An annotated bibliography on permeability and waterproofing of concrete

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ground grout I

roof * sand sheathing

.

specification ; stress

.

vermiculite wallboard

.

weathering window wire wood >

AB BMmOXAI!H) BIBLIOGIUEEIY OE S-ILITY AND

I

p ' ~ 2 6

PPA!T!ERmZOOJ?I~G OF OONCRETE oompile8 by

B.

;ECocatasHn [ ~ A L Y Z E D

WLE 02 0OMICE;MfPS

B ~ X O ~ U O - L ; ~ ~ ~

*...

,...*...~...

1 Seetion A e JUT Permeability

.,....e...

2

Section B, CapSllarity

...e...e...e...

4 SestJton 0. Cement Nortar Coatings . . . e . . . e . . e . . . o . . . ' . 8 Seotion 1). Effloriw9oenoe

...

9 Section

E.

Evaporation

...e.,..

12 Seotion

F,

b % e p l Waterproofsx~

...

12 Seotion G, Bllois-tnre ee~...o.o..~...~........................ 19

SeotZon

H.

BnneabLlity (Saturated) 20

Seotform I, germeability (Uma-hzmted) and ! b e o w of

Damp-proofing

...

26 Section J, Surface Waterproofem .....................Qe..,L. 27

Section K. Bagour Permeability ....e.e......O......e.....fe. 40

APPENDIX A lhdex of Authors or Sourtres.

January, 1958

coupons are issued by the Council valued at 5, 25, and 30 cents These can be used in payment for this service as well as cash (stamps are not acceptable), money order or chequa (payable at par in Ottawa credit National Research Council). Coupons can be used for the purchase, of all National Research Council publications.

2M.s bibliography was compiled by

Dr.

. Kocmtasltin i n oonneotion with his work with the l&eision of Buil- Researoh as a %st Dootorate Bellow of the Bational Researoh 00moil, &n

1955-56,

It bcludes a smaller bibliography initially pxe- ,

w e d while he was a member of the staff of the ICechnioeil University 02 I s ~ b u l prior to Idlaroh 1954, as well as some material added i n the year following his stay a t h the Division, while he was

at Bardue University,

It is now.presented as an interesting andl useful assessment of the literature whfah will be of interest mainly to those having special %nterests

in the tecrhnlcal and scientifio aspects of pemea- bility and waterproofing of building materials with speoial reference to oonorete,

N,B, Hutcheon Flslsi stant Director

!Phis annotated bibliography is the final result of a continued literature search which grew out of:

1,

A

Literature survey and analysis on the permeability of concrete, completed in Naroh, 1954 at the Technical Univer- sity of Istanbul, as part of a thesis;

2,

A

literamre survey covering hydrostatic permeability, capillarity, evaporation and vapour permeability of concrete, and the effeots of integral and surface waterproofers. Survey completed in May, 1956 at the Division of Building Research, National Research Council, Ottawa, while work was being done

on a research project for the evaluation of concrete waterproofers; 3,

A

continuation of the tpro previous surveys with more

emphasis on various types of surface waterproofings, completed in November, 1956,

It is presented as a souroe of information for those

interested in the permeability and waterproofing of concrete. Permeability is defined as that property of a material td pass a liquid or a gas through its pores. Ihe permeability of concrete to water may occur in %Wee ways: 1) as a saturated or hydrostatic permeability, where the water passes as a liquid;

2) as a vapour pemeability, where the water passes as a gas; and 3) as an unsatuxa=ted permeability, where water enters as a liquid by capillari-ty and leaves as a gas by evaporation.

m e permeability of concrete to air may occur in one way only, as a permeability to a gas, !The 151 references have been

divided into 11 sections to distinguish between these permea- bilities, between integral and surface waterproofings, and between subjeots such as efflorescenoe, moisture, and damp- proofing.

A.

AIR

PmTEAB1LITY

-A,1 Graf, 0. Water pemeabilit~r, absorption and capil- larity of cement paste and concrete (German). M e Mgenschaften des Betons, Berlin

1950,

Springer-Verlag, XII, p.171,

A

sumary of the factors affecting concrete ~emeabflity and of the principles of obtainfw - impermeable- concretes. 1nf luence of cement, grading of aggregates, I?uring,surface finish, water-cement ratio, etc,

A.2 Lewis,

Dew,,

W.L. Dolch and K.B. Woods. Porosity &eterrdnations and the significance of pore charact;eristics of aggregates. Proceedings,

Am. Soc. for Testing Bfats., vol. 53, 1953,

p.949. Discussion: p.959.

A review of the literature covering data collected from the laboratory and the field, Referenoes are given to the fields of building stone, brick and concrete aggregates; methods of test employed for determining pore characteristics; relation- ships of these charaatel%stics to absorption,

degree of saturation and durability. The need for research on methods of determining pore chaxac- teristics is mentioned,

49

referenoes.

A.3 Walz, IC. Impermeable concrete (Geman), BautecWk- Atrchiv,,

H

13, Berlin 1956,

A

book concerned with the principles of obtaining impemsable concretes, Discusses the stmottare of hardened conore-te, the components and optimal

mix proportions, the method of pemeability test

according to German speaifications. Additional chapters give information on a9r pemeability of concrete, on plasters and on surfaoe waterproofings. A.4 McLaughlin, G.P., and W.H. Goeta. Permeability, void

content, and durability of bituminous concrete4 Purdue University, -neering Reprint Xo, 111, Proceedings Highway Research Board, 1955, p.274.

A permemeter which employs compressed air has been devised for measuring the pemeability

of bituminous mixtures. Two types of bituminous concrete mixtures were tested, A relationship between voids and pemeability was found Bvhich agrees with previous work on soils ana other materials. Effect of several factors on this relation is discussed. No general relationship

was found between permeability and durability by freeeing and thawing, The sonic method of deter-

m i n i n g dynamic modulus of elasticity was used,

A.

5

Carman, P.C, Flow of gases through porous media. London, BuLtemorth, 1956, 182p.

A

boolr dealing with the problem of the permeability of porous media to gases and liquids, Discusses viscous flow, pore texture, s l f p flow, permeability, method of measuring surface areas etc, Of parti-

cular interest are the following formulae to be used for the pemeabiltty measurement of pore sfzes and surface areas t

with

K = coefficient of permeability, om2

IY = unit weight of the fluid, gx/cm3 y

=

viscosity of the fluid, gx.sec/om2

E = porosity of the material

r = mean hydraulic radius, cm '

=

specific sur9ace area, cm*/gr

$p

= unit weight of the material, y'/cm3

S,

= specific surface area, cm2/cm

6,6 Dolch, W,L. Permeability and absorptivity of Indiana limestone coarse aggregates. Joint Highway

Research Project, Purdue University, lvfaxch

1956,

Studies

on

coarse aggregate componen.3 in the

determination of resistance to freezing and thawing

as a durability factor in pavement concrete. Detemination of specific surface, water absorp- tion, porosity, true and bulk density, air per- meability, torbuosity, Results show that poor quality materials have higher porosities, per- meabilities, specific surfaces and absorptivities,

B.l vMadgnick, Em The absorption and transmission of water by bullding materials. Gt. Britain, DaS~IaRa Building Research Station, Note No, 89, Garston, February 1927, 36pa

The first part of this paper is reproduced in literature (B.4). The second part includes con- sideration of thin surface coatings like paint films, theoretical formulae s%milar to those in heat flow thxou& several layers of materials and apparatus to detemnine resistance of coatin$ to Slow and the minimum pressure necessary to make

water penetrate the coating,

B.2 Jumper, C,H, Tests of integral and surface water-

proofings for concrete. Proceedings Am. Uonorete Inst, vol, 28, no, 13, Deoember 1931, 209 p a

Discussion, vol. 28, no, 13, October 1932, p.107.

