Climate and building in Canada: an overview of requirements and future needs

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Climate and building in Canada: an overview of requirements and

future needs

Ser

CLIMATE AND B U I L D I N G

IN

CANADA

AN OVERVIEIY OF

REQUIREMENTS

AND FUTURE NEEDS

G . P . Williams

"Tt

is

h a r d l y necessary to emphasize t h e

importance

of

weather

i n f o m a t i o n f o r the

buiZdZng

induskry.

Although

at present most

~ ~ e a k h e r scroicss

deuuke

m o m

attention

to

forecasts

for

aviation

than

t o

any

othor

aspect of

meteoroZogy, it remains

true

that

a v e q b o d y

%i72es

and works <n buildings,

muirsZy in order ku obtain sheZkem.

from

t h e ueather.

The

h < Z d f n g industry is usuaZZy

by

far

t h e

bgggest single enterplyi-se

in

any couniky, and i.Es decisions

un

planning,

d e s i g n m d

methods

of

constrmct?:on

o f t e n require aecmute iaformu-Eio~t

on r~eather and climate.

This appries

par~icu~arly to

the

d e t a i l e d

ilcsi~gn of buildings,

which

must not only

J'iZter

aui; the eskremes of

the weather so as to

prov$de

m

a g r e e d Z e indoor climate for t h e inhabifiants, h t must

be

structurally s a f e

and

m s t

Zast as

tong

as they are

needed under ihe

continued

a t t a c k of t h e

weaeher.

F o r a22 these pmpuses

d e t a i l e d

i n f e m k i u n on t h e climate is needed in a

grva L va2rie

t

y

of

forms.

"

T h a t quotation, from the introduction to a survey of mcteoro-

l n g i c a l i n f o r m ; l t i o n f o r architecture and building ( I ) , is especially

t r u e f o r Canada where the extremes of climate a r e severe. The C I B

Commission responsible for this survey was concerned w i t h i d e n t i f y i n g lwj l d i n g problems affected by the weather and w i t h s e t t i n g o u t t h e requirements f o r g a t h e r i n g and p r e s e n t i n g meteorological i n f o r m a t i o n

f o r t h e construction industry. There

is

no d o u b t that a similar survey and assessment would be of value f o r the Canadian construction industry. This r e p o r r on climate and building in Canada is n first s t c p i n such an assessment.

'rile

nccJ for such a r e p o r t bccamc c v i d e n l d u r i n g r e c e n t d i s -

L ' I I S S ~ O I I S 011 il ~ T O I ~ D S C ~ C;lnildjall climate program designcd to outline climaltc retlujrcments

i n

sevcral, irnporsant sectors of Canadiarl l i f e such :IS agriculture and transportation. hs the construction

i n d u s t r y is one o f the major users of meteorological informarion, its

ruquircrnents sllould be dclineatcd-

711e information presented in this report i s based primarily on t h c literature available on t h e general s u b j e c t of climatic needs

as i j n outline o f t h e s u b j e c t , b u t i t i s hoped t h a t it will provide

the basis f o r a much more comprehensive s t u d y , o r possibly some form of workshop o r seminar, as has been s u g g e s t e d by t h e Canadian Climate Board for other major sectors concerned w i t h climare.

F a r t h e purposes of this r e p o r t the broad definition o f t h e construction industry proposed by Hutcheon ( 2 ) will be used:

"Thi.s

broader

view

of

_{t h e}

_{constmction i n d u s t r y , for}

_purposes

of d e a l i n g w i t h i t s connmmication,

infimnation, kno~Zedge and

rar:eareh ?weds, leads tog<cuZZy to n

recognikiun

of

the three

princfpczi! function ro Ees which are characteristic of

ik.

These

are,

in cnncept, t h e oiJner, $he

d e s i p e r ,

m d t h e c m t ~ a c t o r . Thsre i s aZrzmys c t ~

nmer,

r ~ k o mag be

a p e v a t e < d i u i d m Z ,

a group or an

r y c f i c y , a

c o r p ~ m ~ i o n ,

U P a guverrunenf

agency.

The construction

t h a t is to ba provided must sema his erttsqrCse, rdhether it be r e s i d e n t i a z ,

ins

k i t u t i a n a Z ,

commercjcL.Z,

or engineering

cmstruc2;on.

