-m7-1ঞŊ ˆ-ঞom o= 1-vr-v;v |_-| |ub]];u u;7oŠŊv;mvbঞˆ; -ror|ovbv o=ˆ-v1†Ѵ-u 1;ѴѴv-m7l-1uor_-];vĺ

)_;m - r_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;u bv Ѵo1-ѴbŒ;7 bm Ѵ‹vovol;vķ  $ Ѵ;-7v |o u;Ѵ;-v;o=ruo|;oѴ‹ঞ1;mŒ‹l;v‰_b1_1-m1-†v;bm7†1ঞomo=-ror|oŊ vbv0‹1Ѵ;-ˆbm]ruo-ror|oঞ1=-1|ou |o=oul|u†m1-|;7 Ő| ő ‰_b1_|_;m|u-mvѴo1-|;v|o|_;lb|o1_om7ub-|oruolo|;|_;oѴb]olŊ ;ubŒ-ঞomo=*-m7Ő b]†u;Ƒőĺ $bm7†1;v-†|or_-]‹|_uo†]_ lo7bC1-ঞomv o= ;vv;mঞ-Ѵ ];m;v bm |_; r-|_‰-‹ bm1Ѵ†7bm] l$! Ől-ll-Ѵb-m |-u];| o= u-r-l‹1bmő ou  Ő1Ŋ†m Ŋ|;ulbm-Ѵ hbm-v;vőĺ ;r;m7bm]om|_;v;ˆ;ub|‹o=oŠb7-ঞˆ;bmf†u‹ķ $Ŋbm7†1;7-†|or_-]‹ l-‹|_†v;b|_;u-1|bm-1‹|oruo|;1ঞˆ;l-mm;uou1-mbm7†1;1;ѴѴ7;-|_ 0‹7-l-]bm]Ѵ‹vovol;v-m7;m7ovol;vĺ mo|_;u;Š-lrѴ;ķv_o‰mbm b]†u;Ƒķbv|_;r_o|o7‹m-lb1-1ঞˆ-Ŋ ঞomo=|_;ľ1;ѴѴŊ7;-|_Ŋbm7†1bm]1olrѴ;Š;vĿ-||_;rѴ-vl-l;l0u-m; ‰_b1_bm7†1;v1-vr-v;ŊѶķ-m7bm|†um|_;u;Ѵ;-v;o=1-vr-v;Ŋƒķ‰_b1_ 1-mCm-ѴѴ‹-ѴvoѴ;-7|obm7†1ঞomo=-ror|ovbvˆb-bm|;u-1ঞom‰b|_|_; lb|o1_om7ub-ĺŠ-lrѴ;vo=v†1_1;ѴѴŊv†u=-1;ŊѴo1-ѴbŒ;77;-|_u;1;r|ouv -u;|_;ruo|;bmvo=|_;|†loum;1uovbv=-1|ouu;1;r|ouv-m7 -vĺ17"†1_ lo7bC1-ঞombmrѴ-vl-l;l0u-m;1-mѴ;-7|o-Ѵ|;u-ঞomvbml;l0u-m; =†m1ঞomvv†1_-vl;|-0oѴbvl-m71;ѴѴvb]m-Ѵbm]ķu;v†Ѵঞm]†Ѵঞl-|;Ѵ‹bm 1;ѴѴ7;-|_ĺ $1-m-Ѵvoru;7olbm-m|Ѵ‹bm7†1;-†|or_-]‹oum;1uovbv ‰_;m|_;-ror|oঞ1r-|_‰-‹bv7‹v=†m1ঞom-Ѵĺ _o|o7‹m-lb1|_;u-r‹Ŋbm7†1;77-l-];|o|_;;m7orѴ-vlb1u;ঞ1Ŋ †Ѵ†l1-mvঞl†Ѵ-|;|_;u;Ѵ;-v;o=-++‰_b1_bm|†um1-m1-†v;-ror|oŊ vbvˆb-bm|;u-1ঞom‰b|_|_;lb|o1_om7ub-ĺ-v|Ѵ‹ķ $1o†Ѵ7-Ѵvobm7†1; - ruo|;1ঞˆ; bmm-|; bll†m; u;vromv; 0‹ vঞl†Ѵ-ঞm] |_; u;Ѵ;-v; o= 1‹|ohbm;v-m7]uo‰|_=-1|ouv|_-|1om|ub0†|;|o|_;bm1u;-v;7†r|-h; o= $ŊhbѴѴ;71;ѴѴv0‹7;m7ubঞ11;ѴѴvķ-11olr-mb;70‹|_;bur_;mo|‹rb1 l-|†u-ঞomķ;m-0Ѵbm]|_;bubm|;u-1ঞom‰b|_ $Ŋ|u;-|;71;ѴѴv-v‰;ѴѴ-v v†0v;t†;m|$Ŋ1;ѴѴu;vromv;vĺ18