Part;

I,

Fifty integral waterproofing materS.als incorporated into a 1 :3 :6 (volume) mix conorete, Samples subjected to a water pressure of 20 psi for one year, Results: presence of soaps A n

ooncrete crausea a reduction in absorption but higher initial permeabilities; addition of

caloium ohloride aoes not reduce permeability or absorption; addition of fillers reduces per- rneabilfty; addition of compounds like cellulose

wax, fatty acids, silico-fluoride, naphthalene, vaselwe, butyl stearate or coal-tar reduces absorption but does not reduce permeability and lower the compressive strength,

Part 11. Testing of 50 surface waterproofings on ooncrete cylinders, ICheir absorption figures are compared with results of uncoated

ooncrete. Conclusioms all surface-coated samples less absorbent for the first four hours, Por

long-term use most efficient are bituminous coatings, linseed oil and varnishes, Ordinary paints were

effectAve only for a short time.

In

the disoussion, 0, Oraf points out that the mortar used in thfs ooncrete was too coarse and

lean and might have very large pores, Waterproofers are more effective in closing fine voids. He

recommends investigations with conarete of finer grading and richer mixes,

B.3

Lea, l?.M,, and O.H, Desh. The chemistry of cement and conarete. Edward h o l d and Company, London 1935,

429 p.

Pages 354 and 357 contain a summary of present

day knowledge about various types 09 integral and

d"

surface vvaterproofers.

B . 4 BBaQwi0k9 E, h t e r movements in porous building materials,

-3, Assoc. for Tes"cng Dlaterials, %onton Conference,

Aprcfl

1937.

hcoceedings a d papers. Group (B-48)

(2b), p.366,

E'emeabili-ty and absorptivity tests cexried out at amall water pressures. !The rate of inflow

is

determined at first by %he capillary forces,

After water has entirely pene-tra-i;ed the speclinen, hydroslatic flow is obtained, Theoretioal formulae for both oases are given.

B.

5

Withey, I , O . Significance of pemeabiXltr and absorp- tion of concrete, Froceedings, Am, Soc, for Testing Mats,, vol. 43, 1943, p.80; also as ASW STP 2 2 4 ,

799 1943.

A

discussion of the pemeabi1ity and absoxpt;iv%ty propexties of %he concrete.

B.6 Logan, E,H. Integral waterproofing materials for concrete, Prooeedings, Am. Concrete Imast,, JPP 44, no. 185, December

1947,

g.329.

Parker, WOE, Integral wa-terproofing materials for concrete,

Sroceedings, Am, Concrete Inst., SP9 $4, no, 185,

Ssp-2;ember

1947,

p.77.

ZZzese two papers give Wormation on the effective-

a e s s of some Zn%sgral waLergxoo2'ing male~ia3.s like soaps, f a W y acids, ge%rolemrmn 022s~ and waxes in.

uomaarete, Addb"c2sn of -e;lhese wa-tex repellent materials increases workabiSli-t;y of %he fresh oomrete,

In

the hardlenedl oonoxete they decrease absorg3tion by capillarity, increase pemsabil2ty unaer high pressure and reduce conpressive s-t;reng-i;h, !Ikomgh

their addf'-l;ion,

in

small amounts, capillary suctisn can be reduced.

B. 7 Powers, !I!,C., and T,L. Brownyard, Studies of -"the physical properties of hardened gor%larndl cement pas-be, BiPrth discussion a ~ o p I ~ : capillary flow and mofsLure

di,r"fusion. Also, Part

7,

permeability and absorp- tivi$yn Froceedings Am, Concrete Ins%., vol,

43,

nos, 5a-5g, October

1946

-

Apri.11947, p.588 and p. 865,

Of Saterest are the sections on permeability, ctapillarity, absorptivity and moisture diffusion. 'Phe phenomena 02 moisture diffusion %bough

porous materials such as capillary flow, adsorbed

water

or vapour flow, are discussed. The effects of inequalities in free energy and the effect of temperature changes are considered,

B,

8 Graf, 0, liilater pemeability, abso tion and capillarity

of cement paste and concrete

"I

Geman). Me

Eigenschaften des Betons, Berlin 1950, Springer- Vexlag XII, g.171.

Re'sume under A,1

B.9 Andexegg, B,O. Research repor-bt surface watergroofbg with silf~one resins. Progressive Architecture,

Ma3r

1951,

p.94-96.

General infomnsltion on advantages, defects and

testing of surface wa-berproofers. Mscussion of

silicone wateqxroofers. Tests give promising results.

B,lO

Am.

Concrete Inst, ConunitLee 212, Adlmirnres for concrete; damp-proofing and pemeabiliw reducing agents.

Proczeeaings,

Am,

Ooncrete Inst., vol,

51,

no.

5,

Ootobear 1954, p.129.

DeffnStioa and discussion of the terns wreduotion. of permeabilityn and "damp-proofing". It is

recognized that good concretes are impermeable to water under pressure, but passage of rnokstuxe

may occur due to capillary ac%ion and evaporation.

mis

may be responsible for efflorescenre, Water repellent admixtures might be effective in reducing this type of moisture movement, but they are not effective against sizeable water pressures. box@ different admixtures:

OaClp gives little difference in reducing pemeability or in damp-proofing.

Soaps are effective for damp-poofiw but not for reihucing permeability,

Use 09 fillers is effective for reducing permeability but not for damp-proofing,

Use of workability or air entraining agents is effeotive in both cases,

B.11 Lanning, P.C. !&e effectiveness of silicones as water repellents when applied to various types of lime-

stone, Kansas State College, Engineerfng Experi- mental Station, Bulletin 75, 1955.

IPwo types of silicone preparations are on the

market? 1-Solution of methyl silicone in toluene; 2-Water solution of sodium methyl siliconate

(?$a0.Si(OH)2,CIIJ). By means of water absorption studies made on treated and untreated limestone, the second type was found to be effective and durable to freezing and thawing or M r a - r e d l i t Idethyl silicone resins were not satfs- factory for durability. Best concentration ofd the sodium-methyl-siliconate was found to be

410.

6 references.

B.12 L ~ ~ e r m i t e , R, Present ideas on the technology of concrete (French). Evaporation, p.70 and p.209. La

Documentation Technique du &timent et des Travaux Publics, Paris 1955, 242p.

Of special interest are the chapters on drying

shmtnkage, capillarity and permeability of concrete,

B.13

28unernanya, G , Measurement of the capillarg: absorption

of cement mortars ( G e m a n ) . Zement-mlk-Mps, vo1.8, n0.4, April 1955, p.113.

