C I R A D- DEPARTEMENT DES CULTURES PERENNE S
CATIMOR TRIALS FINAL REPOR T FOR
TANNA COFFEE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LTD .
S . Rafflegeau
Doc N°CP - 32 6
GOUVERNEMENT DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE VANUATU
GOVERNMENT OF TH E REPUBLIC OF VANUAT U MINISTÈRE DE L'AGRICULTURE, DE L'ÉLEVAGE,
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, DES FORETS ET DES PÊCHES
FORESTRY AND FISHERIES
~Ìï a1~
CENTREAGRONOMIQUEDE RECHERCHE
VANUATU AGRICULTURAL RESEARC H ET DE FORMATION DU VANUATU
AND TRAINING CENTRE
B . P. 23 1 ESPIRITU SANTO P .O . BOX 23 1 ESPIRITU SANT O TEL : (678) 36 320 TEL : (678) 36 32 0 FAX : (678) 36 355 FAX :(678) 36 355
ÇATEVIOR TRIALS FINAL REPORT
FO R
TANNA
COFFEE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LTD
SYLVAIN RAFFi .EGEAU
AGRONOMIS T
CuRAD - PERENNIAL CROPS - COFFEE PROGRAMM E
NOVEMBER 199 4
CIRA D
Centre de coopératio n international e en recherch e agronomiqu e pour l e développemen t République de Vanuatu Mandat de gestio n Convention Cuir e du 8/2/1994/ SI C 3 DEC . . . . . ~/~~
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TAN
CATMOR TRIALS FINAL REPORT FOR
to
COFFEE DEVELOPMENT COMPAN Y1 . INTRODUCTION
1 .1 . COFFEE HISTORY ON TANN A
1 .2. TANNA COFFEE DEVELOPMENT COMPAN Y 1 .3 . AIM OF THE TRIALS
2. TRIALS PRESENTATION
2 .1 . TRIALS AT THE ESTATE
2 .1 .1 . LATIN SQUAR E 2 .1 .2 . TANNA 1
2 .1 .3 . TANNA 2A & 2 B 2 .1 .4. TANNA 3A, 3B & 4 2 .1 .5 . CULTURAL TECHNIQUE
2 .2 . CATIMOR PLOTS IN SMALLHOLDER PLANTATION
3. METHOD, RESULT AND DISCUSSION FOR EACH ASSESSMENT DON E
3 .1 . VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMEN T
3 .1 .1 . METHOD
3 .1 .2 . RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N 3 .1 .2 .1 . LATIN SQUARE 3 .1 .2.2. TANNA 1
3 .1 .2.3 . TANNA 2A & 2 B 3 .1 .2 .4 . TANNA 3A, 3B & 4 3 .1 .3 . CONCLUSIO N
3 .2 . COFFEE LEAF RUST (C.L .R. )
3 .2 .1 . METHOD
3 .2.2. RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N 3 .2.3 . CONCLUSIO N
33. YIELD
3 .3 .1 . METHOD
3 .3 .2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3 .3 .2 .1 . LATIN SQUARE 3 .3 .2 .2. TANNA 1
3 .3 .2 .3 . TANNA 2A & 2 B 3 .3 .2.4. TANNA 3A, 3B & 4
3 .3 .2.5 . CATIMOR PLOTS IN SMALLHOLDER PLANTATIO N 3 .3 .3 . CONCLUSION
3.4. OUT-TURN RATIO CHERRY :GREEN BEA N
3 .4 .1 . METHO D
3 .4 .2 . RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N 3 .4 .3 . CONCLUSION
3 .5 . GREEN BEAN GRADE REPARTITIO N
3 .5 .1. METHO D
3 .5.2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3 .5 .3 . CONCLUSION
3 .6 . CUP QUALIT Y
3 .6.1 . METHO D
3 .6.2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3 .6 .3 . CONCLUSION
3.7 . FEMALE FERTILITY 3 .7 .1 . METHO D
3 .7 .2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3 .7 .3 . CONCLUSION
3.8 . DENSITY
3 .8.1 . METHO D
3 .8 .2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3 .8.3 . CONCLUSION
3.9. MINERAL NUTRITION 3.10. SETTING COMPARISON
3 .10.1 . METHOD
3 .10 .2 . RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N 3 .10 .3 . CONCLUSION 4. GENERAL CONCLUSION REFERENCES ANNEX 1 ANNEX 2 ANNEX 3 ANNEX 4 ANNEX 5
1 . INTRODUCTIO N
1.1. COFFEE HISTORY ON TANNA
Captain James Paddon could be the seafaring trader who first brought Arabica coffe e to Vanuatu in the early 1850's, and probably on Tanna where we have the first record of i t being grown (Weightman 1989) . Until 1909, coffee had been cultivated only by colonials bu t the planted area was limited by the quantity of labor available . In 1909, Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) due to the pathogens Hem ileia vastatrixhit Vanuatu destroying the majority of Arabic a plantations in 10 years . But this would have not amounted to much in Tanna. While on the other islands coffee planters were turning to Robusta coffee resistant to CLR, Tanna planter s went ahead growing Arabica, the highest quality and thus the highest priced coffee . Then yield and production were fluctuating according to labor availability, level of CLR attack , management ...
In 1960, a long term program for encouraging local people in growing Arabica coffe e was started in Middle Bush Tanna, at Lamenatu (Weightman 1989) . Arabica seeds imported from Papua New Guinea (Arusha) and also from Fiji were sown in nursery . Then to motivate the smallholders, fields were prepared free and seedlings were given and planted free . After that high level of assistance, farmers were expecting Agriculture to participate in maintenanc e work but this did not occur. Further many fields were too big for the farmers whose traditio n was not in the upkeep of immature medium or long term crops . Then all these efforts had almost no consequence on development of smallholder coffee plantations as shown by th e annual production of about 2 or 3 tons green bean in 1967. A local businessman was buying the cherry from farmers .
From 1965, a new director of the Agriculture Department modified the policy o f development and then stopped the ultra assistance for coffee planting to the benefit of othe r crops . In 1974, Arabica production had still not taken off because of the labor requirement s at harvest and the insufficient means of treatment and drying .
After independence in 1980, Agriculture Department organized a survey in order t o locate and determine the state of existing coffee holdings, assess the problems and confir m the interest of farmers living in potential coffee growing areas . Then in the First Nationa l Development Plan, the first Vanuatu government proposed to establish 400 Ha of coffee holdings on Tanna. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC) studie d the feasibility for an integrated coffee development project on Tanna, that would incorporate a nucleus estate.
The 31st of August 1984, Tanna landowners and the CDC signed an agreement t o settle a coffee development project : Tanna coffee Development Company Ltd (TCDC), at Lakahap, Middle Bush . Over 5 years, it was planned to build a wet processing factory an d to plant 400 Ha of the local mixed tall Arabica already introduced, in an industrial plantation . Department of Agriculture was involved in a parallel development of smallholder coffe e plantations fully managed by local farmers advised by Agriculture field assistants . Organization of the farmer's cherry collection was due to TCDC .
1 .2 . TANNA CO}ÏEE DEVELOPMENT COMPAN Y
Arabica in Tanna generally tolerates, and at least survives, CLR attack becaus e conditions there are closer to the ideal for that species than in other part of Vanuatu (Weightman 1989) . As a matter of fact, when Arabica is under stress condition the effect o f CLR is significantly amplified . So provided Arabica coffee is grown in its proper climat e range, a reasonable management can be the solution against CLR attack . For this reason, no agronomical experimentation was planned by CDC . Then the development of the estate plantation started in 1984, making a nursery with the local tall Arabica lines already importe d : Arusha, Typica and Bourbon . By the end of 1988, 205 Ha were planted at TCDC nucleu s estate .
In the same time that the planting program had been followed, the first planted area were showing various problems . Then TCDC's management learnt a lot about choosing lan d not too exposed to South East prevailing wind or not in flood prone areas . The volcanic aci d rains that occurred in 1988 damaged the plantation but seemed to be an abnorma l phenomenon . The more serious concern was that the local tall Arabica has been found susceptible to CLR, which induced steady defoliation .
Then few trees of different Catimor lines planted in a collection in 1986 were noticed totally free of CLR whereas the surrounding trees were fully covered by the pathogens . Catimor is a crossbreeding between Caturra and "Hibrido de Timor" . Catimor coffee tree i s homozygous for compact-type growth, gives high yield of acceptable size beans and is foun d to be resistant to most of the races of CLR (Wrigley 1988) . As the Catimor tree is a dwarf, its tolerance to strong wind is higher than for tall coffee trees . The dwarfism give th e advantage to increase the density of planting by reduction of the tree size, thereby yield i s increased too . Catimor cup quality is comparable to tall Arabica quality.