ƓՊ|Պ $ !$!"!""

m|_;Ѵ-v|7;1-7;ķrour_‹ubmvķ1_Ѵoubm;vķou7‹;Ŋ0-v;7r_o|ov;mvbঞŒŊ ;uv‰;u;|;v|;7=ou|_;|u;-|l;m|o=-|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1rѴ-t†;vŐ$-0Ѵ;Ɛőĺ ov| o= |_; rour_‹ubmŊ0-v;7 r_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;uv _-ˆ; 7;lomv|u-|;7 v;Ѵ;1ঞˆ; -11†l†Ѵ-ঞom ‰b|_bm -|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1 rѴ-t†;vĺ m; o= |_; o[;mŊ]bˆ;m;ŠrѴ-m-ঞomvbv|_-||_;bmf;1|;7rour_‹ubmvu-rb7Ѵ‹-vvoŊ 1b-|;|_;lv;Ѵˆ;v‰b|_0Ѵoo7ruo|;bmvķl-bmѴ‹Ѵo‰Ŋ7;mvb|‹Ѵbroruo|;bmĺ ѴѴbvom;|-ѴĺƐƖ_{o0v;uˆ;7;m_-m1;7†r|-h;v;Ѵ;1ঞˆb|‹o=0;mŒorour_‹Ŋ} ubm7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;bm|_;-|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1rѴ-t†;o=u-00b|v0‹ru;-vvo1b-|Ŋ bm]0;mŒorour_‹ubm7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;‰b|_Ѵo‰Ŋ7;mvb|‹Ѵbroruo|;bmĺ mƐƖѶƒķ"r;-uv;|-Ѵĺ207;lomv|u-|;7v;Ѵ;1ঞˆ;†r|-h;o=rour_‹Ŋ ubmlbŠ|†u;ķ=oul-ѴѴ‹m-l;7-v_;l-|orour_‹ubm7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;bm-|_;uoŊ l-|o†vrѴ-t†;vo=Erythrocebusr-|-vlomh;‹ķ‰_bѴ;moY†ou;v1;m1; 1o†Ѵ70;7;lomv|u-|;7bm-ouঞ1v;]l;m|v=u;;o=rѴ-t†;ĺ$_bvv;Ѵ;1Ŋ ঞˆ;-11†l†Ѵ-ঞomo=_;l-|orour_‹ubm7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;_-v0;;m1omCul;7   & !   Ƒ Պ ˆ;uˆb;‰o=|_;1;ѴѴ7;-|_ r-|_‰-‹v-vvo1b-|;7‰b|_ $Ĺ $Ŋ bm7†1;71;ѴѴ7;-|_o11†uv0‹7b==;u;m| r-|_‰-‹vĺŐƐőb|o1_om7ub-Ѵr-|_‰-‹ u;Ѵ;-v;o=1‹|o1_uol;1-m7-1|bˆ-|bom o=1-vr-v;vĺŐƑő1|bˆ-|bomo=7;-|_ u;1;r|ouvŐ "ķ$ ő-1|bˆ-|;v1-vr-v;ŊѶĺ Őƒőm7orѴ-vlb1u;|b1†Ѵ†lr-|_‰-‹u;Ѵ;-v; o=-++ĺŐƓő‹vovol-Ѵr-|_‰-‹=oul-|bom o=-†|or_-]ovol;ķbm_b0b|bomo=l$! 1olrѴ;Šķl-‹ruolo|;oubm_b0b||_; ruo1;vvo=-ror|ovbvĺm-77b|bomķ $ l-‹Ѵ;-7|om;1uovbvb=|_;Ѵb]_|7ov;bv v†==b1b;m|Ѵ‹_b]_

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$ƐՊ "|†7b;v7;lomv|u-ঞm]|_;;@;1|o= $=ou|_;|u;-|l;m|-m7ru; ˆ;mঞomo=-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbv _o|ov;mvbঞŒ;u 0vourঞom spectrum rruoˆ-Ѵ ov;-m7-mbl-Ѵlo7;Ѵv used Plaque o1-ѴbŒ-ঞom ঞl;ņ7u†]Ѵb]_| bm|;uˆ-Ѵ |_;uov1Ѵ;uovbvru;ˆ;mঞomņ treatment

-fouCm7bm]v

!;=;u;m1;v

;l-|orour_‹ubm7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;ķ _o|o=ubmķrouCl;uvo7b†l