Describes a device to determine oapillary absorp- tion, ! h e device consists of a horizontal oap%llary'

tube which oontains the water to be absorbed by the sample under a pressure of 3 mm water head. Uontact absorption, subsequent absorption and qvaporation are measured.

B.14 hethem, I.

Van.

Permeability and capillarity (Frenah). hcesented at RIIJEN meeting in Usbon, Oatober 1955. 1 Belguique, 'Pheme la. 9p.

Derivation of a theoretical formula for capillary absorption which leads after simplification to the relation

with y = distanae traveled by water during time t

K

=

permeability ~oefficfent

H = maximum capillary ;rise

r mC pore diameter

t

=

time

B.15 Anonymous, State testing value of silicones. Penn-

sylvania Road Builder, Vol, 29, noel, January 1956, p.9.

Ikperiments with silicone water repellents to save wear a d tear on roads by preventing deteriora- tion due to freezing, First experiments on U,S.22

in progress, Coated roaclways must be exposed to traffic and extreme weather conditions for a

oolasiderable time, \

B.16 1

L

!be capillarity of hardened concrete (French). R e w e des ~ t 6 r i a u x de Construction et des Travaux Publics, No. 485, February 1956, p.91.

Deals with the factors affecting capillarity in hardened conorete: water content; gradbg;

cement oontent; cufing oonditions etc. Conclusionsr

Ugh capillarity may be due to very low water

content of the mix. !be action of water repellents 1s revealed by comparative determinations, !be protection of ooncrete by surface treatments like fluoride or chlorinated rubber base coats or by %mpxegrzation is discussed,

C,1 Hugentobler, W, Permeability of concrete, Report of the Committee for Waterproofing (Srmfss), Beton

tandl Eisen, vol, 27, 1928, p,261,

0.2 G o d t % e e 8

-

Masonry, report of waterproofing and damp-proofing. Proceedings, Am, Railway Eng.

ASSOO., vole 32, 1931. pa337m

A thorough discussion of the present commercially available methodst 1) Integral, 2) Plaster coa%, 3) Membrane,

4)

Paint coat,

5)

Plastic coat.

Nembrane waterproofing found to be most suitable for severe exposures and for withstanding water pressure. !he fact that water must be kept from concrete for maximum durability an8 life is

recognized, as is the fact that water within a

slructure gives rise to considerable volume

ohange. Int;egral and plaster-coat waterproofiY@s have been used longer than the others and have proved unsatisfactory except for mild exposure and where appearance is not important.

Ca3 Walz, K, Impermeable concrete ( ~erman) Baut echnik-Archiv,

H 13, Berlin 1956, ~6sume' under A, 3

D,1 Mderegg, F.0, Sainting on ooncrete surfaces. Pro- ceedings,

w,

Concrete Inst., vo1.29, no.1, September 1932, p.1.

Report of Committee

407

providing 9,nfomnation on various in0rganI.o and organic materfals to be painted on ooncrete. The pushing effect of moistwre, the efflorescent crystal pressure, the caustic oharacter of the ooncrete is pointed out. m e ability of a film to breathe or transmit vapour is oonsidered an important factor in securing

oontbuing adhesion.

D.

2 Yearson, (7.0, Properties and problems of masonry oements, Prooeedings, Am, Ooncrete Inst.,'vol.28, no.17, February 1932, p.349, Discussfon, June 1932

The most important properties of masonry cements and possibility of tests for these properties. Of particular interest is the property of efflorescence,

J D . ~ NcBumey, J.W., andD.E. Parsons, Absorbability

experiments for the determination of efflorescence in wall bsicks, Proceedings, Am, Soc, for

Testing Mats,, vo1.37, 1937, p.332-40.

Describes the wiok test using a whole brick for efflorescence on building bricks and presents data showing the relation between results of wicks and the appearance of efflorescence on exposed masonry panels. Concludes that 5-day wick tests correlate with the grading on exposed panels.

D.4 Anonymous. How to prevent efflorescence. moceedings,

Am. Ooncrete kst., vo1.38, no.83, January 1942, p.275, Short ddscussion on a paper by C,R.

Hutchcroft and H.R. Anderson. !the use of carbon dioxide to reduce efflorescence on asbestos- cement shingles, Froceedings, Am. Concrete Inst., vol.

37,

p.597.

llnfs is a discussion of the use of pozzolanic materials in the oonorete mix to prevent efflo- rescence, It ooncludes that in asbestos-cement shiwles, po~eolanio materials do not aot fast enough with calcium hydroxide to prevent efflo- rescence.

D.5 Anderegg, F.O. Testing surface waterproofers, Am, Soc. for Pesting Mats,, AS'PM Bulletin, no. 156, January 1949, p.71-76, Results on testing surface water-

m e s e two papers include test results on moiatwe absozytion, evaporation, efflorescenoe and weathering of single bricks, treated with surface waterproofers. Discussion by ~ s h b u m , Vos, Ooburg, Nenzel, Wishart, Mardulier

,

Spurgeon and Dditchell

.

-D,6 Foster, B,E. Water-repelling agents

-

(admixtures in

concrete), Proceedings, Am. Concrete Inst,, vo1.47, no, 3, September 1950, p.34.

Much of the water which penetrates walls built of block units passes through the joints. Little benefit, therefore, can oome from an attempted waterproofing of the blocks themselves. Such aaditions have merit when employed for the reduc- tion of efflorescence and staining in oast stone. D.7 Anderegg, F.O. Efflorescence. Am. Soc. for Testing

Mats., ASW Bulletin, no. 185, October 1952, p.59,

An analysfs of the factors oontrfbuting to efflo- resoent phenomena and the serious disintegration of masonry which oran be oause6 by efflorescent crystal pressure. The solubilities of various efflorescent compounds are given.

De8 Am, Ooncrete Inst, Committee 212. Admixtures for

concrete; damp-proofing and permeability redu~ine~ agents, Pcooeedings, Am. Concrete Inst,, ~ 0 1 ~ 5 1 , no.5, October 1954, g.129,

~6sums' under B -10

D.9 ChebeS, E. Prevention of efflorescence on bricks through silicones (German). Ziegelindustrie,

7, He209 1954, p.837.

Tests on silicone-treated bricks in various salt so1ut;ions show that silioones protect against efflorescent deteriorateon.

D.10 Holmoh, H. Efflorescence on buildings (Swiss).

Schweizerfsche Baueeitung, 72, H,22, 1954, p.313. Practical advioe for concrete and building

materials producers. Oharactemtstics and oonaitions for effloresaence. Chemioal analysis, discussion and proteotive measures.

D.11 Rogers, P.L. Developing a test method for efflorescenoe of masonry mortar. Am, Soc, for Testing Mats.,

ASTBlI Bulletin, no, 200, September 1954, p.64. Recogni5ing the need for a standard method of test for the tendency of masonry mortar to

efflorescencre when used in construction,

a

sub-

committee of ASm Clommittee C-12 on mortars for

unit masonry has tried several methods. One method using carefully prepared oeramic wicks, shows

promise of being suitable for this purpose. !be work of the sub-committee, together with the details of the wick method is being reported as information in order to solicit comment prelimi- nary to further consideration of the method for adoption by the society.

