.Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by

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• Table of Contents

UNIX® Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API

By W. Richard Stevens, Bill Fenner, Andrew M. Rudoff

Publisher: Addison Wesley Pub Date: November 21, 2003

ISBN: 0-13-141155-1 Pages: 1024

"Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in the field. I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will too."

-Sam Leffler

The classic guide to UNIX networking APIs... now completely updated!

To build today's highly distributed, networked applications and services, you need deep

mastery of sockets and other key networking APIs. One book delivers comprehensive, start-to- finish guidance for building robust, high-performance networked systems in any environment:

UNIX Network Programming, Volume 1, Third Edition.

Building on the legendary work of W. Richard Stevens, this edition has been fully updated by two leading network programming experts to address today's most crucial standards, implementations, and techniques. New topics include:

POSIX Single UNIX Specification Version 3

IPv6 APIs (including updated guidance on IPv6/IPv4 interoperability) The new SCTP transport protocol

IPsec-based Key Management Sockets

FreeBSD 4.8/5.1, Red Hat Linux 9.x, Solaris 9, AIX 5.x, HP-UX, and Mac OS X implementations

New network program debugging techniques

Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment

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Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment The authors also update and extend Stevens' definitive coverage of these crucial UNIX networking standards and techniques:

TCP and UDP transport

Sockets: elementary, advanced, routed, and raw

I/O: multiplexing, advanced functions, nonblocking, and signal-driven Daemons and inetd

UNIX domain protocols ioctl operations

Broadcasting and multicasting Threads

Streams

Design: TCP iterative, concurrent, preforked, and prethreaded servers

Since 1990, network programmers have turned to one source for the insights and techniques they need: W. Richard Stevens' UNIX Network Programming. Now, there's an edition

specifically designed for today's challenges-and tomorrow's.

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Copyright

Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series Foreword

Preface Introduction

Changes from the Second Edition Using This Book

Source Code and Errata Availability Acknowledgments

Part 1: Introduction and TCP/IP Chapter 1. Introduction Section 1.1. Introduction

Section 1.2. A Simple Daytime Client Section 1.3. Protocol Independence

Section 1.4. Error Handling: Wrapper Functions Section 1.5. A Simple Daytime Server

Section 1.6. Roadmap to Client/Server Examples in the Text Section 1.7. OSI Model

Section 1.8. BSD Networking History Section 1.9. Test Networks and Hosts Section 1.10. Unix Standards Section 1.11. 64-Bit Architectures Section 1.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 2. The Transport Layer: TCP, UDP, and SCTP Section 2.1. Introduction

Section 2.2. The Big Picture

Section 2.3. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

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Section 2.4. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Section 2.5. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Section 2.6. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination Section 2.7. TIME_WAIT State

Section 2.8. SCTP Association Establishment and Termination Section 2.9. Port Numbers

Section 2.10. TCP Port Numbers and Concurrent Servers Section 2.11. Buffer Sizes and Limitations

Section 2.12. Standard Internet Services

Section 2.13. Protocol Usage by Common Internet Applications Section 2.14. Summary

Exercises

Part 2: Elementary Sockets Chapter 3. Sockets Introduction Section 3.1. Introduction

Section 3.2. Socket Address Structures Section 3.3. Value-Result Arguments Section 3.4. Byte Ordering Functions Section 3.5. Byte Manipulation Functions

Section 3.6. inet_aton, inet_addr, and inet_ntoa Functions Section 3.7. inet_pton and inet_ntop Functions

Section 3.8. sock_ntop and Related Functions

Section 3.9. readn, writen, and readline Functions Section 3.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 4. Elementary TCP Sockets Section 4.1. Introduction Section 4.2. socket Function Section 4.3. connect Function Section 4.4. bind Function Section 4.5. listen Function Section 4.6. accept Function

Section 4.7. fork and exec Functions Section 4.8. Concurrent Servers Section 4.9. close Function

Section 4.10. getsockname and getpeername Functions Section 4.11. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 5. TCP Client/Server Example Section 5.1. Introduction

Section 5.2. TCP Echo Server: main Function Section 5.3. TCP Echo Server: str_echo Function Section 5.4. TCP Echo Client: main Function Section 5.5. TCP Echo Client: str_cli Function Section 5.6. Normal Startup

Section 5.7. Normal Termination Section 5.8. POSIX Signal Handling Section 5.9. Handling SIGCHLD Signals Section 5.10. wait and waitpid Functions

Section 5.11. Connection Abort before accept Returns Section 5.12. Termination of Server Process

Section 5.13. SIGPIPE Signal Section 5.14. Crashing of Server Host

Section 5.15. Crashing and Rebooting of Server Host

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Section 5.16. Shutdown of Server Host Section 5.17. Summary of TCP Example Section 5.18. Data Format