On those hopeful remarks, the board council members decided in 1988 to go no further into development of the tall coffee area and to fund a 5 years experimentation program o n Catimor lines from 1989 until 1994 . Then the CDC and the Overseas Developmen t Administration
(ODA)
attributed a budget to TCDC in order to maintain the actual plantatio nin good condition (85 Ha), and to set and monitor Catimor trials until the end of 1994 . But, some of the blocks suffered heavy die-back thought to be due to a combination of cyclon e Fran (1992), scale insect attacks (Coccus celatus and C. hesperidum) due to an unusual dry period and eventually CLR. So, gradually, the area of the Arusha plantation maintaine d
decreased from 85 Ha in 1989 to 45 in 1994 .
In order to complete the equipment of TCDC, the EEC through the Tourism Counci l of the South Pacific funded the building of a dry factory on the dry coast of Tanna, in 1992 . This factory is equipped with a huller-grader which enables hulling of 5 tons a day and also with a 12 kg roaster, a grinder and a packaging machine . Then TCDC despite its lo w production due to its history, colonized the local market for roasted coffee . In 1994, 10 ton s of "A" grade beans were roasted for the exportation market and 5 tons of low grades for th e local market.
Following the same program to fully equip TCDC, a rotary dryer was purchased i n
1992 . That machine enables to drying of 4 tons of coffee in 24 hours. It can use diesel or firewood or coffee husk. From this time, the full processing structure hsa been in place awaiting for the development to restart from the results of the Catimor experimentation .
In January 1993, TCDC,
ODA
and the "Centre de Cooperation Internationale e nRecherche Agronomique pour le Developpement" (CIRAD) signed a memorandum o f agreement in order to assist TCDC in the scientific analysis and monitoring of a series o f coffee trials situated at TCDC . CIRAD sent Sylvain RAFFLEGEAU as an agronomist the 25th of February 1993 to be in charge of the trials at TCDC, until the end of 1994 .
1 .3 . AIM OF '1E TRIM S
Trials were set in order to choose among a pool of Catimor lines the most suitabl e one, for Tanna conditions . For this purpose, yield, out-turn ratio, cup quality, vegetative statu s and CLR level of resistance have been assessed. Then for the Catimor line chosen according to the qualities required on Tanna, a prediction of yield will be made specifying the cultural techniques used to reach it .
A study of the most adapted density for Catimor coffee trees on Tanna was planne d at the same time . Further, Catimor trees planted at TCDC in commercial plantations ar e compared with Catimor trees in smallholder plantations in order to select a Catimor lin e adapted to farmer's management if it is proved necessary .
Some of the Estate trials are replicated in another setting, North-West, on the Wes t side of the island. There, the annual rainfall is about 800mm lower than at the Estate (annua l average over 10 years : 2250mm), and as this is located on the West side, the effect of th e South-East prevailing winds should be less severe to the growth of the coffee .
Eventually, the results of the trials presented in the conclusion of this final trial report, specifically the yield with the cultural techniques necessary to obtain them, will be the basi s for economical projections . Thus TCDC management will optimize the size of a Catimor plantation and the number of years to achieve the replanting program, in order that TCD C becomes economically sustainable, in as short a term as possible .
2. TRIALS PRESENTATIO N
2 .1 . TRIALS AT 'ME ESTATE
2 .1 .1 . LATIN SQUARE
Designed by CIRAD, a latin square varietal trial compare 4 Catimor lines (F5, F6 , 1668 & 1702-2 from CIRAD Santo) and 1 tall Arabica line (Java from CIRAD Cameroun) , to the local reference (Arusha) . Every plot is a 25 * 15 m rectangle containing 210 dwarf trees (5555 trees/Ha, spacing 1 .80 m * 1 .00 m) or 100 tall trees (2666 trees/Ha, spacing 2 .50 m * 1 .50 m) . A map of this trial is presented in annex 1 .
In Latin Square, 1 .35 Ha of coffee tree were planted in a 2 .77 Ha field, durin g
September 1989 . Latin Square seeds came from Santo CIRAD's agonomical center . However when the first pack of seeds sent by CIRAD had been sown, some non standard coffee tree s were found in the Java and the F6 plots . So CIRAD sent new seeds for these varieties, whic h were replanted 12 months after the 4 other varieties . So finally, all the statistical analysis hav e been done normally but Java and F6 are no longer comparable to the other varieties becaus e of their date of plantation . Java and F6 trees have never completely recovered from th e cyclone Fran (1992) .
Further, 1 plot of tall variety (Arusha), is planted at the dwarf density, and the invers e mistake was done for 2 Catimor plots, one of 1668 and another of 1702-2 . For these 3 wrong density plots, we decided to assess their value averaging the value of the 5 other plots, i n order to keep the latin square design of the trial for the statistical analysis .
In Latin Square, wind break lines were disposed as Annex . . . shows . So 4 lines o f wind-break are spaced every 50 m from the North to the South of the trial whereas from th e West to the East there is 115 m with no wind-break .
2 .1 .2 . TANNA 1
Tanna 1 is an 8 Fisher blocks varietal trial designed by CIRAD . The trial covers 0 .3 4 Ha is surrounded by a seed garden which increase the area planted to 0 .91 Ha . The followin g 21 dwarf varieties are compared together :
- 19 Catimor lines : F5, F6, T5155, T5159, T5175, T5296, T12870, T15180, T15181 , T15201, T15202, T15203, T15205, TI5206, T15225, T15228, T16671, T16672, T16681 .
- Caturraand Catuai T5267 . All the "T" varieties have been imported from Costa Rica , the other ones were sent from CIRAD Santo .
Plots and blocks are represented on a map, Annex 2, and spacing is 2 .50 m * 1 .25 m (3200 trees/Ha) . The 21 varieties are totally disposed at random in each block . One plot contains 6 lined trees . Catuai T5267 is the variety planted as border line .
Tanna 1 seedlings were planted in February 1991 but few months after, the trial wa s
found very heterogeneous in the development of the coffee trees . Then, all the trees were cu t down following "agobiado" pruning technique in July 1991 in order to homogenize the trial . In 1993, the first crop was not very important because of the waste of time due to the prunin g in early 1992 .
After 2 seasons of notation in Tanna 1, some varieties are considered as still i n segregation because they have lost their dwarfism and/or CLR resistance and also because a n heterogeneity had been noticed in the color of the tip and ripe cherry . The only varieties in
Tanna 1 with 100 % of trees with the same tip color, fruit color and size are the 4 followin g
ones : Catuai T5267, Catimor F6, Catimor T5175 and Catimor T5296 . However, productio n was weighed plot by plot, but tree by tree notations of production, CLR resistance an d vegetative vigor were done in order to control the heterogeneity between the same Catimo r line .
2 .1 .3 . TANNA 2A & 2B
Tanna 2B, located at the Estate, was planted in April 1991 whereas its replication i n North-West plantation was planted in July 1991 . CIRAD Santo had established the protoco l of these trials and supplied the seeds . Tanna 2A & 2B are designed as split-plot trials with 2 factors : variety and density .
Two border Iines surround the 4 blocks which contains 5 high density plots and 5 lo w density plots . Plots are defined by 7 lined trees spaced at 2 .25 m * 1 .5 m for the low density
(2963 trees an Ha) and at 2 .25 m * 1 m for the high density (4444 trees an Ha) . The 5 following varieties are compared together : F6, Catuai T5267, T8667, T11670 and T12870 . Catuai T5267 constitutes all the border lines . The randomization of the varieties per plot an d per block is represented in annex 3 .
The Catimor line T12870 planted in Tanna 2A and 2B has red cherries and is resistant to CLR whereas in Tanna 1, T12870 has yellow cherries and is susceptible to CLR . S o despite the number being the same, different Catimor lines are in those trials .
2 .1 .4 . TANNA 3A, 3B & 4
Tanna 3B was planted in May 1991 at the Estate and Tanna 3A, its replication, in Jul y 1991 at North West . Then, as enough seedlings were left, another replication was planted i n September 1991 at North West, because the drought there was suspected to provoke mortalit y in Tanna 3A, planted at the beginning of the dry season (July) . Finally this did not occur an d Tanna 3A coffee trees were even noticed at a more advanced stage of development than th e Tanna 3B ones planted 2 months before . Then in March 1992, cyclone Fran blew and th e wind turbulence tore up around 30 % of Tanna 3A trees . As Tanna 4 was still quite complet e after the cyclone, Tanna 3A became an observational trial and Tanna 4 the replication of Tanna 3B .