630 nm

Canada and oˆ;uƐƑƏ 1o†m|ub;v vbm1;ƐƖƖƒ ƑĺƔl]ņh]ķbĺˆĺouѴo1-Ѵ 7;Ѵbˆ;u‹ĸu-00b|vķ +†1-|-mlbmbv‰bm;ķ v|;m|;7_†l-m-u|;u‹

ƐŊ

ƓѶ_ķrѴ-t†;Ĺ _{normal artery u-ঞoo=ƒĹƐ} Š|;um-Ѵou;m7oˆ-v1†Ѵ-u $ ƑƕŊ ƐƑƏņ1l 2ķƐѶŊ lo=oѴѴo‰Ŋ †rķ ƓŊ ‰;;hŊ ѵŊ lo=oѴѴo‰Ŋ †r

11†l†Ѵ-ঞombmrѴ-t†;ķ  $ru;ˆ;m|;7bmঞl-Ѵ _‹r;urѴ-vb-†r|o Ɛѵ‰;;hvķmo-7ˆ;uv; ;@;1|-m7mobmŊ

v|;m| u;v|;movbvbm_†l-mv ƑƏŊƑƔķѵƏ ƔŊ lbmoѴ;ˆ†Ѵbmb1-1b7ķ;ˆ†Ѵ-m 630 nm &mb|;7 "|-|;v vbm1;ƐƖƖƖ ѵƏŊ ƐƑƏl]ņh]ķbĺˆĺĸ u-00b|vķrb]v ƐĺƔŊ ƓѶ_ķrѴ-t†;Ĺ

normal artery u-ঞoo=Ɩ|o 12:1 Š|;um-Ѵou;m7oˆ-v1†Ѵ-u $ķ ƒƏŊ

ƐƔƏņ1l

2ķƑѶŊ

7-‹=oѴѴo‰Ŋ

†r

!;7†1;v-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbv ruo]u;vvbom-m7 l-1uor_-];1om|;m|ķ ru;ˆ;m|vv|;m|Ŋ

bm7†1;7 bmঞl-Ѵ_‹r;urѴ-vb-ƒƖŊƓƒ _|_-Ѵo1‹-mbm;7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;ķ _o|ov;mv 670 nm !†vvb-vbm1; 2001 ƑĺƔŊ Ɣl]ņh]ķbĺˆĺĸu-| 1-uoঞ7-u|;u‹ ƑƏŊ ƒƏlbm|o ƑƓ_ Š|;um-Ѵ $ķƔƏŊ ƐƏƏņ1l 2ķѵŊ lo =oѴѴo‰Ŋ †r u;ˆ;m|;7m;obmঞl-Ѵ _‹r;urѴ-vb-†r|oѵlo ƓƖķƔƏķƔƑķƔƒ $-Ѵ-rouCmvo7b†lķlomoŊ Ŋ -vr-u|‹Ѵ1_Ѵoubm;ѵķ;ѵ ѵѵƓml -r-mvbm1; ƑƏƏƓ ƑŊ Ɣl]ņh]ķbĺˆĺĸu-00b|v 30 min to 6 h Š|;um-Ѵou;m7oˆ-v1†Ѵ-u $ķ ƒƏŊ ƔƏņ1l 2ķƐƓŊ 7-‹Ŋ ƑƔŊ ‰;;h =oѴѴo‰Ŋ †r

u;ˆ;m|;7m;obmঞl-Ѵ _‹r;urѴ-vb-ķ;-uѴ‹ 7;v|u†1ঞomo=;Ѵ-vঞ1 C0;u

ƒƓķƒƔķƔƔ

(;u|;rouCmķ0;mŒorour_‹ubm 7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;lomo-1b7ubm]ķ  Ŋ



ѵƖƑml

&mb|;7 "|-|;v-m7 oˆ;uƕƏ 1o†m|ub;v vbm1;ƑƏƏƐ Ƒl]ņh]ķbĺˆĺķouƑƔl]ņlѴ Ѵo1-Ѵr;u=†vbomĸ lbmbv‰bm;ķu-|v ƐƔlbm|oƐ_ķ rѴ-t†;Ĺmoul-Ѵ -u|;u‹u-ঞoo= 1.7 to 3.5:

Š|;um-Ѵ $ķƐƏƏņ1l 2ķ ƑƐŊ 7-‹Ŋ ƑƔŊ ‰;;h=oѴѴo‰Ŋ †r u;ˆ;m|;7m;obmঞl-Ѵ _‹r;urѴ-vb-ƑƖķƔƓ o|;Š-CmѴ†|;ঞ†lķ†Ŋ $;Šķ †ķm|ubm ƕƐƏŊ ƕѵƏml m_oѴ7 ƐĺƑ|oƐĺƑl]ņh]ķbĺˆĺou Ѵo1-Ѵr;u=†vbomĸu-00b|v ƐƔlbm|oƔ_ķ rѴ-t†;Ĺmoul-Ѵ -u|;u‹u-ঞoo= Ɛѵ|oƒƓĹƐ m7oˆ-v1†Ѵ-u $ƐѶƏņ1lķ ƑŊ

‰;;h=oѴѴo‰Ŋ

†r

;1u;-v;bml-1uor_-]; and atheroma burden

ƐƑķƒƕķƒѶķƖƐ

bm u-00b| -|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbv lo7;Ѵ ‰_;u; _;l-|orour_‹ubm 7;ubˆ-ঞˆ; Y†ou;v1;m1;‰-vo0v;uˆ;7|_uo†]_o†||_;|_b1hm;vvo=|_;rѴ-t†;ķ -m7 b|v bm|;mvb|‹ =oѴѴo‰;7 - 1om1;m|u-ঞom ]u-7b;m| =uol |_; Ѵ†lbŊ

m-Ѵ v†u=-1; |o‰-u7 -ouঞ1 ‰-ѴѴĺƑƐķƑƑ ;l-|orour_‹ubm 7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;Ŋ

-vvo1b-|;7  $ bm_b0b|v vloo|_ l†v1Ѵ; 1;ѴѴ ]uo‰|_ -m7 7;1u;-v;v bmঞl-ņl;7b-u-ঞoo=u-00b|-|_;uol-ƕ7-‹vŐƏĺƒƒőouƐƓ7-‹vŐƏĺƕƑő

rov|Ŋ $ -v 1olr-u;7 ‰b|_ 1om|uoѴv ŐƑĺƑƕőĺ22 _o|o=ubmķ 7;ubˆ;7

=uol _;l-|orour_‹ubm 7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;ķ ;Š_b0b|;7 vblbѴ-u |u;m7v bm ru;Ŋ

clinicalƑƒŊƑѵ_{ v|†7b;vĸ _o‰;ˆ;uķ 1†|-m;o†v r_o|ov;mvbঞˆb|‹ bm _†l-m}

v†0f;1|vƑƕķƑѶ-m7bm-7;t†-|;r;m;|u-ঞomo=|_;ѵƒƏŊmlѴb]_||_uo†]_

|_; ;m7oѴ†lbm-Ѵ 0Ѵoo7 -u; l-fou 7u-‰0-1hvĺ$_;u;=ou;ķ o|_;u r_oŊ |ov;mvbঞŒ;uvm-l;Ѵ‹ˆ;u|;rouCmķr_|_-Ѵo1‹-mbm;7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;vķm-l;Ѵ‹ 1orr;u r_|_-Ѵo1‹-mbm; |;|u-v†Ѵ=om-|;ķ 1_Ѵouo-Ѵ†lbm†lŊv†Ѵ=om-|;7 r_|_-Ѵo1‹-mbm; -m7 -Ѵ†lbm†lŊ7bv†Ѵ=om-|;7 r_|_-Ѵo1‹-mbm;ķ -m7 |-Ѵ-rouCm vo7b†l ‰;u; 7;ˆ;Ѵor;7 -m7 |;v|;7 =ou -|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbvņ u;v|;movbvĺ

(;u|;rouCmķ-Ѵvou;=;uu;7|o-v0;mŒorour_‹ubm7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;lomoŊ -1b7ubm]Ő Ŋőķbv-ro|;m|ķv;1om7Ŋ];m;u-ঞomr_o|ov;mvbঞŒ;u 7;ubˆ;7 =uol _;l-|orour_‹ubmĺ (;u|;rouCm 0bm7v ‰b|_ ;m7o];mo†v Ѵo‰Ŋ7;mvb|‹Ѵbroruo|;bmv-m7bm7†1;v-ror|ovbv†romѴb]_|-1ঞˆ-ঞom 0‹ bm1u;-vbm] lb|o1_om7ub-Ѵ 1‹|o1_uol; 1 -m7 -ror|ovbvŊbm7†1bm]