Section 5.19. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 6. I/O Multiplexing: The select and poll Functions Section 6.1. Introduction

Section 6.2. I/O Models Section 6.3. select Function

Section 6.4. str_cli Function (Revisited) Section 6.5. Batch Input and Buffering Section 6.6. shutdown Function

Section 6.7. str_cli Function (Revisited Again) Section 6.8. TCP Echo Server (Revisited)

Section 6.9. pselect Function Section 6.10. poll Function

Section 6.11. TCP Echo Server (Revisited Again) Section 6.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 7. Socket Options Section 7.1. Introduction

Section 7.2. getsockopt and setsockopt Functions

Section 7.3. Checking if an Option Is Supported and Obtaining the Default Section 7.4. Socket States

Section 7.5. Generic Socket Options Section 7.6. IPv4 Socket Options Section 7.7. ICMPv6 Socket Option Section 7.8. IPv6 Socket Options Section 7.9. TCP Socket Options Section 7.10. SCTP Socket Options Section 7.11. fcntl Function Section 7.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 8. Elementary UDP Sockets Section 8.1. Introduction

Section 8.2. recvfrom and sendto Functions Section 8.3. UDP Echo Server: main Function Section 8.4. UDP Echo Server: dg_echo Function Section 8.5. UDP Echo Client: main Function Section 8.6. UDP Echo Client: dg_cli Function Section 8.7. Lost Datagrams

Section 8.8. Verifying Received Response Section 8.9. Server Not Running Section 8.10. Summary of UDP Example Section 8.11. connect Function with UDP Section 8.12. dg_cli Function (Revisited) Section 8.13. Lack of Flow Control with UDP

Section 8.14. Determining Outgoing Interface with UDP Section 8.15. TCP and UDP Echo Server Using select

Exercises

Chapter 9. Elementary SCTP Sockets Section 9.1. Introduction

Section 9.2. Interface Models

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Section 9.3. sctp_bindx Function Section 9.4. sctp_connectx Function Section 9.5. sctp_getpaddrs Function Section 9.6. sctp_freepaddrs Function Section 9.7. sctp_getladdrs Function Section 9.8. sctp_freeladdrs Function Section 9.9. sctp_sendmsg Function Section 9.10. sctp_recvmsg Function Section 9.11. sctp_opt_info Function Section 9.12. sctp_peeloff Function Section 9.13. shutdown Function Section 9.14. Notifications

Exercises

Chapter 10. SCTP Client/Server Example Section 10.1. Introduction

Section 10.2. SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Server: main Function Section 10.3. SCTP One-to-Many-Style Streaming Echo Client: main Function Section 10.4. SCTP Streaming Echo Client: str_cli Function

Section 10.5. Exploring Head-of-Line Blocking Section 10.6. Controlling the Number of Streams Section 10.7. Controlling Termination

Exercises

Chapter 11. Name and Address Conversions Section 11.1. Introduction

Section 11.2. Domain Name System (DNS) Section 11.3. gethostbyname Function Section 11.4. gethostbyaddr Function

Section 11.5. getservbyname and getservbyport Functions Section 11.6. getaddrinfo Function

Section 11.7. gai_strerror Function Section 11.8. freeaddrinfo Function Section 11.9. getaddrinfo Function: IPv6 Section 11.10. getaddrinfo Function: Examples Section 11.11. host_serv Function

Section 11.12. tcp_connect Function Section 11.13. tcp_listen Function Section 11.14. udp_client Function Section 11.15. udp_connect Function Section 11.16. udp_server Function Section 11.17. getnameinfo Function Section 11.18. Re-entrant Functions

Section 11.19. gethostbyname_r and gethostbyaddr_r Functions Section 11.20. Obsolete IPv6 Address Lookup Functions

Section 11.21. Other Networking Information Section 11.22. Summary

Exercises

Part 3: Advanced Sockets

Chapter 12. IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability Section 12.1. Introduction

Section 12.2. IPv4 Client, IPv6 Server Section 12.3. IPv6 Client, IPv4 Server Section 12.4. IPv6 Address-Testing Macros

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Section 12.5. Source Code Portability Section 12.6. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 13. Daemon Processes and the inetd Superserver Section 13.1. Introduction

Section 13.2. syslogd Daemon Section 13.3. syslog Function Section 13.4. daemon_init Function Section 13.5. inetd Daemon

Section 13.6. daemon_inetd Function Section 13.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 14. Advanced I/O Functions Section 14.1. Introduction Section 14.2. Socket Timeouts

Section 14.3. recv and send Functions Section 14.4. readv and writev Functions Section 14.5. recvmsg and sendmsg Functions Section 14.6. Ancillary Data

Section 14.7. How Much Data Is Queued?

