International Conference Terminology : Arabic

Master

Reference

International Conference Terminology : Arabic

ZOHNI, Hebatallah

Abstract

Pour pouvoir mettre à jour un glossaire de terminologie de conférence trilingue arabe, anglais et français, ce mémoire tente de répondre à trois questions fondamentales : le glossaire est-il exhaustif, correct et bien adapté à l'objectif poursuivi? Pour répondre à cette question, la conception de recherche est passée en revue puis la méthodologie de recherche en trois étapes est adoptée. Les différents types de glossaires sont examinés et le lien entre glossaire et interprétation de conférence. Le statut de l'arabe dans les organisations internationales (l'ONU) est également expliqué. Les contraintes sont identifiées et les leçons retenues sont partagées.

ZOHNI, Hebatallah. International Conference Terminology : Arabic . Master : Univ.

Genève, 2016

Available at:

http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:88098

Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version.

Hebatallah Zohni

International Conference Terminology: Arabic ¹

Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de Traduction et d’Interprétation Pour l’obtention du MA en Interprétation de Conférence

Directeur de mémoire : Professor Kilian Seeber Juré : Ms. Alma Barghout

Juillet 2016

1 Terminologie des conférences internationales, Liste de termes en anglais, français et arabe Unité multilingue d’interprétation – Cours 10004

« Organisations internationales, procédure parlementaire et terminologie de conférence » Cours de M. Dominique Leveillé

Cette liste de termes a été établie à partir du polycopié « Terminologie des conférences internationales » (en anglais, français, espagnol, italien, allemand et russe), dans les cadre des travaux de recherches dirigées réalisés par Mounir Al-Khudri (liste 1), Mostefa Bachtouti (liste 2 et 3) et Prisca Chaoui (liste 4), étudiants à l’Unité d’interprétation, sous la supervision de M. Kamal Annabi et Mme Delbar Karara

STUDENT INFORMATION:

Hebatallah Zohni

Ecole de Traduction et d'Interprétation University of Geneva 40, boulevard du Pont-d'Arve,

CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...

3

TABLE OF FIGURES ...

5

ABSTRACT ...

6

1. INTRODUCTION ...

7

1.1 OVERVIEW ...

7

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS ...

8

2. OBJECTIVES AND AIMS ...

9

2.1OVERALL OBJECTIVE ...

9

2.2SPECIFIC AIMS ...

9

2.2.1 Completeness

... 9

2.2.2 Correctness

... 9

2.2.3 Fit for purpose

... 9

3. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE ...

10

3.1BACKGROUND ...

10

3.1.1 What is a glossary?

... 10

3.1.2 What is the difference between monolingual and multilingual glossaries?

... 10

3.1.3 Why does a conference interpreter need a glossary?

... 10

3.1.4 Arabic in glossaries/terminology databases (TDB)

... 11

3.1.5 Use of glossaries in the interpreting process

... 11

3.2THE STATE OF THE ART ...

13

3.2.1 The challenge of Abbreviation

... 14

4. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ...

16

4.1RESEARCH DESIGN ...

16

4.2RESEARCH METHOD ...

17

4.2.1 Component 1: Identification

... 18

4.2.2 Component 2: Assessment

... 18

4.2.3 Component 3: implementation

... 22

5. RESULTS ...

26

5.1DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS ...

110

5.2DATA ENTERING EXPLAINED ...

110

5.3DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGIES ...

111

5.3.1 New terms

... 114

5.3.2 Existing terms

... 118

6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...

122

7. REFERENCES...

124

APPENDIX : CORRECTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS BY THE ARABIC REVISER ...

138

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Research Method: Process-oriented approach components ... 17