D.12 Wcht,

H.,

and L. Stegmuller. Uterature survey and

analysis of gafflorescence on becks (German). Z;jLegelindustrie,

7,

H.24, 1954, p.1027.

Discussion of various types of efflorescence on bricks and the effect of moisture, the causiJs and conditions for efflorescence, and tests and gxevsntive measures.

D.13 Ritohis, I,Study of efflorescence on experimental

b~%ckwork panels. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 38, no. 10, 1955, pp.357-61, Also National Research Oouncil, Canada, NRC 3773. Efflorescence on bfickwork piers made of three types of bxick and six mortars appeared to depend mainly on a) the portland cement content of the mortar, b) the type of brick, and c) the season

of the year. Efflorescence formed in the cold

par% of %he year and was absent

in

%he summer.

D.14

RitohJle, T. Study of efflorescence producred on ceramic

wicks by masonry mortars. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 58, no. 10, 1955, p.562-

3 66. Also Eational Research Council, Ganada

,

ma

3774.

Csrainic wicks were partly embedded in cylinders of masonry mortar of various compositions, and the hardened mortars were alternately wetted and

W e d , which produced various amounts of efflo- rescence on the wicks. Portland cement in the

mortars contributed significantly to efflorescenee,

The alkaline material of the oetmenting substance.

09 the mortars appeared to be an inportan% source of the efflorescrence,

D.15 Scholz, W. Efflorescence in masonry and durability

(Geman). Ziegel Industxie 9, H.4, 1956, p.125.

Oom-position and causes of efflorescence

-

preventtve

measures (prevention of moisture, brushing off, chipping off and repair). Damp-proofing paints are discussed.

E.1 Hailer,

P.

The drying 02 building materials (Swiss). Disskussionsbericht Nr. 139, Eidgenossische

Naterialpriifmgsanstalt (E.NoPPAo) Zurich, 1942.

An

investigation of the equilibrium moisture oontents of several building materials stored up to

4

years at constant relative humidities.

Summary of theoretical formulae on diffusion, absorption and evaporation.

E.2 Anderegg, F.O. lestfng surface waterproofers, Am. Soc, for Testing Hats., ASTM Bulletin, no. 156, January 1949, p.71-76. Results on testing surfaoe water- proofers, ASW Bulletin, no. 171, January 1951, p.48-51.

~6sum6 under D.

5

3.3 Franklin, C.E.L. Changes in the theory and practice

of drying, 1910-1950. Oeramios, a symposium, A.T. Green, Editor, British Ceramic Society,

Stoke-on-!bent, 1953, p.318.

me general theory of drying. Of interest is the distinction between surface evaporation (constant rate) and internal evaporation (falling rate)

.

33.4

Am.

CIoncrete Inat,, Committee 212, Admixtures for conorete; damp-proofing and germeabil&ty reduoing agents.

Xroceedings, Am. Concrete Inst., vol. 51, no.

5,

October 1954, p.129.

~e'sume'

under B .10

E.5 LIHemite,

R.

Present ideas on the technology of con- orete (French). Evaporation, p.70 and p.209.

La Documentation 2echnfque du J3Btimen-b et des

~ v a u x Publics, Saris 1955, 242p. ~e'swns/ under

B

.12

F.1 Aiken, I.E.A. Report of Committee on Waterproofing Materials. Proceedings, Am. Soc. for Testinlg hts., Vol. 13, 191'3.

From work done since 1905 the committee finds: a) that the majority of patented and proprietary

immediate or permanent effect on the per- meability of concrete, and some of them are injurious ;

b) that the permanent effect of such integral waterproofing additions, if dependent on the aotion of organic oompounds, is very doubtful; c that

in

view of their possible injurious

effect upon strength and durability of concrete after considemble periods, no integral

wsrterprooiing material should be used without

having been thoroughly studied 9n long-term

t e s t s ;

d) tha-t, generally, more desirable results are obtained from inerL compounds acting meohad-

oally, than from active chemical compounds; e) that void-filling substances are more reliable

than those whose values depend on repellent aotion)

f) that, assuming average quality and sizing of aggregate and good workmanship in mixing and placing, the additional 10 to 20 per cent of very finely divided mineral substances will render concrete impermeable providing cracks do not occur because of drying or settle-

ment;.

F,2 l h m s , W,H, Waterproofing

-

its early history and the developmen-b of modern methods. Record,

13,

1914,

S4r

P-z//,~

Descrfbes membrane and integral procedures for waterproofing oonarete s t m ~ ~ e s ,

pa3 Bauer, L.G, A practical disoussion of waterproofing problems. e Record, April 8,

1914.

r-+

~ & - P c f a 6% =////-

0o;zzsiders density method, membrane ~ ~ ~ t e r n , surface coating, and non-absorptive me%hods of concrete waterproofin&

3'04 Committee 8

-

Masonry, report of waterproofing and damp-proofing. Prooeedirgs,

Am,

Railway A ~ S O C V O ~ . 32

,

1931, go337

~e'sumd

under 0.2

B.5

Jumper, 0,H. 'Tests of integral and surface water-

proofings for oonorete. Pmoeedings, Am, Concrete Inst,, vol, 28, no, 13, December 1931, 209~.

Dfsoussion, vol, 28, no,

19,

October 1932, p.107.

2.6 Wall;, K. N o d e m knowledge about water permeability of mortars and concrete, (German). Berlin 1931, Wilhelm m s t & Sohn, 92p.

A study of %he permeability of concretes. Part I8

previous fnvestfgations; Part 11: own investi- gations, Relation between the grading of sand in

the concrete and the minimum cement content necessary for securing pxactfaal impermeability. Effeat of ouring conditions.

B.7 Duna&m, W.N. and G.C. Emst. A study of permeabflitf of a few integrally matezproofed concretes.

Proceedings, Am. S Q ~ , fox lesting @its,, ~01.34, 1, 1934. p.38'36

Effect 09 certain integral waterpxoofin@; materials upon %he water-tightness of l : 3 :3 (by weight)

portlaad oenent concrete. After 60 hours of testing under 50 psi of wa-ter pressure all samples

aon-tainilzg admixtures showed higher pemeabilities, and lower compressive strengths.

P.8 Lea, P.M. and C.H. Desh. The chemistry of cement and

aonorete. Edward Arnold and Company, London

1935, 429~.

~6sume' under B, 3

F.9 Walker, O.G. Tests of integral an& surface waterproofings,

Mlscusslon of report of CommJtttee

704,

ProoeeBfngs, h. Concrete airrst., vol. 98, 1942, p.316-1. ;

Summary of laboratory tests on. the effectiveness

09 various waterproofings

in

preserving the good appearance 02' cast stone. Results show reduction in the rates of absorption fox samples with water- proofing, It is indicated that by the careful selection and proper use of either an integral or surface uvaterpxoofing, moisture penetration through capillary suction can be greatly reduoed. P.10 Logan, E.H. Integral wate~xoofing materials for

concrete. Proceedings, Am. Concrete &st., JPP

44,

no. 185, December

1947,

p.929.