Section 14.8. Sockets and Standard I/O Section 14.9. Advanced Polling Section 14.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 15. Unix Domain Protocols Section 15.1. Introduction

Section 15.2. Unix Domain Socket Address Structure Section 15.3. socketpair Function

Section 15.4. Socket Functions

Section 15.5. Unix Domain Stream Client/Server Section 15.6. Unix Domain Datagram Client/Server Section 15.7. Passing Descriptors

Section 15.8. Receiving Sender Credentials Section 15.9. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 16. Nonblocking I/O Section 16.1. Introduction

Section 16.2. Nonblocking Reads and Writes: str_cli Function (Revisited) Section 16.3. Nonblocking connect

Section 16.4. Nonblocking connect: Daytime Client Section 16.5. Nonblocking connect: Web Client Section 16.6. Nonblocking accept

Exercises

Chapter 17. ioctl Operations Section 17.1. Introduction Section 17.2. ioctl Function Section 17.3. Socket Operations Section 17.4. File Operations Section 17.5. Interface Configuration Section 17.6. get_ifi_info Function Section 17.7. Interface Operations Section 17.8. ARP Cache Operations Section 17.9. Routing Table Operations

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Exercises

Chapter 18. Routing Sockets Section 18.1. Introduction

Section 18.2. Datalink Socket Address Structure Section 18.3. Reading and Writing

Section 18.4. sysctl Operations

Section 18.5. get_ifi_info Function (Revisited) Section 18.6. Interface Name and Index Functions Section 18.7. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 19. Key Management Sockets Section 19.1. Introduction

Section 19.2. Reading and Writing

Section 19.3. Dumping the Security Association Database (SADB) Section 19.4. Creating a Static Security Association (SA) Section 19.5. Dynamically Maintaining SAs

Exercises

Chapter 20. Broadcasting Section 20.1. Introduction Section 20.2. Broadcast Addresses Section 20.3. Unicast versus Broadcast

Section 20.4. dg_cli Function Using Broadcasting Section 20.5. Race Conditions

Exercises

Chapter 21. Multicasting Section 21.1. Introduction Section 21.2. Multicast Addresses

Section 21.3. Multicasting versus Broadcasting on a LAN Section 21.4. Multicasting on a WAN

Section 21.5. Source-Specific Multicast Section 21.6. Multicast Socket Options

Section 21.7. mcast_join and Related Functions Section 21.8. dg_cli Function Using Multicasting

Section 21.9. Receiving IP Multicast Infrastructure Session Announcements Section 21.10. Sending and Receiving

Section 21.11. Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Section 21.12. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 22. Advanced UDP Sockets Section 22.1. Introduction

Section 22.2. Receiving Flags, Destination IP Address, and Interface Index Section 22.3. Datagram Truncation

Section 22.4. When to Use UDP Instead of TCP Section 22.5. Adding Reliability to a UDP Application Section 22.6. Binding Interface Addresses

Section 22.7. Concurrent UDP Servers Section 22.8. IPv6 Packet Information Section 22.9. IPv6 Path MTU Control Section 22.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 23. Advanced SCTP Sockets

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Section 23.1. Introduction

Section 23.2. An Autoclosing One-to-Many-Style Server Section 23.3. Partial Delivery

Section 23.4. Notifications Section 23.5. Unordered Data

Section 23.6. Binding a Subset of Addresses

Section 23.7. Determining Peer and Local Address Information Section 23.8. Finding an Association ID Given an IP Address Section 23.9. Heartbeating and Address Failure

Section 23.10. Peeling Off an Association Section 23.11. Controlling Timing

Section 23.12. When to Use SCTP Instead of TCP Section 23.13. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 24. Out-of-Band Data Section 24.1. Introduction

Section 24.2. TCP Out-of-Band Data Section 24.3. sockatmark Function Section 24.4. TCP Out-of-Band Data Recap Section 24.5. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 25. Signal-Driven I/O Section 25.1. Introduction

Section 25.2. Signal-Driven I/O for Sockets Section 25.3. UDP Echo Server Using SIGIO

Exercises

Chapter 26. Threads Section 26.1. Introduction

Section 26.2. Basic Thread Functions: Creation and Termination Section 26.3. str_cli Function Using Threads

Section 26.4. TCP Echo Server Using Threads Section 26.5. Thread-Specific Data

Section 26.6. Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued) Section 26.7. Mutexes: Mutual Exclusion

Section 26.8. Condition Variables

Section 26.9. Web Client and Simultaneous Connections (Continued) Section 26.10. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 27. IP Options Section 27.1. Introduction Section 27.2. IPv4 Options

