Mobilität von Gesundheitsfachkräften und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheitssysteme. Erkenntnisse aus 17 Ländern der Europäischen Region

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HEAL TH PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY AND HEAL TH S Y S TEMS EVIDENCE FROM 17 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Edited by Matthias Wismar, Claudia B. Maier,Irene A. Glinos, Gilles Dussault, Josep Figueras Health professional mobility affects the performance of health systems and these

impacts are assuming greater significance given increasing mobility in Europe, a process fuelled by the European Union (EU) enlargements in 2004 and 2007. This volume presents research conducted within the framework of the European Commission’s Health PROMeTHEUS project. This research was undertaken in order to address gaps in the knowledge of the numbers, trends and impacts and of the policy responses to this dynamic situation.

The following questions were used to provide analytical guidance for the 17 country case studies reported here: from Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

• What are the scale and characteristics of health professional mobility in the EU?

• What have been the effects of EU enlargement?

• What are the motivations of the mobile workforce?

• What are the resulting impacts on health system performance?

• What is the policy relevance of those impacts?

• What are the policy options to address health professional mobility issues?

The editors

Matthias Wismaris Senior Health Policy Analyst at the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

Claudia B. Maieris a Technical Officer at the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

Irene A. Glinosis a Researcher at the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

Gilles Dussaultis a Professor at the Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova De Lisboa.

Josep Figuerasis Director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and Head of the WHO European Centre for Health Policy.

Evidence from

17 European countries

Edited by

Matthias Wismar Claudia B. Maier Irene A. Glinos Gilles Dussault Josep Figueras

23 Observatory Studies Series No. 23

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Health Professional Mobility and Health

Systems

^Observa

tory Studies Series Cover_WHO_nr23_Mise en page 1 6/10/11 17:59 Page1

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The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies supports and promotes evidence- based health policy-making through comprehensive and rigorous analysis of health systems in Europe. It brings together a wide range of policy-makers, academics and practitioners to analyse trends in health reform, drawing on experience from across Europe to illuminate policy issues.

The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies is a partnership between the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, the Governments of Belgium, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the Veneto Region of Italy, the European Commission, the European Investment Bank, the World Bank, UNCAM (French National Union of Health Insurance Funds), the London School of Economics and Political Science, and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.

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Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Evidence from 17 European countries

Edited by

Matthias Wismar, Claudia B. Maier, Irene A. Glinos, Gilles Dussault, Josep Figueras

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Keywords:

DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE – organization and administration HEALTH PERSONNEL – trends

EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION EUROPE

© World Health Organization 2011, on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies All rights reserved. The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

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All reasonable precautions have been taken by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed by authors, editors, or expert groups do not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies or any of its partners.

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Address requests about publications to: Publications, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.

Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest).

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Foreword

This work contributes a great deal to the current reflection of the European Commission and Member States about the future of the European Union health workforce. The Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth highlights the need to reform labour markets, upgrade skills and match them with market demand. In parallel, we also need to plan for our ageing society and the additional health care which will be needed in the future. It is estimated that by 2020 there will be a shortfall of 1 000 000 health professionals in the European Union. We need to work together with all actors, national authorities, health professionals and civil society to address this challenge.

When the Commission published its Green Paper on the European Workforce for Health, it emerged from the public consultation that one of the most significant barriers to effective workforce planning is the lack of data and information. Of this, the biggest challenge for planners has been the lack of data on mobility of health professionals – where they go, how long they stay away, whether they come back or not.

Indeed, the need for better quantitative and qualitative data to support decision- making proved to be one of the most pertinent issues. It is the human face, the case histories, which provides us with greater understanding of the motivations, aspirations and personal circumstances that influence health professionals.

The testimonials in this book illustrate this point.

I, therefore, commend this book as a contribution to addressing the bigger picture and putting a human face to some of the challenges we need to overcome.

I hope readers will derive inspiration from it.

Paola Testori Coggi Director-General, Directorate-General for Health and Consumers

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Foreword

Migration of health professionals has globally increased over the last decades.

By losing health workers, already fragile health systems in low- and middle- income countries may be further weakened. In the context of the global health workforce crisis, these migratory flows became a matter of global policy concern. To respond to this challenge the World Health Assembly adopted in 2010 the WHO Global Code of Practice for the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. The Code discourages recruitment from countries with workforce shortages and provides guidance to strengthen the workforce and health systems across the globe, including an emphasis on improving staff retention, workforce sustainability and effective workforce planning.

The WHO Regional Office for Europe and the Member States strongly supported the development and adoption of the Code, building on their experience with national and regional codes, ethical workforce policies and other instruments for steering and managing health professional mobility, as well as broader aspects of health workforce policy and planning. The Code has relevance for Europe and the European Union and provides a framework for health workforce development and health system sustainability. It stresses the strengthening and further development of education and training and the monitoring and coordination of labour market activities; it addresses maldistribution of health professionals through educational measures, financial incentives, regulatory measures and social and professional support.

