Influence de la nature du texte d'un film de chimie sur son utilisation par un apprenant

Texte intégral

(1)Influence de la nature du texte d’un film de chimie sur son utilisation par un apprenant Bulent Pekdag, Jean-François Le Maréchal. To cite this version: Bulent Pekdag, Jean-François Le Maréchal. Influence de la nature du texte d’un film de chimie sur son utilisation par un apprenant. Didaskalia (Paris), Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 2006, 28 (Juin), pp.55-84. �hal-00267583�. HAL Id: hal-00267583 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00267583 Submitted on 27 Mar 2008. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) Influence de la nature du texte d’un film de chimie sur son utilisation par un apprenant Influence of the nature of the narration of a chemical education movie on its use by students

(3) !#" $%!&')(+*-,.0/13245768,9 :;/<2;= ?>-@AB5CAD8A 2FE!:G(IHJ$*%(K MLN,O!')PJEQ.RTSU,OG'GGEG@VR2

(4) .EWXRTSG#,YSQ68EJ5.RZ2S [ 4]\'^_R`'G$ba8cSQdJeJL$%(fdJ$%gGN,O!')`hjiJkGE)fcLglm@b Mf(ckG>GnGkQi,7O!')Z5NogGoprqGsGE!" $tG\ ucv wyxJzvo{| }~v %uI G tz wy 5 $tHJ(f_eJ$%a ;gGTgGL M$ba8(fJ$l+(f)Md !\ygGQ*\ 'â8aW M(I$% *o\W\o'âe JGW FcW*(ca`?JW*g) b(f+a*g)0\G(+a(c*dJ$<')G\ M(f'GGGaW gGW*LfHJQ* *dJ$8f0\'G* $d \ (f'G~gG<f(c*W $tfQ* \'GG\?eQ %*7!L\Q**t(m$t!*Uc$%LeJ'G)*tU;gGQ*_Wd * M(f'^J*_eJ'G$# M?W *dJ$cF ! a;gGW*\(cgG!* gGW*.JQ*%Q*A ZW*_(+ca*eJ'**tLgGW gGdGpy*t'^$ MW*gGN MpQ MW*glc\\'Ga8eJJGa 'GW L ML3dQ (ff(V*LW*eJ$UPL+H^W*g)

(5) $%a8(+?$%Z*t\(+ b(fb(cWd Uf'G$*]gGUc\'G)* $d \ (f'G`gG;+dJ$*$%L?eJ'^J*%W*]L\$%(K MW*AR`'Qd *HJ'G)*7 $M'QdGHJL;Wd gG*0cdJ$*$%LeJ'G*% *%E`cQ*0L cHJQ* dG M(f+(V*%W ¡ar(cdJp¢ eGBd-*0V$LWd aàW TdJ£\W?$ M(f¤ Oje ¥g) \'Ga8a` M (¦$%W*gG'GW fQ*\?$%\ ML$M(#* b(Wd W*_*%'GW X!mO*LoW*A §Q¨%©{?u+o3ª¤(++aZE«\G(ca`(cE¥\'GGG(V**%G\Q*tE¬eJ?$%\eQ (IJcE~$%\'G)* $dJ(K ME~(faJE¥\')a8aW M(I$% glc\\')aeJ)!a` A Z® ¨%z?xG{¨ ¯.G(#*$% *$%\gGV*7°8(K 8 GU(fGbId J\;') !UG VdJ$%U'G !F MpQ 'G.\ !a`(c\ gWd±\ M(f'Gà8'^HJ(c 'QHJ$ G<°8OJ*<* Vd gGW %*²f(mG³´\'GG\eQ %*²(f¤*°8$%(fGµWd * M(f'^*AN/1'QHJ(cW*°8(K M~ V°8'¤³G(I!g±*²') G?$b$% (f'G*_!HJC^Zd *tgrGO0P<G?G$tgGZ* Vd gGW %*AQGfO*(#*'G G(V*eG$%'J\W**GOa` )*'G.bf'Q° ae *3!W*U*%!'!°` G 3* Vd gGW %*Ya8'* ]'^+ M`d *tZ°Z'^$Mg)*YV$%')a¶ G8G$b$t b('^J*Y'^$eJ(f\ VdJ$%W*YV$%')a¶ J a8'^HJ(cW*F(mT G(f$N°$(B V M J*°Z$*A ·;\\ W*%(f'JG+fOGE_* Vd gG?W %*(fW M?$beG$% eG(\ VdJ$%W*F'^$d *%8(fgG W*'J7 G a8'^HJ(cW*A8·UJ«³J(fJg¶')J$b$t (f'G¶a³JQ*~* Vd gG %*d *t¤a8'^HJ(cQ*<J V M$¸!g¶a8'^$t¤V$oWd bIO±A 5_J$%\ M$b(V* (c\W*]')- G(V*³)(fJg')G$M$% M(f'^J*Y$%! fO *%g(f` M$%a¹')- !r\o MJ'G$b(fW*Y'G7³JG'Q°8fogQ. GO8(fQH^')IH QA ºTv£»8Gz?¼ ªT\! a(c\a8'^HJ(cW*%E8eG$%'QJfa *%'JHJ(fG EreJ$t\eW (IJcE8$%\'G)* $d \ MgjE`\ MJ'Q$b(fQ*0') ³GG'Q°8fogQJE^J?$b$% (f'G8'GCa8'QHJ(cEGe)(f\ VdJ$%W*'GCa8'QHJ(cQA.

(6) Influence de la nature du texte d’un film de chimie sur son utilisation par un apprenant 1. Introduction ,YlIdG b(f+(V*t b('^ g) b(f+a*gG\G(+a8(c²HJ(V*L²g^(cgJ\ (fQd *%'Qd V$%²glId!\'^ $%gQ(c\ (f'G~*dJ$MeG$%GW M eQd (+*%Wd±ZJ(c WdXlIdG b(ff(V*LW*gG?eQd(V*f'JQQ Mae **%(K Vd (f'^*%\o')f(f$%`'Qd dJG(IH $*%(K M(I$ S)f^dJ) 6Z M\GE_?>)= 8hG

(7) X³JgG ¹,/$%L\! cEPJqGq)=jE.*%'QdJa`(V * _e d²gGU $%H^dJpTgG$%\G?$%\G8gGL\$%(IH W. lVGmO *% gG +dJ$ \'GW M d \Wd (m!'! ME©?>GsGsGE~e ADP.h¥3daZ')W. /$%(fE©?>

(8) '!d c ')!\ b('^G! aW r\'^Gj(K M(mZg)W*LcoH^Q*Wd (cW*`$tJ$%gG

(9) X³JgG JE3PJqGq)= A,Ylc dW* 8eG'QdJ$# M?W. (+a8eJ'G$# M?W eQd(c*%Wd cW*£')!\ b('^J*¶gG©$tLeJL M(K b('^!E gG * M')\³J?J ´gG gGL a;dK M(fe)f(c\ M(f'^ g) l+(f)'G$%a b('^ \'^ MWd gG)*¶d (++a o\Wd(f 'W E¶?>GsGsGE~e AV= P ¹ 'GW µdJ dJpJ(+f(cW(I$ eJLgGJ'GG(fWd eG$%L\(cdJp AG8eJd*%EgG*Y+8\'GW MpQ M8gGrf8\G(+a(crceJ'±**%( (+c(K ML8gldG M(f+(V*$_dJTb(+ca eJ$%a8 XgGa8(+d)pa8') $%$\WdJ( *%3eJQ**%f'^$*glId J3$%L\ ('^8lV(cgGgG3G$%'±*Xe)f \'Q* /1'G'G$%ET?>G>Gs %EgG e!'!dGH^'^(I$²$%HJ'J(I $ f~eG!L !')a8G~(fW ML?$%W**% SGar(B b!E¡?>GsQi tEgG a8') $%$gGW*;$%L\ (f'^*gGQJ?$%d*%W*tE_\' !G Md *%W*'Qd1gGLf(c\ MW* "'G$ a8" F V (f!')EU?>G>Gq A:G Wd W* (f'^²$%+ (H c*%'GG'G$(c* (f'GgGW*;(fa`JW**%eJ'±*t #Wd \o')a8a` M (¦$%`gG')(B Y\\'JaeJJG$ cQ*(+aJQ*F YWd M eG$%'JgWdJ(K Mbfcy*dJ$càLa8'^$%(V* (f'G'Qd0f`$%LdG (f+(V* ('^gG *U(fG'G$%a` b(f'G* eG$%LW*tW M *gG*7d b(+f a $,Wd Q* M(f'^!`*%ac& a %a8 lcoH^')(I'$ a`(V*YL MLUeJ'*%Lo eJdj M % $t \d *tgGcg^(cb(c\d K MLgGa V $t?) (CdGH!$%yd!aL G'JgG'Gf'^J(fgG $%\G?$%\GgJeQ ML ¯.$b(f\'Q E ?>G>Gn AR8'Qd *H^'^J*p!e)f'G$%L~gG¸ Mf+ *Wd Q* (f'G*gG?*ydJµ\ogQ$%~\'G)* $d \ (IHJ(V* M ,HJ$ * O /1\ +U$bHôO!E3?>G>-h;d(K, ¯$%oQd * ME3?>G

(10) > YTeJ'±*tW NgGW*Wd * (f'G*gGW*FL cHJQ*FWd( dG (f+(V*W. dJGU^ !Wd gG(c+a*gG\ G(ca`(cQA R'!d *]ff'))*_H^')(I$gG?*\ ?$# (f\c\'JaraW !*]L+H^W*7dG M(f+(V*%W. gGW*Yb(f+a*FgG *Yc`\'GW MpQ M8gld GpGeJL$%(fa M (f'G G'G$*Y\cW**%8g l+LcHJQ*YgGZ

(11) $%a8(c$%SgG)*c gG'Ga8(mJgG *\(cgG!* XgGW*-J *%W*8\G(fa`(cQA 2. Cadre théorique R'W $%eGeG$M')\!g^(gG\ M(fWd gGca G(c$tgG'^ 3!*LfHJQ*3dG (fc(#* NdJ(+ca G'Qd *;\'GGgWd (K %*; $ (\dc$]gGdGpTpJQ* GL'G$b(fWd W*tElId$%f M(mf\ MLJ'^$M(+*% M(f'GgGW*]\'GGG(V**%G\ W*]Wd Zlc'êJdG. M (¦$;(m M$bHJG(I$gGJ*7d `b(cma gG\G(fa`(cE lVdG $%*dJ$_Z &'GgG'^ gGW*LcH W*_eJdJHJ -dG (f+(V*%$ *% *\'GGG(V**%G\Q*A. -/.102./346587