Parker, W.E. Integral waterproofing materials for ooncxete. Proceedings, Am, Clonorete Xnst., JPS

44,

no. 185, September

1947,

p.77. Re'sume' under B .6

Fell Foster, B.E, Water-repelling agents

-

(admixtures in

ooncrete), Proceedings, Am, Concrete Inst., vol,

47,

no,

3,

September 1950, p.34. ~6sume' under Dm 6

F,12 Henniker, J,(3, Retardation of flow in narrow capillafies, Journal of Colloid Scienoe, vol,

7,

no,

4,

August 1952

,

p.443-446

An investigation of the retardation of water flow th~ough ceramic discs due to the establishment of

an eleotmlo potential, Among results of interest is that the rate of flow was found to be 20 per cent greater after the pores had been ooated with oleio acid,

B,13 Am, Ooncrete Inst, C o d t t e e 212, admixtures for concrete;

damp-proofing and permeability reducing agents, Prooeedings, Am. Ooncrete Inst., vol. 51, no.

5,

Ootober 1954, p,129.

~ 6 - e '

under Be 10

G.1 Voigt,

He,

0, Bischer and H. Schauss, Moisture move- ment during the drying process of wood (German). Hole als Roh-umzd Werkstoff, vol, 3, no. 10,

October 1940, p,305-21.

A complete %heozy for moisture transfer through porous materials taking aocount of both vapour

diffusion and capillary flow. Wfth this theory

and a series of oomplicated experimen%s it is possible to determine separately the ooefficients for the tvvo partial flows in a sample of wood. G, 2 l e , I ?

me

drging of building materials (Swiss),

Msskussionsbericht NF, 139, Bdgenossische

Naterialpriifungsanstalt (E,N.P ,A. ) Zurich, 1942,

~e'sume/

under E,1

G*3 Edenholm, H, Moisture movement and moisture distribution in the walls of buildings (Swedish), Statens

Forshingskommf~e for Lruztmamabyggnader,

Meddelanden no.

5,

1945, p.53-76, National Researoh (Zouncil, Canada, Technical Translation TT-361, 33p, A method is given for the determfnation of the

coefficients of moisture transfer by diffusion and by capillarity, using combined results of drgr-cup and wet-cup tests,

614 Powers, !COO,, andl 2.21, Brownyard, S-buti3.e~ of t h e

physicral properties of hardened portland oement

paste, WlnW diaoussrion $opicr: a a p i l l a r y %1sw

a98 moisture &LPfusrisn, U a o Part 7, germeabiIi%y 6bnd a b s o q t i v i t ; y , B o a e e d t q p , Am, Oonc;rrete Iiss*.,

vol, 43, noe, 5a-58, Qo-lcober 1946

-

Agsfl 194'9,

pa588 ~ 1 8 6 5 ,

~ 6 ~ m a '

under 'Be7 8'

GO 5 J son, O,E, Hoisture tmmsmfssion md. moistrare kU.sk.ibuffon ixL build- mter*llarls (Swedish). 2 i d s k r i f t fGr v-kirme, vent,, ooh aranftet, vol, 19,

1948, p.67, Also national Reseaoh Cornoil,

Oanada, ~ e o h n i o a l Tran;glat%on TP-189, 1951,

A formula i a ddsvsloped f o r t h e 'bheoretioal sal- craltation of over-all m o P s ~ r s 'transfer ooeffioient,

1% assumes an arbitraw ourve f o r t h e dis%rfbut%on of s i z e s of the o a p i l l a r i e s A n t h e maler5erl. UBO

some experimental r e s u l t s a r e given for cmnoret&---

6 Elgaer,

K,

Noisturs movement and moisture condensation.

i n buil&imgs (Geman), Fori;suturi-Be und Forschwle;sn Bauwesen, Reihe C, Heft 1, 8buttgar't,l95Ot

lo5p B

A general bea2;iss on mobature d i f f u s i o n throulgh

building mtexia3.s. Xnoludes chapters on voer1er

oapous, on moia%urs csn%ent of building materiala,

on

mofsiare movemen% i n bu918- m % e r i a l e , on

m ~ i s t a r s movemen-t; t b o u a sevexa3, l a y e r s

of

mat@rJ:ala, on mapour permeability of i.mulat3.xq materials,

on oondensatfon, eto.

a,'?

80biile, W.H,, H. Sck&cke, and A, Henke, 3htrastSgat9om on heat and m o i s ~ e diffusion (Gsrman)

.

Institat

H r

2 e o M s o h e B y s i k , no, 16, SLuttgart

1951,

~e47-85.

~ d j l e s on heat

ma

moisture in t h e walls of

experinnental bu%ldib.gs, Results f o r concrete walls

ahow that U%oc;rhen an& bathroom wa3118 have M&es

moisture oontent, p & i o u l ~ ? ~ ~ l y e(% towards t h e jtaneac side. !&ese walls were often w n b r t h e dew

point an8 therefore heavily soakeOl wi%h the rnoSs%U~e

Uffursed from t h e ldtchen o r bathroom a-tmosphere, S u f f i c i e n t v e n t i l a t i o n is oonsldered necessary

t o remove the vapour from kitohens and bathroons,

6.8 Hutoheon, B,Be, axldl J.A. Paxton. Nois-Wre d p a t i o n f n

a olosed guarded h o t p l a t e , Hea%ing, Piping and C3onditioning. vol, 24, no. 4, A p d 1 1952,

Results of a series of tests on samples of spruce sawdust with various initial moisture contents, sealed into a 12-inch closed, guarded hot plate. Provides evidence on the moisture migration under tempe.rature gradient. Method of predicting mois-

ture Ustributfon at steady-state oonditions on

the basis of oonstant vapour pressure and known hygroscofic propexties of the material,

609

~chiile, W. Noisbre contents of outside walls in

buildings (German). Bortschritte und Forschwgen

3.m Bauwesen, Reihe D, Heft 3, 1952, p.39.

Summamy of obsemations on the title. Knowledge

about the distribution of moisture in horizontal or vertical direction is very valuable for the disoussion of the causes of moisture. An electric core drill of $ or 9 cm. Biametsr was used to

obtain samples from the inside of the wall and

the moisture content was determined- by drying. 0.10 Swenson, E.G., a d P.J. Sereda, Preliminary experiments

on the movement of water through concrete and other materials due to a temperature gradient; Part A.

National Research Council, MvAsion of Building

Research, Proceedings of the Conference on Building' Research 1953, NRC 3568, September 1955, p.102,

Describes an apparatus designed for testing con- crete samples for moisture flow under a constant temperature gradient. The coefficient of moisture transfer is defined as:

with V = flow in gm

L

=

lexgth

in

cm t

=

time in sec

A T temperature gxadeent in 'C

A = area in sq cm

This coefficient is found to increase with mean temperature and to decrease with the duration of the test.

(3.11 Hutoheon, W.L. Characteristics of moisture movement in unsaturated soils. Proceedings of the Conference on Builaing Research, October 1955, IJational Researah Council, Oanflda, WRC 3568, 1955, p.

74.

A discussion of moisture flow in unsaturated soils, Vapour pressure-moisture content relationships; various methods of expressing the energy of water.

Daroyrs law is applioable also to the ursaGurated flow. Permeability coefficient will vary with moisture oontent. T h e m a l migration of moisture resulting from a liquid and vapour flow in opposite direc%ions and transference of the moisture from

the warm side to the cold side, IFhe hysteresis

behaviour of soils requires further study, 58 references.