This volume gives a comprehensive analysis of mobility patterns, the impacts of migration on health systems and its relevance for policy-making and policy responses across Europe. It will enhance our knowledge not only on health workforce mobility but also on workforce development. I appreciate the insights given by the inclusion of a wide range of countries across the European Region, both within and outside the European Union.

I, therefore, welcome this volume with its emphasis on the need to put health professional mobility into the wider country and health systems context.

Zsuzsanna Jakab, Regional Director, WHO Regional Office for Europe

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Acknowledgements

This volume is one of a series of books produced by the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. We would like to express our gratitude to the country authors for their dedication and expertise; to Jonathan North for his patience and support in the production process; to Jo Woodhead for her diligence and precision in language editing; and to Peter Powell for his professionalism and typesetting skill. This book would not have been possible without their outstanding work and persistence.

The editors would also like to express their gratitude to Christiane Wiskow and Niamh Humphries for rigorously reviewing the draft chapters of this book. We have all benefitted substantially from their comments

For Chapter 5, the authors would like to thank Mr Sohaïb Azibou, Ms Caroline Jadot, Mr Henk Vandenbroele and Mr Toon De Geest (FPS Public Health);

Mr Chris Segaert and Mr Pascal Meert (NIHDI); Mr Daniël De Schrijver (NARIC-Vlaanderen); Ms Anne Hellemans and Mr Julien Boudart (Ministry of the French Community); and Ms Hellen Sjerps-de Boer and Mr Jurian Luiten (Dutch Ministry of Public Health). This research would not have been possible without their help in providing us with data and/or valuable information.

For Chapter 7, the authors would like to thank G Le Breton-Lerouvillois, F Montané and O Uguen (CNOM); DHD Bui (Centre for Sociology and Medical Demography); E Quillet (DHOS, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports);

S Guigner and A Le Vigouroux (EHESP); M Millan (Ministère de la Santé et des Sports), P Garel (European Hospital and Healthcare Federation), J-C Dumont and G Lafortune (OECD); C Aguilella and C Couzinou (ONCD);

and M Burdillat (ONDPS).

For Chapter 10, the authors thank Jaime Pinilla and Sara Santiago for their help.

For Chapter 12, the authors are grateful to Evi Lindmäe (Head, Department of Registers and Licences, Health Board), Erna Mering (Head, Bureau of Registries, Health Board) and Eero Mõttus (Chief Specialist, Information- and Communication Technology Department, Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia) for their assistance in providing statistical information. The authors are also grateful to Taavi Lai (Senior Analyst, Health Information and Analysis

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xiv Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Department, Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia) and Triin Habicht (Head, Health Economics Department, Estonian Health Insurance Fund) for their valuable feedback and comments during the report review process.

For Chapter 13, we would like to thank Dr Péter Balázs who was a special contributor to this study. We used data, analytical results and studies from his relevant publications and consulted with him on some issues that arose.

For Chapter 15, the authors would like to acknowledge the valuable contribution of Agata Grudzień, Marcin Mikos and Dariusz Poznański in the process of collecting data and supporting information on the migration of Polish health professionals.

For Chapter 16, the authors are grateful to Ioana Pertache (Deputy Director, NCOEHIS, Bucharest) for providing valuable input about the National Registry of Physicians. They are also grateful to Professor Vasile Astărăstoae (President of the Romanian College of Physicians); Mircea Timofte (President of the Order of Nurses and Midwives); Professor Alexandru Rafila (University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, former Adviser for Health Policies, Ministry of Health); Beatrice Nimereanu (Head, Human Resources Department, Ministry of Health); Cassandra Butu (Technical Officer, WHO Country Office, Romania); and Cezar Popa-Canache (Legal Adviser, Institute of Public Health, Bucharest) for their useful information, comments and revisions.

For Chapter 19, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia gave full support in the process of preparation and review of this Case Study. Special thanks go to Prim Dr Elizabet Paunovic, State Secretary in charge of EU Integration and international collaboration, and to Dr Ivana Mišić, Assistant Minister and Head of Department of Health Service Organization, Ministry of Health. The authors would also like to express their gratitude to the following institutions and their representatives who contributed valuable insights and data on health professionals: Dr Tanja Radosavljević (President, Serbian Chamber of Physicians); Mr Dragan Šašić (Director, Serbian Chamber of Nurses and Health Technicians); Mrs Radmila Nešić (President, Association of Health Workers of Serbia); Mrs Verica Milovanović (President) and Mrs Živka Mitić (Association of Nurses, Technicians and Midwives of Serbia); Serbian Chamber of Dentists, Serbian Medical Association, Institute of Public Health “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut”, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade and others. Professor Vladimir Grečić (School of Economics, University of Belgrade), a renowned expert in the field of migration, gave us valuable expert opinion. Special thanks to Ms Miroslava Narančić for data entry and formatting.