=-1|ouѴ;ˆ;Ѵvĺ16 Ŋ‰-v=o†m7|o0;|-h;m†r0‹-|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1

rѴ-t†; o= )-|-m-0; _;ub|-0Ѵ; _‹r;uѴbrb7;lb1 u-00b|vķ _†l-mvķ -m7

lbmbv‰bm;ĺƐƖķƑƖ!-ঞovo= Ŋu;1oˆ;u;7bm|_;-|_;uol-|o†vঞvŊ

v†;7bˆb7;70‹|_-|u;1oˆ;u;7bm|_;moul-Ѵ-u|;ub-Ѵঞvv†;‰;u;=o†m7

to be 1.7:1 to 3.5:1.ƐƖ

_|_-Ѵo1‹-mbm; 7;ubˆ-ঞˆ;v u;ru;v;m| - 1Ѵ-vv o= |;|u--Œ-bvobm7oѴ; rb]l;m|v-m7‰;u;bmbঞ-ѴѴ‹ruorov;7=ou $o=1-m1;uĺv|†7‹1omŊ

7†1|;70‹Ѵ7-u;|-Ѵĺ30ruoˆ;7ru;=;u;mঞ-Ѵ†r|-h;o=-‰-|;uŊvoѴ†0Ѵ;

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1. "|u-|;]‹ 1_-m];v o= h;‹ 1olr-mb;v 7†ubm] |_; 1o†uv; o= |_;bu 1Ѵbmb1-Ѵ 7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m| ;b|_;u 7†; |o ;b|_;u ŐƐő |_; v†11;vv o= 7u†]Ŋu;Ѵ;-vbm] v|;m|v bm |_; 1-u7boˆ-v1†Ѵ-u C;Ѵ7 ‰_;m |_; r_-uŊ l-1;†ঞ1-Ѵ 1olr-mb;v -1ঞˆ; bm |_; 7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m| o=  $ ‰;u; 1om7†1ঞm]ķ ou ‰;u; -0o†| |o Ѵ-†m1_ķ |_;bu r_-v;  -m7  1Ѵbmb1-Ѵ |ub-Ѵvķ ou ŐƑő |_; 7;1bvbom o= r_-ul- 1olr-mb;v |o =o1†vķ =ou om; u;-vom ou |_; o|_;uķ om lov| o= |_; u;vo†u1;v om |_; 7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m|o=o|_;uѴ;-7loѴ;1†Ѵ;vĸ=oubmv|-m1;ķ_-ul-1‹1Ѵb1v 7;1b7;7 |o =o1†v om |_; 7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m| o= *1‹|ubm =ou |u;-ঞm] 0u-bm l;|-v|-v;v Őĺ )oo70†umķ r;uvom-Ѵ 1oll†mb1-ঞomőķ ‰_b1_ |†um;7 o†| |o 0; ˆ;u‹ blrou|-m| 7u-bmv o= u;vo†u1;vĺ  u;7;CŊ mbঞomķ 7†ubm] |_; 1o†uv; o= |_; 7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m|v o=  $ bm 1-uŊ 7boѴo]‹ķ o= b|v l;7b1-Ѵ -rrѴb1-ঞomv bv u;t†bu;7 -v |_bv -rruo-1_ v;;lv|o0;lou;-rruorub-|;=ourѴ-t†;v|-0bѴbŒ-ঞomķ-vorrov;7