(12) 9;:=<>@? 465>A:'BDCFEG?H

(13) :'BFBI4=>@? ?J4=BKHGE

(14) ?EBLH2MK> ND>@E SJf'^d G`?eGeG$%')\?G`\o'^* $d \ (IHJ(V* M`c$MJ aW ]eJ$# #JLE.fQ*FL cHJ **lV?eGeG$%'êG$M(fW YfW*F\'GJ\eQ %* Gg f¸eJQO*(+Wd 1'Qd£gG f1\G(+a(+1¸eJ$ M(I$ glId G~\ (HJ(B ML gG aZ')gGL+(V* M(f'GGE\jl+Q* MMbgQ(I$%~*?l+(c* a V M 1$%f M(f'^ gG(mMbL$t %*r VOjeJW*gG<\o'^GJ(V**G\o!*tE\f+Q*$%c b(IH^W*d)p¬'!O %*tE \?mcQ* $%f M(IHJW*dJp0a8'JgG cQ* ¯(^$bJG(c !EC?>G>Qi A±\G(+a(+oE7(fW* FeGeG$t'êG$b(Lg)gG(V* M(mjQd $%Ed1*(+ gGW*a8')gGcQ*%E_cW*8\o'^G! (V**t !\Q*;$%+ b(IHJ *8dJp1 M'QaQ*%Ed)p a8')cL\d cQ*%E_ M\jAKEWdJ('^ 3dJ1* M Vdj. glc'!O CWd !'!d *eGeJfc$%'G)*(c\('QO %*;$%\'G)* $dJ(I %*%E7eJ$F'êGe!'±*%(B b(f'G)*dJp '!O %*;eJ$t\eQ (IJc^* \'G)*%(cgGL$%L *gG*c\ MLJ'G$b(+*t M(f'^gG¯7(I $bGG(cAJU(f*%(G'Q $%\ MLG'G$b(+* (f'^g) *\'GGG(V**%J\Q* \'G)*%(cgG$% cW*'QO %*%EfQ*8LHJLJa %*8 fW*8eG$t'êG$(cL MLW*8gWd a8')!gG eJ$%\eQ M(IJc *tLeJ$%LaW gG \dGprgWdàZ')GgG3$%o\'^J* $d (K ,N/1$%Lo\ !fE?>G>G>`h

(15) X³JgG ,N/$%L\! cEQPJqGqGnG A:8G3$%Lo\ M(f') \G(ca`(cWd EeJ?$3pJa8e)c`*%$td TLH LGaW $%\?'^J* $d (K ] f8\d K ML8Wd ZeJ'**tgGUd!ra8'JfL \dc gGm(I L$t$3dJ(f')yQ 6 P`*%?$%rdJJèG$%'GeG$b(fL ML`$%o\'G)* $dJ(I MQAGR8'!d *CHJ'G)*;M (B f\G'J(pgGgGL\$%(I$^* (f)'G$%a8 M(f'G)*_eG$tLW*W MW*]gG)*d(+ca© fQ*\'GGG(V**%G\oW*Wd l+'G`$teJ$%gGJ*+ *(m M$%\ b(f'G* P.

(16) $%~eGeG$%?GW %*¡µgG(fbbL?$%W MW*¡\ MLJ'Q$b(!*A3,Yl+(fW tLA$ % ²glIdJG M?mc~gGQ*t\$%(IeQ b('^éGeJ$% m ²gG* lVL\$%(K VdJ$tgGW*\'Ga8a` M (¦$%Q*gGW*(c+a*Wd ()eJd)H^ X aeG$d M$-dJUH^')\Qd +(f$%3eJIdG W eJ$%\?eW (IJV 'Qd8eGKdG W $%o\'^J* $dJ(B A ,`\o MLJ'G$b(f`gG *LcLa` %*+(cLW*Fd0a8')!gGreJ$%\oeQ b(IJc`\o')aeG$%Gg cW*F'!O %*tEW*;LHJLGaW %*F. cQ*7eG$t'êG$b(L MLW*W**t')\(cLW*;g)W*'Q*$HJ M(f'G*_gGJ*_gGQ*Y*%(K Vd (f'G*op!eJL$%(fa` M cW*'QdTgGW**%(K Vd b(f'G* gGfHJ(cWd 'W (fgG(cGGQA8J*Uc\ogQ$%gGc\G(fa`(c E7\oW*;'QO % %**t'^ 3W*;+(cWd(cgGW*;aG(feQdcLQ*%E7c HJ?$b$%$%(fE M\QAW,W* G

(17)

(18) 3eJd)H^ % $tgGL\$%(K %*eJ$.dJGU$%f b(f'GW $%3dJy*%(fJG(mM(+LoE^d *%(IJG(+b(cW -dJ!C$tL L?$%G\ $bJGd gGE7?>G>Gq AW,W*

(19)

(20) F\'^$M$%W*beJ'GGgG?W ;\ Wd ($M$(IHÛdJp'!O %*eJ$t\eQ (KJcQ*%E\o'â8aUcF VdGÛ\?Gd bMLU'Qdf;+(cWd(g);Wd( \GQJ;gG;\'!d fdJ$A ,W *

(21) !

(22) "8 # $

(23) %

(24) % Y(cgGW XgGL\$%(I$%\oWd( W* '! *%$H LUhjeJ$p a8eJ+f\'Qd fdJ$%E)CM(. WdlId8'QO % *t'^(K V$%'G(fg8'Qd\?Gd 'g & ,`\o MLJ'Q$b(f`c(cL`d0a8'GGgJr$t\'G)* $dJ(K YW* _eG$M')gWdJ(B MreJ$Ylc\ M(IHJ(K ML`\o'^GG(K M(IHJgG!*F\G(ca`(V* MW*FWd ( gGL\$%(IHJ ca M(f$ty ;*tW* $%)*%'G$%a8 M(f'G)*lV( gGgld <a8'JGgGa`(c\$%'*%\'GeG(fWd±'!d HJo\ygGQ* \'GG\?eQ %*7aZW\?$%'±*t\'GeG(fWd W*. M+*Wd \'^$Me*.eQdJ$%EGJ (e?$bb(K MEJ M\QAj5 + M\o MLG'G$b(fgG;\'GGG(V**%G\o^* W* * V$d \ VdJ$%Jf\')a8acZaZ')GgGUeJ?$%\eQ M(IJ+jA!]mc8\'GaeG$%GgcW*'QO %*%E fW*]LoH^LJ aW %*] fQ* eG$%'GeQ$b(L MLW*0W**t')\(fLQ*0¥gGW*0(fW M$beG$tL M ('^J*%E`¥gGW* p!e)c(+\o b('^J*0'!d¢¥gGW*eG$%LgQ(c\ (f'G*0glIdJ eJ$*t'^jG3eG$%'GeG'*gG\Wdlcf+'Q*t$H^LgG J*gGQ**%(K Vd (f'G)*p!eJL$%(maW McW*A N,W * G )$ O* *%'GW FfW, * +8'QO %.* -Wd ('^ NdJ0*%(mJG(fb(cLy NdJ0*%(I)G(cb(cW ME.a8(#*;eJW*Cg) $%LML$% \'GG\?$% ¡aeJ(m$%(cWd SJ+cJ$b$bO!ErPJqGqGq AU:!¤a8')cL\d cEreJ$0pJa8eJ+oE`Q* TdJ¶'QO . $%\o'^J* $dJ(K A8SG'G *%(¦)G(fb(cL eJdG. % $%~gGL(fG(`\o')a8a~f«*t'!d *tbg^(IHJ(V*%(f')¥dB b(ca` gld G¤*dJ* MG\ Wdlc ccU$%eG$%L *%W MQAQ:8T*%(f)G(cb(c eJdGK % $%r*%'G$%aZd fE)d G8'^!\ b('^Tglc'^!gGE M\QAQ`$%HJ!\ JoE (+ lmOT;eW*]g);$%LbL$tW \'GG\?$% aeJ(I$%(+Wd±Wd (-a8'JW $%\oWdl+Q* \ + Ma8'JfL\d cQAQ8C MV*'QO %* eGeJ$ (fGGW CygGW*a8'JgG cW*tE_a8(#*tE_yl+(f* M?$gGW*Z\G(+a(V* MW*tE](fG'Qd *¡*taZJcLe)Id*;eJ$ (fGW. eJ'QdJ$-G'W $t3L Vd gGgG3fdJ$gG'GQG?$-dJ`* M Vdj Xglf'!O % A U,W/ * 0 1)$ *%'GW fQ*LHJLGaQ %*WdJ(Y$b$%(IHJW ZdGp 'QO % %*8$%\o'^J* $dJ(K %*A, gG(+**%'J\(f M(f'^ g lId! a8')cL\dc© * 1dJ LoH L! aW $%\o'^J* $dJ(K MEl++')QJaW ¬gld G¹+(c(#*t') \G(ca`(cWd 8W* dJ8dG V$%QA ·C8eJdG \'^J*%(cgGL$%$_!*

(25) !

(26) "8 # Fg)W*'QO %* gGW*LHJL! aW %*$%o\'^J* $d (K %*tE\;Wd( \'G* (K Vd dJGdG $%\ ML!'^$b(¤gG¤\o'^G! (V**t !\ ¤\')a8a«eJ$ pJa8e)c #rlc'!O ¡$%\?'^J* $dJ(K3. 2a8'JfL \dc glc aa8')G(c)\ 2YQ* ]\'G)* b(B Vd LrgG8Wd $%8 #'âZW*%E-lcLoH L?Ga _$t\'G)* $dJ(K. 2 $%J*%b$ gl+('^`Q 6 P2YW*. $%LH^$*%(I +oE) M\jA. -/.- .'4 :'CFE

(27) ?CFE65:6BKH5 >A:'BFBIE NLE

(28) BF5 CFEG? 7$78:9 E

(29) ? :8\$ M(f8G')a!$%gGCaZ')gGW*gGC'GJ\ (f'GGGaW XgGW*LcHJW*-dG M(f+(V*% .gG *_*%'QdJ$%\W*gl+(f)'G$%a8 M(f') 'GW gGL L MLgGLo\$b(K %* #. # ) K0G* F #> 2 , ?@ F A B. ,YlIdG b(f+(V*t b('^Tg l+(f)'G$%a8 M(f'G*YglId` MpQ M8'!d²eGKd*3c$%Ja8W ]glIdTQOGe $%a8LgG(c`8gGL L ML8gGL\$%(K M *%'Qd *;'^$Ma8g)1+8\'GeG(f$tb\')fc$.- 2F'Qd **toOC GbABE.PJqGq- ;'!d gGèG$b(c*%Q*;gGG'Q MW* (f°$%D GMABE ?>G>- A,µ\'G)* $d \ (f'^¢gG fµaL G'JgG'Gf'^J(f¤eG$%?GgQ$%µ¹\'GaeQ Mµ\ + M¤eG'**M(IJ(++(B MLµ (f g) a`(fJ(+a8(V*$+'GG\ M(f'GGGa X\'êG(c$tb\'Gmc$gGLo\$%(m X\'Ga8aCMHJ'G$b(V*%W eJdVlVeGeG$%?W M(#**%J , 8(f'QdJ$%(+*%E PJqGqGqY gGeJ$%a8 + $%ceG$(V*tW*Yg)8G'Q M8 d (*aJc`d¡\'GW $%(I$td Tb\ MdJ$bHJ'G$%Jc (c°$tE 2Gb ABE-?>G>- A I ?@ F AB. ; F G

(30) % ) SJf'^T'JO ?>G>Qi% E2 ) ?@

(31) GH A$) HG# ) 1?IA$ J K 6L

(32) MN , O PA$) )$ QL Q %N # $ R1S $ # TU V Q

(33) I W * ?IG A )$ W X U

(34) " Y WZ I Q

(35) I . # *

(36) )$ e A2 2A

(37) X$%O! ?>G>Qi \o'^J*%(+gG?$%!d \?GWd±L+LaW XgG3l+(+aJ3eJdG % 'Qd $-dJ $[GfgGL M$%a8(fJW FgG*;cy'^$%a8 b(f'GgGQ*3 $% % %*;W**'J\(f M(f*;Wd (\'G)* b(B Vd W ;*%'G¸*%)*;Jf'^^ E_. ;=<. \QlcW* *%*gG'!dG Mfylc'^$%(IJ(fJygJyceJ')IO*%La(+TgJybl+(faJQAj5N + MTgG$bG(f$tyeGe $%m C\'Garad n.