The PNG Coffee Research Institute provided the seeds and ODA suggested the trial s design . These trials design is a 2 factor split-plot comparing 10 Catimor lines, NG9256 , NG9257, NG9258, NG9259, NG9260, NG9261, NG9262, NG9263, NG9264 and NG9265 , at 2 densities 6400 trees/Ha (1 .25 m * 1 .25 m) and 5333 trees/Ha (1 .25 m * 1 .50) . Density is the factor under-block and there are 5 blocks . Plots at Iow density are constituted of 6 * 5 = 30 trees, deducting the guard row, there are 4 * 3 = 12 recorded trees . In the high density plots constituted of 6 * 6 = 36 trees, the recorded trees are 4 * 4 = 16 .
As the map of the trials presented in Annex 4 shows, the blocks 1,2,4 and 5 ar e separated into 2 by an Erythrina
indica
line as wind break and the block 3 into 4 by 2 Iine s ofErythrina. The disposition of the wind break inside the trial should have not separated th e blocks into parts in order to maintain the best homogeneity inside each block . Erythrina was not efficient at all during the cyclone because it breaks easily .At the Estate, Cyclone Fran blew in 1992 in Tanna 3B, from the bottom side of th e map in Annex 4, and the closer the trees are to the top of the map, the more they wer e defoliated . Then very quickly with the regrowth of the trees well sheltered, a gradient o f development of the coffee trees inside the blocks started to appear . Then for all th e assessment in Tanna 3B, we have had to change the statistical design because inside each
block the varietal and density variability is hidden by the much more important variability du e to the cyclone effect.
We have transposed the blocks ofTanna3B in the other position, perpendicular to th e
original one, in order to control the gradient of development due to the cyclone Fran . Then all the statistical analysis were done using these redesigned blocks to study the varietal an d density effects.
4 PNG Catimor lines are in double among the 10 planted, so only 6 lines are different . As a matter of fact, 6 lines were selected in Portugal, then after few generations, they wer e sent to PNG directly . 4 of them were sent to Australia and seeds from the following generation were sent again from Australia to PNG, increasing the PNG introduction number s to 10. So 4 lines are effectively in double but some selection were done in Australia, so it i s better to consider them as 10 different lines . The equivalent lines can be compared 2 by 2 , as follows : Catimor line equivalen t line NG 9256 SINGLE NG 9257 = NG 926 1 NG 9258 = NG 926 2 NG 9259 = NG 9263 NG 9260 = NG 9264 NG 9265 SINGLE
For the NG9258 plots, about 30 % of all the NG9258 trees were found tall, susceptibl e to CLR and having clear leaf whereas the majority of trees are dwarf, CLR resistant with dar k leaf. Then comparing with original plant in PNG, the CLR susceptible trees were proved no t identical with NG9258 during 1993 . Thus, these not conformable trees were pulled out befor e the I994 harvest . So, this allows us to dispose of NG9258 data for 1994 .
2 .1 .5 . CULTURAL TECHNIQU E
According to the experience acquired growing tall Arabica and also following th e different visiting advisers' recommendations, the planting and pruning method chosen fo r Catimor coffee trees are single tree, single stem and free growth . Latin Square plots are th e exception because trees are planted single and double stem .
Bush was cleared in order to establish Latin Square in a new field in 1989 . In 1991 ,
Tanna 1, 2B and 3B were established on rehabilitated blocks of tall Arabica coffee tree. As North West was a new setting, Tanna 2A, 3A and 4 are planted on just cleared land.
On Tanna, the experience showed that the most efficient wind break is the loca l Casuarina equisetrfolia . The imported one from Papua New Guinea, Casuarina oligodon was found breakable during the strong cyclone . Owing to our experience growing Catimor for 5 years, the most profitable wind shelter looks to be lines of Casuarina equisetifolia perpendicular between each other spaced at 50 m, designing thus square of 50 m * 50 m o f coffee trees in the plantation . Each line of wind-break is in fact 3 rows of Casuarina equisetifolia planted at 3 m in triangle .
In Tanna 1, 2A, 3A and 4, interlines of pigeon pea, Cajanus caianus, were sowed i n 1991 just after the coffee seedling had been planted, in order to shelter them from wind , hurricane and strong sun . In early 1994 these interlines were fully stumped to avoid a nutritional and spacial competition between coffee tree and pigeon pea . In Tanna2B and 3B , interlines of pigeon pea were not sowed like in their replication at North West setting .
From the date of plantation until March 1993, weeds have been controlled sprayin g Glyphosate in all the trials . Then, a legume cover crop, Desmodium intortum, wer e established by planting cuttings . Then we had to hand weed or spray selective herbicide , Sethoxydim, until the complete colonization of the fields in early I994 . Now the cover crop is slashed every month in order to avoid defoliation of the bottom branches . As a matter of fact, Desmodium stolons are not climbing in coffee tree but they stand up and trees can b e recovered in 3 months .
In our plantation, Desmodium roots are nodulated and the nitrogen fixation i s equivalent to 150 units N/Ha/year (Macfarlane personal communication) . The second benefit noticed is that ant level of population is considerably reduced when Desmodium covers th e field, whereas many ants are found in fields without Desmodium . Further-more, the vegetal layer of cover crop seems to keep more humidity in the top soil, preventing the morning de w being evaporated too quickly during the dry season .
2 .2 . CATIMOR PLOTS IN SMAI .T 1TOLDER PLANTATIO N
Originally 8 farmers spread aroundTannareceived 100 Catimor seedlings (50 of 1702 -2 and 50 of 14-135-5), in 1991 . With the help of the Department of Agriculture, thes e seedlings were planted at the spacing advised by the agriculture field assistant of th e concerned area. Those plantation are localized on a map presented in annex 5, giving th e location of each plantation . One of these plantations has been abandoned whereas th e smallholders have maintained the 7 remaining ones according to their management system .
In Tanna2B seed garden, 4 replication plots of 50 catimor trees (2 plots of 1702-2 an d 2 plots of 14-135-5) were marked during the 1993 harvest . These replication plots are aime d to compare estate and farmer production .
3 . METHOD, RESULT AND DISCUSSION FOR EACH ASSESSMENT DONE
Except for the Latin Square varieties planted in 1989, only 2 crops are available t o complete the selection process because all the trials were planted in 1991 . Fortunately Walyaro et Al . (1979) have found that the early yield is in fact the most important selection
criterion . They indicate that a minimum of 2 years of production is also required to assess th e bean size and the cup quality, factors which in a coffee breeding programme are equally as important as productivity and disease resistance . Further-more they proved that the 2 firs t yields and a measure of vigor as girth at base of stem gave them 94% of relative efficienc y to determine the annual yield average calculated after 10 crops .
So short term experimentation as the one done at TCDC can provide results accurat e enough to be used as base data for an economical study of profitability .
3.1 . VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMEN T
3 .1 .1 . METHO D
The vegetative status assessment were done by notation, twice a year (June an d October), in 1993 and 1994 . The vegetative notation scale is as follows :
5 : no defec t 4 : 1 slight defect
3 : 2 slight defects 2 : 1 major defect
1 : 1 major and 1 slight defects 0 : 2 major defects
The defects, noticed slight or major, are : - not enough leaves ;
- yellowish leaves ; - small leaves ; - twigs mortality ; - weak tree ; - bad shape .
In 1993, both varietal and density effect on measure of stem diameter were not
significant whereas the varietal effect was with the notation. Once again measures were don e in 1994and the differences noted between varieties were significant only for Latin Square an d
Tanna 1 . But test of separation of means are more interesting with notation . As measure do not take into account the shape of the tree nor branch mortality, defoliated branch and whethe r
tree is dwarf or tall, notation is more suitable to the assessment we are looking for .
TANNA 1
LATIN SQUARE
NOTATION OF VEGETATIVE STATU S VARIETY ' NOTE N . & K .
1702.2 4 .07 A
1668 3.96 A
F5 3.89 A
ARUSHA 1 .79 B
VARIETY NOTE N. & k.
