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1973 pages 56-66

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(*) au en liaison avec les

nationales 5-11 1974).

(1) Enciklopedija Jugoslavije

clopaedra), Vol. 4, 1960, p. 602; Enciklo- Vol. 3, 1958, p. 576.

clopaedia of the Yrrgoslav Lexicographic (2) and estimates by the

The

of of of

Yugoslavia and the

The 1972.

of (3)

(Yugoslav Statistical Yearbook), 1972.

of emigration ^(*l

OF YUGOSLAV

Yugoslavia is by a of

united the

to the Yugoslav community of peoples to

continually the mid-19th

till the is estimated

that on the eve of the about

of

Yugoslavia of Yugos-

lav (1).

of the

the of Yugos-

lavia, i.e. Slovenia, and the

main of was the

United States.

Yugos-

lavia the Second

(about 1954). Spontaneous, and initially also

tion in the employment and in 1962. that time, the Yugoslav poli- tical and state had accepted employment as a necessity in the existing socio-economic conditions, and since 1964 the

and employ-

on the ment of

to the to

-West

and Sweden- though

was to

The of

especially 1965. On the basis of statistical data collected in the

it is estimated that in 1965, and in the follow-

ing to 210 O00

(1969 = 420000; 1971 = 660 000) (2).

1973 about 830 O00 Yugoslav and about 160 O00 new active Yugoslav

in who had left Yugos-

lavia the we com-

the total of 990 O00 in

as of the of 1973, plus the Options méditerranéennes

-

^{N’ 22}

in

the total of Yugo- slavia’s population (in mid-1973, the estimated total was: 20 994 O00 (3) in the Yugoslav Statistical Yearbook 1972), we

obtain a of 4.7.

we add the of

1972 (990 000) to the total

in Yugoslavia (4 210 we can see that ac- count 19.0 % of the total of employed Yugoslavs (5 200 000).

in the

an of 23.5 employed

themselves show that

an in Yugoslavia’s

economic and social life.

CAUSES OF

to the highly complex

causes of the of Yugos-

lav the one should

that at the end of the Second one of the most of

Yugoslavia, with its special geo-political position between the and

of and political blocs

and with its own and

economic development, has not always found the optimum policies

it is undeniable that has been achieved since

the in setting the once

to the path be-

the than

6

%

of Yugoslavia’s total population was employed (Table the last of the

economic de- velopment since the has manifested itself in an almost continual in the

and of employment.

The

dynamic social and economic development

is in the 1

in the of the

to total population (Table 11).

1948 to 1971, this

67.2

%

to 36.4

%.

the same

the of active in

t total population

Trends in the total Yugoslav population and in the number and rate employees in 1939, 1948, 1953 and 1961-1972 (*)