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List of tables, figures and boxes

Tables

Table 1.1 Cross-border instruments and tools for steering and managing

health professional mobility 13

Table 1.2 Country coverage 15

Table 2.1 Yearly outflows/outflow intentions of medical doctors from

selected 2004 and 2007 EU Member States 42 Table 2.2 Medical doctors, nurses and midwives from EU-12 countries

newly registered in the United Kingdom, 2003–2008 43 Table 2.3 Cross-border frameworks for steering and managing health

professional mobility 59

Table 4.1 Foreign medical doctors in Austria, from different data sources

and indicators 92

Table 4.2 Newly registered native and foreign medical doctors in Austria,

by nationality, 2000 and 2003–2008 94

Table 4.3 Native and foreign-national medical doctors (stock) in Austria,

2003–2008 96

Table 4.4 Foreign-trained nurses applying for diploma validation in Austria,

2003–2008 98

Table 4.5 Foreign-national nurses from eastern European and non-EU

countries applying for work permits, 2003–2008 98 Table 4.6 Newly registered foreign midwives in Austria, by nationality,

2003–2008 101

Table 4.7 Newly registered native and foreign dentists in Austria, by

nationality, 2003–2007 102

Table 4.8 Registered dentists (stock) in Austria, by nationality, 2005–2007 103

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xvi Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Table 4.9 Country-level instruments for steering and managing health

Table 4.10 Cross-border instruments and tools for steering and managing

health professional mobility 114

Table 4.11 Foreign-national medical doctors in Austria, 2003–2008

(stock data) 121

Table 4.12 Foreign-trained nurses in Austria: diploma validation applications,

2003–2008 122

Table 4.13 Nurses from eastern European countries: applications for work

permits in Austria, 2003–2008 122

Table 4.14 Newly registered dentists in Austria, by nationality, 2003–2007 123 Table 4.15 Practising dentists in Austria, by nationality, 2005–2007 124 Table 4.16 Newly registered midwives in Austria, by nationality, 2003–2008 125 Table 4.17 Practising foreign-national, foreign-born and foreign-trained

midwives in Austria by country of origin, 2008 126 Table 4.18 Outflows of midwives from Austria, 2003–2008 127 Table 5.1 Number of conformity certificates requested by specialists with

Belgian diplomas, 2006–2008 132

Table 5.2 Estimated numbers of foreign-trained medical doctors with basic training licensed in Belgium per year, 2005–2008 135 Table 5.3 Medical doctors with non-EEA diplomas undertaking part of their specializations in Belgium under Royal Decree No. 78 135 Table 5.4 General practitioners and specialists in Belgium, 2005–2008 136 Table 5.5 Newly licensed nurses in Belgium, 2005–2008 137 Table 5.6 Foreign nursing diplomas recognized or declared equivalent

in Belgium 139

Table 5.7 Newly licensed dentists in Belgium, 2005–2008 139 Table 6.1 Employment rates of Finnish and foreign-born medical doctors, dentists and nurses of working age in Finland, 2000–2007 172 Table 7.1 Main data sources and data holders on health professional

mobility in France 183

Table 7.2 Foreign-national medical doctors from EU and third countries

(stock), 1990–2010 185

Table 7.3 Annual inflows: newly registered foreign-national medical doctors

in France, 1988–2006 187

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Table 7.4 Nurses registered in France (stock) by nationality and origin of

degree, 1 January 2006 189

Table 7.5 Authorizations to practise issued to foreign nurses and foreign-

trained nurses by the competent authority, 2005 and 2006 189 Table 7.6 General medical doctors and specialists: percentages with

degrees from practice regions and with foreign degrees 196 Table 7.7 Medical doctors in France by nationality and origin of degree,

1 January 2006 206

Table 7.8 Foreign-born, foreign-national and foreign-trained nurses applying for professional registration on completion of studies in France,

2003 and 2008 207

Table 8.1 Registered foreign-national medical doctors in Germany, by

nationality, 1988 and 2003–2008 216

Table 8.2 Foreign-national nurses and midwives subject to social insurance contributions in Germany, by nationality, 2003–2008 223 Table 10.1 Registered doctors (stock) in autonomous regions in Spain, 2007 266 Table 10.2 Foreign degrees in general medicine recognized in Spain,

1998–2008 266

Table 10.3 Registered nurses (stock) working in Spain, 2004–2008 268 Table 10.4 Nationality of dentists and origin of dental degree, 1998 and 2007 270 Table 10.5 Inflows and outflows of dentists in Spain, 2002–2007 270 Table 10.6 Inflows and outflows of pharmacists in Spain, 2002–2007 271 Table 10.7 Inflows of health professionals from new Member States,

2005–2008 272

Table 10.8 MIR entrance examination candidates, 2007 and 2008 276 Table 10.9 University degrees in the health professions: students,

universities and graduates, 2007–2008 276 Table 10.10 Factors influencing health professional mobility in Spain 278 Table 10.11 National-level instruments for guiding and managing health