Tlzc

designer,

vhe5her hg

be

one man

or

a

d e s . i p temn, must i d m t - i - f . ~

ehe

n m e r r s

needs and then

devise

a

tot02 scheme to

s a t i s f y

&he

o m c r ' s needs

afid

must deseribe them

in

p b m s m d specificat.ions

which

providp

a

basis for a

con8ract betweela t?w

owner

and

$he c m k r a c t o r . "

Tt i s interesting t o n o t e t h a t a r e p o r t analysing climatological d a t a for t h e building industry ( 3 ) lists b u i l d i n g problems affected hy mcteorological f a c r o r s in essentially the same three categories:

(11 building design ( t h e designer)

(2) construction process (the contractor)

(33 maintenance and costs I t h e owner)

A f o r t h c t ~ t e g o r y , zhe researcher, who octen needs much more d e t a i l e d c l i m a t i c information than t h e designer, should perhaps he added. .

Thc nccd for mcteorological information by t h e s e broad categories n f t c n ovcrl:~l)s b u t it d o e s providc a u s e f u l way o f dclincat ing

t ~ u i l d i n g p r o h l c m s into h r o a d classi fications

.

Although t h i s h r o a d vicw o f the construction industry will b c tnkcn i n t o consideration, this report will b e primarily concerned with t h e d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n and ownership of buildings. Many o f the mcrcorological requirements f o r o t h e r f a c e t s o f the construction

industry (hi~hways, airporbs, pipelines, h a r h o u r works) a r e the same

;IS thosc f o r buildings. The g e n e r a l s u b j e c t area would however,

hecome morc difficult to cover adequately if a l l aspecrs

of

_the

c o n s t r u c t i o n industry were t o be g i v e n equal emphasis. For example,

il s p e c i f i c s u b j e c t s u c h a s the meteorological requirements of t h e o i l

rerlltire q u i t e

an

extensive study.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION REQUIRED BY

THE CONSTRUCTION

INDUSTRY

The various building problems requiring meteorological informa- tion for their solution a r e tabulated

in Table I ,

This list gives only a broad outline o f the many problems influenced by weather.

Marly cut across t h e arbitrary designer-contractor-owner cate- g o r i e s . For cxarnplc, t h e d e s i g n o f heat pump heating systems r c q i ~ i r c s information on t h e i r efficiency f o r the regional cljmate

c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r which they w i l l operare. The owner should under-

s t a n d cost-bcncfits and the f a c t that the efficiency of t h e system

will v a r y w i t h outside a i r temperature conditions.

The requirements of the contractor g e n e r a l l y involve f o r e c a s t s o f weather conditions at a building site. These can be short-term 6 - h r or 2 4 - h r f o r e c a s t s or b e l o n g - t e n , based

on

statistical analysis and t h e probability o f certain meteorological events occurring. The major n e c d , however, i s reliable short-term forecasts so that contractors c a n p l a n t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s . I t can o n l y be s a T f s f i e d

by

1) r e l i a b l e wcathcr forecasting, 2) more use of existing weather services by

c o n t r a c t o r s ,

and

33 b e t t e r understanding of the effect of weather

fnctors on construction operations such as placing concrete (Table 11). I n some cases ignorance of wearher e f f e c t s such as wind pressures

during consrruction can have fatal consequences. blany problems wo111c.I IIC avoided t h r o u g h better use of available meteorological information. Tl~c ecenomic consequences b f unfavourable weatIle~ on c o n s t r u c t i o n

operations is important enough t o have j u s t i f i e d at least one book on the subject ( 4 1 . A similar problem exists regarding the planning and operation of snow c l e a r i n g operations ( 5 ) .

J n t h i s report the needs for weather information by the cons-

truction industry will be l i m i t e d to the longer-term ~ ' c l i m a t o l ~ g i c a ~ ~ ~

nccds. But, i n so

ioinz,

it should b e

recognized that short-term

mctcorol~gical forecasting needs are a l s o extremely important and

cannot be ignored or separated completely

from the climatological

rcquisemcnts of the industry.