T5296 3.12 A T16671 2 .96 AB T5175 2 .89 AB T5159 2 .71 A B T15203 2.35 B C T15202 2 .28 BC D T5155 2.26 BC D T16681 2 .25 BC D T15206 2.22 BCD E T15205 2 .21 BCD E Ti 2870 2 .15 CD E T15228 2 .14 CD E T15180 2 .13 CD E T16672 2.07 CD E F6 1 .97 DE F5 1 .96 D E T15201 1 .95 D E CATURRA 1 .92 DE T15225 1 .88 E T15181 1 .84 E CATUAI 1 .83 E TABLE 1 TABLE 2
VARIETY NOTE N . & K .
F6 3.02 A T8667 2 .81 A B T12870 2.50 B T11670 2 .35 B CATUAI 2 .31 B TABLE 3
3 .1 .2 . RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N 3 .1 .2 .1 . LATIN SQUARE
The variety Java has been declared not suitable on Tanna because of its lack of vigo r and absence of growth .
The result of the notation are presented in table 1 . The varietal effect is very highly significant and the test of separation of means separates Arusha from the 3 Catimor lines. As 1702-2, 1668 and F5 are in the same homogeneous group, the differences of means between these 3 lines are not significant . Thus there is no differences in vegetative development o f these 3 Catimor lines, according to our notations .
The results of measurement of the base stem diameters give the best stem diameter t o Arusha, the tall variety . Then follow the 3 Catimor lines classified as with the notations an d also in the same homogeneous group . Thus measures of vigor confirm the results of th e vegetative status notations .
3 .1 .2.2 . TANNA 1
On Tanna, dwarf varieties are less exposed to South East prevailing winds and also to cyclones than the tall varieties . Thus the Catimor lines which have lost their dwarfism (cf paragraph ), were noted 2 as tall size is a major defect . The defoliation due to CLR attacks have also been noted as a major defect . Thus tall and/or susceptible trees were badly noted . Results of the notations are presented on table 2 . So varieties with many trees defoliated by CLR and also with many tall trees are at the end of the classification . Notes are smaller than in Latin Square because trees are younger, thus less developed .
The varietal effect is very highly significant. But, the test of separation of means ca n not separate the different varieties into significantly different homogeneous groups . However , the first 4 Catimor lines are not in the last group named "E", and there is a gap quite important after them . Further-more, the 3 following ones, T15203, T15202 and T5155 ar e very vigorous lines but with high percentage of tall trees . As the first 4 Catimor lines, T5296 , T16671, T5175 and T5159, are pure Catimor dwarf without rust spot, they can be considere d as the most interesting lines in Tanna 1, for their vegetative status .
3 .1 .2.3 . TANNA 2A & 2 B * TANNA 2A
In Tanna 2A, the varietal effect is very highly significant but the density effect is no t significant . Table 3 shows the results of vegetative notation . The level of vegetative development is about the same as the development in Tanna 1 . As Catuai is susceptible t o CLR, the defoliation due to the pathogene is responsible for its low note . T12870 and T1167 0 were found partially defoliated after the scale insect attack in 1993 while the other varietie s were not .
The Newman-Keuls test of separation of means define 2 homogeneous groups wit h 9
not significantly different means . But, Catimor F6 is the only variety not in the last group . Thus F6 is considered as the most interesting variety in Tanna 2A for the vegetativ e development factor .
Measuring the basis stem diameter, the varietal effect is not significant . * TANNA 2 B
In 1992, cyclone Fran really damaged Tanna 2B because there was no wind-brea k against the way the cyclone blew. Then after that severe defoliation, it took about 1 year fo r the coffee trees to recover . The first production was very poor and late, 3 years after planting . Further-more, many trees are inclined and now have a bad shape and architecture . S o vegetative notation would have rather been an assessment of the cyclone effect than a varietal comparison.
The measures of vigor done measuring the base stem diameter, confirms th e observation in the field : the varietal effect is not significant.
3 .1 .2.4 . TANNA 3A, 3B & 4 * TANNA 3 B
In Tanna 3B, the gradient of development following on the cyclone Fran (cf paragraph 2 .1 .4 .) is such important that the differences between Catimor lines are not possible to asses s by notation. So, measures of basis stem diameter were done . The varietal effect is not significant and the density effect is almost significant : P = 0.066. So, no differences in th e vegetative status between the 10 PNG lines were statistically shown in Tanna 3B, all the lines look equivalent for that factor .
* TANNA 4
In Tanna 4, some trees are not developed enough to be noted, so measures of basi s stem diameter were done . The varietal effect is not significant because there is a slight heterogeneity inside the blocks, following on the defoliation during the cyclone Fran .
* TANNA 3 A
All the PNG Catimor lines in the well developed part of Tanna 3A have started to show die-back symptoms, by the middle of the harvesting season 1994 . This seems to be due to overbearing associated to a high level of brown blight of leaf, Colletotricum coffeanum , which appeared on the leaf margins broken during the 2 cyclones we had in January 1994 .
3 .1 .3 . CONCLUSION
In Latin Square, the study of the vegetative development shows that the 3 Catimo r lines, 1702-2, 1668 and F5 are statistically equivalent. In Taima 1, the best Catimor lines for their vegetative status (T5296, T16671, T5175 and T5159), can not be statistically separated . In Tanna 2A, F6 has the best vegetative development .
The 10 PNG Catimor lines are found statistically equivalent for their vegetative status . But, in Tanna3A they are noticed prone to die-back due to the combination of overbearin g and a high level of brown blight of leaf. Some Catimor lines have the defect to be incline d to present die-back symptoms under stress conditions, like when production is heavy . So, even if that occurred in a very small area, the varieties can be declared inclined to overbearing .
In the smallholder plantations, Catimor 14-135-5 seems to be more robust than 1702- 2 where the bottom branches are more easily defoliated, when farmers let the grasses grow to o high.
3 .2 . CO. EE
LEAF
RUST(CL.R.)
3 .2.1 . METHO D
In June and October 1993, notation of the level of resistance to CLR were don e according to the quantity of sporulated or not sporulated CLR spot . However, the variations were more relative to the seasonal possibility of development for the fungus than to the leve l of resistance. Then for 1994, CLR level of resistance was evaluated calculating the percentag e of susceptible coffee trees during the peak of harvest, as advised by a CIRAD CLR specialist .
3 .2.2. RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N
The following table presents all the varieties found susceptible to CLR :
PERCENTAGE OF SUSCEPTIBLE TREES PER VARIETY
VARIETY SUSCEPTIBLE TREES TRIAL
ARUSHA l00 % LATIN SQUARE
CATUAI T5267 100 % TANNA 1, 2A & 2B
CATIMOR T15225 100 % TANNA 1
CATURRA 97.8 % TANNA 1
CATIMOR T15181 95 .8 % TANNA 1
CATIMOR T12870 70.4 % TANNA 1
CATIMOR TI5202 54 .2 % TANNA 1
CATIMOR F5 47.6 % TANNA I CATIMOR T16672 31 .9 % TANNA 1 CATIMOR T15203 18 .2 % TANNA 1 CATIMOR T15201 10 .6 % TANNA 1 CATIMOR T15206 9 .1 % TANNA 1 CATIMOR T15180 6 .7 % TANNA 1 CATIMOR T5155 6.2 % TANNA 1
Arusha, Caturra and Catuai are known to be highly susceptible to Hem ileia vastatrix , as percentages of susceptible trees confirm. The 11 Catimor lines found not totally resistan t come out of Tanna 1, trial where most of the lines are still in segregation (cf paragraph 2 .1 .2 .) . For that reason, some of the trees have lost their character of resistance to CLR.
Among these 11 Catimor lines, percentage of infested trees are ranged from 100 to 6.2, so level of resistance looks very scattered.
In Tanna 1, 47 .6 % of the Catimor F5 trees, 20 trees over 42, were found with CL R spots . In the collection, one tree had CLR, it has been pulled out . But in Latin Square, th e 1260 F5 trees are safe . Here again, the hypothesis of a loss of resistance for the F5 plante d in Tanna 1 is the most likely . As a matter of fact, as in Tanna 1 there are 19 % of F5 tree s which have lost their dwarfism, our hypothesis of varieties in segregation looks confirmed. So in case of a Catimor F5 selection for redevelopment, Tanna 1 seeds won't be chosen, but rather Latin Square ones .
GRAPHIC 1
I
YIELD OF THE 4 FIRST CROP S
IN LATIN SQUARE IN g of cherry/tre e
..~_. _ .g , g~ , T
1991
1992
1993
1994
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
-~-F5
-
4
-C1668
>K-1702-2
E
ARUSH A3 .2.3 . CONCLUSIO N
According to a CIRAD CLR specialist, the best strategy for Catimor selection is t o chose the most resistant lines because they are richer in genes of resistance, offering thus a better protection against the pathogene . So, only the lines without rust symptoms will be kep t for the future development .
