Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the

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Dufour Dominique, Dufour Elodie, Andres Escobar, Andres Giraldo, Teresa Sanchez

Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the

Starch Production in Colombia.

15th Triennial International Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops (ISTRC)

Tropical Roots and Tubers in a Changing Climate:

A Convenient Opportunity for the World

ISTRC - CIP - UNALM, 2-6 November 2009, Lima, Peru.

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Highland Highland Highland

Highland Cassava Study: Diagnostic Cassava Study: Diagnostic Cassava Study: Diagnostic Cassava Study: Diagnostic

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Highland Cassava Study: Diagnostic Highland Cassava Study: Diagnostic Highland Cassava Study: Diagnostic Highland Cassava Study: Diagnostic

1500 - 2200 meters above sea level

Cassava double purpose: good eating quality and industrial for starch

processing

Unique breadmaking capacity of highland fermented cassava starch

Attractive market in Colombia

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Highland Cassava Study : Diagnostic Highland Cassava Study : Diagnostic Highland Cassava Study : Diagnostic Highland Cassava Study : Diagnostic

Low yield, high price of traditional cassava roots

Harvesting 14 – 16 months

Shortage of cassava roots for starch agro-industry in Colombian highland Low impact of pests and diseases in

altitude

Cassava improvement in CIAT

Evaluation of new hybrids varieties

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Highland Cassava Study : Methods Highland Cassava Study : Methods Highland Cassava Study : Methods Highland Cassava Study : Methods

33 clones adapted to highland ecosystem

1750 m above sea level Cyanide content

Eating quality

Dry matter evaluation

Root specific gravity (density) Starch content

Starch functional properties

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Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

Starch Starch Starch

Starch YieldYieldYieldYield (MT/Ha) (MT/Ha) (MT/Ha) (MT/Ha) SM 1834

SM 1834 SM 1834

SM 1834----20202020 8,038,038,038,03 SM 1495

SM 1495 SM 1495

SM 1495----5555 7,647,647,647,64 CM 7595

CM 7595 CM 7595

CM 7595----1111 7,857,857,857,85 SM 1058

SM 1058 SM 1058 SM 1058----13131313 SM 1495 SM 1495 SM 1495

SM 1495----5555 5,045,045,045,04 CM 7595

CM 7595 CM 7595

CM 7595----1111 6,666,666,666,66 SM 1498

SM 1498 SM 1498

SM 1498----4444 7,777,777,777,77 SM 1707

SM 1707 SM 1707

SM 1707----41414141 5,395,395,395,39 SM 1713

SM 1713 SM 1713

SM 1713----25252525 4,474,474,474,47 CG 402

CG 402 CG 402

CG 402----11111111 3,403,403,403,40 MCol

MCol MCol

MCol 1522152215221522 1,531,531,531,53 SM 1938

SM 1938 SM 1938

SM 1938----12121212 2,332,332,332,33 RootRoot

RootRoot YieldYieldYieldYield (MT/Ha) (MT/Ha)(MT/Ha) (MT/Ha) 32,11 32,1132,11 32,11 30,03 30,0330,03 30,03 30,00 30,0030,00 30,00 27,30 27,3027,30 27,30 25,30 25,3025,30 25,30 25,25 25,2525,25 25,25 25,10 25,1025,10 25,10 19,43 19,4319,43 19,43 15,07 15,0715,07 15,07 13,22 13,2213,22 13,22 8,108,108,10 8,10 7,90 7,907,90 7,90 RootRoot

RootRoot YieldYieldYieldYield (Media 3

(Media 3 (Media 3

(Media 3 harvestharvestharvest))))harvest 30,0

30,0 30,0 30,0 25,3 25,3 25,3 25,3 26,626,6 26,626,6 27,3 27,3 27,3 27,3 26,6 26,6 26,6 26,6 28,328,3 28,328,3 28,3 28,3 28,3 28,3 20,820,820,8 20,8 23,7 23,7 23,7 23,7 25,9 25,9 25,9 25,9 17,717,7 17,717,7 22,722,7 22,722,7 (MT/Ha) (MT/Ha)(MT/Ha) (MT/Ha)

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Cyanide content

Low cyanide content < 100 ppm (SM 1498-4 : 31 ppm)

Exception :

SM 1058-13 : 324 ppm (bitter taste) CG 402-11 : 183 ppm (bitter taste)

y = 0,804x R² = 0,9995

0,000 0,100 0,200 0,300 0,400 0,500 0,600 0,700 0,800

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

Concentration (µg/cm³)

Absorbance(nm)

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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Highland Cassava Study : Results

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Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

Sensory evaluation

Media = 3,9 (scale 1 to 5)