CI,Z bWiTd1,OGICAL

INFORMATI

ON AWAI M B L E

NOW

IN

CANADA

Much u s e f u l climatological information is available in the sulrplernent to the Nallonal Building Code of Canada ( 6 ) . It sets out

climatic information i n ways best suited for code use, but it is a c o n v c n i c n t and u s e f u l source f o r o t h e r purposes as well. Thc Sup- plcment d c s c r i h c s methods to compute ~Zimatalogical statistics used

clcments including d e s i g n temperatures, rainfall r a t e s , snow l o a d s and

wind

pressures arc l i s t e d for about 600 Canadian locations.

The ASHME Handbook of Fundamentals / 7 ) is a n o t h e r source of

climatic information f o r building designers; the information given for Canada is consistent w i t h t h e corresponding part o f the

NBC

supplement.

'r'arjous publications of the Atmospheric Environment Service

contain basic c l i m a t e data and s t a t i s t i c a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s , many o f w h i c h a r c of i n t c r c s r t o the b u i l d i n g industry. These publications and

n t l ~ c r s on Cnnsdinn c l i m a t e a r c l i s t e d i n an excellent bibliography (8).

fi _{g u i d e} t o Canadian climntc data 19) lists in a n a t i o n a l data index 3 1 1 avnilablc sourccs f o r c l i m a t i c factors

-

c l o u d s , degree-days, c v a p o s a z i o n , general climatological t a b l e s , precipitatton, rainfall, snowfall, soill temperature, a i r temperature, and wind. Such a guide s h o u l d be up-dated and a l l d e s i g n e r s using weather data made aware of i t s c x i s t e n c c .

l l I E IWLES OF THE METEOROLOGIST

AND BUILDING

SCIENTIST

'mc meteorological environment o f a g i v e n s i t e or building i s t h e rosult o f physical processes a c t i n g on d i f f e r e n t s c a l e s . I n o r d e r to

assess climatological needs of t h e building industry it i s necessary to d c f i n c t h e s e scales and t h e i r relationship t o t h e designer, mcteoro-

l o g i s r and b u i l d i n g s c i e n t i s t .

T h r c c scales can be distinguished (1) :

[ l j The "F.iacroscaleM processes are determined largely by the

~ c n e r a l circulation of t h e atmosphere and the large-scale geographical features of the =&try. Basic meteorological d a t a i n t h i s s c a l e a r e collected across Canada by means of s t a n d a r d networks o f t h e Atmospheric Environment Service.

( 2 ) The "Localtt scale ( t h e scale o f towns o r l a r g e b u i l d i n g

sites-). Fleteorolofiical information relevcnt t o this s c a l e can h e e v a l u a t e d profitably on t h e b a s i s

of macroscale meteo-

rological d a t a , special f i e l d mesurements and theorcrical

models.

(-5) "Mi croscal c" (the weather around, on, and within buildings)

.

'The processes a f f e c t i n g thcse weather p a t t e r n s are strongly

influcrrced by the buildings themselves. The interpretation of mctcorological data and s p e c i a l measurements necded

requircs the advice and judgement of building scientists. 'The verrical variations o f meteorological v a r i a b l e s become relatively more important as t h e horizontal dimensions

Tn considering these thrce s c a l e s , particularly t h e microscale,

the r e l a t i v e soles of t h e meteorologist and t h e building s c i e n t i s t c a n he defined hy the following quotations ( I ) : -

rr,l /. /.!I i : ; /){ILTI t,

i

L rm4:: L /)(> t~n~[~hrfs<.zr-d

t h a

f rur,?, 1 m - ~ ~ n r 1 7 , ? 3 ~ d pic /,PO-

r v l J . r > ! rkr Lrr rrrv! !fcnarcsZ .l?{ of nn ~ : ; c Lo fhr. d ~ : : f y n e r n r ~017s Lmm1,01*

- Irc rdnuLc! no 1 k120t~ j ~ c 3 l r ~ to 7~s.e Lh~'r11. EqunZZy, the meteoroZogf:; E w j l Z n o m a l Z ~ j nnL k ~ a o z ~ what f o r m of m Z y s i s hc msif m k e in order kc, prou-i-dc data for a proSZem which is

s u b k t t e d

ko

him b y

a designer or censCructor. In every p ~ o b l e m

<n

which +be weather has some effects

an

n

btltlding, or

a constmciion

process,

o r

on

t h e

i n k b i k x t s

of

a

b u i l d i n g or town, there

wiZZ

be

same Zinkdng

relaAionship b e t m e n t h e e f f e c t

and

t h e r e l e v a n t

weather

cond<tiores.

fie

de-berminution

of t h e

linking

relationship

is

the

province

of t h e

h i Z d < n g

sc-ierztist.