(38) *%(IJJ 2bHJ(+gG 28Wd c +o\ MdJ$eJdG F$%aeJ+(f$8*%yQd (*tyeJ$%\²WdlVmcW* dJG<*%(fareJcyeG$%'t\ M(f') *dGO \ (IH E f+8*dJeGeJ'G$# M a%aoH^'^$%(+*tl aJ(fGd MLjA^3dG $ta8W gQ(K MEf;eJ')IO*%La(+! f gGZc $%(f\GW**t gGW* eJ$%\'QdJ$*¹ **%'J\(f M(f*¢Wd JLG?$% + c\ MdJ$AR8'!d *¢HJ'G)*¢gG'^!\ \'G)*%(fgJL$%L Wdl+(fW M?$beG$%L M$fW*(maJW*ZglId¸M(+fa gG \G(ca`(cE¸+dJ$8gG'^G!W dJ~*%J*e $*%'GGGfEYL M(K dJ a8'JgG3eJ'±**%(IJ+gG'GG\ M(f'GGGa XgGW*LfHJQ*A. 3. Questions et hypothèse de recherche R'!d *HJ'G)*\G$%\!L\')aeG$%!gQ$%\')a8aW XgGW*LVHJQ*-dG M(mc(V*%W XgGW*(++a*gG\G(+a(+f'G$*%WdXl+(c* *%'GW XWd W*V (f'GGGLQ*AR'!d *XG'Qd *_*M'â8aQ*(m*%(J(fW ML$tW**LW*dGprWd W* M(f'G*_*d (IH MW* # Fd fc¡ $%\o<gGlIdG (f+(V* M(f'^ gGW*(+ca*r $%'QdGHJo M'^ gGJ*c<\'G)* $d \ ('^ gWd¥eG$%'J\W**d *g) $%LeJ'G)*tNdJGWd W* b('êJ'*%LodGpLcoH^W*K$ ;

(39) .dG M'G¸gGL\?$(¦$% + 'GJ\ (f'GGJa` gGW*8LfH W*Wd (gG(#*MeJ'±*tW glIdJGy GWd gG (++a*8eJ'QdJ$ $%LeJ'GGgQ$tr8gGW*YWd Q* (f'^*YgG\G(ma(c`HJ\8c!*;*%dV*a8'JgGW* #^dG (fc(#*t$3cQ*Ya8'! %*YgWdT Mpj MUh)dG (f+(V*$ l+(+a gWd(c+a8EJ(m M$beG$%L M$.Vl+(ca`?JgWd(++aZE!dG (f+(V*$.l+(cgGLgWd(f+aEJ'!dT*%?)*-dG (f+(V*$f(c+a $ \ 3d f+ W* £l+(fJId± !\ gWd \?$%\ M$t

(40) 'Qd 2 gGW*¹\o'â8aW M(I$%W*¢gld b(f+a *dJ$ c ')!\ b('^G! aW XgGW*LcoH^W* *dJ$.f3eG$%'J\W**d *gG3$%LeJ'G)*tdGpWd W* b('^*.eJ'*%LoW*.eJ$.fN o\G $

(41) X'!d!$3$%L?eJ'^!gQ$%`\W*;Wd W* b('^J*;gGr$%o\ !$%\JE-!'!d *;'G$a;df'G*l+GOGeJ'Q GW*t`Wd `cQ*3eJ?$%a` $%W* gG(fgG\ M(fWd Q*8W**tW M(f#*eJ'!dJ$8f ')!\ M(f'^G!a` \'QGG(K M(mg ld ¸eGeG$t !W Wd (\'G*d K Md ¸(cVa *%'GW ME gldJ!CeJ$ .fUM&'GgG'^ fW*\'GGG(V**%J\W*Y*%'GW X$%eG$%LW*tW MLoW*gG J*_cUb(cfa eJ$_cW*(+aJQ* XgGJ*7W*\')a8aW M(I$% * MEGglcdG $%eJ$# MEQ!*X$%f M(+'G)*W $%\oW*\'GQ! (V**t !\Q*A 4. Méthodologie ,a8L G'JgG'Gf'^J(f3eG$%L *%W Mfa8L G'JgGgG3$%\d (fJgGQ*gG'GQ!LQ*.eQd(V*gGLo\$%(K fdJ$GmO *QA. =.102.'4 725 MI:'CFE CFE < EGH FE> 7FCFEG?CI:6BFBI7GEG?

(42) X'!d!$7$tLeJ'^!gQ$%;dGpWd !* b('^J*_gJ$%\G$t\ !EG'Qd *oH^'^J*\'G)* $d (K gGdGp GWd W*]gGUb(f+a* lIdJ 2 l dG $%Z;

(43) F Y\?'^!&d d Gy*%(K Vd M(f'G Wd (_cW*;a YQ dAGR'!d *Fff')*Fg)L\?$(¦$%l+QO!eJ$%b(f+a * * $d \ VdJ$%?EfQ*\'Ga8a M(I$%Q* !*(fa W*gG *b(+fay*tEeQd(+*cU$t b('ôH^\cr*L$%(fgGWd Q* (f'^ * eG$%'GeG'*%L *dGpLfH W*A.

(44)

(45) !#"%$

(46) &"##')(* + ,-&. 8(fbL$t %*. OjeJQ*gGUb(+ca*CHJ(V*LW*]g^(cgG\ b(fWd *7dG M(mf(*%LW*] MLfLHJ(V*%(f')T*%\') (f$%'^ L ML;gGL\$b(B %*7eJ$ o\Wd(f!'! ?>GsGs WdJ(.L da$%`cQ*FgG')\d a8W M(I$t!* (fV*(fJ'^$%a8W ]e)Kd*FWdl+(+V*;l+(f* $d(V*t %E-fQ* b(f+a**t\ (cW M(f(cWd Q* - Mo\GG(cWd W* /' .1+8l+(fW M (f'^TgG(fgG\ b(fWd g^(V*beJ?$% m c!*eJId *3*%'QdGHJ _*%'Qd *_c *beJLo\ (c+(V*t b('^gWdT\o'^ MWQ d - tE±W*\ cW**tQ*_(mcaLW *%EfQ*L a8(V**%(f')J*gGLo^ %*'!d8 MJC$%'GGgGoE)fQ*_(+cay* glcop!eJL$%(c !\EcQ*_gQ$t a M(+*t b('^*tE±cW*$%\'G)* b(B VdG (f'^J*_(c\ b('^GJfc!* G(V* M'G$b(fWd Q*%E(faJ(mJ(f$%Q* &) tE M\QA_,W*(+ca*T\'G*%(+gGL?$%LW*TgG*T\ V M¸LWd a8L$% b(f'G¥gGL+(IH!$ rdJ¥a8Q**% <e)Bd-*$%(f\J¸ eGKd* * $d \ VdJ$%LWd \Go\dJgGQ*(++a*]Wd U!'!d *]HJ'G)*_$tL+(V*%LQAQ,Fl+'G$%(IJ(mJf(K MLgG!'±*QO!eJ$%(c+a*7 M(fW lV$ (\dc M(f'GgG8(c+a*Y\'QdJ$# %* ;nar(f 0THJ')(¦$N;GGpÛ @ 7 $%?(K MW \!\d g ld G(cgGL`*%')(B *%'Qd * 'G$aZ g l+p!eJL$%(+!\ gG£+^'^$% 'G(I$%E glc(+fId-* $% ('^ glId \'^!\eQ ME glcG(ca` b(f'G©aZ'^ $%W 1c $%eG$tLW*% M (f'G lVL\G+c a8(c\$%'*%\o'êJ(fWd 1gld LoH^LGa $%o\'^J* $dJ(B ME M\jAN,¬*V $d \ VdJ$%1gG l+GOGeJ$%a8LgG(cCc(V**%ldG M(f+(V*% MdJ$$# (\dc$\oW*(c+a**d (H 7*tW*-^W*%')(fJ* XU*%'G$O GaQA ;d~eJ'G(fW ZgG²Hjd gG*%¸* $d \ VdJ$%EVl+QO!eJ$%(c+a Q* 8\'G)* (K Vd LgGgGd)p gG(V*beJ'*%(K M(m%*g l+\ \ *dJp b(f+a* # ( *t')(K YeJ$3d Gy*L$%(fTgGc(c *FeJ$%a` V MW YgGr $M'QdGHJ$3dJb(c+a eJ$3d!¡*d(B MgG ! aQ* \(fgGQ2 * 1µ^W*%Q2 * 1 \'QdJeGfQ* \(cgG# W*t %E¤gG *t'Wd *%# ! aZ!* ¹gG *M'!d *t*%'Qd *%+ Ga8 * H^')(I$ ;GGpJ3@b@@ _h (f( *%')(K eJ$7dJTf(c Tp!e)f(c\(K % 7dJTgGW*Y\o'^!\eQ %*a8(V*Y %d¡gG*_dJy(+caA^Z*3c i.

(47) *%o\'^!gy\o!*tE-gGW*Y+(c*;*%'GW eG$b'GeG'*%LW**dJ$3cra %aèJJ8L\$%TWdXld T(c+aTA5G \d TgGr\ W*Y+(c* Je 'G$# Mf!')a glId¥gG *T\'GG\ eQ %*eG$%L *% %*TgG*T\<(+ca `$tWH^')(f¸¸+¸f(V* M¸gGW*T(++a*TQd ( dG (f+(V*% LJfa` \\'GG\?eQ A!,\G')(IpglId(+ca W* gQ'GG\gGJ*\8\W*Qd(cgGLg lco^'^$tgèJ$7dJ \'GG\?eQ 7*dJ$7Wd '^*l+(fW M$b$t'^J3eQd (V*.eJ$gGQ*G')a*gGb(+ca*

(48) .?³JgG ,3/1?$%L\GcE^PJqGqGnQ A ,'G$*0gG«lIdG b(f+(V*t b('^£g ld £QOGe $%(c+a8E M'!dj MW*<!* '^!\ b('^J*¸GJ(K Vd +cW* glId¶aJGL M'±*t\'GeJ eJd *tEJ$bA$ % MEQ$% 'QdG$dgGLjdG EJ M\ A -$%W* MW \\W**%(IcQ*Wd !gd 8(c+a£Q* X\?'^J*d K MLQA. , &!