The following Catimor lines are not totally resistant : T12870, T15225, T15181 , T15202, T16672, T15203, T15201, T15206 ,
T15180 and T5155 . Catimor F5 is considered as totally resistant like in Latin Square becaus e the partial lost of dwarfism and resistance to CLR in Tanna 1 show that for the F5 plante d in Tanna 1 all the characters are not yet fixed .
The Catimor line NG 9256 which is the most productive among the NG lines in PNG , is infested by CLR in PNG while all of the NG lines are free of rust on Tanna. So Tanna and PNG race(s) of rust should be different, unless the rust is not as virulent in both countries .
3 .3 . YIELD
3 .3 .1 . METHOD
For the all the trials, the cherries were picked and weighed plot by plot . A scal e accurate within 1 gram was purchased . For Tanna 3B and 4 the guard row trees surroundin g the plot were harvested separately . So only the recorded trees production were weighed to
define the yield according to density .
3 .3 .2. RESULT AND DISCUSSIO N
When it has been possible, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), was done adding dat a of all the crops available in order to reduce the effect of biennial production, decreasing thu s the coefficients of variation .
3 .3 .2 .1 . LATIN SQUARE
For the 3 Catimor lines planted in 1989 and also the control Arusha, we benefitte d from 4 crops data, 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994 harvests (cf paragraph 2 .1 .1 .). Results are shown on graphic 1 .
First, over the 4 crops Arusha averages half of the lowest Catimor production, tha t confirms the interest of Catimor lines comparatively to tall Arabica, on Tanna.
The drop of production in 1992 and 1993 can be attributed to the cyclone Fran in 199 2 and to the pullulation of scale insect attack, Coccus celatus and Coccus hesperidum, in 199 3 due to an unusual dry period. In Latin Square wind break lines are spaced at 60 m in th e North/South aspect and at 120 m in the West/East aspect (cf annex 1) . As cyclone Fran blew from East at the Estate, wind break recommended spacing have not been respected an d production was affected . So 1992 yields are considered as undervalued because the wind break should have been in place .
Further-more, the scale insect pullulation in 1993 which was due to an unusual dry period, was eventually controlled late in the harvest by the local parasites, a fungus , Verticilliurn lecanii, and a hymenoptera, Microterys newcombi . In 1994, the cover crop Desmodium intortum, was well established preventing the ants in their role as vector in th e development of the scale population . The smallholder who refused to plant Desmodium i n their coffee field was the only one to have scale insect pullulation again in 1994 . As the interest to establish the cover crop was proved, Desmodium was planted in the plantation an d now it is already covering the plantation selected for future development . So, scale insect pullulation should not occur again, and thus 1993 yields can be considered as undervalued .
The ANOVA shows a very highly significant varietal effect on the yield cumulate d for the 4 crops available, in grams of cherry per tree . The Newman-Keuls test of separation of means separates the varieties in 2 homogeneous groups significantly different.
AVERAGE YIELD FOR THE 4 CROPS OF THE STATISTICALLY COMPARABL E VARIETIES IN LATIN SQUARE
VARIETY YIELD in g HOMOGENEOUS ch/tree/year GROUP at 5 % Newman-Keul EQUIVALENT AT 6 .5 : 1 OUT-TURN RATIO IN k g GB/Ha/year 1702-2 1099 A 939 F5 1032 A 88 2 C1668 875 A 74 8 ARUSHA 3 54 B 145 ch : cherry gb : green bean
The out-turn ratio 6 .5 :1 used to calculate the yield in kg of green bean per hectare is th e plantation one for the last few years.
These results are averages for the first 4 years of production but variability between plots in Latin Square is important . Then the best plots in 1993 and 1994 gave a yield o f 1 .7 to 1 .9 tons of green bean per Ha.
TABLE 4
YIELDS PER VARIETY IN TANNA 1 TABLE 5 1994 YIELD S
VARIETY g CH/TREE kg GB/Ha
T5296 2121 1044 T5159 1882 927 T15202 1644 809 T15203 1445 71 1 T5155 1200 591 T16671 1102 543 T16672 958 47 2 T15206 943 464 T5175 886 43 6 T15201 831 409 T15205 807 39 7 F6 788 388 CATURRA 738 363 F5 706 348 T15180 609 30 0 T12870 603 297 T15225 599 295 CATUAI 597 294 T16681 551 271 ; T15181 540 26 6 T15228 450 222
YIELDS OF 1993 & 1994 ADDE D VARIETY • CH/TREE N& K
T5296 2205 A 1T5159 1968 AB T15202 1660 BC T15203 1507 BC D T5155 1275 CD E T16671 1160 CD E T16672 1007 D E T15206 984 DE T5175 933 DE T15205 901 D E T15201 894 DE F6 808 E CATURRA 757 E ~F5 753 E T15225 696 E T12870 678 E T15180 668 E T16681 637 E CATUAI 627 E T15181 562 E T15228 559 E I
g CH/TREE : g of cherry per tre e
kg GB/Ha : kg of green bean per Ha, calculated with 6 .5:1 out-turn ratio N&K : Newman & Keuls test of separation of mean s
So, the 3 Catimor lines planted in Latin Square are not statistically different fo r their cumulated yields of the 4 first crops . Catimor yields are at least twice higher than Arusha yield . In PNG, 2 .5 year old Catimor coffee trees average from 1743 to 2269 k g green bean/Ha/year while Arusha is recorded at 1367 (Kiara 1993) . But, coffee industry in PNG is using up to 400 unit N/Ha, whereas TCDC has not used anymore fertilizer fro m 1993, the beginning of establishment of the legume cover crop .
3 .3 .2 .2 . TANNA 1
Because Tanna 1 had to be cut down following "agobiado" pruning technique in
July 1991 (cfparagraph 2 .1 .2.), its level of production was very low in 1993 : less than 80
kg of green bean/Ha for the best Catimor line . However, the ANOVA showed a ver y highly significant effect of the varietal factor .
Table 4, presents the average yield per variety calculated with the 8 blocks o f
Tanna 1 . 1994 yields are much higher than in 1993 and the varietal effect is very highly
significant too . The best Catimor line T5296, produces the equivalent of 1044 kg GB/H a while 1702-2 produces 1090 kg GB/Ha in Latin Square in 1994 and averages 939 kg GB/Ha over 4 crops. So a yield as 1 ton green bean per Ha is possible to average with th e best lines of those trials .
The ANOVA done with the 1993 and 1994 added yields is very highly significan t for the varietal effect as with 1994 yield data . But the Newman-Keels test of separation of means gives a better separation with both annual added yields . The homogeneous groups are shown in table 5 . The 1993 and 1994 added yields in g cherry/tree are just a fe w grams upper than the 1994 ones, again because 1993 level of production was so low .
The test of separation of means shows that only the 4 best lines are not in the las t group named E and only the 2 first lines have significantly different yield than all the E group lines. Among these 4 best lines, T5296 trees are 100% dwarf and 100% rus t resistant, T5159 trees are 75% dwarf and 100% CLR resistant, T15202 trees are 98% tal l and 46% CLR resistant and T15203 trees are 70% tall and 82% CLR resistant . As Tall and CLR susceptible lines are of no interest for Tanna conditions, only T5296 looks fully interesting . Selecting seeds in the 75% of T5159 dwarf trees, T5159 would become o f interest too, but we would not certify to have a new generation exactly similar to th e parents . As T15202 and T15203 have lost their Catimor character for dwarfism and CL R resistance, it is better to eliminate theses lines of the selection process .
3 .3 .2.3 . TANNA 2A & 2B * TANNA 2 A
In Tanna 2A, 1993 yields were below 300 g cherry per tree for the first crop, bu t the varietal effect was significant . There is no obvious reason to explain why the level o f production was too low for 2 year old coffee . The wind break shelter was in place for th e cyclone Fran . But, as trees were not really well developed in early 1993, the young tree s might have suffered from the long drought in North West. With the establishment of th e cover crop during 1993, coffee tree looked better in 1994 .
In 1994, varietal yields increase and the varietal effect is very highly significant fo r 1993 and 1994 added yields .