"In

a

paper of

t h i s length

if is

no$ possible to

durn

al;! the requirements of t h e b u i l d i n g

Zndustry

f o r

rne&eoroZagCcaZ data, even

if aLl t h e

l i n k i n g

reZaf;.ionsh<ps were

know

(and

mlzy

are stiZZ

imperfec$Zy

deterninedl

.

Fu~themore,

the l i n k i n g r e

Za$iorts

h i p s

for

a particular p m b Z e m

may

we22 vary

from

one

cZimutic

regime t o ~ n ~ t h e r .

''

Another quotatian ( I ) d e a l s w i t h the handling o f data:

" h e

importan*

principle

is

t o

keep meteoroZogicaZ

and

engincsring caZctttnkions cmpZeCeZy separate.

Weather

data

for b u i l d i n g

design

should

be

pure

cZimtoZogica2 s t a k i s t i c s

and should no* iraclzrde m y factors

t h e

depend on

pmperties

of

the

buildCng

...

the rneteoroZogist ::hauZd

p r a v i d ~ statist;cs

on

the air

temperature,

wind

speed, so la^*

m d i u t i o n and other elements

cmd

_Zsave

_it

to

&he

_{mg-i-neer to combine} these w i t h praper~ias of t h e

building

- b ~ yCeEcZ

convenimt i r r d i c e ~ . ' ~

I t is t h u s not simply a case of collecting more climatic data, htlt of c r ) l l c c t i n g the r i ~ h t kind of data and establishing relation- s h i p s t h a t can h e used at s p e c i f i c sites.

Much o f t h e scsensch work of t h e O i v l s i o n has been involved i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e s e '"inkingtf relationships between

weather

e f f e c t s on buildings and t h e r e l e v a n t w e a t h e r conditions. Table I11 tabulates somc of t h e publications arising from this work.

l'rorn thc v a r i e t y of s u b j e c t s l i s t e d , one c a n a p p r e c i a t e how

difficult it w j l l bc to d c c i d c what new data s h o u l d b e collected ro scrvo t h c b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y . Each s p e c i f i c r e q u i r e m e n t will h a v e to

bc looked a t carefully to determine if zdditional data a r e necessary,

f o r usc by t l ~ c d e s i g n e r , researcher o r climatologist. Suggestions for

new d a t a arc sometimes made by a researcher or designer who h a s same

callccting such clntn

on

3 c l i r n a t a l a g i c a l , r e g i o n a l basis. 1:IITURE CLIb!ATOCOGI CAL DATA

REQUIREMENTS

Over t h e p a s t

few years

t h e need f o r new climatic data or up- d a t i n g o f previous statistical information h a s become

apparent.

Some su~gestions a r e tabulated in Table IV.

I n considering new requirements one should appreciate not only the difficulty

in o b t a i n i n g

representative measurements b u t also, t h e need

t r ~take these measurements over art extended period of t i m e . It s h o u l d a l s o h e noted t h a t measurements

from

one s p e c i f i c site may be of

1 i l l t i t c d v n l u c at o t h e r s i t e s . The: required accuracy o f climatolo~ical

c l ; ~ L:I ;I 1 so siio11 lrC TIC c o n ~ i c l c r e d I 1 0)

.

"l~'r+nrrr L ~ c rn~t,t:o~oL~gi-c:'mt point oJ aicfil thtl accurncy is l i m i t e d 112j

L/zc T , > ~ R ~ / Z F ? ~ 2hsc7,f. A TZF?sign tla21~e

7:s

~ ~ . ~ e n t i a Z l y a fumcask

Tor

t h ~

n w : t 20 or 30 U P 100 years.