(3.12 PCumnak, J,N. %oisture content.- suction relationships. Proceedings of the Oonference on Building Research, October 1953, National Research Council, Oanada, NRC 3568, 1955, p.62.

Discussion of water absorption of porous build- matesials by the theory of multi-layer adsorption. Capillary condensation, Kelvin equation for the relationship between relative vapour pressure, radius of cuuvature, equivalent head and p3,

Dlscuasion of the moisture content

-

suction relationship.

6.13 Meneel, C.A, A method for determining the moisture

cona-&don of hardened concrete in terms ~f relative humidity. ProoeedLngs, An. Soc. for Testing

&fats., vol. 55, 1955, p.1085. Mscussion p.1109. This paper describes a rapid method and simple apparatus for determining the moisture condition of hardened concrete block and expressing the results directly in terns of relative humidity. Gel$ Penner, E.,C.B. GramFord and W,J, Eden. 'ilhe measurement

of moisture content. Proceedings of the Conference

on B u S l W g Research, Ootober 1953. Rational Research Council, O a n a h , NRC 3568, 1955, p.65. Examination of the measurement of moisture in materials by the various methods and discussions of their theoretical limitations. Emphasis is on soils but the problem is similar for all porous

materials. B e e energy

-

moisture content relation-

ship should receive more consideration for all materials ancl theoretical limitations should be considered before using any 09 the methods of measuring moisture. 50 references,

G.15 Powers, T.0, Moisture effects in concrete. Proceedings of the Conference on Building Research, 0cZ;ober 1953. Hational Research Council, Canada, NRC 3568, 1955, p.55.

'Suta paper is a review sf some atquss o f amistiam

9n hardenea goxrt;lmd cement concrete, dhe prinoXple effects arfse fa the hardened cement paste which ier composed of a mineral gpl and unfilled spaces called capillary cavities, ! b e gel is composed of spherical particles about 100 Angstrom in &Lameter, !I!he interstitial spaces among thesg pmtfcles are called gel pores.

lPhe average entropy of free water in saturated paste is lower than the entropy of bulk water, !be average entropy of the water in gel pores ls less than that of the water In capillary oavities. m l e the tempemture of a saturated paste is decreaefng, the free energy of the gel water increases less than does that of the oapillary water, 20 restore equflibrium, water moves

f r o m capillaq to gel pores. Owing to time lag

in this movement the gel shrinks as the tempera- ture falls and produoas an apparently abnormal W e m a 1 volume change, If temperature falls below

OQ0, f:xeeziq oocurs in peouliar ways explained by the nucleation theory, Its effects depend on sise and spaoiq of the oapillargr cavities and of the air bubbles.

G,l6 Wenson, E.B, The durability of ooncxete under frost

action, Natlonal Researoh Oouncil, Canada, Mvision of Building Research, HRC

3677,

June 1955, 29pe

5 s result of a literature survey on the 8urability

of concrete, Discusses the physical structure

of conorete, moisture movement in osncrete, oon- m e t e deterioration due tc;, freezing and thawing, f'ur%her effects of frost acteon and problems requlr3.ng fbrther research, 51 references. GC.17 IPinterkorn, B,F, Potentials inmoisture migration,

Proceedings of the Oonference on Building Research, October 1953, Batlonal Researoh Council, Canada,

EJRa 3568, 1955, p.86,

Experimental and theoretioal evibnoe is presented for the electria oheracttsr of moist soils

ma

sidlar hy&ogkelio systems that axe important in

the construction industry, This eleetxlc c h m c % e r is primarily associated with surfaces, and must be taken into acoount in a complete thsrmodgnamjlc analysis. Possible advantages of' such systems in u t i l i ~ n g temperature potentials as sources of

G.18 Babbitt,

J.D.

!he movement of moisture throu* solias.

Am.

Soc. for Testing Mats., ASW Bullet-, no. 212, February 1956, p. 58-61.

Wormation on the differential equations of moisture transfer. Different cases like vapour diffusion, liquid flow, adsorbate flow, molecular diffusion are con~f~ered,

0.19 Staram, A.J. Diffusion of water into uncoated cellophane. The Journal of Physical kemistry, vol. 60, no. 1, January 1956, p.76 and p.83.

Results of capillarity tests show linear property crhanges when plotted against the square root of time. Measurement of water vapour diffusion

through cellophane films at taro different tempera- tuxes and various relative humidity boundary

conditions by the steady-state cup method. The diffusion coefficients as calculated on the basis of linear vapour pressure gradients and parabolic bound-water gradients show an exponential increase mith increasing water content. These diffusion

coefficients may be determined by using the slope of a plot of

x

against p at the average value of p in the calculations,

H. P W I L I T Y (SATURATED)

H.1 Aiken, W.E.A. Report of Committee on Waterproofing Materials. Proceedings, Am. Soc. for Testing Nats., vol. 13, 1913.

~e$ume'

under P. 1

H.2 Hadgvvkck, E. The absorption and transmission of water by building materials. Gt. Britain, D.S.I.R.

Building Research Station, Note Ho. 89, Garston, February 1927, 36p.

~e/sume/ under ' B ,1

H . 3 PlIasske and Scho~Compressive strength and permeability of concrete (German). Tonindustrie Zeimw, 1927, p.59.

H.4 Merkle, G. Permeability of concrete (German). Berlin, Wilhelm Emst & Sohn, 1927.

Results of extensive investigations on pemeability of concretes. Shape of permeability curve, nature of flow (Darcyfs law), the clogging effect of the bicarbonates in water, effect of natural versus

Dunagan,

W,N,

and G,O.

Enm-1;.

A

study of permeability of a few integrally wa4srproofed concretes, Pro- cee&in&s &, %Q., 9sr Test%ng Phts,, vol. 34,

p a r t

I,

1934,

p.383.

~ 4 s u m 6

under

F.7

..

Lea, F.N. and C

.El. Desk.

-%?he chemistry of cement and oonorete, Edward h o l d Company, London 1935,

4 2 9 ~ .

Ruettgers,

A,,

E.W, Vidal and

SOP,

Wing, Investigation of the psrmeabfU-by of mass concrete with p&icular reference to Boulder Dam. Proceeangs, Am, Con-

orete lnst., vol. 31,

no,

1'7,

Maroh-April 1935, p.382-

A description of testbg technique, test results,

pretc-kioal applications of the data, summary of results and conclusions of pemeabf2ity tests on mass concrete. Also contains a discussion of the factors uontrolling

nature of flow,

Grisel,

B.

Flow of water under pressure through cement (Wench). Compte RenBua de LlAcademle des Sciences, vole 202, 1956, 9.1351

-

3,

Del-fvation of a mathematioal forumla expressing the shape of the permeability curve.

Kolb,

H.

Water gemeability of mortar and concrete (Gemm). Zement, vol, 25, 1936, p.392-97.

Kolb, H. 18 there a relation between the fineness of

grinding of cements and t h ~ water permeability of concrete? (Germetn), Zemen*, vol. 26, 1937, p.69-72.

Kolb,

H.