(49) &

(50) " $ %#. R'!d *H^'^J*U$tL+(V*%LTnQi<eJ M(K %*(c+a*8*dJ$cW* \(fg) *8 FfW*U^Q*%W*Z ME7eG'QdG$;PJk<glc $%ydGpJE_gGdJp HJ?$*%(f')*FgWd Mpj M`glc\\')aeJ)!a` Y'^ YL ML*dJeJ?$beJ'±*tLW*FdGp(ca`?J!* H^')(I$c`+(V* MgGW*(+cay* ~;GJpJ @ A7:GHJ?$*%(f')~a lc\\W *dJ$çgGW*%\?$(¦eQ b(f'G gG¸\<Wd (*%H^')(K <lcL\$%¥ dG (f+(V*% .dJ`HJ'J\Qd c(m$tWd(b(K ?eGeJ gGQ*]\'^G!(#**tG\Q*gWd²a8')!gGUeJ$%\oeQ b(IJc H ?$*%(f')8

(51) 0 HJ'J(I$ (mQdJ$t A,Yl+dG $%EWd <!'!d *²eGeJf'G)*H $*%(V'G¬2FECdj (fm(V*1dG M TWd ¸ (¦$%¬*¸eJdG dJ HJ'J\jdc(f$%;gWdTa8')GgG$%\o'^J* $d (K AW,W*\'Ga8a M(m$tW*\\')aeJ)!W fW*(+aJQ*gGW*_M(+fa*3*%'GW. gG'GG\¤eJdG W 0eJ$%\eQ (IJcW* 'Qd©eJKdG W 0$%\o'^J* $VdJ(K %*¥*d (H ¸f H^$*%(f'J©gGµl+GOGeJ$%(++aTA;R`'Qd * L Vd gQ(f'G)*gG)*c*d (K Mlc(mJbId G\0gG\ V MyHJ$%(fJc*dJ$`fQ*8$%L?eJ'^J*%Q*gGQ*L cHJQ*A7@%3 lcWd $%$t aZ TL ML¸eG'**%(IJc1gGeG$%'JgWdJ(I$%<d ¤\o')a8a` M(f$% lIdG M(mc(V* Td \dJ¬ M?$ba8~W**t')\(fL1<dJ \'GQ! (V**t J\o<eJ$%\eQ M(IJc $tW*be A$%\'G)* $dJ(K M tEUglV/' .c<eG$%L\dG M(f'G +e)IdG W eJ$%\oeW (IJc -!EU'Qd +eJKdG W $%\?'^J* $dJ(K - \'GW M?Wd ¹g)J*¤lVG$tLoHJ(c M(c'^©

(52) '!d 2 Wd (0\'GG\$%! *%dca ¥fQ* \'Ga8a` M (¦$%W* eJW*c!*(ca`?JW* HJ')(¦$7;GGp 3@b@[email protected]'QdJ$-dJ8p aeJcU! fO*L AR'!d *X l+HJ'G)*eJQ* M (B eGeJ$% m $%T+ MpQ M gWd (c+a *dJ$8VlcL \$%<eJ'QdJ$LHJ(K M?$8Wd fW*8LcHJQ*J*%'G(+ 3 M MLW*8gGyc $%\o'êG(f?$ X(f)*%('G$%\$33eG$(V*tgG3G'Q M (c°$tE 2GbA E?>G>- A @%`$%LW*dK MLcèG$%'JgWd \ (f'GgGgGdJp0QOGeJ$%aLgG(c!*tE7?eGeJ L! * M

(53) A , ?E\'GW M!W F\!W\dnQi b(f+a* 8d MpQ M;\'Ga8aZd .PJk

(54) 0'Qd`2 A!5NGLo')f'G)(+*%a;Wd ;G'Qd *_HJ'G*_(fW $%'JgWdJ(K dTgGLjdG gG \eG$%' % ;gG$%\?G$%\?G

(55) X³JgG ,`/1$tL\GcE7PJqGqGnW W* CLJfa 3dj (mc(V*L¡*t'!d *fy'G$a M

(56) 0$;gG)*cCf(K V ML?$% VdJ$% /1# ( ?. $ 2GbA E^PJqGqQi A 5$ M(f*(++a*tEêJ$cdJ$- M(K $%'Qd`dJ$\'GW M d E)LHJ'JWd (fW *dJeJ?$(c\(+c+aW X+N !a`gGQ*o\ (cgGQ* gGW*J *%Q*J(+Wdl+(c#*T$%cHJ(cW gG!'! ('^J* Lf'J(mJGLo!*A35;l+ * ç\Q*TgGQ*Tb(c+a*Tn-¸ nQP (+a8eJ+(cWd W W*$%L \ (f'G*Yg l+\(cgGQ**dJ$Y+8a)!LQ*%(d a 3*dJ$3c0 (W(fJ\$%W*MeJ \ (IH aW ]Wd (-a V M. " d gGW* eG$%'GeG$b(fL MLW*²gl+'QpGOJgG'G$%LgWd \ ('^´ !'^´gl+\(cgG'QJQ*%(c\ (B MLQANl+dG $tW* (+ca*¡HJ(c Td \'GW $%?(I$%gGW*- M(K $% *Lf'^(¦)JLW*gGW*.eG$%LW* M (f'G)*\(cgJ'!^W*%(cWd W*\c!**%(cWd !*\'â8a+Q*. daL$t'±*P *dJ$¸lcLHJeJ'G$% (f'GgGUl+ d EJPJ>*dJ$feJ')fIdG b(f'GgGUl+(I$ nGn*dJ$f$%W*Me)(f$% M(f'Gà(V*_LH^')Wd (fW. M\ M(IHJaW gG *_\o'^!\eQ %*.dG (f+ *_;+;\')aeG$%LG*%(V'GgGC$%Lo\ (f'G)* \(+gG'QJ *%(+Wd Q*AW,CeG$tLW*%G\ gG\W*(c+a*L M(K GL\o!**%(f$%3eJ'QdJ$-dJJNdG b(ff(V* b('^8gG;lcQOGeJ$%(++a +(cL;Nd!3$%\J$%\JgGlVL Vd gG gWd\G'J(prgld 8(c+a£ lcQ* eJW*gGLHJf'GeGeJLC(c\(

(57) X³ gG ,N/$%L\! cEGPJqGq)=hjPJqGq)=j\ A. , &!

(58) &

(59) " & %,. HJ\ d!<L \$%(K VdJ$%(c+a`(cWd ¸*%'QG$%EG'*(c+a*r $t (I M H^\¡dJ1eJ M(K 8G'JaUG$%0gGeJc *glIdJ dJG(cWd `*\GEHJ')(I$trgG8gGdJp¡ T'GeGeJ'*b(K M(f'G)*AG8(fbML $tW %** VOGcQ*Y'^ L MLUdj (mc(V*%LQ*%EW**t b( cc aW. HJ(cgGL'*%Eg^(f?eJ'^$%a8Q*; ?G(+a M(f'^J*%E7a(V* M'!Od %'QdJ$*;HJ \rd!'^$MJG(V*% M(f'Gc(fJLW(I$tgWd~*%\oL J?$('A ¹gGG'G$*1gWd¹ MpQ MµgWd \'Ga8a M(I$%µgWd M(+faEyG(yG$d(K G( ad *%(cWd l+(f M$bHJ(+G! 1*%d 'J\\W*%(f'GGGc+aW eJ'WdJ$gGN+dJJ(K M(f*.G$d(K %*gl+pGe L$%(fG\o!*gGCf^'^$% 'G(I$%QA. ,W*HJ(fg)Lo'±*.eJ?$aZ V MW XgGa8'GW $%$-dJZ'!O X'QdrdJLH^LJ aW eJ$t\eQ (IJcN M fc3d!UpGeJL?$( J\ gG8\G(ma(cQA),W*Ye)c)*tE*%'QdGHJ f'GQ *%E*t*d \\ gGW ] '^$*tE-K M$MGW dJGrHjd rg lc J*aZJcE e)c* a8'Ô^*_ .G$%'*eGf*AG5Q*gG$%G(+?$*eJ$%a` V MW gl+ c (I$%$lc V M (f'Gy*dJ$.dJgGL?JJa` .J ( d)pÊ dJ\! jJa` gG\'QdJ+dJ$%ElcLHJ')BdG b(f'Gg lIdJJH^+dJ$3*dJ$7dJ?eGeJ$%(f-gGaQ*dJ$%oE M\QAQ: (I V j)c`gGeJf')jJLreJ$%a ]gG$%W* M(K Vd $YfZHJ(V*%(f'J GJ(K Vd +c8Wd `l+'G²rgJW*Y'QO %*YgG`co^'^$t 'G(I$% eJ'*%LW*1*dJ$dJG«eJ(c+cW**% cW*¸aZ'!dJHJaW %* gG¤\a8L$t *%'GW *%W %*AU8?)*¸c¤\o!* glIdJ p!eJL$%(+!\E~l+LHJ'JKdG b('^ gWd M?ae* !* µa8'GW $tL eJ?$ dJ! *d \\W**%(f'J gG eJf)*¶aZ')W $%?W. lVLHJLGaW XL Vd gQ(fLgG(fML$% %*7(fJ* M %*A =.

(60) ,W*G(ca` b(f'G)**%'GW eG$%L\(d-*tQ*.eJ'!dJ$$%eG$%L *% M$.cCa8'GGgG3$t\'G)* $dJ(K A. ,W*gG(ceJ'G$%aW*.eJ$%a c MW XgG3a8'GW $%?$.gGW*gj'^jJL W* MJd EGeGG'Q 'GEJ M\QA A ,a8')W M?JgGW*;(c+a*L ML`$%Lf(V*%LT ¡ bd * MW Ffyf'GQQd dJ$;gG *e)c*;\ f+TgGW*3 MpQ MW*;gG'GW. l+(+a8eJ'G$ M!\~W* ²W**W (cfc«gGJ*<!'! $%~L Vd gG A38W*(fJ\$d * M (f'G)*0gG¸ MpQ MW*0*%'Qd *'^$%a8 g) Wd fWd Q*¹a8'Q %*¹'Qd *bOJaZ^')cW* 'GW L ML $tLm(V*tLQ* Wd !g +cQ*¶eJ$%a V M(f gl+L\c(f$%$¹V \'GaeG$%LG*%(f'GgGQ*(fa W*%EeJ$pJa8e)c(fgJW (fb(cW gGW*]'!8 %*'QdTgGW*Y*bO* Ma8 *\G(+a(+Wd *?A ,U*bOG!'êQ (Wd glIdZgGW*(c+a*W* .gG'GQ!LGGpJ3@ A. .