Table 10.12 Country zones used with EAPS microdata 290 Table 10.13 Main data sources for stock and flows of health professionals

in Spain 291

Table 10.14 Application requirements for MIR candidates 292 Table 11.1 Data sources on mobility: coverage, availability and limitations 297

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Table 11.2 Total and newly registered medical doctors from United Kingdom, EEA and other world regions, 1988 and 2003–2008 299 Table 11.3 Total and newly registered nurses/midwives from United Kingdom, EEA and other world regions, 1988 and 2003–2008 301 Table 11.4 Medical doctors from EEA and other international source

countries on the GMC Medical Register: total new registrants

2003–2008 and change in numbers registered 1988–2003 302 Table 11.5 Nurses/midwives from EEA and other international source

countries: total new registrants on NMC Register, 2003–2008 303 Table 11.6 Cleared, individual work permit applications for health professional groups – by world region and main countries, 2003–2008 305 Table 11.7 Verification applications from nurses/midwives considering work abroad – main European and other international destinations,

2002–2008 306

Table 11.8 CGSs issued for medical doctors to work abroad – main

European and other international destinations, 2007–2009 307 Table 11.9 Factors attracting health professionals to the United Kingdom 314 Table 11.10 Timeline of immigration and mobility policy for health professionals 317 Table 12.1 Registry data on domestic and foreign-trained medical doctors in Estonia according to activity, 2003–2009 342 Table 12.2 Mutual recognition of diploma certificates issued to practising

registered medical doctors in Estonia, by intended destination

country, 2004–2009 342

Table 12.3 Mutual recognition of diploma certificates issued to practising

registered medical doctors in Estonia, 2004–2009 343 Table 12.4 Mutual recognition of diploma certificates issued to practising

registered nurses in Estonia, by intended destination country,

2004–2009 344

registered nurses in Estonia, 2004–2009 344 Table 12.6 Registry data on domestic and foreign dentists in Estonia,

2003–2009 345

Table 12.7 Mutual recognition of diploma certificates issued to practising registered dentists in Estonia, by intended destination country,

2004–2009 346

registered dentists in Estonia, 2004–2009 346

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Table 12.9 Average monthly gross salaries (€) of health personnel in Estonia,

2002–2008 358

Table 13.1 Applications for certification, by health profession, 1 May 2004 to

31 December 2009 369

Table 13.2 Health professionals resident in Hungary as proportions of all health professionals applying for certification, 1 May 2004 to

Table 13.3 Declared target countries among all health professionals applying for certification, 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009 371 Table 13.4 Diplomas held by medical doctors applying for certification,

1 May 2004 to 31 December 2009 372

Table 13.5 Specialties of medical doctors applying for certification,

1 January 2009 to 31 December 2009 372

Table 13.6 Foreign newly registered and all newly registered medical doctors (inflows), foreign active and all active medical doctors (stock) in Hungary, 1 May 2004 to 31 December 2008 373 Table 13.7 Foreign newly registered and all newly registered nurses (inflows), foreign active and all active nurses (stock) in Hungary,

1 May 2004 to 30 June 2009 374

Table 13.8 Foreign newly registered and all newly registered dentists (inflows), foreign active and all active dentists (stock) in Hungary,

1 May 2004 to 31 December 2008 374

Table 13.9 Inflows of medical doctors of Hungarian descent, 1958–2008 375 Table 13.10 Inflows of dentists of Hungarian descent, 1972–2008 375 Table 14.1 Data sources for information on human resources for health

in Lithuania 397

Table 14.2 Work permits issued to foreign health professionals in Lithuania,

2005–2008 398

Table 14.3 Specialist posts with highest number of vacancies in Lithuania 404 Table 14.4 Health professional stock and distribution in Lithuania, 2007 406 Table 14.5 Educational institutions and students, by health profession, 2008 408 Table 14.6 Factors influencing mobility of Lithuanian health professionals 411 Table 14.7 Main national stakeholders involved in planning, production,

management and regulation of health professionals in Lithuania 413 Table 15.1 Practising medical doctors and dentists (stock) and certifications of professional qualifications issued in Poland, 2005–2008 423

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Table 15.2 Certifications of professional qualification certifications by

medical specialty, at end 2008 424

Table 15.3 Professionally certified nurses and midwives (stock) and certifications of professional qualifications issued in Poland,

2004–2006 426

Table 15.4 Polish health professionals working in European countries,

circa 2000 426

Table 15.5 Total numbers (stock) and new registrations (inflows) of foreign-

national medical doctors and dentists in Poland, 2009 429 Table 15.6 Total numbers (stock) and new registrations (inflows) of foreign

medical doctors and dentists among all registered and active

medical doctors and dentists in Poland, 2009 431 Table 15.7 Vacancies and registered unemployment in health professional

groups, 2006 435

Table 15.8 Vacancies (2008) and numbers of certifications of professional

qualifications issued (2004–2006 and 2008), by medical speciality 436 Table 15.9 Health professionals eligible to practise per 1000 population,