Water permeability of norbar and concrete (German), Zemen*, vol. 26, 1997, p.93-96.

NadgwioL,

E.

Water movements in porous building materials. a t . Msoc. for Testing Hatarials, Lonclon Oonference,

April 1337. Proceedfngg and papers. Group

(B-48) (2b), 9,366.

~e$urn6

under

B

.4

Walz, K. Guaranteeing d e f M % e aoncrete properties

within present speciflcatio~s (German). Beton und Eisen, vol. 36, 1937, p.187-91.

Results of oompressive stremth an4 permeability tests on concrete series covering varying cement contents, gradings, consistencies and water

oontents

.

E.22 , Wiley G,, and D.C. Ooulson.

A

simple test for water

pemeability

of

ooncrete. Sroceedin.tp,

Am.

Concrete Inst., vol. 34, 1937, p.65-75.

A

simple test method for studying the effeots of water-cement ratio,cement fineness, ouring con-

ditions and dispersirq agents on the permeability

09 conoretes.

H.23

W d 5 , K. Permeability test of concrete (German),

Siebel: Handbuch Ber Vfexstoffpr6fung, vol. 3, 1941, p.526.

Discusses varLous test methods fox the permea- bility of conorete and describes the method accepted in the Geman specifications.

H.24 Wither, M,0. Si,.;nificance of permeability and absorp-

tion of ooncrete. Prooeedings, Bm. Soc. for !Testing Nats., vol. 43, 1945, p.80; also as

AS!lM S W 22-A,

79,

1943. ~e'sum6 under

B.

5

H e 25 hxenson. Sore shape and permeability of the concrete

(Dan%&). Review in Buteclmik, trol.

24,

no.

3,

1947, p. 66 from Ingelaioren, vol. 53, 1944.

Mscusses the influence of pore size and pore shapes upon permeability of ooncrete. m e e types of

pores are distinguished: 3.. In the dry mix large and continuous pores develop and result in high

permeability of the hardened concrete; 2.

In

the

plastic mix small, isolated pores develop and result in lowest possible pemeability of the hardened ooncrete;

3,

In the fluid mix, again

large and continuous pores develop and result in

Mgh permeability. ConcLLusion: plastic mixes are most suitable for giving low permeability.

H.26 Logan, E.H. Integral waterproofing materials for con- crete. Proceedings, Am, Concrete Inst., JPP 44, no. 185, December 2947, p.329.

Parker, W.E. Integral waterprocrfing materials for con-

crete, Proceedings, Am. ConcreLe Inst., JP9 44,

no,

185, September 1947* p.770

H.27 Powers. 9.0. and T.L. Bromvard. Studies of the

&ysical properties

02

hardened portland cement paste. Hinth disoussion topic: capillary flow

an8 moiature diffusion, Also

Part

7, permeability

and absorptivlty, Boceedings, Am. Concrete

Irast., vole

43,

nos. 5a-5g, October 1946

-

April

1947,

p.588 and p.865.

~a'&me' under

B

.7

H.28 Oarman, P.C. Some physical aspects of water flow in porous media: Interaction of water and porous materials, Discussions of the Paraday Sooiety, London, 1948, p.72.

When flow in a porous medium is controlled by

vfsoosity only, it obeys the Kozeny-Carman law with remarkable accuracy, and it is pointed out that the only rational pore diameter calculable from permeability meersurements is d2

=

4.m

(m hydraulic radius). Certain conditions must be fulfilled for permeability measurements to have significance for calculation of pore diameters or specific surfaoe, and these are discussed in some detail,

H.29 Gmf, 0 . Water permeability, absorption and oapillarfty

of cement paste and concrete (German). Die

Efgenschaften des Betons, Berlin 1950, Sprfnger- -Vexlag XII, p.171.

8490 Wal~, K. Water permeability (German) KleinZogel, A. t:

Einf'lusse auf Be%n und StehLbeton, Berlin, 1950, p.300, -st& Sohn, VIIZ, 339~.

General information on permeability, permeability test, and principles of obtaining impermeable concretes.

Oook, H.K. Permeability tests of lean mass concrete. Proceedings, Am, Soo. for Zestfng Mats.,, vole 51, 3951, p.1156.

-,

A study of the permeability of air-entrained

lean mass concrete. Design. and operation of test equipment, test results at 3 months, 1 year,

and 18 months,

H.92 Humpe, B. Expelrienoes on waterproofing oonorete for

hydraulic structures (German). Beton-und Stahl- betonbau, vol. 46, no, 10, Oa.;t;ober 1951, p.228.

1

rneable to water, Outdoor waterproofing by painti=. Other

tries

sf waterproofings, illustrations.

H.33 Benniker, J.0, Retardation of f9Qar

in

narrow capillaries, Journal of Colloid Science, vole

7,

no. 4, A u g n ~ t 1952 p 443-446

~ 6 s u m 6 under

F.

12

R.34

Am, Concrete Inst., Committee 212, Admfxtures for oon- ore-ke; damp-proofing and permeability reducing agents. Proceedings, Am, Concrete Ztist,, vole 51, no.

5,

October 1954, p.129,

~e'sume' under B.10

H.35 Wala, K. Impermeable coricrete (Geman), Bautechnfk- &chiv9

H

13, Berlin 1956.

R h m 6 under A. 3

H.36 Eowexs, T,O,, L.E. Clopeland and J.0, Hayes. Permeability of portland cement paste. Proceedings, Am. Clon- Crete Inst., vol, 51, no.14, November 1954, p.285.

Appara-has and methods for measuring the saturated permeability of portland aement pastes are des-

ofibed. Test results are given, showing the effect of curing, oement oontent, cement aomposition

and fineness.

H.37

Eooataskin, b. Permeability of ooncretes. Bulletin of' the 2echnioal University of Istanbul, v01.

8 , 1955, p.50.

lest results showing the effeots 09 voids, oemeat oontent, water content, aggregate content, aon- sistenoy and grading on the pemisability of oon- oretes.

H.38 &'Hermite,

R,

Present ideas on the tealnno1oe;y of

concrete (Prench). EvaporationA p.70 and p.209.

Za Doaumentertion Teohnique du Batiment et des !tmvaux Publics, Paris 1955, 242g.

~6sume' under B.12

H.39 Powers, 2.C. Noisture effeots in ooncrete, P r o c e e w s

of the Oonference on Building Researoh, October 1953. Iiatloml Research Oomoil, Oanada, NRO 3568, 2955, p.55. I

Hm40

&enson, E.G. The durability of concrete under frost aotion, National Researah Oouncfl, Canada,

Ilivision of Buflding Research, MRO 3677, June 1955, 2 9 ~ .

~e'snune'

under (3.16

H,41 Verbeck, G. 2esta and properties of oonorete and

oonorete aggregatest pore structure, Am, Soo. for Zest- Mats,, S.IP,P, no, 169, 1955, p.136. Present day knowledge on capillary pores, air

pores, permeability and pore pressures in oonorete,

H.42 Owman, 9,0, Flow of gasea throu& porous media,

Itondon, Butterworth, 1956, 182~.