If

it

is

based

on

s t a t i s f : i c s ,

its

accuracy

uiZZ

_{e b ~ n y s be}

_Zfmited

_{by t h e year-to-year v a r i a b i l i t y of the} ~,?eaLher eleven&. Dssigx

&emperattcres,

j%r exmpZe,

based on

20 years of h~v;.1Zy

observations

am

very

Zikely

to

be

auk

by

3 C

degrees

m d may be out by 5 o r F C

degrees

r3hen

compared

w i t h

-the

nex8 20-year

period.

IrA/ls the

designer

does not

need

vew

accurate w e a t h r

infarmakiour,

and

t h e

w~uther*

iraformution

emnot

be

very

accumta

in any

case, it

i a a waste of time to consider smatZ

differerrees

betoeen t h e weather ob-

::crlr?f-ng s i t e and the

building

sifie.

"7'/isrc are c e r t n i n l y many cases where topogrczphica2 features such a s

n 7 . ~ 0 ~

t i o n

o r proximity to open

water

produce me&eoro

2og;ca

Z d<ffirences worl$:zy of corasiderat-ion

in building. S m e of these occur w i k h i n the

boundaries

of c i t i e s .

The presence of

t h e

c i t y

itself

??owever, is

unbikeZy

to affeck

the d ~ s i g n

values

af tamperatme,

precipitatZon

or

m:nd as mrich as ifhe year-$0-year variakions.

"

I n t h c literature ( 1 9 , 1 2 ) on Building Climatology there is

cansidcrablc discussion about the need to present climatological i n f o r -

mation

in

a form s u i t a b l e f o r t h e building and construction i n d u s t r y . Various graphical methods have been proposed t o make it r7easier" for a r c h j t e c t s , builders, designers to grasp t h e essentials of climatic

I Thcrc i s always room f o r improvement, and attcmpts to improve

the p r c s c n t m t i o ~ ~ of climatic elcments such a s wind have heen made

(131, I ~ u t t h c r c is no substitute f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g che weather

p r n r - c s s c s and how t h e y a f f e c t b u i l d i n g s . This will usually r e q u i r e n o t o n l y adequate d a t a presentation b u t a l s o c o o p e r a t i o n between the mctcoroJo~ist who undersrands the limitstions o f weather data and t h e

Before starting any program for collecting new climatological data for the

building

i n d u s t r y it would be wise to make better use o f what is available now. One suggestion would be to publish a Climatic Manual s p e c i f i c a l l y

designed

f a r the Construction I n d u s t r y . The Climatological Atlas (141 published in 1953, as a j o i n t p r o j e c t of

the D i v i s i o n and the then Meteorological Branch

of

t h e Department o f

Transport, h a s proven to

be

extremely useful over t h e years but since

it was published much new data has become available. Some items that coulrl h c published that would bc of value to the indusrry arc:

Sa1;lr r a d i a t i o n - records available

R u n o f f rates from small areas - s u i t a b l e f o r designing

park in^ lots, roof drainage

Ice loading on structures

Ilclativc htrmidity v n r i n t i o n s - dcw p o i n t tcmpernture

Freeze-up and break-up times for

different regions

Urban climatic maps {most construction t a k e s place i n

larger c i t i e s )

Atmospheric c ~ r r o s i o n data

A wall (rainfall) Penetration Map of Canada

(do

architects know t h a t such a map is available?)

Freezing index - degree-days

tleati ng degree-days

Ground temperature data - sources of information hi r quality information.

Wit morc common climatological information on a i r temperature, w i n d , ctc. s h o u l d , of c o u r s e , be i n c l u d e d , T h i s Users Manual would

include a l l available sources of climatological information of value

t o Canadtan d e s i g n e r s , contractors, owners, including information on short-term forecasting service as well as any p e r t i n e n t r e f e r e n c e s

t o t h e "Iinking" relationships discussed earlier.

The Manual would not be a s comprehensive a s the book on Climate

a n d Building in Britain [IS) which grew out

of

a

proposed Code of Practice on Climate. But the Table o f C o n t e n t s o f t h i s book might we11 s e r v e as a b a s i s

for the kind

af

i n f o r m a t i o n that should appear

i n a manual.