2003–2007 436

Table 15.10 Vacancies in public hospitals (full-time equivalents) by

voivodship/region 438

Table 16.1 Main data sources and data holders on health professional

mobility in Romania 450

Table 16.2 Practising medical doctors applying for diploma verification to

work in EU Member States, 2007–2009 452 Table 16.3 Romanian regions and declared destination countries of medical

doctors applying for CGSs, 2007 453

Table 16.4 Applications for diploma verification from nurses and midwives

applying to work in EU Member States, 2007–2009 455 Table 16.5 Immigrants (permanent settlers) by country of origin, 2000–2007 456 Table 16.6 Emigration trends among highly educated population in Romania,

by ethnic group, 1989–2000 458

Table 16.7 Emigration trends among highly educated population in Romania,

by profession, 1985–2000 458

Table 16.8 Health professionals per 100 000 inhabitants, Romania and EU,

2000–2007 461

Table 16.9 Coverage of medical doctors by development regions and

residence in Romania, 2005 462

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Table 16.10 Health professionals at primary health-care level in Romania, 2005 462 Table 16.11 Primary health professional coverage by administrative regions

and by urban/rural area in Romania, 2005 465 Table 16.12 Medical doctors in Romania by age group and sex, 2007

and regulation of health professionals 466 Table 17.1 Increase/decrease in numbers of medical doctors in Slovakia by

selected specializations 485

Table 17.2 Foreign-national medical doctors working in Slovakia, 2007 485 Table 17.3 Foreign-national dental doctors working in Slovakia, 2007 486 Table 17.4 Foreign-national nurses working in Slovakia, 2007 486 Table 17.5 Applications for equivalency of education confirmations for

medical doctors, dental doctors and nurses: numbers issued

and refused, 2004–2009 489

Table 17.6 Overview of inflows to and (potential) outflows from the Slovak

health workforce, by selected indicators 491 Table 17.7 Medical doctors, dental doctors and nurses approaching

retirement (natural persons), 2004–2007 495 Table 18.1 Foreign-trained medical doctors within all active medical doctors

in Slovenia, 1992 and 2003–2008 514

Table 18.2 Foreign-born, foreign-trained and foreign-national active medical doctors (stock) in Slovenia in 1992, 2000 and 2003–2008 515 Table 18.3 Foreign-born, foreign-trained and foreign-national active dentists in Slovenia, 1992, 2000 and 2003–2008 516 Table 18.4 Countries of origin of foreign nursing professionals in Slovenia,

1992, 2000 and 2005–2008 517

Table 18.5 Foreign-trained medical doctors and dentists among all active

and practising medical doctors and dentists in Slovenia 520 Table 18.6 New admissions to medical, dental and nursing studies in

Slovenia, 2006–2008 521

Table 18.7 Numbers graduating in medical, dental and nursing studies in

Slovenia, 2005–2007 521

Table 18.8 Numbers, specializations and percentages of foreign-trained

newly registered medical doctors (flow data), 2003–2008 533 Table 18.9 Numbers and percentages of medical doctors returning to

Slovenia after practising abroad, 2003–2008 534

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Table 18.10 Foreign-trained medical doctors working as medical doctors in Slovenia (stock), by specializations, 1992 and 2003–2008 535 Table 18.11 Sex and mean age of foreign-trained medical doctors in

comparison with all medical doctors in Slovenia, 1992 and

2003–2008 536

Table 18.12 Medical doctors applying for diploma verification to work in EU

Member States (including specializations), 2003–2008 536 Table 18.13 Foreign-trained newly registered dentists (including specializations),

2003–2008 537

Table 18.14 Numbers and percentages of dentists returning to Slovenia after

practising abroad, 2003–2008 537

Table 18.15 Foreign-trained dentists working as dentists in Slovenia (stock),

1992 and 2003–2008 537

Table 18.16 Sex and mean age of foreign-trained dentists in comparison

with all dentists in Slovenia, 2003–2008 538 Table 18.17 Dentists applying for diploma verification to work in EU Member States (including specializations), 2003–2008 538 Table 19.1 Regional distribution of public sector health professionals in Serbia,

2007 554

Table 19.2 Graduate medical doctors, dentists and pharmacists in Serbia,

1998–2005 555

Table 19.3 Male and female doctors per region in Serbia, 2008 556 Table 20.1 OECD destination countries of Turkish-educated health

professionals, 2004–2007 572

Table 20.2 Turkish-born doctors and nurses by country of residence

(selected OECD countries), circa 2000 573 Table 20.3 Foreign-trained medical doctors and nurses in Turkey, by

country of training, 2005 574

Table 20.4 Foreign-born (selected OECD countries) doctors residing in Turkey,

circa 2000 575

Table 20.5 Foreign health professionals with Turkish work permits, by

employment status, 2004–2008 577

Table 20.6 Health professionals per 100 000 population in Turkey, by

geographical region, 2003 579

Table 20.7 Specialist training places and medical faculty graduates in

Turkey, 2001–2007 583

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Table 20.8 Health education faculties, students and staff in Turkey,