(61)

(62) . :GG(+a M(f'^¸a(c\$%'*%\'GeG(fWd ¡^W*%L *dJ$8lV(ca`?JgG cy"(m AV$%?eG$%LW*% M (B fgG(V**%'J\ ( b('^ g) 6Z5N g))*lVdAWZdJp\')a8a M(I$%W*'GW L MLC$%LogQ(ILQ*eJ'QdJ$_\eJW**%JElId

(63) XE^dG (f+(V*UcW*. M$%a8Q* glcW**%acJQ*gGJ'QdJcW*`HJ?$ MW* JfJ\GW* lVdG $% 2 WdJ(gGL\?$(B `c<a %a<G(+a M(f'G~. M$baZW*8gG a8')cL\dcW*;6853 gl+(f'G*U6 P 5_ ?A·¸G'Q M$t Wd J(f¸Wd l+(ca`?J LHJ'JWd gGW* 'QO % %*;$%\'G)* $d (K %*%E7eQd (+*tWd.l+(c3*?lc)(B ;gWd1eJ'G(m ;gGHGd TgGyc \G(fa`(c gl+(')* 1*%')BdG b(f'GGE\yWd±( (+a8eJ'G$# M3e!'!dJ$l+GfO*N2 1+

(64) 0*%N^W*U*dJ$fW*- M?$ba8Q*-dG (f+(V*%LQ*gG?*7\')a8a M(I$%gWd(c+aTA l+dG $tW*¥(c+a*~dG M(mf(V*(c ¥gG *g^(f?eJ'^$%a8 * *d (K t glc(ma W*(Ip Q * tE<gGW*~HJ(fgJL'* (++a*gG HJL?$(B MoJcW*glVpGeJL$%(cG\W*gGCcJ'G$% 'G(I$% %EJgGW*- MJfdGp'QdgG *_*%\!La` *A MwT1x NGv s vutj¨%v ¼ v3¨wv vyx QSRT,U"VWYXZ[U!Z'\)T]\:\^Z"_@à T'bZc\@\"Z ` dfeg\^ZhZ"WiV WZj`1k,VaZlàT*W U'RZhZ:m VW Zn` k,VaoZpZqdLm<Z]r. PO. s v8tQ¨%v¼ v3¨wv vN QSRT!U"VWZiXZzU!Z'\{_|ka}'U"V1aZc\~Qa \ZmdT'W \<k8df_|Z@Z"W[V WjekuW ~yZmSVW ek8W|Qaqr. . A. A. E.

(65) !"$#!% '&()#*&!$+#,%$ '&+$.-/*/"01 2!3,45687:9;< ='>;?@7ABDC. $

(66) ( %& 'F

(67) HG8I

(68) ,. Z'!d ( LfHJ * g)

(69) $%a8(+?$% *t\ (cW M(f(cWd ?kG?s * 'GW L ML (fa8e)c(+Wd LQ* gG)* \ V M p!eJL$%(+aW M (f'G ^!*tL *dJ$lVo\ (cgG'QJQ*%(c\(K MLQA7,]dJ$T\'GQG(V**%J\0gG¸\¸gG')a8(fJ<gJ<ç\G(+a8(V $%eJ'*%?(K eG$%(fG\(feJ caW *dJ$l J*%(f)!a` $%&d ²\c!**`Wd cWd Q*a8')(V*;dJeJ?$%HJW YgG?*V \gQ$t3G'G$ba8gWdeG$%'GG$%a8agG` S A 5W*´L cHJ *µ'GW ¬L ML a8(V*eJ$«J(f$ Ja`¹gGH W 1dJ QO!e?$(+ca

(70) '!d 2 AyeG$t!*~d \'!dJ$V. eGeG$%?W M(+**%J;gGlfdG b(ff(V* b('^8gG;lcQOGe $%(c+a£eJ$7c\?G$%\!dJ$%E)cQ*LcoH *'^ Xd8 M'!dj MCf(I $ MLgG GHJ(fQd $gG*_l+GOGeJ$%(++aA)¯.$%'G(+*_J(f$ )aW*]'^ - $%HJ(f+cLH^\Ul+GOGeJ$%(++a£

(71) ¸ dG M H^\UcC2ZA :G`*L$%(f8gG8Wd W* M(f'G* HJ')(¦$3fU Mpj MrgG8fU \!rTUG!pJ Y8(m!\(K MLrcW*YLcHJQ*Y8\'^J*d K M$ \$ M(f)*_(+ca*.eJ'!dJ$?$% M(I$%$gG *7(fJ'^$%a (f'G*GL\ W**%(f$%W*+dJ$*.$%LeJ'G)* *A,U\G'G(IpgGW*b(+cay* cU$bO bGag lIdG b(ff(V* b('^gG!*_^'!dG #'^J*c\ VdJ$%+ 1 eJd *'GW L MLf(V**%L *YZlV?eGeG$%L\(c b('^TgGW*YLcHJQ* (f glc'GeQ (ma(V*%$¸cdJ$ \'âeG$%LG*%(f') gGW*¸!'! (f'G* J'G$%gGLW* 8* M'Gf(cE<?>

(72) j> AU,W*J(f$ )aQ* glcL cHJQ*'GW XL ML3(+caL!*gGCaG(c$%;FH^')(I$l L\$%8gJClc'^$tg^(fG MdJ$A,dJ$*.eG$%'JgWd \ (f'^J*L\$%(K MW*'GW. L ML$%aW**%LoW*.eQd (#*op!e)')(K MLW*XeJ'!dJ$\?'âeG$%GgQ$%\'Qaa fQ*L+H^W*-dG M(mf(V*W fQ*(c+a*A J. " # / 'F

(73) " KF LG8I

(74) . ·) ( Wd !* (f'G* c(V* M8y;GGp Y'GW ]L MLeJ'±*tLW*YdJp¡L cHJ *Ta %aZ Mae*FWd rcdJ$FL M(K. eG$%LW*tW ML¥l+QOGeJ$%(+caACfcQ*0HJ(c ydJ£\o$%\ M?$% JL!L$% fdJ$*$%LeJ'G)*%Q*tEZJ(c£Wd ¬!') gG(I$%\ Ma8 eG$%LW*tW MW*gG)*8cW*8(+ca*tE_eJ'!dGH^ (cW % $%TL MOJLW*eJ$gG!*(f)'G$%a8 M(f'^*;eG$%L *%W MQ* gG*;cQ*U(caJW*'!d fdJ$;\'JaraW M(I$t!*A± e $ (f@b@%E.cWd Q* (f'G<!L\Q**%(K M(K FgGylcJ fO*tygGQ* k.

(75) LH^L JaW %* Wd (*t gGL$t'!dJcW eJGgGW 0dJ©(f+aTA@byeJ'QdGHJ(K ¸O % $t $%L?eG'GGgWd *t'^(B ¸eJ$¸dJG \'GQ! (V**t J\o (fJ gGW*¶!'! ('^J*©*dJ$ fW*£$%L\ b(f'G)* \(fgG'Q W*%(cWd !* Wd !* LcHJW* L M(fW. *d *t\eQ M(IJ+Q* gG \o'^G! f $% G$ \ lc*%(f)!a` Wdlc(mV* HJ(cW $%&d E¶*%'J(K eJ$ (I$ gl+(fG'G$a M(f'G)*\o'^ MWd Q*.eG$%L *% MW*.eJ$(f+cdJ$*gG J*lcQOGe $%(c+aA. =.- .'4 725 MI:'CFE C@4=BI4 7 ? E . R'!d *²H^'^J* *%L lVGfO*%1gGW*T$%LeJ'G)* * Lo\$%(K MW* eJ?$dJ! M\?QG(cWd ?eGeJ$%W ML1dGp +IA [

(76) -GE)c(K V ML$%?fa` I#+8\$ MgWdIdJp gWdHJ'J\Qd V(I$t+1gGW*(cgGLW* -AZN M fcW*\$ MW*.eJ$%a8 V M?W. gG$%eG$%L *% M$3Vl !\G VJ aW ]gWdTHJ'J\Qd c(I$ZeG$tLW*W ]gGJ*_d$%Lo\ (B cdJ$*$%c (f'G* ;GgG$*%'G Za` $(Bd *%E7?>G>Gn A 8)*G'Q $%;\W*%EJeJ'!d!$_\!Wd Wd W* (f'Gy*%'Qd ar(V*tdJpLcHJQ*%EGd! A% H

(77) L ML\'G)* $dJ(K M

(78) 8)XUeJ$V (I$gWd*tHJ')(¦$*%(fJJLQAQ_fcL MLdJGa8W MLgGW*7 M$Ma8Q*7 $M'!dGH^LW* gG*YfQ*$%LeJ'G)*t!*YLo\$%(K MW*YgGW*YLcHJQ*YWd G'Q $%8GfO*8eG$%(f'^$M(- lcoH^(K _eJ *Y b(\ (feJLQAG,`*%HJ')(f$ *t (fJGL;\'G)*%(cgGL$%L;L ML\Id(JeG$%LW* .gG?*7ceG$%'GQ$%a8a')(c\(+ .gGJ*_cCaWd )dG (fc(#*L3eJ$ cQ*_LcHJQ* /1(c\$%')aZJE)PJqGq- A!5NJWd ;J\ ! #JaW gGF M$%a8 *7 $M'!dGH^LW*gG)*cW*$%LeJ'G)*t!*gGQ* LfHJQ*YQ* $%gWdJ(K eJ$_dJT+(c gG)*Yc`\?$ M8rL MLr?$J(K $%(I$%aW daL$t'W MLZeJ?$3\o'â8a8'Jg^(B MLQA^

(79) X$ \'G)* $d \ ('^!E\W*\$ MW*$%W**%acW rgG'^!\¡ 'Qd *+ *r M$Ma8Q* ZfdJ$*`$t b('^J*Wd <cQ*LcHJQ* eJdGH^ eG$t')gWdJ(I$tgGJ*cdJ$*8$%LeJ'G)*tQ*A_·¸O¸ $%'!djHJgG'GG\J(çe)Id *Wd c0'!d¥W*8$%LeJ'G*%Q* eJ'**%(IJcW*A

(80) X$pJa8eJ+oE3f(fQdJ$% P~a8'GW $%f A [

(81) \'QJ* $d (K M eJ'!d!$8fWd W* M(f'G + 6O $ . G 0 G .N1 =) .

(82) $ $ 0 G $$ O G$R

(83) $0 ?IG A%/ # = -A:8!3$%LeJ'G)*\ \eQ MJ+;\ + MWd * (f'GeJ'QdJ$b$%(K % $t#K+U,YlcL GG'J MgG *%'JgQ(Kd a (fW $%'JgWdJ(K gG)*lVd<*trgG(V**%'QdG gG)*lVod0TgG'GGGW .dJ!`*%')KdG M(f'GTWd d *tr(f')G(cWd E- A mcdG b(f+(V*t$%(K cQ*3c(c *YnGoE-nQJE-s² ?qGE-aZ (V*Ye)Id*glc(mJ'G$aZ b('^TeJ'!dJ$M$%(K ,% $%8gG'GQGLo`gG)*c $%LeJ'G)*t*l+(+L M(K ]b(K $tL L?$%G\`+8$%L\ (f'^²\G(+a(+Wd gG`gG(V**%'GKdG b('^!E.d)p¡'^$%aUd cW*gGQ*('^*tE M\QAR8'W V$% (f ML$A% ¸eG'QdJ$ \« VOje£gl+JmO *%µ$%LQ*d K M£gG * c eJ'**%(I (mc(K ML£g)£gGLG')aG$t$~fQ*. L%

(84) $ $ I

(85) . (f)'G$%a8 M(f'G)*LHJW Vd fc aW. $b'QdGHJL *gG*7cW*b(c+a*\'G*d K MLW*XeJ$7cQ*LcHJW*tE)8G\'G*%?$tH^W. Wd \+cW*Wd (-*l $ (f\d cW XgG)*_c;\gQ$%gG;+3$tLeJ'^J* V M!gWd E) .Wd (Ge $7c3eG$%G! *%*A M ME)eJ?$7$%?eGeG'G$# dGp8 $%gQ(K (f'GGJf+Q*\ $ MW*\'GG\oe^ Vd ?mcW*'QdJ$bG(V**% gGW*$%LW*tdJp *tL aW M(fWd Q* Wd (*tFH^dcW. $%?)*beJ'*%J+Q*g lId8\o'^ MpQ MNd 8dG $% R`'QHJ³JE.?>