YIELD PER VARIETY IN TANNA 2 A \ YIELD VARIETY \ 1993 & 94 ADDED in g CH/TREE 1994 in g CH/TREE 1994 in kg GB/Ha CATIMOR F6 1730 A 1480 A 843 CATIMOR T12870 1220 B 1070 A B 61 0 CATIMOR 8667 1010 B 910 B 51 8 CATUAI T5267 960 B 770 B 439 CATIMOR 11670 350 C 270 C 154
g CH/TREE : yield in g or cherry per tree .
kg GB/Ha : equivalent yield in kg of green bean per Ha, calculated with the 6 .5 :1 out-turn ratio, the plantation one for the last few years.
The letter following the yields is the name of the homogeneous group given by the Newman -Keuls test of separation of means .
The test of separation of means done with 1993 and 1994 added yields separates th e 5 varieties in 3 homogeneous groups significantly different. The same test done with the 199 4 yields does not separate F6 from the other varieties . So Catimor F6 is the best variety amon g Tanna 2A varieties .
F6 Reaches the equivalent of 843 kg green bean per Ha which is not as good as Tanna I or Latin Square best varieties .
* TANNA 2B
In Tanna 2B, as when cyclone Fran blew in 1992 there was no pigeon pea interline s nor wind-break lines surrounding the trial, coffee trees were so seriously defoliated that the y gave their first production in 1994, at 3 year old . So the absolute necessity to install a n efficient wind and cyclone shelter appears obvious on Tanna.
Tanna 2B first production in 1994 did not reach interesting yields and the varieta l 1 6
YEARLY AVERAGE YIELD PER BLOCK FOR THE FIRST 2 CROP S . IN TANNA 3B TABLE 6 in g ch/tree in kg
gb
/Ha Block 1 183 165 block 2 232 209 block 3 273 246 block 4 300 270 block 5 323 291 block 6 522 47 1 block 7 684 . 61 7 block 8 833 752 block 9 1041 939 block 1 1459 1316 kg GB/Ha AVERAGE = 236 AVERAGE = 81 9 ~ The higher is the block number, the more developed the trees aredifferences are not found significantly different . Yields are ranged between 353 and 117 kg of green bean per Ha which is very low . The block effect was found very significant becaus e some blocks were more exposed to the cyclone Fran .
3 .3 .2 .4 . TANNA 3A, 3B & 4
* TANNA 3B :
In Tanna 3B, as described in paragraph 2 .1 .4 ., a gradient of development appeared i n
the trial as a consequence of the cyclone Fran . Then, a gradient of production was observe d in 1993 and 1994 .
A first ANOVA with the original block design shows that inside the blocks th e variability due to the cyclone effect is much more important than the varietal and densit y effects . So the rows perpendicular to the original blocks were redefined as blocks in order t o control the cyclone effect, without care of the density . Thanks to these new blocks, th e ANOVA becomes suitable and the results of this trial damaged by a cyclone are of interest . The varietal differences between added yields of 1993 and 1994 are now very significant an d the block effect is of course very highly significant . The Newman-Keuls test of separation o f means separates the lines into 3 groups not significantly different . The best line NG9262 i s not in the last group and the 2 last lines NG9259 and NG9263 are not in the first group .
Table 6 is a plan ofTanna 3B which presents the yearly average yield in g of cherr y
per tree for each block . The gradient of production is obvious . The average yields for th e blocks 1 to 5 are really poor in comparison with the ones close to the wind-break . As a matter of fact, for the blocks 6 to 10, blocks inside the 50 m from the wind-break, averag e the equivalent of 819 kg green bean per Ha per year . For the blocks 1 to 5, that are not inside the 50 m from the wind-break, the average yield is 236 kg green bean per Ha, thus almos t 3 .5 time less than for the blocks 6 to 10 . Thus the necessity to plant wind-break every 50 m is proved.
Graphic 2 shows the classification of the 9 PNG lines harvested in 1993 and 1994 , according to their yearly average yield for the first 2 crops, in g of cherry per tree . The lin e NG9258 was just harvested in 1994, so for that line 1994 results are just considere d separately . For each line, yield in the full trial is also compared with the yield of the block s 6 to 10, inside the 50 m from the wind-break . Overall, yields in the sheltered blocks are 30 0 to 400 g of cherry per tree higher than in the full trial . The best yield is equivalent to 923 k g green bean per Ha. Again the best yield is about the same as the best yield in Latin Square .
GRAPHIC 2
YIELD COMPARISON FOR 10 CATIMOR LINE S
YEARLY AVERAGE FOR
THE FIRST 2 CROP S
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NG9263
NG925 9
NG926 0
NG925 7
NG926 5
NG9264
NG926 1
NG925 6
NG926 2
NG9258
equivalent 616 kg CH/Ha /year
667
714
82 1
1 85 7aso
854
8
3
92 99 2 0 r 200i
400
600
800
1000
1200
in g of cherry per tre e
full trial
f
Classification of the lines is different whether the full trial or the sheltered part is use d for calculations . We recommend wind-breaks spaced every 50 m . As only the blocks 6 to 1 0 were at less than 50 m from the wind-break during the cyclone Fran, the results of these 5 blocks correspond to recommendation thus we would rather refer to them instead of the ful l field results. In both case, NG9262 and NG9256 are the best ones with equivalent of 918 an d 923 kg green bean/Ha, respectively . The 2 following ones NG9264 and NG9257 reach respectively 857 and 854 kg which is still above the average yield for those 5 blocks : 81 9 kg green bean per Ha. As in PNG, NG9263 and NG9259 are the least productive on Tanna. In PNG, NG9256 is the most productive line like on Tanna.
NG 9258 is the best line in 1994 with a yield of 1188 kg GB/Ha, NG9262 follow s with 1081 kg GB/Ha. For the line NG9258, as described in paragraph 2 .1 .4 ., some trees susceptible to CLR were found as not being NG9258 and have thus been pulled out . So if that Catimor line is selected, a great care must be taken for checking if none of them are left in the plots .
Tanna 1 best yield in 1994 is about the same as NG9258 or NG9262 for the 199 4 crop .
* TANNA 4
For Tanna 4, 1994 crop is the first year of production, so the ANOVA is done with only 1994 yields . The varietal effect is not significant but almost : P=0 .0597.
CLASSIFICATION OF PNG LINES IN TANNA 4, ACCORDING TO THEIR YIELD in g of cherry per tre e
NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG N G
9258 9262 9261 9256 9260 9264 9265 9263 9259 925 7
588 498 397 362 361 309 304 266 264 218
. The equivalent of NG9258 yield is 531 kg green bean per Ha . So, in Tanna 4, yields are very low. It may be due to planting at the wrong time, in September when soil is very dry because of the 2 previous months of dry season which starts in July . Then the coffee trees had to wait the first wet season to install their roots before they started to grow . This phenomenon may have been increased by the particularly dry season in North West.
The first 4 lines in Tanna 4 are the same in Tanna 3B, and NG9258 is the best lin e in both trials . So even if absolute yields are low in Tanna 4, this trial confirms th e classification of the best 4 PNG lines.
* TANNA 3 A
The sheltered part of Tanna 3A, the observational trial, was harvested plot by plot in 1993 and in 1994 in order to assess the level of production of coffee trees well sheltered . In 1993, the production of 15 plots was weighed and the best plot produced the equivalent o f 1.9 tons green bean per Ha . In the 15 plots, the average yield was 1 .2 tons of green bean per
Ha .
In 1994, 27 plots were harvested separately for weighing the cherry production . Then we considered NG9259 and NG9263 as the same lines because of the lines in double (cf
paragraph 2 .1 .4 .) and thus it became possible to make an ANOVA . As even inside that part of the trial, the gradient of production in accordance with the level of shelter was pronounced , the varietal effect is not significant .
The average yield in those 27 plots is equivalent to 1858 kg of green bean per Ha . Again an efficient shelter seems to be the main condition requested to obtain consisten t production.
3 .3 .2.5 . CATIMOR PLOTS IN SMALLHOLDER PLANTATIO N For 93 crop, there is no production data from the Catimor plots in smallholde r plantation because agriculture field assistants were too busy to harvest regularly as they ha d promised . Further, smallholder replication plots were defined too late, an important part o f the crop was missed . But, notations have been done and they give the same information as
1994 yields.