Thc preparation of such a manual would bc a major task, r e q u i r i n g t l ~ i ? full-timc services o f a n cxpericnced climatoLagist f o r mimy

months. Tt would probably require a s t e e r i n g committee madc up of uscrs and t h e cooperation of v a r i o u s b u i l d i n g s c i e n t i s t s . Discussions on such a manual might r e q u i r e an informal seminar or workshop to be c o n v e l ~ e d . Any proposed workshops should have such a "focalw point

b a s e d on comprehensive background position papers prepared i n

1. f3ccause

wcathor information

is so important to t h e Canadian construction i n d u s t r y t h e r e

is

a great need f o r various k i n d s of climatological

i r ~ f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d in a form that will be of maximum use to d e s i g n e r s ,

contractors, owners and

building scientists.

2 . Hcforc starting programs t o collect new data every effort should be m : ~ J e to make bcttcr use of the meteoroIaglca1 information a v a i l a b l e

I I U W .

3 . 111lr s u g g c s t i o ~ ~ i s t o comllilc ;I "Building Climatological Manualf' t h a t

~ l r t t l t l t l b r i r ~ g t n ~ c t h c r cxisting i n i ' u r m n t i o ~ l i n a fornr t11;r.t: woulcl bc i r s c f u l

1. Lacy, R.L. S u r v e y of Meteorological Infirnation for Architecture and B u i l d i n g . C I R ,[International Council f o r Building Research S t u d i e s and

Docurncntation)

Report No. 15, 1972.

2 . l l u t c h c o n , N.B. Research f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n . N a t i o n a l Research Council of

Canada, Division of Building Research, Spccial Publication No, 2,

(NUCC

14005), Marc11 1974.

5. I,:tcy, 11.1:. The Analysis of Climatological Data for t h e Building Industry. CLU (International Council for Building Rcsearcl~ S t u d i e s and Documentation) Report No, 39, (updated, published c : t . 19777)

4 . Ilusso, John A . 'I'hc C o ~ i ~ p l e t c Money Saving Grridc to Weather for ,Contractors. Environmental Enfor~iiat i o n S c r v i c e Associates,

Ncwington, Connecticut, Scptembcr 1371,

5 . Nnti.ona1 Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on Gcoteclmical Research, Manual on Snow Removal and Ice C o n t r o l i n Urban Arcas. Teclinica l blemorandum No, 93

,

November 1967

.

6. National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on the Nati.onal Building Code, Supplement No. 1

(NRCC

177241, 1980. 7 . hncrican Society o f Hearing, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning

Engineers, (ASHRAE) Handbook of Fundamentals, Chapter 33, p . G G T - 6 8 8 , 1972,

ti. 'I'lio~~las M. 1C. Bibliography of Canadian C l i m a t e 1763-1957,

13ibliography o f Canadian Climate 1958-1971. AES Department of

Yir~vironincnt

.

:I. E1:irkcr, .J.li. and Anderson S.R. Guide to Canadian Climate llata.

Mctcorological Branch, Dept. o f T r a n s p o r t , 1 October 1969. 1 I)., Boyd,

D

.

_{W. Selection of Climatological S t a t i s t i c s}

_{for Building}

Uesign, National Research Council o f Canada, Division of B u i l d i n g Rcsenrch, Technical Paper No. 366 (NRCC 12581),

April

1972,

I I . 'I'cnclting and l'cachers on B u i l d i n g Climatology. C I B Proceeding No. 25. Ilocument U 20: 1977. T h e National

Swedish

I n s t i t u t e for Building Ilcs~ach.

1 2 . U n p u b l i s h e d N o t e s . G . A . McKay of Climate and A~chitecture Conference. IVashington, 12-14 Fcbruary 1979

13. Scl~roder, W. F

.

R Graphic V i e w sf t h e Wind Regime at Regina, Saskatchewan. Atrnasplleric Environment, Environment Canada, I)eccmber 1976.

1 4 . I'f~omas, M . K . ClimatologicaX Atlas a f Canada. Joint publication DBR and Mcteor~logical Branch, Department of Transport. 253p. 1956. 15. I,ncy, L E . Climate and

Building

?n Britain.