Figure 2 Research Method: Existing Terms ... 18

Figure 3 Existing Terms: Changes 1 ... 19

Figure 4 Existing Terms : Changes 2 ... 20

Figure 5 New Terms Application of the research method ... 21

Figure 6 Implementation : Commas ... 23

Figure 7 Implementation: Phonemic and non-phonemic glottal stops ... 24

Figure 8 Implementation: Spelling mistakes ... 25

Figure 9 Added columns ... 110

Figure 10 Software used ... 111

Figure 11 Initial strategy for equivalent finding ... 111

Figure 12 Applied strategy for equivalent finding ... 112

Figure 13 Summary of new terms ... 114

Figure 14 New Terms: Unterm portal ... 115

Figure 15 New Terms: Extraction ... 115

Figure 16 New Terms: Documents from International organisation ... 116

Figure 17 New Terms: Other resources ... 116

Figure 18 New Term: Sources ... 117

Figure 19 New Terms from UNTERM portal ... 117

Figure 20 New terms from international organisations ... 118

Figure 21 New terms from other resources ... 118

Figure 22 Existing terms statistics ... 119

Figure 23 Existing term: commas ... 120

Figure 24 Existing Terms: Slash ... 120

Figure 25 Existing Terms: Dash ... 120

Figure 26 Existing terms: Modifications ... 121

ABSTRACT

Ten years ago, former ETI interpreting students prepared a 47-page trilingual glossary of International Conference Terminology. Two senior Arabic interpreters supervised this research. The project included four lists. Although this glossary has been a rich source of conference-related terms and phraseology, it has not been revised or updated and only exists in hard copy. Compared to its regularly updated germane version (EN-FR-IT-SP-DE-RU) (Referred to as Glossary 2 or G2) used in the same course and available in soft and hard copies, G1 is considered outdated.

As this project targets both interpreting students and professional interpreters, the methods used in

it combine theoretical and practical considerations. This project may be of benefit to Arabic- A

language students who spend much time looking for an updated glossary to use during training. It

also aims to provide professional interpreters with an initial glossary, a sort of “working copy”, which

can be modified according to their preferences. The final output of this thesis is first and foremost is

to identify the different steps of the process that was applied. The glossary itself is a by-product,

which will be used in the professional field as well as during interpreter training, as “translators and

interpreters are mostly the first who feel the lack of terminologies when they have to reformulate the

information in another language” (Felber, 1984). However, prior to reaching the end result a thorough

research process was undertaken, which then lead to the creation of the said glossary. These

methods will be further explained in the theoretical part of this study, in order to demonstrate to

interpreting students the behind the scenes process required to create a well-organised, useful,

thorough glossary that a conference interpreter would use. The method used for the research

involved identifying the term, assessing it, and then potentially adding it to the database. This

method might be of a help not only for those interested in ‘conference’ interpreting but also for

students who are looking for a method to create their own thematic glossaries.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview

“Any information activity depends on the availability of reliable terminologies. They are needed when the information is formulated and when it is condensed or retrieved.” (Felber, 1984). Glossaries are therefore timesaving and efficient tools

or interpreters. They provide field-related terminology and list it in a specific order (alphabetic, semantic, etc.). The use of buzzwords and specific-context- related terms requires an effort on the part of the interpreter to come up with exact equivalents in the target language. For example, some terms like “mainstream” or “paradigm” are problematic in Arabic because they reflect new concepts. The interpreter therefore needs to be provided with an argumentative approach as to why, how and when to use a specific term instead of another. In other words, the interpreter has to choose an equivalent via specific reasoning in line with linguistic standards such as derivation, or by relying on previous translations. Furthermore, “as new languages accede to international status, new conference terminologies in those languages have to be developed” (Abdallah, 1982).

Interpreters with Arabic as an “A” language

face a huge challenge because a number of glossaries online and in hard copies tend to be outdated as little is done in the research field to update them.

In terms of online resources, a simple search on Google for bilingual conference terminology glossaries proves this lack of relevant updated resources. Searching for “Arabic Conference Terminology”, only yielded 387,000 search results (305,000 results when conducting the search in Arabic), and the only search result relevant to this theme is the Dictionary of International relations and Conference Terminology, which dates back to 1982 and has not been updated since. However, after conducting exactly the search replacing the word “Arabic” with other languages, the number of search results reached 42,900,000 for English, 18,900,000 for French, 5,360,000 for Spanish, 7,540,000 for Chinese and 678,000 for Russian. Of course these numbers do not reflect the number of glossaries or dictionaries related to conference terminology, but it does in some way illustrate the difference in the space given over to this subject online. In addition, while working on this research, it was noted that research projects from interpreting schools across the Arab world are almost non- existent online, whether in electronic format, or as publications listed in libraries’ catalogues. There is a dire need for an Arabic glossary renaissance.

There is, however, a number of works that focus on conference terminology in Arabic. They may indeed be useful for interpreters, but only outside the booth since most of them are approximately 500-page dictionaries that are of no practical use for interpreters’ daily work in the booth.