|o rѴ-t†; -0Ѵ-ঞom ou ru;ˆ;mঞom o= u;v|;movbvĺƐƐķƐƏƏ

2. $_;bm1u;-vbm]blrou|-m1;o=|_;0†u7;m];m;u-|;70‹|_;u;]†Ѵ-Ŋ ঞom ‰_b1_ķ bm r-uঞ1†Ѵ-u bm |_; &mb|;7 "|-|;vķ _-v 0;1ol; t†b|; 1olrѴ;Š =ou |_;u-rb;v 0-v;7 om 0o|_ l;7|;1_ -m7 r_-ul- |;1_Ŋ moѴo]b;vĺ $_bv ‰-v |_; 1-v; †mঞѴ |_; &" Ľv -11;r|-m1; o= (bv†7‹m; =ou |_;  $ o= ‰;| -];Ŋu;Ѵ-|;7 l-1†Ѵ-u 7;];m;u-ঞom Ő! őķ ‰_b1_ ‰-v - u;-Ѵ ]-l; 1_-m];u bm or_|_-ѴloѴo]‹ķ ‰b|_ lbѴѴbomvo=r-ঞ;m|v|_-|_-ˆ;mo‰_-7|_bvvb]_|Ŋv-ˆbm]|_;u-r‹ĺ m-77bঞomķ|_;|;1_moѴo]‹1_-ѴѴ;m];vbmˆoѴˆ;v|_;=oѴѴo‰bm]ĹŐƐőbm1bŊ 7;m1;o=1†|-m;o†vr_o|o|oŠb1u;-1ঞomvo0v;uˆ;77†ubm]|_;=;‰1Ѵbmb1-Ѵ v|†7b;v-77u;vvbm] $bm1-u7boѴo]‹ƑѶķƔƖ_{ĸŐƑőѴ-1ho=|u;-|l;m|v;Ѵ;1ঞˆb|‹} $      Ƒ Պ ѴѴ†v|u-ঞomo=|_;l-foubvv†;v|_-|7blbmbv_;7|_; bm|;u;v|o=r_o|o7‹m-lb1|_;u-r‹Ő $ő=ou-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbv-m7 l-foublruoˆ;l;m|voˆ;uঞl; vv†;v|_-|7blbmbv_;7|_; bm|;u;v|bm $o=-|_;uol--foublruoˆ;l;m|vbm $ procedure Ŏ bL1†Ѵঞ;vbmu;]†Ѵ-|ou‹ -rruoˆ-Ѵ Ŏ †|-m;o†vr_o|o|oŠb1 u;-1ঞomv=oѴѴo‰bm] $ ruo1;7†u; Ŏ omv;Ѵ;1ঞˆ;m-|†u;o="v Ŏ om] -m7bѴѴ†lbm-ঞomঞl; Ŏ "v_-ˆbm]Ѵo‰-0vourঞom ‰-ˆ;Ѵ;m]|_1-mmo|0; -1ঞˆ-|;7bm|_;ru;v;m1;o= blood Ŏ †Ѵh‹-m7Ѵ;vvro‰;u=†ѴѴb]_| 7;Ѵbˆ;u‹7;ˆb1;v Ŏ mˆ-vbˆ;ruo1;7†u;=ou bm|u-ˆ-v1†Ѵ-ubѴѴ†lbm-ঞom Ŏ -rruoˆ;7 $ruo|o1oѴ Ő|u;-|l;m|o=! †vbm] (bv†7‹m;bv-rruoˆ;7ő Ŏ bmou-m7v;Ѵ=ŊѴblbঞm] 1†|-m;o†vr_o|o|oŠb1b|‹ Ŏ ;ˆ;Ѵorl;m|o=|-u];|;7"v ‰b|__b]_vr;1bC1b|‹ Ŏ "_ou| †vbm]Ѵo1-Ѵ7;Ѵbˆ;u‹ -rruo-1_ Ŏ ;‰Ŋ];m;u-ঞom"v_-ˆ; Ѵom]-0vourঞom‰-ˆ;Ѵ;m]|_ -m71-m0;-1ঞˆ-|;7bm|_; ru;v;m1;o=0Ѵoo7 Ŏ ;ˆ;Ѵorl;m|o=1olr-1|-m7 ro‰;u=†ѴѴ-v;uv-m7Ѵb]_| 7bv|ub0†|;uv

http://doc.rero.ch

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1Ѵbmb1-Ѵv;মm]vĺƕƓ$_;7;ˆ;Ѵorl;m|o=m;‰ľr;u=†vbom0-ѴѴoom1-|_;Ŋ