1988–2007 584

Table 20.9 Factors influencing potential emigration of medical doctors and nurses, Ankara and Muş provinces, 2008 586

Figures

Fig. 1.1 Categorizing the impacts of health professional mobility

according to the functions and objectives of the health system 11 Fig. 2.1 Reliance on foreign medical doctors in selected European and

non-European OECD countries, 2008 or latest year available 27 Fig. 2.2 Reliance on foreign nurses in selected European and non-European OECD countries, 2008 or latest year available 28 Fig. 2.3 Reliance on foreign dentists in selected European and non-European OECD countries, 2008 or latest year available 29 Fig. 2.4 Inflows of foreign medical doctors (countries with annual inflows

below 1000) 1988–2008 31

Fig. 2.5 Inflows of foreign medical doctors (countries with annual inflows

above 1000) 1988–2008 32

Fig. 2.6 Inflows of foreign dentists 1988–2008 34 Fig. 4.1 Newly registered German, Italian and other foreign-national medical

doctors, 2000 and 2003–2008 93

Fig. 4.2 Newly registered foreign-national medical doctors in Austria 95 Fig. 4.3 Source countries of foreign-national nurses applying for work

permits in Austria, 2003–2008 99

Fig. 5.1 Annual outflows to the Netherlands of health professionals with Belgian diplomas, comparison of Belgian and Dutch data,

2006–2008 133

Fig. 5.2 EEA medical diplomas recognized in Belgium, 2001–2008 137 Fig. 5.3 EEA diplomas for medicine, nursing and dentistry recognized in

Belgium, 2001–2008 140

Fig. 5.4 Recognition or equivalence route for medical doctors, dentists or

nurses with EEA nationality 151

Fig. 5.5 Recognition or equivalence route for medical doctors, dentists or

nurses with non-EEA nationality 152

Fig. 6.1 Total accumulated numbers of foreign-born health professionals with licence to practise in Finland, 2000–2006 166

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xxiv Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Fig. 6.2 Inflows based on numbers of newly licensed Finnish and foreign- born medical doctors and dentists in Finland, 2006–2008 167 Fig. 6.3 Yearly outflows of Finnish medical doctors and nurses, 2000–2007 168 Fig. 8.1 Registered and active foreign-national medical doctors (stock) in

Germany, 2000–2008 214

Fig. 8.2 Registered and active foreign-national medical doctors as percentages of all registered and all active medical doctors in

Germany, 2000–2008 215

Fig. 8.3 Annual gross inflows of registered foreign-national medical doctors

in Germany, 2000–2008 217

Fig. 8.4 Active foreign-national medical doctors in western and eastern

Germany (stock), 2000–2008 218

Fig. 8.5 Active foreign-national medical doctors as percentages of all active medical doctors in western and eastern Germany, 2000–2008 218 Fig. 8.6 Eastern European medical doctors as percentages of all medical doctors in western and eastern Germany, 2000–2008 219 Fig. 8.7 Annual outflows of medical doctors from Germany, 2000–2008 219 Fig. 8.8 Annual outflows of German and foreign-national medical doctors

from Germany, 2006–2008 220

Fig. 8.9 Foreign-national nurses and midwives subject to social insurance contributions in Germany, 2003–2008 221 Fig. 8.10 Registered foreign-national medical doctors from new and old EU Member States (stock) in Germany, 2000–2008 227 Fig. 8.11 Foreign-national nurses and midwives subject to social insurance contributions from new and old EU Member States (stock) in

Germany, 2003–2008 227

Fig. 10.1 Nursing degrees homologated or recognized in Spain, 2002–2007 269 Fig. 10.2 Evolution of the number of new students in medical schools

1964–2009 277

Fig. 10.3 Age–sex pyramids of professionals registered in Spain,

Fig. 12.1 Health professionals intending to migrate from Estonia, cumulative

numbers, 2004–2008 356

Fig.13.1 Registered and active medical doctors per 10 000 population by

geographical units, 2006 383

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Fig.13.2 Reasons to emigrate among resident doctors intending to work

abroad, 2008 387

Fig.13.3 Reasons to stay among resident doctors not considering working

abroad, 2008 387

Fig. 14.1 Proportion of Lithuanian medical doctors registered in destination countries, 1 May 2004 to 30 April 2005 and 1 May 2005 to