l

~

Y ear

Employed (**)

~~~

(***) Population

in 1

-

. _

. - N u m b e r in 1

3

Chain index

4

1 2 5

1939.

. . . .

1945.

. . . .

1948.

. . .

1953.

. . . .

1961.

. . . .

1962.

. . . .

1963.

. . .

1964.

. . .

1965.

. . .

1966.

. . .

1967.

. . .

1968.

. . .

1969.

. . .

1970.

. . .

1971.

. . .

1972.

. . .

15 996 15 216 1 5 772 16 937 18 549 18 819 19 029 1 9 2 2 2 19 434 19 844 19 840 20 209 20 209 20 371 20 505 20 772

920 461 1 517 1 836 3 242 3 318 3 390 3 608 3 662 3 582 3 561 3 587 3 706 3 850 4 034 4 210

5 9 3.0 9.5 10.8 17.4 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8 18.2 17.9 17.9 18.3 18.9 19.7 20.7 109.1

102.3 102.2 106.4 101.5 97.8 99.4 100.7 103.3 103.9 104.8 104.4

Survev. Federal for Statistics, Belgra:,e, 1965.

of the economy or with private employers.

(*) Source : Yugoslav Statistical Yearbooks and the publication Yugoslavia 1945-1964

-

^{A Statistic}

(**) Yugoslavia the concept employed applies to persons employed either in the social sect, (***) Proportion of the total population.

74.2 % to

%.

the of

should keep in mind that the diminish- Proportion of the agricultural

ment of the population population in the popuiatic

and of active farmers the past ten has to a extent

been also due to employment

the in

the of to total popula-

tion, a of Yugosla-

via's population

is one of the in dent when we that only 39.6

%

of the total is land

(of Yugoslavia's total of 255 804 km2 only 101 250 k m 2 is land). Thus

73.1 inhabitants

of land, and

only 2.6 of land

active 1961, i.e.

of into

employment began to

as many as 90 inha- bitants

land, with each active cultivating

an 2.2 land. One

in the working population of Yugoslavia

-

^according

t o post-war censuses

Active farmers in

%

of the total population Agricultural

population o f t h e total

population Year in

' l

3

74.2 68.3 56.3 38.5 1948.

.

64.3 1953.

.

^67.2

36.4 1971.

.

^52.9

1961.

.

I

Options méditerranéennes

-

N" 22

(4) 1969, p. 107.

(5) 1972 an of only 20.7 % of Yugoslavia’s population employed.

(6) A.

ofthe 1-2,

Tendencies in ill the Economic 1969, p. 55.

(7) Yugoslavia-Yugo-

ings in Statistics .for

Slav Statistical 1970, p. 264;

1970, p. 164.

The of the US and the West

to the official of exchange of the National

of Yugoslavia in 1973 (1 =

16,75 1 = 5, 69

of the ⁽⁸⁾ was 31.5 % Yugo-

At the end of 1970 the

slavia than it was 20

devaluation of 1971 the

of Yugoslavia

exceeded that in the 57.7 %.

No. 984,

8, 1971.

(9) 1973 on was

%; since then,

been applied to goods than 10 7:).

1959. 60. 61. 62. 64. 65. 6% 68. 71. 72.

1

-

Tretzds the total number of employed ( l ] , the nimber of persons seeking employment (2), and the number of vacant jobs registered in 1960- 1972 (1959 = 100).

58

should the

of on

iñ

1961, 56.3 %

of Yugoslavia’s total population but 23.2 % of the total national income (4).

to explain the causes of the Yugoslavia, one should keep in mind that despite the fact that of employment of the popula-

tion times between

1948 and 1972 (see Table column 51, it is

(5). im-

fact is that the last ten i.e. 1963 to 1972, has been a

in of

employment 2.9 in all, i.e. 17.8 to 20.7. The

to give up exacting and de- activity is developing much

in activities.

of the employ- ment of Yugoslavia’s population since the

has been the in the

of Each

to

the was by a

stagnation in the employment of new the was the economic and of 1965, which actually led to in the total

of employees in 1966 and 1967 (see Table column 3). At the same

time in the

of

while the availability of jobs (fig. 1).

of in employment

1965 did not

even that of the population which the com- ment (1965

-

18.8). One should the unemployed population

which had but

could not find employment, and the to

in

view of these conditions in Yugo- the past ten and espe- cially following the

of 1965, one can easily

of many of those who could not find jobs in Yugoslavia to seek them by taking employment in coun-

The

Yugoslavia mainly a of the of inadequately employed

population into of the economy.

Additionally, people of

the

age completed schooling (6).

cause of of

22

the the levels of income

in Yugoslavia and the economically

of and

of the Yugoslav to

by the obtaining

the in Yugoslavia amounted to about 80 U.S.

in 1969, the monthly

income of in West

was about 255 U.S.

318 % Yugo-

slavia (7).

The of employment

is not diminished by the fact that, due to the of living, the

of the of the immi-

is

the official exchange of the

This is because the his

employment to his

living expenses to a minimum and, on his to Yugoslavia, benefits the

of the savings he home with him. Thus he is stimulated to go into employment (S).

goods in

cies, the to

and this is an additional way in which he can the value of his

savings (9).

the causes of the of

could find employment in Yugoslavia, one must not the fact that many .

of them had no obtain-

in Yugo-

slavia, in the a

of the motive

taking employment also

advance-