|;uvĿ-ѴѴo‰v=ou;@;1ঞˆ;Ѵo1-Ѵ7u†]7;Ѵbˆ;u‹oˆ;uv_ou|r;ubo7vo=ঞl; †vbm] ˆ;u‹ _b]_ 7u†] 1om1;m|u-ঞomv =oѴѴo‰;7 0‹ Ѵo1-Ѵ Ѵb]_| 7;Ѵbˆ;u‹ĺ †ubm]v†1_ $bm|;uˆ;mঞomvķ|_;m;‰1-|_;|;uvr;ulb|0Ѵoo7|oYo‰ |_uo†]_-v;r-u-|;1_-mm;Ѵbm|_;7o†0Ѵ;Ŋ0-ѴѴoom1omv|u†1|ĺ$_;Ѵo1-Ѵ 7;Ѵbˆ;u‹o=|_;7u†]-m7|_;Ѵb]_|‰b|_|_;v;m;‰1-|_;|;uv;Ѵblbm-|;v ;vv;mঞ-ѴѴ‹-ѴѴruo0Ѵ;lvv†ll-ubŒ;7-0oˆ;|_-|‰;u;7†;|o|_;bmv†LŊ 1b;m|7u†]ņѴb]_|v;Ѵ;1ঞˆb|‹ĺo‰;ˆ;uķvol;†mu;voѴˆ;7bvv†;vvঞѴѴrov; -t†;vঞoml-uh=ou1Ѵbmb1-Ѵ†v;o= $bm1Ѵ†7bm]|uo†0Ѵ;vbmorঞlbŒ-Ŋ ঞomo=l†ѴঞrѴ; $1olrom;m|vŐb;ķ7u†]-m7Ѵb]_|7ov;ķ őķru;7b1Ŋ ঞom o= |_;  $ u;vromv;ķ bmv†L1b;m| 1Ѵbmb1-Ѵ 7-|-ķ Ѵ-1h o= =oѴѴo‰Ŋ†r ruo|o1oѴķ -m7 Cm-m1b-Ѵ 1omv|u-bm|v bm v;মm] †r  $ Ѵ-0ou-|ou‹ĺ | bv rovvb0Ѵ;|_-| $bm1ol0bm-ঞom‰b|_o|_;u=oulvo=|u;-|l;m|l-‹ r;ulb|Ѵo‰7ov;vo=|_;1om1olb|-m||_;u-rb;vbm|_;_or;o=7;1u;-vŊ bm]|_;buvb7;;@;1|vĺmv†lķbm‰ouu‹bm]-0o†|1-u7boˆ-v1†Ѵ-u;ˆ;m|v v†0v;t†;m| |o |_; v|;mঞm] o= |_; ľ1†Ѵrub|Ŀ Ѵ;vbomķ bm|u-1ouom-u‹  $ |u;-|l;m| o= |_; bmY-l;7 momv|;moঞ1 -|_;uol-v |_-| lb]_| 0; |_; 1-†v;o=v†1_v;1om7-u‹;ˆ;m|v1o†Ѵ7rovvb0Ѵ‹0;-|_;u-r‹o=1_ob1;ķ bmr-uঞ1†Ѵ-ub=v†1_Ѵ;vbomv‰o†Ѵ7u;ru;v;m|t†b|;Ѵom]u;]bomvo=ľˆ†ѴŊ m;u-0Ѵ;ĿrѴ-t†;ĺ

ƐƓՊ|Պ!"$("

;u=oulbm] 0-ѴѴoom -m]borѴ-v|‹ -m7 v|;m| 7;rѴo‹l;m| bv 1;u|-bmѴ‹ |_; rubl; 1_ob1; ‰_bѴ; 7;-Ѵbm] ‰b|_ r-ঞ;m| _-ˆbm] - v;ˆ;u; 0Ѵo1hŊ -];|_-|1o†Ѵ7u;v†Ѵ|bml‹o1-u7b-Ѵbm=-u1ঞomouv†77;m7;-|_b=mo| ameliorated.

$‰o ro|;mঞ-Ѵ -rrѴb1-ঞomv o= |_;  $ 1-m 0; ;mˆbvbom;7ĺ buv| bv |_;|u;-|l;m|o=v;1om7-u‹ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;rѴ-t†;vĺ[;uv|;mঞm]ķ-rruoŠŊ bl-|;Ѵ‹ ƐƓѷ o= r-ঞ;m|v ;Šr;ub;m1; rѴ-t†; u†r|†u;v |_-| -u; 1omvb7Ŋ