30 April 2006 402

Fig. 14.2 Proportion of Lithuanian nurses registered in destination countries, 1 May 2004 to 30 April 2005 and 1 May 2005 to 30 April 2006 402 Fig. 14.3 Proportion of Lithuanian dentists registered in destination countries, 1 May 2004 to 30 April 2005 and 1 May 2005 to 30 April 2006 403 Fig. 14.4 Annual visits to general practitioners in 59 practices with senior population (more than 50% aged over 50), 2006 405 Fig. 14.5 Number of medical doctors per 10 000 population, by

administrative region, 2008 407

Fig. 14.6 Percentage of medical doctors older than 60 years, 2009 409 Fig. 15.1 New registrations of Polish medical doctors in EU-15, 2000–2007 427 Fig. 15.2 Total registrations of Polish medical doctors in host countries,

2000–2007 428

Fig. 15.3 Annual minimum and maximum salaries of public- and private- sector health professionals and the country average salary in

Poland, January 2008 439

Fig. 16.1 Density of medical doctors in the six most important university cities and average density in Romania, 2005 462 Fig. 17.1 Health professionals with equivalence confirmations, by declared destination country, 1 May 2004 to 30 April 2007 483 Fig. 17.2 Age groups of health professionals with equivalence confirmations,

1 May 2004 to 30 April 2007 483

Fig. 17.3 Comparison of average monthly salaries of medical doctors and nurses and average monthly salary in Slovakia (€), 2005–2009 500 Fig. 19.1 Public sector health workers in Serbia, 2008 552 Fig. 19.2 Public health sector workers in Serbia, 1988 552 Fig. 20.1 Medical doctors per 100 000 population in selected three richest and three poorest provinces of Turkey, 2006 580 Fig. 20.2 Health professionals in Turkey, 1995–2006 581 Fig. 20.3 Specialists and practitioners in Turkey, 1950–2006 581

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xxvi Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Boxes

Box 1.1 Definition of health professional mobility emerging from the project 14 Box 2.1 Hot-spots for mobility between neighbouring countries 40 Box 7.1 Hidden mobility: foreign-trained French nationals and foreign

nationals trained outside the EU 186

Box 7.2 A clear definition of the nurse statute in France 190 Box 7.3 Activating, facilitating and mitigating factors in health professional

mobility 197

Box 7.4 Bilateral agreements 199

Box 7.5 International exchanges 207

Box 7.6 Recognition of diplomas in France 208 Box 8.1 Statutory bodies and other organizations representing the interests

of physicians 217

Box 8.2 Medical and nursing training in Germany 236 Box 18.1 Registration regulations and procedures in Slovenia 518

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List of abbreviations

ADELI Automatisation des Listes

AFS attestation of specialized training (attestation de formation spécialisée) AFSA attestation of specialized training, advanced level (attestation de formation

spécialisée approfondie)

AMS Public Employment Service Austria (Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich) APSEP Association of Spanish Health Professionals in Portugal (Associação de

Profissionais da Saúde Espanhóis em Portugal) azM University Hospital of Maastricht

BMG Austrian Federal Ministry of Health (Bundesministerium für Gesundheit) CEE central and eastern Europe

CGS certificate of good standing

CNOM National Medical Council (Conseil National de l’Ordre des Médecins) ÇSGB Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Turkey (Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik

Bakanlığı)

DDASS Departmental Directorate of Health and Social Affairs (Direction Départementale des Affaires Sanitaires et Socials)

FNOMCeO Order of Medical Surgeons and Dentists (Federazione Nazionale Ordini Medici Chirurghi e Odontoiatri)

GMC General Medical Council (United Kingdom)

EAPS Economically Active Population Survey (Spain) (Encuesta de Población Activa) EEA European Economic Area

ERDF European Regional Development Fund ESF European Social Fund

ETFA European Free Trade Association

EU European Union

EU-10 countries joining the EU in May 2004.

EU-15 countries belonging to the EU in May 2004 EU-27 countries belonging after January 2007 EURES European Job Mobility Portal

FFI medical trainee working in a hospital but with student status (faisant fonction d’interne)

FPS Federal Public Service (Belgium) GDP gross domestic product

HCB Estonian Health Care Board (became Health Board in 2010) HMC Hungarian Medical Chamber

HTP Health Transformation Programme (Turkey)

INE Spanish National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística)

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xxviii Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

INPS National Institute for Social Security, Italy (Instituto Nationale Previdenza Sociale) IPASVI National Board of Nursing, Italy (Federazione Nazionale Collegi Infermieri) KASTE National Development Programme for Social Welfare and Health Care (Finland) MCS Medical Chamber of Slovenia

MIR specialist resident, Spain (médico interno residente)

NCOEHIS National Centre for Organising and Ensuring the Health Information System (Romania)

NCS Nursing Chamber of Slovenia

NHCPD National Health Care Providers Database (Slovenia)

NHIC Slovak National Health Information Centre (Národné centum zdravotníckych informácií)

NHS National Health Service (United Kingdom) NIHD National Institute for Health Development (Estonia)