(86) iJE.?>G>Gqh ¬ !g)?$*%oE?>G>Gqh o\'!J ( FGbABE?>G>Qi _h_f I* A [

(87) T\'G)*?$HJW c $%\o gGyl+'G$bJG(V*t b('^ gG!*8(cgGL *8gJ J*8V gG(+*\'QdJ$*L Vd gQ(fL U!gG$*%'G0 GbABEQPJqGq- A. 'F,% . . #& ' ')" &&! & ,*. :GG$(fc+;g l+GfO* MJfd¸ ULJfaW L MLFdj c(++(V*tLWeJ'QdJ$GmO *%$+ *7$tLeJ'^J*%Q*L\$%(K MW*gGQ* gG'Q d ( LfHJQ*gGJ*3c\Q*]gGr\!Wd 8Wd W* M(f'GgGrcU \!QAQ,8\'^ MWd²gGQ*]\')f'GGGQ*gWd MJ+ d W* .gGLo\$b(K X\(fbgGW**t'!d *AQ5'Ga8a`(+ lc!* eJW*_*%(fa8e)cgJgG'^jG$-d GgGLb(fG(K M(f')JL!L$%cglId!NdG(B %L glIdG (mc(V* b('^ gWd(c+a8EG'Qd *H^'^J*+(V* ML0gGW*g^(cML$W %*8 VOje *g ldG (fc(#* b(f'G dµ*%(f¥gG¸\Go\d gGW*tWd V*(fQ* -e!'±**%(IJ+gG\o'âeG$t !gQ$%\'Ga8a` .'QeJdG fQ*gGLG'JaZ!$%$A A ,reG$t a8(c$`\o')f'GGG`gG\o V MrG$b(ffc(f!g^(cWd±`+ *J'â*gJW*FL cH W*FWd(.$tLeJ'^!gGW YdJ Wd W* (f'êJ'±*tLQA P A ,gGdGpJ(ca3$%eG$%Gg8fdJ$*XeG$%')gWd \ (f'^J*L\$%(K M *A nA ,N $M'^(+*%(caC(fJgG(cWd CfN OjeJgldG M(f+(V*% b(f'G8gWd(f+a£e $.fQ*LcoH^W*f'G$*gGfdJ$.$%LeJ'G)*t# . < # ) 0G* G&#> G'A 0,YlIdG b(f+(V*t b('^8e $_l+LcH UgGa8'Q %*gWd` Mpj MUgWdT(+caTAG53Q* a8'Q %**%'GW ?rG$tW*gG *cF MJcd13eJ$pJa8e)cQAG·\')aeQ MJ(++(V*;\GWd e)j$%Q*%3dG b(ff(V*L;glId b(f+a \')a8aNdJJ\'GQ! (V**t J\oQA. < # ) )O ?@ GA 00,YldG (f+(V* ('êJ$UlcL+H Tgld GT(mJ'G$a ('^0H \ycya %a $%eG$tLW*% M (f'G*La8(f'Q b(Wd ;d)H^fE3?>G>) = Wd \+cgG`Vl+(ca`?J`gWd0b(f+a cQJJ`! VdJ$% 1a8'Q %*%E $%eG$tLW*% M (f'G* (c\'GG(+Wd * 1VJ'Qd fQ*%E $%eG$tLW*%W M (f'^J* *bOJaJ')c(cWd W* 1'G$%aUdcQ* \ G(ca`(cWd Q* 'Qd s.

(88) LWd ('^*\G(ca`(cWd Q* A,W*_(fG'G$%a` b(f'G)*.dG (f+(V*LQ*.e $fQ*LcoH *N*t'^ X 8(K Mc(+Wd gJ)*cF MJ+ood Wd Q MJcd $WA. F G

(89) %) )O ?@ G'A 0: M ')G\ M(c'^jGaW ;L ML;gGL\$%L MLUWd !g`l+LcHJ;gG'^GJ gWd¸*t *Flc(+aJgWd0b(f+a dG M(f+(V*W YgGW*Fa8'! %*FgG(+bL$t %*gG\od)p¡gWd MpQ MgG`b(f+aTA)c+Q*. $%eJL?$%L3eJ$-dJ`*t'!dJf(fJGLgG*fN MJcdnA. < ) )O G.A 0¡5f8\'G$b$%W*MeJ'^!gy8VldG M(f+(V*% b(f'GeJ$YlcLcoH^8glId!r(fgJL8gWd(+ca gG*-dJ8!'!dGH^d\'GW Mpj M XH^\gGW*.!'!dGH^dJpà'W %*A. $$ G ) G'A 0T5cU\'G$b$% *beJ'GGg`;fU\ 'G)* $d \ ('^g ld G$%LeJ'G)*tL\$%(K M;CeJ?$ (I$gG^* \'GQ! (V**t J\oW*.eG$%LcJcW*gGW*LcHJQ*%EGG'GeG$%L *%W MW*gG)*cW*(c+a*\'G*d K MLW*A i A ,` OjeJTgWd1b(+fa gWd Wd NlcL+H `dG b(ff(V*d GT(mJ'G$a M(f'G0gG *8*teG$%'JgWd \ (f'G0L \$%(K My *. eG$%LW*tW gG* c Wd $b(fa \o')f'GGG #¶(c+a gJ'GW f \')a8a M(I$% dG (f+(V*% eJd* eJ$ (\dc(c$%a gG *_ M$%a8W*FgWda8')!gG©eJ$%\eQ M(IJV $% *beJ\ AJ$%\'G)* $dJ(K %E"

(90) $%W*beJo\ A "2 %E .(mca¹gG'GW .(f l opJ(V* MUWdlIdJ MpQ M;\'Garad GE^"5CA!5Nc;\'^ $b(IQd ;C$tLeJ'^!gQ$%;FdJJ gG!'±*Wd W* b(f'G)*gG$t\G$%\!*dJ$c$%f M(f'^ Q $% cG VdJ$%¡%

(91) 1+2 glIdJ~b(cfa *%'G dG (f+(V*% b(f'GA =JA ,\(fGWd (+a\')'^G!C(fJgG(fWd fWd aL$%'`gG3f(c8gGW* A% [

(92) A kA ,`*%(Ip(car\o'^f'GGJr(f!g^(cWd rcG'JaZ!$%. ¥gG8m(c)*FeGeJ$d *A^

(93) '!dJ$7 M?W M$3gG8\?'âeG$%GgQ$% l+(f)Md !\W8gGW*F(c+a*U*dJ$3cr'JG\ M(f'GGGa \o'^GG(K (cgGW*FL+H^W*%E-!'!d *YHJ'G)*Y$%fH LrcQ* $%f M(f'G)*; $%`cW*;(c+a*\'^J*d K MLW*eJ?$UcW*;LcHJQ* YfW*;+(c*;eGeJ?$d *;W $%`!*Y M$ba8Q* dG (f+(V*%LQ*AR'!d *HJ'G)*.eJ'QdG$\ofNdG M(mf(V*LgG)*\o V M\'Gc'^jGcW*\'JgGW*_*d(IH W %* #. / # f(c*_*%'GW X\?'^J* $dJ(B MW*.eJ$ 2 G# ) ,G FG #> G A L.N 2A $ 2 G # %) )O ?@ GIA L N 2A. # <f(c)*_*t'^ .\o'^J* $dJ(K M *.eJ $ 2 *

(94) %) )O ?@ G A L# NI2A. . # 0f(+J*_*%'GW X\'G)* $dJ(K MW*.eJ?. / # 0f(+J*_*%'GW X\'G)* $dJ(K MW*.eJ?$ 2 G ) )O GIA L NI2A * 2 $ IG # %)GIA L# #N 2A. . Q# f(c*_*%'GW X\?'^J* $dJ(K M ZUe)Bd *%E-*%(dc(+W* \'G)* $dJ(K eJ$lcLcoH^rdG M(f+(*tW gGdGp VOQeJQ*]gGU$%LeJ'G)*t'^$%eJ'G$# MgG?)* cyk Y\')f'GGGoE_qGE+= ¥qGE+ = +EgG)*+T\W*/' .<dJ0m(c0W* C\'G)* $dJ(K eJQ $ 2 G # %) 0G* G > $2 2 G# ) O ?@ GIA 2A sA Z*cTgG$%G(+?$%y\o')f'GGGE_G'Qd *HJ'G)*8(fJg^(Wd LE_f²\W*L \ !LW ME_fT\'GG\eQ YdG (f+(V*LeJ$ lVLcoH^¸ \Kd (Wd <!'!d *TH^'^J*T\'G*%(+gGL?$%L¸\'Gara *tL aW M(fWd±a` èG$M'J\GEeG$%LW*tW. gG*f\'JaraW M(I$t\\')aeJ)!W f(c+aTA .

(95) ' "%&! & hF

(96) ( ' #. ,W*]op aeJcQ*'!dJ$bG(V*Y\(fbgJW**t'!d *(f+Id * $%W 7dJ\ *g ldG (f+(V* M(f'GgWd Mpj MglIdJb(+ca8EeQd(V* P glId!`(ma `gWd0(f+a Y?G(f n Fgl+(fW M$MeG$%L M (f'^¡gld G`(fa QA):!Z Mfc`gG(+\!'W 'Gar(c $%rc. Mpj M ;Vl+(caJW*K d* M(m(cL yeJ$8c¡M(K WdXl+(+*ac \Wd (V*8Wd l % $%y da(f eJ'**tgG gGQ* *bO* Ma8Q*gG(V* (fJ\ %*FgGZ V$t (B Ma YgGrl+(fJ'^$%a8 b(f'GyHJ(V*d±f+ _HJ$Jc

(97) X(IH(f'JE3?>

(98) jkh5+?$b³

(99) X(HJ(')E.?>G>-hWFgGgGfOJE.?>G>QPJE.?>G

(100) > A w vucv¼ xG xQu v¼ y{1 v cvz3{QucucvWzY¼ ¨%!v tQ¨%v¼ fu+w tJvY ,r MJcdgG'^G!lVpJa8eJ+gGlVGmO *gGcTWd W* ('^¥gGcè $ (f`@ #2 O $ # I. G G .N1 =) .

(101) $ $ 0 G $$ O G$R

(102) $0 ?IG A%/ # A. L% 0

(103) $ $ I

(104) ) ) )2. .

(105) .