Very good gustative quality for human consumption

CM 7595-1 always > 4,5

SM 1707-41 ; SM 1713-25 : always > 4

Only two bitter varieties

SM 1058-13 CG 402-11

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32% < Dry matter < 42% ; (media: 38%)

(High for cassava around 33% in the World cassava germplasm held in CIAT)

SM 1713-25 (44,0 %) SM 1498-4 (43,4 %) SM 1707-41 (41.7 %) CM 7595-1 (41,0 %)

52% < Starch content < 95% ; (media 82%)

SM 1053-23 (91,5%) SM 1713-25 (91,1%) SM 1707-41 (89,1%) CM 7595-1 (89,1%)

61% < Starch extraction yield < 100%

(media: 89,3%)

SM 1938-12 (99,9%) MCol 1522 (99,9%) SM 1834-20 (98,6%) SM 1495-5 (98%)

Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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67 n

-0.371 (**)

Pearson 1

correlation

Cyanide Cyanide Cyanide Cyanide content content content content

((((ppmppmppmppm))))

67 76

n

0.582 (**) -0.491 (**)

Pearson 1

correlation

Extaction Extaction Extaction Extaction

Yield Yield Yield Yield

46 46

46 n

0.562 (**) -0.388 (**)

0.639 (**)

Pearson 1

correlation

Density DensityDensity Density

67 76

76 46

n

0.364 (**) -0.317 (**)

0.231 (*) 0.442 (**)

Pearson 1

correlation

Starch Starch Starch Starch

(%) (%) (%) (%)

67 76

76 46

64 n

0.571 (**) -0.453 (**)

0.674 (**) 0.882 (**)

0.418 (**)

Pearson correlation

Dry Dry Dry Dry matter matter matter matter

(%) (%) (%) (%)

Taste Taste Taste Taste Cyanide

Cyanide Cyanide Cyanide content content content content

((((ppmppmppmppm)))) Extaction

ExtactionExtaction Extaction

Yield Yield Yield Yield Density

DensityDensity Density Starch

(%)(%) (%)(%)

Correlations

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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Highland Cassava Study : Results

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Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

y = 210,3x - 197,64 R² = 0,8355

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46

1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 Specific gravity (Density)

Dry Matter (%)

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y = 0,6538x - 1,1254 R² = 0,5455

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34

30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46

Dry Matter (%)

Starch Extraction Yield (%)

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time (min)

Viscosity (cP)

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Pasting temperature (°C) Maximum viscosity

Temperature (°C)

Minimum Viscosity

Final Viscosity

Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland cassava starch Highland cassava starch Highland cassava starch

Highland cassava starch ViscoamylogramViscoamylogramViscoamylogramViscoamylogram (5%)(5%)(5%)(5%)

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Cassava starch viscoamylogram variability from Highland cassava ( Popayan - 1750 m)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time (min)

Viscosity (centipoises)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Température (°C)

Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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Cassava starch viscoamylogram variability from World Cassava Germplasm (WCG - CIAT - 1000 m)

0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Time (minutes)

Viscosity (centipoises)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temperature (C)

More than 4000 clones analysed

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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Highland cassava starch functionality (5% gels)

ִLower Pasting temperature

around 60°C versus 65°C for WCG

ִTwo picks in RVA

ִHigher viscosity of gels

around 1120cP versus 780cP for WCG

ִPeak time and ease of cooking higher

ִNo difference in swelling power at 75°C but higher at 90°C

Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland Cassava Study : Results Highland Cassava Study : Results

Highland Cassava Study : Results

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CIAT highland cassava hybrid

Improved root productivity (T/ha) High dry matter and starch

Low cyanide, good for direct human consumption

Double purpose: fresh consumption & industrial Starch productivity not only related to dry

matter content and root productivity, but also with extractability of starch

Highland Cassava Study : conclusions

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SM 1498-4 CM 7595-1

SM 1495-5 SM 1058-13

SM 1713-25 SM 1707-41

SM 1498-4 CM 7595-1

SM 1707-41 SM 1498-4

CM 7595-1 SM 1495-5

CM 7595-1 SM 1713-25

SM 1834-20 SM 1834-20

Dry matter Dry matter Dry matter Dry matter Starch

extraction yield extraction yield extraction yield extraction yield

Fresh cassava Fresh cassava Fresh cassava Fresh cassava roots consumers roots consumers roots consumers roots consumers Industrial "

Industrial "

Industrial "rallanderorallanderorallanderorallandero""""

Farmers Farmers Farmers Farmers

CIAT highland cassava hybrids

Preference of varieties different from growers, starch industrial, consumers of fresh roots

Differences of starch functional properties, may contribute to explain the unique breadmaking

Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the Evaluation of Altitude Cassava for the