DOE Building Research

TABLE I

A GENERAL LIST

OF

BUILDING

PROBLEMS REQUIRING

METEOROLOGICAL

INFORMATION

~ e s i g n

Problems

C o n s t r u c t i o n Problems

Owner Problems

Drainage - rainfall,

runoff

Snow Loads on Roofs

Snow Drifting around Buildings

Ice

Loads on Structures

Temperature Extremes

of

Materials

Foundations - s o i l moisture

-

f r o s t

heave

Freezing

of Pipe-Liners

Rain Penetration

-

j o i n t s

-

materials

Air

Leakage

Ventilation

-

a t t i c s , chimneys

Heating

of

Building

Air Conditioning

o f Building

Thermal

I n s u l a t i o n

Lighting of Rooms

-

daylight

Solar Energy

Windows

-

thermal

breakage

-

solar

r a d i a t i o n

Wind

Effects

Rain - effect on men, equipment

and s i t e c o n d i t i o n s

Temperature

-

effect on materials

-

placing

concrete

-

q u a l i t y

of construct

ion

Wind

-

S a f e t y

-

temporary

construction

-

crane o p e r a t i o n

Snow

F, Ice - safety

-

efficiency of

operation

-

cost of removal

- damage to materials

Freeze-up

6

Break-up of Lakes

E

Rivers

-

s t a r t i n g time

for northern

construction

Construction Practice

-

p r o t e c t i o n of

materials

from weather

-

quality control

Condensation

Heating Costs

-

heat pumps

Air Conditioning

Costs

Retrofitting o f O l d e r

Buildings

Building

Maintenance

-

p a i n t i n g

e t c .

Health

-

air ions

-

atmospheric

p o l l u t i o n

Site

Planning

-

wind effects

-

drainage

-

local climate

Corrosion of Metals

Foundation Movement

-

soils

Moisture Problems

Ice Dams

Snow Loads

TABLE

I1 I)c~iiol i t i o n Cl;tturials Stockpiling S i t e Grading Iixciivat i on I;orm i n g S t c c l r'lncemcnt Ilcl iuct'y of I'rc-Mi xcd C o n c r e t e I'laci ng Concrcte lloniovit~g Forms Watcsl~roof i n g l;xtcr i or Masonry 1:ntcrnal C l a d d i n g lloo f i n g I ' ; ~ v l n g Itarki tlg I.ats lixterior I'aj n t i n g 1:cncing

EFFECT

OF

WEATHER PARAMETERS ON VARIOUS

CONSTRUCTION

OPERATIONS

A i r Temn. Wind Rain Snow

M (frozen)

TABLE IV

A SUMMARY OF SOME SUGGESTED FUTURE

METEOROLOGICAL

IIATA

REOUIREMENTS

FOR THE

BUILDING

INDUSTRY

Wind J c s i g n - d a t a on 3-second g u s t s

f o r d e s i g n on windows I / a i n

-

frctluency of occurrence

tables Eor rain run-off from walls - pl1 [ a c i d i t y ) of rain l l l u n i i n a n c e - statistics on frequency of completely o v e r c a s t skics f a r daytime l i g h t - ing requirements Source * C I B Report No. 15 I 1 I f t I I t

*Many o t h e r items listed

Snow l o a d s - up-dating o f 30-yr ground snow l o a d s

-

s p e c i a l s t u d i e s of snow

d e n s i t y , d r i f t loads

h1incl - revision of lo-, 30- and 100-yr h o u r l y wind speeds [IcEatj v c - f r e q u e n c y

disrribution

I luiiiidity of relative humidity for

v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s

in

Canada Pol I t i t i o n - vertical c l i s t r i b u t i o n J:Ic;~ of s u l p h u r dioxide U l t r a - v j o l c t - d a t a f o r v a r i o u s jsracliation l o c a t i o n s DBR Memo - Dec./1978 o u t l i n i n g c l i m a t o l o g i c a l requirements i ; u r r u h i o n - c h a r t s of corrosion environments i n Canada

IVcat hcr - s t u d y influence of weather

data for use by contractor

on f r e e z e - u p , break-up, frost-free days

Wind - present wind data

i n a farm more suitable f o r use by the consrruction i n d u s t r y

Research f o r C o n s r r u c t ion (N!ZU; 14005)