(106)

(107) . "! #$ %

(108) &('*) % \T'W \ V]m<e ae\.Zqd aZe a _. }/mLRT*W k8TqmfZ XZ)\:kX8eV_QP1Z:V8m G T'de ZIH J T,dHmLR}'aZ"_LK MO\ZN _|}'a T,Wb Z"dR a ZqT*Vwr }/mLRT*W k8TqmfZ X Z N \.kX8eV _ \"Z XMOeN \:\k,V]mnX]T,W \ a Z"T'V r.]yk!WU@T'V U'k8W!m<T,U:m XZ N a ZqT*V^ VW Z ]V m<e ae\T"m<e k8W W k,Vp Z'a aZ Z!\"P_"U!Z N U*R e _|e`,V Z [ T8\UqT,aH Z'\<mSk8df_|}'ZbaBcdcefhg.ijd%klmni X ,X Z'V \Sm<_|Z t]k'mfmZ \ o7lnBpjq:r k8d/\ XZ aT \yR aZ"_ #$rr&s"M ^hX Zc\ W k,V p Z"T'Vt ,X V|V <V ea _ \:k8W!mu/ $

(109) % rv] k8W U aT r7&Bsw k8df_|}'Z Z!\<m 2xhs aBczy-m {*WIcd%klm-d%|}nioDlnpjq:r. +-,. 0( % #$ #$ &21 / & 3$457698;:< S. ~. T>U ` T T. T}U ` U T U T *. =>@?* #$ A&BC D. E /F/

(110) %* % %. VXW. \^Z_|}'a T,Wb Z"dZY \^ZX8e\:\.k,VX8dZ. <k8df_T"m<ek8W@X ek8W \ Y1d}"T!U:m<eok8WN Vp V7W U"R eg_|e`,VZ \k8e m \k8aV]meok8W>Y a eZ"W \ \k8aV]mfek8W@T%`,VZ.V\.Z. 8 7rr| O!7.] 7q;h]=*!91(S

(111) '9H 7-.:>D:];f7-%">u; 7r';,7D(]7q; A ='>}j :%]#*&]'#!%4I'4S/,3*+9$!3 #,rq%#!% 4-'4 /D! 3'+4./%83'&!410'3%'-4D #"&] !4S/ 3% 4-!#'&, 4"#!3D ¡S3'4S/ ¢&! £'$4Sq4.%%4 0h!-#'/40 ,3'-¥¤c,3'§¦©¨S>>8="A7ª!>]7 7:9LA 7-!7SD9F«z]='>;<7-«Âw«-«r:9< A767:>'A$!7-:='>;¬!A7/9h!>H $ 7A%8>Az!A9<7®r!9F¯q;^. ,Z MJ+od¥8(fJg^(cWd `Wd r/$%(c` _F$ GLfarO¡'^Q N\'G)* $dJ(K YgGdGp¡+(c* nG YnW gG`c A% [

(112) HJ'G(I$"(m A.P `*t*UdG (fc(#*?$8gG (c+a )P 8 A.@%N(f g^(Wd LJc aW Wd

(113) . *%\Y ;;G+a 'GW. \'G)* $dJ(K 8cW*f(c*ì¬ ?q1gG<\ + M A [

(114) dj (f+(V*W fQ*a8'Q %*WdJ(;*% $b'QdGHJ gGJ*V \'Ga8a` M (¦$%gWd(f+a£PGP P %EJ fQ*m(c*nG nW*%)*dG (mc(V*$7C(+ca )P A.

(115) °n =*±Yj 9<7..A 687²S(]7q; A ='>}j:%]#*&!!#!%4I'4D%,$3'+³$!3 #,rq%#!% 4-'4S/%' 3*+4./%83'&!40 ,3%*-/4-#*&]84 % 3%D$4I'#*&! 4q#'3D ¡S3,4D ¢ &! £q 4 .4q%%40,-/#*/40 !3*-¤q,3'O¦ tJvwYvucv¼xG xQu v¼ v¨ fu +xQ¨ +GT¼ v +wTxNGv¼ ` fucw. ,Ylcop aeJcgWd MJcdTPT\o'^!\W?$bGcWd Q* M(f'G`PTgGfUeJ$ (fU@ # 2r´. 0

(116) Gµ!)1

(117) #K I

(118) F$ H / G)·¶$Q) )G# O $ E G $$ K KO G.

(119) I) )2A. L¶. >.

(120) OB. #$ j#$ -+ ,. > / " % %$ $# = $# &( D?* / & #$ %-

(121) &B'*). %. 8v Gv{ z f¨%v. V]meaoeg\^Tqm<e k8W|XZ'\ e _@T,b Zc\SX Zc\ <ea _|\ Z/m. KuagpuT,e W}H \ V dk8dZ. ~¥[ U ~¥[. Xl. 8 7rr°O'A 92" A$. !>87D9F«8='>;<7-.«:(¯687 7Â 7r!7.] 7-.:>7: ;f72" ;F:>,A %%:9¬ A 9<7DF'A $ ;FÂg =">j. !>]7S $ :

(122) !7-.ª!> H -z!> 7> >.«A«-:='>;LA 9¬! $AD:>;:7-r';. SÔ!IH (fT 3dJ$t'^$%'^ $%L\dJeJL$tLUfQ*_$%?eG$%LW*% M (f'G)*YgGW*a8'J+Lo\dcQ*gl \(+gGL GG' Wd 8 gl+ood eG$%LW*tW M *gG*cW*(+aJQ*gG *b(+ca* > H^')(I$_;GGpJ;@ eQd (+*(+V*] '^ _(K .d G8*bOGW MGQ* UdG M(f+(V*% .fW*X$%eG$%LW*tW M (f'G*gG\ *7aZ')cL\d +Q*3eJ?$ (I$gWdT*%\L!$%(f'`gWd(f+a >A,\'^J* $d \ (f') gGfdJ$_$tLeJ'^J*%Lo\$%(K ML ML (fJ*%($tL+(V*%L 8dG b(fc(#*tW gGW*(faJQ*gG\oW*b(+fa*AQ$%H^ J\!E-(+ lmO¬HJ(K eJW*TgG$%+ b(f'G¥W $t<\ c M$%L?eG'G)*%0L \$b(K M¸ f$%LeJ'G*%0 V MGgWd jA_@c*y lc'GW gG'GG\ \'G)* $dJ(K Xd \dJ8f(c ZgGCc) A) [

(123) \'GG\o$bJW X\ + #Wd W* (f'G q A w vucv¼ xG xQu v¼ v c¨%v!z vz?¨%xQ¨ +GT¼ # v +wT1x NGv¼ #` mucw tJvY ,Ylcop aeJcgWd8 MJcWdn8\'GG\o$%G+Wd Q* (f'^²3gGc3eJ$ M(f3@b@b@ # 2 $G2G ) $ A

(124). ) )2A #$ j#$ +§,. j#$ 0( %I#$ A&¬1 / " % %$ / & 3$457698;:"< #$ %-

(125) &B'*). % Qk8ddfku\ê \:egbW e eZ `,V1Z V]meaoeg\^Tqm<e k8W|XZ'\S_|k'm\ T X}"bdT,XZ U,ZqdLm<T!eW Z'\ X,V m<Z t]mfZX,V|<eag_ V \ X8dfeZ"W>H @ _ Tqme_qdZ'\ U,k8_@_ Z a T VT}UV8` U7VX ~¥ k8bT*W e W!mZ"dFPd}m<Tqm<e k8W@XZ'\ , k V. a T 7. 7 1 s * %. B & & s & >. h # s M e _@T!bZc\SX,V|e a _ V 1X( % r ¥"8 7r n'A9¬" A.$ !>87D9F«]='>;7$«:(¯687S7A 7 !7:8 7$:>7: ;f7®2" g; :>,ArD%:92 A9<7DFª'A $ ;FA =q> !7D F$ >'A7:9¬!9F«A(:A ='>$$ A"

(126) !7";OH ) O. j

(127)

(128) 7. .

(129) ). => ?* #h &CB % ^7p V.^De \^k]e m. a eZ"W \ T ="AH;¥A7r'A7D7A. ¯.$b'G(V*_f(c * PJoE)PQ .PJg gGC A% [

(130) ~eG$%LQ*t MLU(IQdJ$%;n`'GW L MLU\?'G)* $dJ(K %*eJ$_fW*]L+H^W*W dG (f+(V*% .gG *a8'! %* 2! ) $2%E.2

(131) F[

(132) I 2 2

(133) G@2_eG$%L *% %*gG)*c\'JaraW M(I$tgWdT(c+a S ) $ A f(cPJ g X8(fW M$MeG$%L M?W fQ*(ma W*gG\ (fca +(c)*XPJ PQ A,W*LcHJQ*'GW XgQ'GQJL dJ*%*3eJ?$*%'GGG`l+(+aJgG`\`M(+fa dG M(f+(V*%W YfdJ$*3eG$t'êG$% *3a8'Q %* #I+12r´)H ) A

(134). 8 ?IG A% ¶$ H?I O G F - A ,N Mpj MgWd(f+a¶!\'^ b( G()ca8'! 2%gGLG$tgG (f'GI 2G(V a8'Q. 2%a8 M(f$t) 2%E-a (V*Y(f-eJ$%c8gld J$%L\ ('^T\G(+a(VWd 8 $%UdJT\(+gG8 fQ*YW*MeJW\oW*Y\G(+a`(cWd Q* eG$%LW*tW M *TgG*yc<e dA3;(f*%(fE (mV*²'GW \'G)* $dJ(K fQ*T+(c)*TPJ¸ PQgJ¸\ V M A [

(135) W (fW M$MeG$%L M - l+(+a gWd(c+aA w vucvW Gwyw vo±¨tx +z?vW-zY{v_8v t!vWY R'!d *.(V*%'J)*l+Ô!eJ'! !W*%Wd c3eG$%LW*t J\ogG J*+Q*$%LeJ'G)*tW*L\?$(B MW*gJW*LcoH *gGCaZ'! %*- M+*Wd eJd E\fIdf'*%'Qd0eJeG(f$eG$tLW*%W %*CgG)*;cW*;\'JaraW M(I$tW*;gGQ*;(cma*;(fJg^(cWd W FWd `fQ*;LcHJQ* 'GW aeG$dJW ML\ *7 M$baZ!*]d²(f+aTA R'!d *lcL MO!'^*eJ$_c(K Wd r*dJ$]gGdGpTgGW*Y*%(IpyJ(f$ Ja` *%E^* (fW M$t\ M(f'^J*'GW L ML $%)*t\$%(K MW*] Wd gGC MV*a8'Q %*_G`*t'^ %a(V*YeGeJ$d *YgG)*cHJ'J\Qd c(m$ gGW*LfH W*oH^W XWd 3lc(K XL ML\'G)*dB MLCf(++a \'G$b$%*beJ'GGgGW A ?q.