ment in a full

application of

These motives taking employment among cations.

STRUCTURE OF MIGRANTS The census taken in Yugoslavia on

31 the

<< in

Although the census did not all Yugoslavs who live

because of employment but only those

<< in >>

-

leaving the assessment of

to the the data (the

family

-

the census

supplied the best and mation to date on the

of

The

a total of 671 908 << in

employment

>>.

^this

the statistical data about in the indi- vidual

gave a total of 780 500), one will see that the Yugoslav census did not

15 % of the in the

the

concept a Yugo-

slavia >> (10). The in

in to

(7.7 %) than in to (47.7 %) it may be assumed with justification that the

stay of is not of a

to the of the 1971 census, women account 31.4 % of the total

is equal to the of women in the total employment in Yugo-

slavia (31.8 %). the

age Yugo-

slavia is the age of 20-24 which As much as 83.3 % of the

below 40 of age. On the

women than men.

48.0 % of the men and as many as 62.3 %

of the below the age

of 30. of the

of individual age

with of the population

of the in Yugo-

slavia’s total population shows that 11.1 % of Yugoslavia’s population in the age

20-24, and 10.5

%

in the age of 25-29, employed

Educational attainments of Yugoslav take employment in is than is that of Yugo- slavia’s population as a whole. While

of have

studies (5.7 %) than

is in the

total population (8.1

X),

as much as 16.6 % of them have completed a school skilled highly-skilled

in Yugoslavia’s total population such

only 9.0

%.

the

(19.8 %) than among the total population (14.6

X).

Fully 42.1 % of all have completed an

a faculty, while in

Yugoslavia’s total population, sons account only 32.8

%.

As

school education, Yugoslav

the best of all the

Only some 10 of

have changed status of activity by taking employment

i.e. have moved status of ed into the status of

sons, and about 40 % of al1 Yugoslav taking employment We should also add those

ing schooling

did not even to find employment in Yugoslavia but took

to . those

in Yugoslavia. Although the

who went mainly

as having been inadequately engaged, they still include many in view of the size of small-holdings, could have

a good living in the existing

and in

own

OF

and unexpected

in to the

of Yugoslavia’s

The

unexpected because in Yugoslavia

-

in to the situation

of

-

the of

in of the

The in the intensity of nal

when we the of the indi-

and autonomous in the total population and

in

of in employment

total population, Slo-

venia and in

the total of

in the total population. Even within the individual

in the

of to

total population (fig. 2).

The data on the of the individual

and autonomous of

Yugoslavia in the total of Yugoslav who have taken employment that the

of is

diminishing while that of

of the 1971 census see

(10) a detailed of

Yugoslav Workers Abroad According to the Yugoslav Census in English,

za

Sveucilista u Vol. 12, of

Vol. 4, 1973.

Options méditerranéennes

-

²²

2

-

Number of Yugoslav workers temporarily employed abroad in pro- portion to the number of inhabitants in individual communes (according to census

of 1971).

80

70-

60-

60-

30-

20-

3

-

^of migrants from indi- ^10-

vidual and Autonomous

gions in the total number of migrants by years (Source : Census of Yugoslavia, 0-

31st, 1971).

Options méditerranéennes

-

^{N" 22}

111

Population and persons employed abroad

by individual Yugoslav republics and autonomous provinces on 3 1 March 1971

and Autonomous provinces

1

. .

^l.

. . .

Croatia

. . . . . .

^.

. . . . .

Slovenia

. . . . . . .

Serbia Proper

. . . .

Voivodina

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Population (*)

Number in 1

I-

3 743 530 4 423 1 647 1 725 5 242 1 950 1 ²⁴⁵ 20 505

1 8 3 2.6 21.6 8. O 8.4 25.6 9.5 6. O 100.0

1

Employed abroad (**)

1

in I Number

%

rate

-I

^I

I

I

^{1 5 1 6}

-I

^{I I}

152 835 1 0 685 268 340

71 810 56 150 131 615

72 540 26 525 790 500

19.3 1.3 34.0 9.1 7.1 16.7 9.2 3.3 100.0

4.8 2.0 6.1 4.4 3.3 2.5 3.7 2.1 3.9

tnstltute for Statistics, Belgrade 1 971.

immlgration.

(*) Source.: Preliminary results of the census of 31 1971 Statistical Bulletin no 662. Feder (*:) Figures the 1971 census, corrected according to the statistical records of the countries ^I

and donia is (fig. 3).

cally,

is the least affected by

of continue to have a small in the total

Yugoslavia. These data an indi-

the of

the Yugo-

the coun- and

while the

continues to both in the and of the

The causes of the in the

of

to individual of Yugo- slavia. of all it should be noted that

of in the past it has

than have the of the

As in the

possibilities and advantages of employment widely known, and mation on these possibilities and advan-

much than in the gations have shown that the spontaneous

in

settlements and f i s t involves mal

of and of th

age

settlements the to

communities affecting young, unskille

c women (11).

One cause of th

th unequal economic development of th

individual the