;u;7 mom1†Ѵrub| -| |_; ঞl; o= |_; bmbঞ-Ѵ ruo1;7†u;ĺ101 $_; ruo]u;vŊ

vbomo=†m|u;-|;7ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;1ouom-u‹rѴ-t†;vu;l-bmvl-fou0†u7;mvĺ !;1;m|Ѵ‹ķ |_; 7;|;1ঞom o= ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ; rѴ-t†; _-v ]u;-|Ѵ‹ blruoˆ;7 -m7ru;ˆ;mঞˆ;Ѵo1-Ѵbm|;uˆ;mঞom‰bѴѴ|_;m0;u;t†bu;7ĺoru;ˆ;mঞˆ; |u;-|l;m|;Šbv|v-||_;lol;m|ĺv $1o†Ѵ7ruoˆoh;rѴ-t†;v|-0bѴbŊ Œ-ঞomķ|_;v;ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;rѴ-t†;vlb]_|0;-u;-vom-0Ѵ;|-u];|=ou $ĺ  $ 1-m 0; bm|;]u-|;7 bm|o 1omˆ;mঞom-Ѵ  ruo1;7†u;v -m7 bv 0;v| v†b|;7|ov|-0bѴbŒ;ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;rѴ-t†;vĺm-77bঞomķv‹v|;lb1r_o|ov;mŊ vbঞŒ;u -7lbmbv|u-ঞom -ѴѴo‰v |u;-ঞm] l†ѴঞrѴ; ˆ;vv;Ѵ v;]l;m|v ‰b|_bm -vbm]Ѵ;bm|;uˆ;mঞomĺ$_;v;1om7-rrѴb1-ঞomo= $‰o†Ѵ70;=ou|_; ru;ˆ;mঞom o= ľm;o-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbvĺĿ ;o-|_;uov1Ѵ;uovbv bv ;l;u]bm] -v -m;‰1ouom-u‹Ŋv|;m|Ŋ-vvo1b-|;7ruo0Ѵ;l‰b|_|_;†v;o=m;‰v;1om7Ŋ ];m;u-ঞom 7u†]Ŋ;Ѵ†ঞm] v|;m|v |_-| _;Ѵr |o v;-Ѵ |_; -|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1 Ѵ;vbomv 0†| -Ѵvo u;v†Ѵ| bm 7;Ѵ-‹;7 u;;m7o|_;Ѵb-ѴbŒ-ঞomķ u;1u†b|l;m| o= l-1uor_-];vķ-m7ruoѴb=;u-ঞomo=|_;m;obmঞl-‰b|_bm|_;v|;m|;7v;]Ŋ ment.102_{$_;1-r-0bѴb|‹o= $|oruoˆoh;rѴ-t†;v|-0bѴbŒ-ঞom1o†Ѵ70;} †ঞѴbŒ;7|oru;ˆ;m|u†r|†u;o=v†1_m;o-|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1Ѵ;vbomvĺѴ|_o†]_ |_;-7ˆ;m|o=v;1om7Ŋ];m;u-ঞom "v†0v|-mঞ-ѴѴ‹u;7†1;7|_;ubvh=ou bmŊv|;m|u;v|;movbvķm;b|_;uCuv|Ŋmouv;1om7Ŋ];m;u-ঞom "bvu;vbv|-m| |ou;v|;movbvĺol0bmbm] $bll;7b-|;Ѵ‹-[;ur;u1†|-m;o†v1ouom-u‹ bm|;uˆ;mঞoml-‹ru;ˆ;m||_;u;1†uu;m1;o=v|;m|Ŋbm7†1;7u;v|;movbvĺ

m 1om1Ѵ†vbomķ  $‰o†Ѵ7 =-ˆou 0o|_ b7;mঞC1-ঞom -m7 v|-0bѴbŒ-Ŋ ঞomņu;]u;vvbomo=ˆ†Ѵm;u-0Ѵ;rѴ-t†;bm0o|_|‹r;vo=Ѵ;vbomvŐ7;moˆo -m7m;o-|_;uo];mb1őĺ $" mbl-Ѵ;Šr;ubl;m|-Ѵruo|o1oѴ7;-Ѵbm]‰b|_;‰,;-Ѵ-m7u-00b|v‰-v -rruoˆ;70‹|_;-m|om-Ѵ(;|;ubm-u‹L1;ķ ub0o†u]ķ-m7|_;"‰bvv ;7;u-Ѵ(;|;ubm-u‹L1;ķ"‰b|Œ;uѴ-m7Ő !ƑƏƐƔņƔѶőĺ &$!$!&$ ķ,ķ(ķ)ķ"ķ-m71om|ub0†|;7|o7;vb]mķ7u-[bm]ķ-m7 u;ˆbvbomo=-uঞ1Ѵ;ĺѴѴ-†|_ouv-rruoˆ;7|_;Cm-Ѵˆ;uvbomo=l-m†v1ubr| =our†0Ѵb1-ঞom-m7-]u;;|o0;-11o†m|-0Ѵ;=ou-ѴѴ-vr;1|vo=|_;‰ouhĺ ) $"

); |_-mh uo=ĺ -ˆb7 ;vv;Ѵ -m7 uĺ -|_u‹m )oo70†um =ou _;ѴrŊ =†Ѵ7bv1†vvbomvĺ);-u;]u-|;=†Ѵ|o uĺou0;u|-m];=uol"1_ooѴo= _-ul-1;†ঞ1-Ѵ"1b;m1;vķ&mbˆ;uvb|‹o=;m;ˆ-ķ"‰b|Œ;uѴ-m7ķ=ouruoŊ ˆb7bm]vr;1bC1bmr†|vbm|o|_;ruof;1|ĺ

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 v‹v|;l-ঞ1 u;ˆb;‰ ‰-v r;u=oul;7 |o -77u;vv |_; -rrѴb1-0bѴb|‹ o=  $ =ou |_; |u;-|l;m| o= -|_;uov1Ѵ;uoঞ1 rѴ-t†;vĺ ";-u1_;v ‰;u; 1om7†1|;7 bm |_; †0;7ņ;7Ѵbm;ķ oo]Ѵ; "1_oѴ-uķ -m7 );0 o= "1b;m1;†vbm]1ol0bm-ঞomvo=|_;=oѴѴo‰bm]h;‹‰ou7vĹ $ķbl-]bm]ķ