CATIMOR COFFEE YIELDS IN SMALLHOLDER PLANTATIONS IN 199 4
LOCATION
CATIMOR 1702-2 CATIMOR 14-135- 5
DENSITY g CH/tre kg GB/Ha g CH/tre kg 'GB/Ha
LENEAI 5,333 1183 970 1526 125 2 YAPKAPEN 5,333 898 737 920 755 LOUMTOHEK AL 6,400 707 696 268 264 LOWITAL 6,400 146 144 267 26 2 LOEHU 1 8,000 21 26 66 8 1 LOEHU 2 8,000 10 12 104 12 8 LENAFA 10,000 0 0 0 0 TANNA 2B B1 6,400 1014 998 545 53 7 TANNA 2B B2 6,400 1744 1717 708 697
DENSITY : in number of• trees per Ha.
TANNA 2B B1 & B2 : Replication of the smallholder Catimor plots in the seed garden o f
Tanna 2B : 2 Blocks of 50 coffee trees 1702-2 and 14-135-5 .
At the Estate, the replication plots in Tanna 2B seed garden were defined during 199 3 but the vegetative development of coffee trees in these plots is different . 14-135-5 blocks are Iocated in a part of the field where cyclone Fran defoliated the coffee trees . 1702-2 block 2 is close to the shelter and 1702-2 block 1 is about 50 m away from the wind-break . Thus without any statistical assessment, the differences between lines looks rather correlated wit h the level of wind protection than with a varietal effect . However it shows again th e importance of the wind-break and also that inside a square of wind-break lines spaced at 5 0 m, as we recommend now, the minimum yield is about 1 ton GB/Ha.
In Leneai a gardener is employed by the smallholder . Even if weeding is scattered, only soft weeds are growing, so there is no nitrogen competition . Trees have a good shap e resulting from the high quality of the weeding specially in the first 2 years . 1994 production is equivalent to estate productions, 1252 kg GB/Ha for Catimor 14-135-5 and 970 for Catimo r 1702-2 . The field is well sheltered by bush trees and also because it is located in a smal l valley . This plantation is a good example of success in coffee farming by local people .
On the other hand, Lenefa's smallholder let his coffee go for a year without cleanin g it. Now the slow development is pronounced and these trees are still not ready to produce . This is a good example of what must not be done .
In Loehu 2, most coffee trees are not protected against wind on the S .E . sid e (prevailing wind), just a small part of the 14-135-5 are . Thus all the 1702-2 trees are poorl y developed and a gradient of development exists in the 14-135-5 plot . The weeding has not been sufficient to have good production in the sheltered part of 14-135-5 plot. 1702-2 are still juvenile but growth from the beginning of 1994 seems to have been helped by the patches of Desmodium intortum instead of the grass cover of the previous years . In the 14-135-5 side, the cover crop is not yet established.
In Loehu 1, wind-break is efficient but weeding was not sufficient for the first 2 year s and thus 1994 production is very low . With the establishment in 1993 of the cover crop which totally covers the plantation, the 1994 growth was much better than for his neighbor at Middl e Bush 2 with only a few patches of legume in the 1702-2 side . Comparing 1994 with 1993 , growth is now evident and leaves have recovered their dark green color . However, bottom branches are dead because of the lack of weeding during the first 2 years .
In Yapkapen, wind-break is quite efficient and weeding is not necessary because coffe e trees are overshadowed by high fruit trees . Thus they are very high, with long intemodes an d big leaves . They seem to bear few fruit in a normal year (as 1993), and a lot of cherries afte r a hard drought (as 1994) . So yields this year are good, about 750 kg of green bean per Ha , but production following a normal dry period is of no interest. The farmer had to prune hi s coffee in 1993 because of too much vegetative development . As there is no weed because of the shade, the only work now is to regularly prune the suckers . Both lines are homogeneously developed and production is equivalent .
In Lowital, the plantation is located in a steep place where a thin layer of organic soi l covers a clay soil . In 1993 coffee trees were noticed becoming weaker and weaker . Then, .a cyclone damaged the coffee trees in January 1994 and also eroded the ground . The weaknes s of the coffee trees and the broken leaf margin favored the attack of the leaves by th e pathogene Collectotricum coffeanum . Then the coffee trees started to show symptoms of die -back, specially on the top of the plantation . The farmer looked after his plantation and eve n planted the legume cover crop but without any improvement . The location of the plantation should have been chosen more judiciously . Yields are low because many fruit died on th e branch .
In Loumtohekal, weeding was very correct until the end of 93 harvest which was in my estimation about the same as the 1702-2 production in 1994 . Since then, the coffee plantation was not weeded before and during the drought season . Thus when the flowerin g occurred in this stressed condition, it has made less fruit than last year . Both varieties were not in the same condition because there were more grass competition in 14-135-5 plot than in 1702-2 plot. Thus, 1702-2 is more productive (696 kg GB/Ha) than 14-135-5, 264 Kg G B per Ha. So management is important to guarantee a consistent production .
3 .3 .3 . CONCLUSION
The comparison between smallholder plantations shows that weeding quality durin g the first 2 years governs the growth of the coffee trees and their potential to produce after th e second year . Leaving high grass for too long a period can provoke the death of the botto m branches and then spoil the coffee tree architecture for the full cycle. In both commercial and smallholder plantations, an efficient wind-break is found essential to guarantee consisten t production.
Over the first 4 crops in Latin Square, it is not statistically possible to separate 1702-2 , F5 and 1668 which respectively averaged 939, 882 and 748 kg of green bean per Ha and pe r year. These averages can be considered as minimum because a wind-break was missing an d also because an abnormal drought provoked a pullulation of scale insects . Such a pullulatio n
should not happen again, because the establishment of the cover crop which prevents the ants in their role as vector in the development of the scale population . The best plots of those 3 Catimor lines reached 1 .7 to 1 .9 tons GB/Ha/year for their best crop because they were fre e of scale insects or more sheltered, so above averages seems confirmed as minimum .
In the observational trial, Tanna 3A, the 15 harvested plots (about 500 trees), average d 1.2 tons GB/Ha in 1993 and 1 .8 tons GB/Ha for the 27 harvested plots (about 900 trees), in 1994 . So these yields indicate that respecting all the planting recommendations that we slowl y noticed as necessary to improve yields (about wind-break, interlines of pigeon pea, cover cro p establishment and choice of the land), the yields presented in Latin Square really can b e considered as minimum guaranteed .
In Tanna 1, T5296 was found interesting for its yield : 1044 kg GB/Ha/year. But as 1994 is the first consistent crop it is better to not select it. Same conclusion for F6 which gave the best result in Tanna 2A, with the equivalent of 843 kg GB/Ha in 1994 .
NG9256 and NG9262 respectively averaged 923 and 918 kg GB/Ha/year for the firs t 2 crops in the blocks closer than 50 m from the wind-break . In Latin Square, Catimor averag e yields for the first 4 crops are about the same, but in the full field even if a wind-break wa s missing too . So Latin Square results look the most reliable .
In the smallholder plantation with the best management, 1702-2 and 14-135-5 reache d respective yields of 970 and 1252 kg GB/Ha in 1994 . So smallholders can also reach the yiel d we have in commercial plantation, as maintenance of the Catimor in free growth does not require such technical experience as pruning Arusha and also because we are not using any input . Like T5296 in Tanna 1 and F6 in Tanna 2A, 14-135-5 is assessed interesting, but we can not select with 1 crop and also there is no statistical comparison .
3 .4 . OUT TURN RATIO C'IJERRY :GREEN BEAN
In 1993, only the varieties of Tanna 3A-3B and Latin Square, the trials where production was sufficient, were sampled for the different assessments : processingratio, grad e percentages, female fertility and liquoring . We did the same with 1994 crop because even if some varieties inTanna 1 and Tanna2A have increased their production, they are still behind . Further, 2 crops is a minimum for the assessment of the size of the bean and the cup quality (Walyaro et Al ., 1979) .
So, for the out turn ratio cherry :green bean, the female fertility, the grade percentage and the cup quality, the 15 following varieties have been sampled : the 10 Catimor Iines from PNG NG9256 to NG9265, F5, F6, 1668, 1702-2 and ARUSHA as a control .
As at the beginning of the 1994 harvest a difference in the size of the bean wa s noticed between the Estate and the North West settings, the PNG lines were separated by lines and also by setting.
3 .4 .1 . METHO D
In order to evaluate the out-turn ratio cherry :green bean, cherries were pulped and then fermented in plastic shade cloth bags, separated by varieties . During the 2 days of fermentation, beans were hand washed with elimination of the floaters and low density beans , as graded by the operator.