7-8 the

Yugoslavia became espt cially intensive.

ing the 1965 economic stagns tion in employment and also the in the total of employees

most in This c

Yugoslavia did numbe

of employees it had in 1965 until 1971 while the of total in th of employees between 1965 an

1972 an

of Yugoslavia (Yugosla 15,0, only 9.2).

Slav (11) Origin and Structure in the Yugo- (Summary in English, French and cilista Zagrebu, Vol. of Workers,

German), in za geografiju Sveu-

Vol. 1, Zagreb 1970, p. 41.

le te n

€1 d ,f Le te le

;t 11

;- 7- 1-

;e .e )f L .e d Y

V

I

61

Options méditerranéennes

-

^{W 22}

TABLE IV

Number Yugoslav workers in individual countries of immigration on the end of 1973 (*)

Country employment

1

Austria.

. . .

France

. . .

F.R. Germany

. .

Switzerland.

. . . .

Sweden.

. . .

The Benelux countries O t h e r european coun-

tries

. . .

European countries Total.

. . .

Australia

. . .

Canada.

. . .

United States.

. . .

O t h e r overseas coun- tries

. . .

Overseas countries Total.

. . .

Grand total.

. . . .

Number

2 .

197 54 496 28 25 14 1 6

830 76 39 36 9

160

%

the total

3

19.9 5.5 50.1 2.8 2.5 1.4 1.6

83.8 7.7 4. O 3.6 O. 9

16.2

% among t h e european

countries

4

23.8 6.6 59.6 3.4 3.0 1.7 1.9

100.0

% among the overseas

countries

5

47.5 24.4 22.5 5.6

100.0

Studies, of Geography, University of Zagreb.

(*) Estimates based on statistical records of countries of immigration collected by the Centre for

COUNTRIES

a distinction between

of well justified.

The social and legal position of in

that of in The

stay of in

quality, an illusion. The official Yugoslav

(( employment ⁾⁾

to

seas, although it is obvious that stay

in does not have this

quality.

Of of Yugoslav mi-

in employment at the end of 1973, 83.8 % in pe, and 16.2 % in

(Table half of all

Yugoslav in the

59.8 % of all in

of

Sweden and The of the post- to

live in i.e.

47.5 % of all to

ween the individual of Yugoslavia

as the in

which Yugoslav employ-

ment. This cau best be seen a

of of

individual communes employed in

with the of

employed (fig. 4). An

especially of Yugoslav

employed in come

which by a of

Options méditerranéennes

-

²²

Options méditerranéennes

-

^{N" 22}

I the end (12) This of 1972 by out at

Studies, of

sity, in of the

but many also come

and have only joined

the of The

which Yugoslav

to go into employment coincides

the of

The shown

of individual

no the

common

SOME SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC EFFECTS

go into employment

young, mobile

and

tively good qualifications. Among those who want to take employment

and

the ablest,

while 30-40 % as unfit

in economies. One that most of those who would have liked to take employment

and will continue to in Yugoslavia’s economy which means

that the jobs

to a of

the of employees in Yugoslavia.

employment

most cases is the of the second selection made by the

which, of view of the

of Yugoslavia’s economy, has just as an effect as has the a new selection among those they have selected themselves

them by officials of employment and they send back to Yugoslavia those who do not meet

Even if such do find employment when to Yugoslavia, it is standable that employment will lead

to a the of

Yugoslav employees.

On the one hand,

qualifications who have jobs in Yugoslavia’s economy

qualifications and

has a

effect, while on the the

of and

inclusion into the economic activities in Yugoslavia leads to a

of employees.

out in in

employing a total of

50 283 that within

Options méditerranéennes

-

²²

to

take employment the

total of employees included only 406

employment, (12). the

qualification of the

left in

to take employment was found

to than that of

who The

employment the of employees within the also be seen in the

fact of

sons among employees in (the the highest of

in

4.5 % in 1961 to 5.1 % in 1965 and to 6.8 % in 1970.

Since 1963, i.e. since began to be kept

of

the total has

continued to in 1963, 15.5 million in 1966, 64 million; in 1968, 122.3 million; in 1970, 440.6 million, and

in The

due to the

in employ- ment the accumulation of the

of stay in employment and also to the

by Yugoslavia designed to

the of

of

ces of and in Yugo-

slavia’s total

and invisible also

continues to in 1963 the

and only 4.4 %

of the total

and 35.6 % the

invisible in 1972

this total

22.0 % and in the

invisible fully

61.4

%.

As a

tance tends to be attached to

of and emi-

This a

to that the bulk of this in

to the of

to cap,

and that the

becomes adjusted to a

to which

with the of

The of

account tenth

of the of the Yugoslav population as a whole (13). Although of savings, these funds still a

of of Yugoslavia’s popu-

lation as a whole, and

much than has

the of the population.

On the

savings uneco-

nomically, chiefly

ment of own families’ living on

economic activities which would them

and a social status.

conditions, the bulk of savings employment is spent on the of housing conditions.

Of the total of