(136)

(137) S =*±Yjr 9<7:.A 687-² (-87q;LA ='>} ¡S3'4®¤'4q3'%7!-4 "'--*/ £ 0 ,3'-¥¤c'3*v¦. 5. Résultats et discussion

(138) X'!d!$8\!Wd Wd Q* M(f'G¸gG c \G G'Qd *8H^'^J*eG$LW*% ML¡!*$%LW*dK M %*8'QQ M d *8dG M(f+(V*W dJ. MJfodT*%acJcd8 MJcdi A OB. \ X8deoZ"W>H kubuT*W \ W W eZvH G M T'dbuk'm ae\.ZIH ~ ak8dZ"WU!Z G T'de ZIH J T,dHmLR}'aZ"_LK [ T]\U"T!aHL\ R aZ"_ Ka pT!egW>HL\ V dfk]dZ. §+ ,. #$ / & ~ ~¥[ S ~S ~¥[. => ?* #h &( % "s( %-17& %-

(139) &('*) % 8 . V. . . . . VT V V. . => ?* "D"17& #$ &( % ""s(" . VT. = @?* "Dr17& > #$ A&BC DI#¥17-&21. 3$4576 8;:"<

(140) . V. 8 7r B«q; ]A:AH;1=r,A7:>D;D:>;1 7r';¥!7D(-87q;LA =q> w :%]#*&]!#'% 4-!4 /D'3*+ $,3#,rq% #'% 4-!4 /%,$3*+4./%83'&84 0!3D'-/4-% #*&!r!4S3D%4,#'&!Z 4:#,3% 7¡S3'4S/ ¢ &] £c 4D"4:% % 4 0h!-#'40 !3*-Z¤q!3*v¦ ,3HJcdJ$ ²qreJ'QdJ$.;gQ$%(c Z ,'^J\'G$b$% *beJ'GGg8Nd!FdG M(ff(#* b(f'G8gGQ*a8'Q %*gWd8 Mopj MWd(J lV. eJ$%a8(V*8gG \'G)* $d (I$% d \d¸f(çgG c A [

(141) ¹$%f M(IHJ c Wd W* b('^0eJ'±*tLQA-_ b MEyc Wd W* (f'^ 2 O $ # X G O ) B

(142) $ X G $$ O G$R $X 8 ?IG A%

(143) $ $ "

(144) $Q) $K2%E_(+V*'GW $tLeJ'^!gWd¸eJ$dG0pQ $t (B ;gWd¸(+ca 2 $ ) ´, ´z´ #B2 6

(145) G@

(146) 9¶ ))O $ U G ) ) "! 2yWd ( lcQ* eJW* eGeG$%'GeQ$M(+Lo3eJ'!dJ$X\ + M$%Le!'^J*%QA G.

(147) ,W*TG'JaZ!$%W*Tg lIdG b(ff(V* b('^J*TgGM(+fa* gG¸f(c J*²\'^J* $dJ(B %*eJ$TfQ*¸PL cHJ **t<eG$%LW*t MW. \'Ga8a`y*dJ$c(fQdJ$%ri0 YfQ* MJcWd)p0=² Yk '!dJ$MG(#**tW Yl+W**tW M(fg)W*FgG'GGJLW*$%L *d K MW YgG lVGmO *%QA:8U MJfdeJd *\')aeJc XW* eG$tLW*% MLgG)*lVGGp^ @ H^'^(¦$7cW*- MJ+od)p > A.

(148) *!>8=*!A (87,7 Fª'A $ ;FA ='>!7q;¥:='>,>%" g;f;F:>7:7";,A $ ; «:7c;h8=*]99F«]='>7'9<7 ]7";LA ='>u;f. '">° > ° °-*# !. . j } ° ( *j # !. . . . .

(149) °!"#}°$" )# * )#* /j .*#(/$. > ° }° " ( &%&% j +,+, ') )#j." °#

(150) 8 7r 0 1 ='89<7q;$,A $ ; :A ='>;®!7:='>!>7" g;f;¬:>7:7q;S521)#3/4'C¥!9F«q;<7.>!A7q;®%.>u; 7q; H );:='>; ] A«q;®8 $]7:9L 7A A7>'A =*j>8='>!7}q='>; A9¬] 9<7>,7q; 7.>u;fO 5 :>;.76 r]7}rc;787 7j89<7: 7.9>]='89<7j7:97r,7:87:9S ?<;,# =[7q;LAS7@>8='O89<7 .ª!A ; A =">; !7:='>8>. g;f;F:>7:7";Z8 ."='>7] A²(O:='>;LA 9¬A ='>>$!>)$ 7:>487 7A17;7©.='>47D.9w7 !7:8 7,9 ??>@# 478> ';h]7:9L ;¥!7-q='>; A9¬Âg =">85 7®];

(151) *7 +A} # ,Ag g;¬.A =q>j,7 y="Ao; A7r'A7-H C!B ?} # 'Ag g; A ='>j!7SF$ j:

(152) !7-H DB &E# >'A79¬!9F«AA ='>A,7DF$ j:

(153) ,7OH FB ) # !A ;¬.A ='>!7S CD«:7-H $F*B @@ # ;F:>;$,A ;¬:A ='>AL ) MN MN&% MN+ MSR. . . !. O. . = ° . . / *. . . . GHIKJL PO /QO / QO. 8 7r TO)U1='89<7q;,V ,7 $ 7:>;I.='>u; A9B] Ao;521)#z=O$*CZ.9 F 7:>;7:O8 7j!7";I«:(¯687q;; ] 67q>,AD 7Aª]7 ?W7 B =*| WX .ª!>uH :='>;¬8$A« 7Â ; ] 67">!A 7 =!7 .ª!A ; A ='> ,7 F$ >%='9<jÂg ="> Vw;7";LAD 7 >8='O89<7j!7) 7:>;I:='>;LA9B] AH;; :>; !A $ ;7:9!7:='>8>Dq ;; :>7:7!9F«q;<7.>!A7%.>u;®!>}L :='>;¬8 A«'457]

(154) ; 7 Y + # ,A $ ; :A ='>u!7 ="AH;-)A7r'A7LL F BZ # !A $ ; A ='>,7DF$ jq

(155) ,7H FB"&-#) $>'A7:9¬!9F«ÂC.A ='>!7S $j"

(156) !7H [ B% #j'A $ ; A ='>,7DF$ (%«.7OH ). ,W*Y$%LQ*d K M %*FgGW* MJcdJp¸=T Yk*%'GW YgG(+*\dG MLW*FgGJ*Uc*d (K MgG`\ V MreJ$V (fglco^'^$tg gG`bo&') Jf'!^+3eQd (V*)*d(K MgG3eJKd*eJId *gGL M(f+cLW*A. \,]'^_],`ba&c=dNe fhg ijaZieQkWalc=am3iEg,npo:kWaZmrq(s=t-e f=c

(157) f=mdNe f.gNimrqavu fwchnpmra_ec=am3e'x)y-aZmrqavu fwchnpm ,r(fQdJ$%`=`$teG$%!gyc!*YgG'GQJLoW*YgWdy MJ+od<=$G$%'QdJeJW ]\fcQ*$%f M(H^Q*Yd)p²(++a*_

(158) XE±2 . 5AZfc a8'GW $tµWd ¤fQ*1L+H^W*<dG M(mf(V*W 0eGKd*1gGµ\'GQ! (V**t !\Q*¸eG$%LW*tW MW*1gG?* !*1(+cay* P.

(159) \'G)*dK ML * :" 0s)= Wd 8gG\'GGG(V**%J\ *3 l+L M .eJW*]g))*dT(++a \'G)*d K ML * 0PJn AQ8 * \$ M(f)*F\W*%E-(c7*?lcJ(K g lIdJJZ$tLeJ'^J*%8dJp<*t')f+(c\(K M M(c'^J*YgGW*YWd Q* M(f'^J*YgGrcZ o\G HJ')(¦$N;GJpJ %Ea8(#*YgGJ*YgGZ!')aG$%d)p\W*%E c\'G*d K M M(f'^g)(+ca*]Q* *beJ'GW M?GLQAQèJId *gWd²b(K WdXld \'GW $% (fa8e)c(+\(K M;JL$%(K ]\ V Mp!eJL$%(fa` M (f'GrdG M(mc(*t .dJQOGeJ$%b(cfa gG'GG\Wdl+(+b+c(K J(cW *lc<*%?$tHJ(¦ $ %E.'GyeJdG ]$%a8$tWd $Wd ( +Q*FWd Q* (f'G)*;L M ( *%\(ca8a` eJ'±*tLW*FgG)*d<* O!V gG(mML$%W eGKd* 'QdGHJ?$ MW*%EgQa8 V M eGKd *%(cdJ$*T$%LeJ'G)*tW*%E8*%)*²\ +\dV * ²gG1\mcQ*T$%G\'GW $tLW* GJ(K Vd c+aW ¡gG)*0+Q* pJ$%\(c\W*1*%\o')f(f$%Q*0 (+( 0e)Id *%(cdJ$*¸aZ')(V* *lVL M(fW ¡L\'QdJfLQ*0W $% lV)*t (fJGaW TgG *\(cgGQ* TgGW*T W*%Q*²µ\cW** T\ c M pGeJL$%(fa M M(f'^ AN, W*t')(fg) $%Lo\ (IHJ$*%Q*\'GQG(V**%J\ *N*dJ$_\oF ! a;L M(cW XeJdG M % V$tUd **%()G$tGgWd U\Id ( gGF $M'QdGHJ$gGW* (f)'G$%a8 M(f'G)*.eJ'QdGHJW eJ$Ma8 V $%gG$%LeG'GGgQ$tdGpWd W* (f'^*A.

(160) A¨S9<

(161) ' $>87,7q;_1v# "Q*:='>!>Dq ;; :>7:7q;h'A $ ;F«:7";7:91 7q;°«:(¯687c;¥]7: 7q; ;<=' 7:>,A7!9F«q;<7.>!A7q;¥:>; 7";L ; ?W7 B 7A W X.='>u; ]A«q;=*%c; ;f ,W*b(c+a*72 *%'GW eJKd *7dG M(f+(V*%LQ* P. «?q 0k ¥¸n

(162) 8eGj$%W*W*Y*dJ$>

(163) T*%'J(K nG> Wd U!*(+ca*_

(164) i 1s ~= 1n ¸ PJ>yeGj$%W*W**dJ$>

(165) *t'^(B PJ> A ·CTeJdG *l+(fW M$b$t'^J$;*dJ$Yfy*%(f)G(fb(c\ (f'G Wd±(. eJdG % V$%0gG'^jGL¸0\W + M<gG(fML$%!\WjA·FdG $%<<G'GaZJ$t<a8')gGQ* MW*glcLcoH *TOJW 8eG$%(+*eJ$ lVpGeJL$%(faW M (f'GGEc\G'J(pgGW*(+ca*W* LJca`Q dJ`\ MdJ$_gl+(fJId±G\;gG\ V M;gQ(fML$%J\jA \Wd ( \'GJ\$MJZcW*]L+H^!*!'!d *]HJ'G)*eG$%(#**t'^(fgG\G')(+*%(f$gGd)peJ'êQd f M(f'G)*Wd (HJ(c _c a %a`8eG$%')(f a %a`G(IH Wd¸*%\'Jf(m$tEa %a`\cQ**% E-a %areG$%'GQ**%dJ $ A) \Wd(\'GG\?$!`V \!')(IpgGW*(c+a*%EGG'Qd *HJ'G)*.H^$%(fLda8(cd)pfdJ$_* VOJc fQ*_*d %*^'^$tgGLW* H^'^(I$.;GGp 3 @ A ,W*.PGi *%dca XgG3$%LeJ'G)*% * yPJn8gJ J*+b(fQdJ$%U = lVO^ eJW*-dG (f+(V*L+ *_(++a**%'GW X \\o'^$%gHJ\f(K Wd \ + MU$%o\G$t\GL MLUeG'*%(K (c'GQGLoeG$%W*d)*%(fJGa *dJ$_r*d . Wd fW*LcHJQ*. lcoH^(+ -eJ *gGL\'QdGHG$b(¦$7cU*d XgG *\(fgGQ* XgGW*-^W*%W*A. \,] ],`ba&c=dNe fhg ijaZieQkWalc=am3iEg,npo:kWaZmrqalc

(166) f=aZi-m

(167) ZgNimeQk&t)f=e aZmra&e(c8s=te8f=cwfhmd e8f.g ipq-aZmru f