NIS Spanish National Immigration Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes) NMC Nursing and Midwifery Council (United Kingdom)

ÖÄK Austrian Medical Chamber (Österreichische Ärztekammer)

OAMMR Order of Nurses and Midwives, Romania (Ordinul Asistenţilor Medicali şi Moaşelor din România)

ÖBIG Austrian Federal Institute for Health Care (Österreichisches Bundesinstitut für Gesundheit)

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OHAAP Office of Health Authorisation and Administrative Procedures (Hungary) ÖHG Austrian Association of Midwives (Österreichisches Hebammengremium) OMC Organization of Medical Colleges, Spain (Organizacıón Médica Colegial) ONCD National Order of Dental Surgeons, France (Ordre National des Chirurgiens

Dentistes)

ONDPS National Observatory on the Demography of Health Professions, France (Observatoire National de la Démographie des Professions de Santé) PAC associate practitioner, France (praticiens adjoints contractuels)

PADHUE practitioner trained outside the EU (Praticiens à diplôme Hors Union Européenne) RCP Romanian College of Physicians

SHU Slovak Health University in Bratislava

SU HSMTC Semmelweis University Health Services Management Training Centre THL National Institute for Health and Welfare (Finland)

TTB Turkish Medical Association (Türk Tabipleri Birlcığı) UCL Université catholique de Louvain

ULSS local health authorities, Italy (unita locale socio sanitaria) Valvira National Supervisory Authority for Welfare and Health (Finland) WHO World Health Organization

WIFO Austrian Institute of Economic Research (Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung)

WRT Workforce Review Team (United Kingdom)

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List of contributors

Anna-Mari Aalto, Head of Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland

Tit Albreht, Head of the Department of Health System Analyses, National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

Rita Baeten, Senior Policy Analyst, European Social Observatory, Belgium Patricia Barber Pérez, Associate Professor, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Kvetoslava Beňušová, Assistant Professor, St Elizabeth University of Health and Social Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Luigi Bertinato, Director of Service for International, Social and Health Relations, ULSS 20 Veneto Region, Italy

Vesna Bjegović-Mikanović, Head of the Centre School of Public Health, Director of the Institute of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Belgrade University, Serbia

Elisa Boscolo, EU Policy Adviser; ULSS 5 Veneto Region, Italy Jeni Bremner, Director, EHMA (European Health Management Association), Brussels, Belgium

Reinhard Busse, Professor of Health Care Management, Berlin University of Technology and Associate Head for Research Policy, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Germany

Leopoldo Ciato, Director of Human Resources, ULSS 5 Veneto Region, Italy Katarzyna Czabanowska, Assistant Professor, Department of International Health, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Netherlands

Carmen Delia Dávila Quintana, Associate Professor, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Marie-Laure Delamaire, Associate Researcher, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Santé Publique (EHESP), France

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xxx Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Gilles Dussault, Professor, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

Edit Eke, Human Resources for Health Expert, at Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Hungary

Marko Elovainio, Research Professor, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland

Josep Figueras, Director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies and head of the WHO European Centre on Health Policy, Belgium

Adriana Galan, Public Health Consultant, National Institute of Public Health, Romania

Edmond Girasek, Assistant Lecturer, Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Hungary

Irene A Glinos, Researcher, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, Belgium

Beatriz González López-Valcárcel, Professor, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain

Jarno Habicht, WHO Representative/Head of Country Office, Republic of Moldova (Head, WHO Country Office, Estonia until end 2010)

Tarja Heponiemi, Senior Researcher, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Finland

Ivan M Jekić, National Coordinator/Health Services Expert, European Investment Bank Technical Assistant to the Ministry of Health Project for the Modernization of the Four Clinical Centres in Serbia, Serbia

Mirela Jusic, Research Assistant, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Klagenfurt, Austria

Annette Katrava, International Consultant - Team Leader and Health Accreditation Expert, Delegation of the European Union to the Republic of Serbia; Technical Assistant to Ministry of Health Project for the Establishment of the Public Agency for Accreditation and Continuous Quality Improvement of Health Care in Serbia, Canada and Greece

Marcin Kautsch, Assistant Professor, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University, Poland

Sıdıka Kaya, Professor, Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hacettepe University, Turkey

Mobilität von Gesundheitsfachkräften und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheitssysteme. Erkenntnisse aus 17 Ländern der Europäischen Region

HEAL TH PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY AND HEAL TH S Y S TEMS EVIDENCE FROM 17 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Evidence from

17 European countries

Edited by

Matthias Wismar Claudia B. Maier Irene A. Glinos Gilles Dussault Josep Figueras

23

Observatory Studies Series No. 23

23

Health Professional Mobility and Health

Systems

Health Professional Mobility and Health Systems

Evidence from 17 European countries

Contents

Foreword

Foreword

Acknowledgements

List of tables, figures and boxes

List of abbreviations

List of contributors