who had accumulated savings and began to spend them 1971, 69.1

%

spent savings on the

of on the

chase of flats. While investment in new accommodation facilities is undoubtedly

and useful, since it helps consi-

in the continu-

of spend too much

of savings on the of

the of

in

often made villages and which have

becoming included in the

in the absence of development plans

often built on

which will make it and costly to them with basic communal

in economic activities, ïn the social of the economy, has so been almost

tively little has been invested in

to the ambition

communities to them-

a

to and to

give activity, and also

to the

who have bought with money have done so consi-

of because

to be independent of those

families possessing than

it as an economic As a

of investment in

activities i s possible chiefly in

des such as haulage

and An investigation in a Cen- by a

has shown that out of a total of 3 489

vate and

establisments 385 %) had been in employment

saved the money acti-

vities (14).

of them (198) have bought involved haulage, 105 possess establishments, while in

all only 82

in employment

tation of who

employment to

such as haulage (including

and has in

a of in

to invest in these acti- vities.

As a

the to take

employment in the of Yugo-

slavia’s economy if

they of

suitable housing. To obtain such jobs, they even willing to spend

of savings

jobs have been opened in

this so

-

in

all, but the

of investment of savings

opening new jobs in the of the economy have

and suggest potentialities in

The causes of the

in to the investment of savings in Yugoslavia

manifold. is that the

not adequate possibilities the tion and utilization of capital in the development of economic activities and

and not always

adequate. The and

mentation of

to capital the open-

ing of new jobs in both the social and of the

to

to changes. This of

the is often a lack of

nized initiative that would the

savings of the most

efficient use of the funds in investments.

Although a of Yugoslavia’s population has found the possi- Options méditerranéennes

-

²²

(13) B. Spending, and

Standards, in Aktuehi ekonomske poli-

tike i Jugoslavije (Crtrrenz

in Yugosalvia), 1972 p. 10.

(14) See note No. 12.

I

l

bility should home is obvious that with the existing and take employment in Yugoslavia, it is

of an fact that

of obtaining and discontinuing bodv in Yugoslavia has come to the

the

of

investing savings, and the existing condi-

tions the and of

-

the employment of Yugoslav acts as a

in Yugoslavia’s economic develop- ment. This makes it difficult to the gap between Yugoslavia and the econo-

is obvious that the total of

almost one if

in the Yugoslav

economy

-

^effect

and despite the fact that much money would have to be invested to jobs them,

-

would Yugoslavia a

much than does

the in

an influx of

income taxation

duties on and in a

amount of stimulation of the building

and equipment

entail and

Only about 10

%

of the living with them.

The’ social and psychological effects on lead lives can be

in an of in neglect

of the obligations to chil-

invalid in

in mental of

women, most of whom of the most

suitable age and thus

stay an on

zati& that can

a change in the

effects of be

about. The need the

of

that they become suitably accepted in the and social life has been accepted by almost all

bodies and socio-political in Yugoslavia the

Although it is difficult to adopt such changes in Yugoslavia’s socio-economic system the implementation of the existing system

not and

cannot be the sake of

have been adopted

banking and taxation policies, etc.) which designed to speed up the of

employment

if the employment is to be made possible and

of

but it is equally to gain and justify the confidence that the conditions

employment join an economic

activity in the will not be affected by subsequent changes in the socio- economic system implementation.

The and of

to be included in the plans and

the plans of individual and communal plans to plans and

of

Special be given to

individual initiative in Yugo- the biological of the popu- ! slavia which will develop ways and means

lation including

has of in the

lation between a high of addition to

and a low indi- stable conditions the of

vidual of Yugoslavia. and economic and

The have be

in all to invest savings

of Yugoslavia’s economic and social life. and how they can combine the investment

a situation so the most

outside the it is difficult and also utilization of mental and physical to to the balance abilities.

by means of

‘

it is indisputable that

%

to can a

the of economic development of Yugo-

a whole. slavia and thus help in the

A adopted in : the development levels

Yugoslavia which, beginning in 1974, will of Yugoslavia and of the to make it difficult

may be expected that due to these

by the to take employ- tices the of will begin to

ment although it is and the basic cause of Yugoslav

difficult to

66

._ . , i ~

E - 3 i . I

Options méditerranéennes

-

^{N” 22}