~6sume'

under

A.5

H.43

Powersr, I,U, ! b e khysioal stsuoture of oement and

oonorete, Clement and Lime Bllanufackxer, vol, 29,

no, 2, DBamh 1956, p.93,

R e p o r t of a leoture given by the author in Iondon, Of interest are the disoussions on the properties, struo.tn;lre a d volume of the oement gel, on

hy~othermal effects, on permeability tiand on

freezfng.

I

;1 OommiWee 8

-

Blfasonry, report of watexproofi~ and > damp-proofing. Prooeeaings,

Am,

Railway En&

~ S O C ~ , , vole 92, 1931, go3370

I,2 Spurgeon, W.N, Pesting caemen* base p i n t s and damp-

pxoofers, Am. Soo, for 2est;fney Bats,, AS!f?M Bulletfn, no. 171, Jwnuary 1951, ~ ~ 5 3 ,

Test resul%s on 23 commeroial oement-base paints, Msoussion of the theory of damg-proofing. Need

for a simple w e a t h e r i n g test and for speoificatiow.

x.3 U,S, Bureau of Reclamqtion. %in% Wnual, 1951.

Painting oonarets, plaster and miscellaneous surfaces, p,l35,

Of partioular interest is the brfef discussion of paints for concsrete walls and protective treatments for ~oncrete floors. Damp-proofing and waterproofing methods are also consi&ered, A complete list of

u.8. specifications for p i n t s and aocessory ~atefial is given,

1.4 Woods, K.B., J.B. Blackburn, and D.W. Lewis. !he use of waterproofing paints for minimizing structural concrete deterioration, Proceedings, Am. Railway

E n g o ASSOC., vole

50,

1951, po877e

Importance of and reasons for concrete deteriora- tion are discussed. Waterproofing methods for elaminating concrete deterioration are mentioned; pemeable and impermeable waterproofings are

compared, 'Pest results are given on a number of surface waterproofings. It is conoluded that these materials show a wide range of performances and that it is necessary to test every product before using,

1.5 Am, Concrete Inst,, Committee 212, Acilmixtures.for concreteg damp-proofing and permeability reduoing agents,

Proceedings, Am. Concrete Inst., vol.

51,

no.

5,

Ootober 19540 p.129. ~e/sume' under B

,lo

1.6 Carlson, R.V. Permeability, pore pressure and uplift

in

gravity dams. Proceedings, Am, Soc. of Civil Engineers, vol, 81, 1955, p.100-1.

An

approximate soluthon for the percentage area subjected to uplift pressure is offered, It is shown that complete penetration of water into a 410-ft, dam will take 200 years,

107 Powers, T.0. Hydraulic pressure in concrete, Proceedings, Am. Soc, of Civil lbgineers, vol. 81, 1955, p.742-1. Discusses submicroscopio stmcture of hardened

paste and %he area factor of cement gel particles subjected to hy.&ostatic pressure. Mass concrete is not saturated at the time it goes into service and ne~ative hydrostatic pressure is prevailing at the inside. The concrete tends to remain or to become dry by the process of capillarity and evaporation as long as the downstream face is

kept at a constant relative humidity below satura- tion of the concrete.

3-1 Low,

E.

Waterproofing concrete on U.S. fortification work, Engineering Mews, September 6, 1906. Description of the methods of stopping leaks at

methods seem to be to clean cracks and fill with caulking compound and then apply linseed oil, boiled and thinned with naphtha or to apply aoal-tar pitch or asphalt.

Finlay, 1.H. Waterprooffng of engineering structures, Western Society of &gineers, Journal, Val*

17,

June 1922.

Waterproofing with asphalt has proved successful for periods of 10 and 18 years, Asphalt spesifi- oations for metallic and for above and below ground engineering structures,

Evans, W,H. Waterproofing

-

its earZy history and t h e

development of modem methods, Record,

&Y

13

,

19140 CQ ~ Y T R ~ ~ ~ T g 6 P"//+.. ~

~e/sume' under I?. 2

Nauex, 5.G. A pmctical dfscussfon of waterproofiw problems, Recora, Aprfl 8, 1914.

~ O ~ P T H .-,-;, 29 P ZI'~,~

~e'surnk under F.

3

Ware,

E.E.,

and S.M. ~chott. The use of paint films - for protective ooatings for ooncrete. Concrete

-

Cement Age, April 1914.

A disoussion of the underlying pfinciples of successfully coating concrete surfaces.

Madgwfck, E. !?he absorption and trarmsmfssion of ~a2;er by building materials. Gt. Britah, D.S,I.R.

B u f l d i w Research Station, Note No. 89,

Garston, February 1927, 36p,

~e'sume'

under

B

,1

Hugentobler, 1. Permeability of conorete. Report of the CoIllmittee for Waterproofing (Swiss)

.

Beton und Eisen, vol. 27, 1928, g.261.

Committee 8

-

Masonry, reporb

of

waterproofing and damp-proofing. ProceeBings, Bm, R a i l w a y

m.

ASSOC.

,

vole 3 2 , 1931, pa3970

~6sume' under C .2

Hunter, S.C. Waterproofing with emulsified asphalt. Naintenance in Engineering, vol. 89, no, 9,

September 1931.

Operations for emulsified asphalt application to concrete.

J.10 Jumper, 0.H. Tests of integral and surface waterproofings for concrete, Proceedings, Am, Concrete Inst,,

vole 28, no. 13, December 1931, 209 g , Msoussion,

vol, 28, no.13, Ootober 1932, p.107. ~e'sume' under

B

.2

J.11 Antleregg, F.O. Painting on concrete surfaces. Pro- oeedings, Am, Oonorete Inst,,' vol. 29, no. 1, )

September 1932, pel,

~e'srwne* under D.1

3.12 Wereha, G.W. The efficiency of surface treatments for deoreasing the permeability of concrete, 31.

Am, Concrete lhst,, vole

5,

no. 1, 1933, pol-8. Wvestigation of the applimtion of surface treat- ments to hardened ooncrete, Silicates, iron

filings, soaps, solutions of hydrocarbons bitu- minous coatings and cement-base paints were tested. Bermeabili%y test under 40 psi water pressure,

Sexcentage efficiency oalculated. Retested after

2 years of exposure. Per cent loss in efficiency ealculated, Conclusions : use of surface treat- ments is beneficial. Effioienoy varies for

different materials from

40

to 90 per cent.

Ehposure to the elements decreases this effioienoy.

5 e loss in efficiency varies for different materials

from

5

to 80 per cent. Best results were obtajsed with properly curea 1:l oemeht grout.

3.19 Lea, F.P. and 0.H. Desh. P l e chemistry of cement and ooncxe$e. Edward Arnold and Oompany, London, 1935,

429~.

~e'sum6 under B

.

3

J.14 Walther,

H.

aboice and application of bituminous paints

( G m m a n ) . Oel-KoUe-Erdoel-Teer, no. 12, 1936, p.191-4.

Properties of high vacuum bi-en, air-blown

bitumen and coal-tar pitch are oompared. Methods of applying these materials in solutions or as aqueous emulsions are discussed.

5.15 Young, R.B. Ooncrete: its maintenance and repair. Prooeedings, Am. Oonorete Inst., vol, 33, no. 20, Wch-Apsfl, 1937, p.367.

Mscussion of various methods of surface treat- ment~, waterproofings, )