Section 27.3. IPv4 Source Route Options Section 27.4. IPv6 Extension Headers

Section 27.5. IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination Options Section 27.6. IPv6 Routing Header

Section 27.7. IPv6 Sticky Options

Section 27.8. Historical IPv6 Advanced API Section 27.9. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 28. Raw Sockets Section 28.1. Introduction Section 28.2. Raw Socket Creation Section 28.3. Raw Socket Output

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Section 28.4. Raw Socket Input Section 28.5. ping Program

Section 28.6. traceroute Program Section 28.7. An ICMP Message Daemon Section 28.8. Summary

Exercises

Chapter 29. Datalink Access Section 29.1. Introduction

Section 29.2. BSD Packet Filter (BPF)

Section 29.3. Datalink Provider Interface (DLPI) Section 29.4. Linux: SOCK_PACKET and PF_PACKET

Section 29.5. libpcap: Packet Capture Library

Section 29.6. libnet: Packet Creation and Injection Library Section 29.7. Examining the UDP Checksum Field

Exercises

Chapter 30. Client/Server Design Alternatives Section 30.1. Introduction

Section 30.2. TCP Client Alternatives Section 30.3. TCP Test Client Section 30.4. TCP Iterative Server

Section 30.5. TCP Concurrent Server, One Child per Client Section 30.6. TCP Preforked Server, No Locking Around accept

Section 30.7. TCP Preforked Server, File Locking Around accept

Section 30.8. TCP Preforked Server, Thread Locking Around accept

Section 30.9. TCP Preforked Server, Descriptor Passing Section 30.10. TCP Concurrent Server, One Thread per Client Section 30.11. TCP Prethreaded Server, per-Thread accept

Section 30.12. TCP Prethreaded Server, Main Thread accept

Exercises

Chapter 31. Streams Section 31.1. Introduction Section 31.2. Overview

Section 31.3. getmsg and putmsg Functions Section 31.4. getpmsg and putpmsg Functions Section 31.5. ioctl Function

Section 31.6. Transport Provider Interface (TPI) Section 31.7. Summary

Exercises

Appendix A. IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, and ICMPv6 Section A.1. Introduction

Section A.2. IPv4 Header Section A.3. IPv6 Header Section A.4. IPv4 Addresses Section A.5. IPv6 Addresses

Section A.6. Internet Control Message Protocols (ICMPv4 and ICMPv6) Appendix B. Virtual Networks

Section B.1. Introduction Section B.2. The MBone Section B.3. The 6bone

Section B.4. IPv6 Transition: 6to4 Appendix C. Debugging Techniques Section C.1. System Call Tracing

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Section C.2. Standard Internet Services Section C.3. sock Program

Section C.4. Small Test Programs Section C.5. tcpdump Program Section C.6. netstat Program Section C.7. lsof Program

Appendix D. Miscellaneous Source Code Section D.1. unp.h Header

Section D.2. config.h Header Section D.3. Standard Error Functions Appendix E. Solutions to Selected Exercises Chapter 1

Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Bibliography

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Copyright

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.

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Fax: (617) 848-7047 Text printed on recycled paper First printing

Dedication

To Rich.

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Source Specific Multicast API, the key enabler for widespread IP multicast deployment Aloha nui loa.

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Addison-Wesley Professional Computing Series

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Stephen A. Rago, UNIX® System V Network Programming

Curt Schimmel, UNIX® Systems for Modern Architectures: Symmetric Multiprocessing and Caching for Kernel Programmers

W. Richard Stevens/Bill Fenner/Andrew M. Rudoff, UNIX Network Programming Volume 1, Third Edition: The Sockets Networking API

W. Richard Stevens, Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment W. Richard Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols

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Foreword

When the original text of this book arrived in 1990, it was quickly recognized as the definitive reference for programmers to learn network programming techniques. Since then, the art of computer networking has changed dramatically. All it takes is a look at the return address for comments from the original text ("uunet!hsi!netbook") to make this clear. (How many readers will even recognize this as an address in the UUCP dialup network that was commonplace in the 1980s?)

Today, UUCP networks are a rarity and new technologies such as wireless networks are

becoming ubiquitous! With these changes, new network protocols and programming paradigms have been developed. But, programmers have lacked a good reference from which to learn the intricacies of these new techniques.

This book fills that void. Readers who have a dog-eared copy of the original book will want a new copy for the updated programming techniques and the substantial new material describing next-generation protocols such as IPv6. Everyone will want this book because it provides a great mix of practical experience, historical perspective, and a depth of understanding that only comes from being intimately involved in the field.

I've already enjoyed and learned from reading this book, and surely you will, too.

Sam Leffler [ Team LiB ]

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Preface

Introduction

Changes from the Second Edition Using This Book

Source Code and Errata Availability Acknowledgments

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