In 1993, the full production was sampled in order to assess the out-turn ratio and the n we had to dry the samples in the rotary dryer in order to reuse the plastic shade cloth bags . But as many bags were found broken inside the rotary dryer, beans were lost and the out-tur n ratio became inaccurate . So, in 1993 the beans in the bags were used for grade percentage s and liquoring. Thus, as Walyaro et Al . (1979) recommend, we have assessed the size of th e beans and the cup quality for 2 crops, a minimum to have accurate data . 1993 is considere d as a year to elaborate the protocol for the out-turn ratio assessment .
OUT-TURN RATIO CHERRY TO GREEN BEA N ASSESSED DURING THE PEAK OF HARVES T TABLE 7
VARIETY SETTING RATIO CH/GB N & K 1702-2 ESTATE 415 A 1668 ESTATE 4 .93 A B ARUSHA ESTATE 5.14 AB C F6 ESTATE 5 .44 ABC F5 ESTATE 5 .62 ABC D NG9256 NW 5.78 ABCD NG9256 ESTATE 5.80 ABC D NG9262 ESTATE 5 .85 ABC D NG9265 ESTATE 5.87 ABCD NG9264 ESTATE 5.91 ABCD NG9258 ESTATE 6 .06 ABC D NG9257 ESTATE 6 .08 ABC D NG9260 ESTATE 6 .11 ABC D NG9263 NW 6 .15 BC D NG9261 ESTATE 6 .22 BC D NG9258 NW 6 .22 BC D NG9262 NW 6 .23 BC D NG9259 ESTATE 6 .36 BC D NG9259 NW 6 .36 CD NG9264 NW 6 .42 CD NG9265 NW 6 .47 CD NG9257 NW 6 .51 C D NG9263 ESTATE 6 .60 C D NG9261 NW 6 .88 D NG9260 NW 6 .91 D
In 1994, we sampled only during the peak of harvest when out-turn-ratio is the mos t homogeneous . Size of the samples was a tenth of kg . The 3 dates of sampling during the peak of harvest are considered as 3 repetitions for each variety and setting . Samples were drie d only in the Samoan dryer, until they reach about 12% moisture content . Then we weighed th e parchment beans for the cherry :parchment ratio, before hulling with a huller for samples Joh n Gordon provided by CIRAD Santo . Then green bean were weighed for calculatin g cherry :green bean ratio .
3 .4 .2. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The ANOVA done with the 1994 out-turn ratio data shows a very highly significan t effect of the variety . Table 7 presents the average per variety and per setting with the result s of the Newman-Keuls test of separation of means . We sampled during the peak of harvest fo r a better homogeneity, because the processing ratios are higher and more variable at th e beginning and at the end of the harvest season . Thus our results are optimistic as they just correspond to the peak of harvest . For example, Arusha in the trial sample have an out-tur n ratio of 5 .14 to 1 while in the plantation it is 6 .2 to 1 for 1994.
The test of separation of means does not separate the varietal means into significantl y different homogeneous groups . The Catimor lines in the first group are all the lines excep t NG9261, NG9259 and NG9263 . The 4 Catimor lines of Latin Square, 1702-2, 1668, F6 an d F5 are the closest ones to Arusha .
As in the North West beans were noticed smaller than at the Estate, their out-tum rati o are less interesting (higher), because the proportion of pulp around small beans is mor e important than around big beans. NG9256 is the only exception because its out-turn ratio i s better than at the Estate for the PNG lines . NG9259 and NG9263 at the Estate are not bette r than most of the PNG lines in the North West . The 5 best varieties are from Latin Square, but they do not have obviously the biggest size of beans . So, the value of the out-turn rati o might be correlated with the level of maturity of the coffee trees, as Latin Square trees wer e planted 2 years before the other ones (1 year before for F6) .
3 .4 .3 . CONCLUSION
1702-2, 1668, F6 and F5 are the Catimor lines which have their out-turn ratio th e closest to Arusha, but they are not statistically separated from the PNG lines . As we do not know whether the level of maturity of the coffee trees is a determining factor for th e processing ratio, the out-turn ratio factor will not be considered as a preponderant factor, fo r the selection process .
AVERAGE PRICE FOR EACH VARIETY IN VT/kg GREEN BEAN, IN 1993 AND 199 4 CALCULATED WITH THE GRADE REPARTITION AND THE GRADE PRIC E
IN 1993 TABLE 8 IN1994 TABLE 9
VARIETY
SET PRICE N&K % A
C1668 E 474.0 A 56 . 7 NG9256 E 472 .3 AB 56 . 9 1702 .2 E 471 .7 AB 53 . 4 ARUSHA E 470 .3 AB 53 NG9262 E 470 .3 AB 54. 4 NG9265 E 469 .3 AB 50 . 8 NG9264 E 468 .7 AB 50 . 9 F5 E 467 .7 AB 56 . 4 NG9258 E 464 .3 ABC 4 8 NG9261 E 463 .3 ABC 43 . 8 NG9257 E 461 .7 ABCD 42 . 8 F6 E 461 .0 ABCD 44 . 9 NG9263 E 459 .7 ABCD 42 . 5 NG9259 E 458 .3 ABCD 40 .7 NG9256 NW 452 .7 ABCDE 40 . 1 NG9260 E 450 .0 BCDEF 32 . 7 NG9262 NW 445 .7 CDEFG 33 . 5 NG9264 NW 445 .5 CDEFG 33 NG9265 NW 442 .7 DEFG 36 . 4 NG9258 NW 441 .5 DEFG 29 . 4 NG9257 NW 438 .0 EFGH 26 . 7 NG9259 NW 433 .5 FGH 23 . 8 NG9263 NW 432 .0 FGH 22 . 4 NG9261 NW 430 .0 GH 28 . 1 NG9260 NW 423 .2 H 16 . 5 N&k : NEWMAN & KEULS TEST OF SEPARATION OF MEAN S
SET : SETTING, E=ESTATE NW=NORTHWES T * : OUT OF THE ANOVA
% A : PERCENTAGE OF A GRADE BEANS (IN WEIGHT ) VARIETY PRICE N&k %A
~1702 .2 248 .8 A 52 . 2 ARUSHA 248 .3 A 57. 6 NG9256 247 .8 A 56 .3 14 .135 .5 246 .6 * NG9257 242 .4 AB 42 . 4 NG 9265 242 .4 AB 40. 1 NG9262 242 .1 AB 40 . 4 C1668 242 .0 AB 39 . 7 NG9264 242 .0 AB 38 . 9 F5 240 .9 AB 36 . 5 NG9261 238 .9 BC 36 . 0 NG9263 235 .4 BC 32 . 3 F6 233 .7 C 33 . 3 NG 9260 233 .3 C 32 . 8 NG9259 230 .3 *
3 .5 . GREEN BEAN GRADE REPARTITION 3 .5 .1 . METHOD
The green bean weighed for the out-turn ratio assessment were graded according t o their size, with the factory machine in grade A, X and T, the world coffee marke t international grades . Then, for a variety, the weight of beans was registered per grade in orde r to establish the percentage of each grades.
The price of our green bean were :
in 1993 in 1994
- A grade : 264 VT/kg 498 VT/kg ;
- X grade : 238 VT/kg 440 VT/kg ;
- T grade : 144 VT/kg 291 VT/kg .
(the 11/11/94, 1 US$ = 112 VT)
So with the percentage of each grade, we were able to calculate an average price o f a kg of green bean for every variety with the following formula :
Price VT/kg= [(A% * Aprice)+(X% * Xprice)+(T% * Tprice)] / 10 0 A% = percentage of A grade
X% = percentage of X grade T% = percentage of T grad e
Then the Anova was done with the average price of 1 kg green bean to make a commercial comparison of the varieties. It is noticeable that different combinations of grad e percentages can give the same price . So, after comparing the average price of 1 kg gree n bean, it is necessary to compare the grade percentage for the best varieties .
In 1994,for the 10 PNG Catimor lines, sample from North and from the Estate were kept separated as for the out-turn ratio assessment .
3 .5 .2 . RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result for 1993 and 1994 are presented in table 8 & 9 . The varietal effect was very highly significant in 1993 and 1994 . Between 1993 and 1994, coffee price per grade hav e almost doubled but the annual ratio between each grade price are similar . So, when prices are high Iike in 1994, the difference between the lowest and the highest price per kg of green bean is much more important : 51,000 VT/ton of difference in 1994 against 18,000 VT in
1993 . It is also noticeable that in 1994 the separation of setting for the PNG lines increase d the difference . As a matter of fact, all the PNG lines from North West had the lowest prices . In 1994, the classification among the PNG lines is the same for the 5 best lines in both settings . So the effect of the setting is not dependant on the Catimor line .