Furthermore, the objective of these works differs from our aim for this thesis. In the foreword of the

† An “A” language is the Interpreter’s mother tongue, a language to which s/he interprets. A “B” language is a very fluent and active language, but not a mother tongue. An interpreter interpreters from and to a “B” language.

A “C” language is a passive language that the interpreter understands perfectly. S/he interpreters from and not to this language.

Dictionary of International Relations and Conference Terminology, the author states that “…the Dictionary is meant to assist users, particularly delegates, in gaining better command of conference practice and procedure.” (Abdallah, 1982). Therein lies the difference between the work conducted in the context of this thesis and the previous works of bilingual terminology including Arabic. In other words, the change in target audience has an impact on the volume of the content, as well as the categorisation of the terminological items. Bilingual dictionaries only classify the items in alphabetical order, whereas this project is sorted into thematic categories.

1.2 Research Question/Hypothesis

This project’s main research question is as follows: Is the existing glossary complete, correct and fit for purpose?

In this project, to answer the above stated question, we will check the different approaches to look for the right equivalents. As a first step we assume that best equivalent in a conference interpreting context means the term that is most used and best understood by the majority of Arab-speaking countries. That is to say, that we will filter out terms according to whether it is the best method to be used in obtaining a finalised coherent glossary.

The hypothesis around which this project is based is that Glossary 1 is outdated. In other words, the

author of this project assumes that many conference terms are not used in the same way they were

years ago. In addition, following the rapid pace of change in the world, with the constantly shifting

international environment, new terms keep on emerging. Some of these might be technology-related,

others conference organisation-related, and so on. It is thus assumed that Glossary 1 needs to be

upholstered at a time in which the political, economic and social scene in the Arab world is changing,

and terminology must, therefore, keep up with these changes

2. OBJECTIVES AND AIMS

2.1 Overall Objective

The overall objective of this study is to check whether the glossary is complete, correct and fit for purpose.

2.2 Specific Aims

The specific aims of this project are to identify the different approaches that should be used in looking for the right equivalents as to produce a complete, correct and fit for purpose glossary.

The main purpose of this thesis is not only to update the terms in the glossary with their Arabic equivalents but also to update the format of the glossary. G2 is a useful updated glossary for today’s conference interpreters and this work aims to provide Arabic Interpreters with the same useful tool.

2.2.1 Completeness

In order to achieve this aim, the author will identify all the terms in the Trilingual International Conference Terminology Glossary (Arabic – French – English) that is used in the “Organisations internationales, procédures parlementaires et terminologie de conference (OIPPTC)” course on the Master’s of Arts in Conference Interpreting at the Facutly of Translation and Interpreting (FTI), University of Geneva. This glossary is called G1.

2.2.2 Correctness

The author will then compare G1 to G2, which is an updated version of G1 that does not include Arabic terms but includes English, French and other languages. The author will then assess the English terms in G2 and check whether they exist in G1 or they are new and will decide what needs to be done for each term. The author will use reliable sources and references to ensure correctness of the outputs.

2.2.3 Fit for purpose

This glossary is intended for interpreters specifically. This glossary is not intended for terminologists

whose linguistic requirements are different.. The author will check whether this glossary is fit for

purpose for this specific group and whether the format is convenient.

3. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE

3.1 Background

3.1.1 What is a glossary?

Glossaries can be monolingual, bilingual, trilingual or multilingual. They can give definitions or equivalents, depending on the needs of the interpreter. “In their glossaries, interpreters tend to list terminological indications appropriate for one particular occasion”. (Gile, 1995). Glossaries might vary from a context to another and from one user to another. According to AIIC ((AIIC), 2000), a glossary should include unfamiliar technical terms and acronyms. It also includes commonly occurring terms that help the interpreter with his preparations. According to the same source, a glossary is based on documents and on the interpreter’s research. Gile (Gile, 2002) gives an interesting classification of the sources on which a glossary may be based, citing “conference documents”, “relevant background documents” “complementary documents” and “human sources”.

As stated in AIIC’s Practical Guide, a glossary follows a logical system for sorting terms. A glossary can be continuously updated, given “the dynamic nature of this interpreter’s tools” (Moser-Mercer, 1986). This helps fill gaps in preparation. Furthermore, “additional entries are added and corrections are made during the conference itself”. (Gile, 1995)

Glossaries have some of the following characteristics:

 Preparation of glossaries depends on the conference (subjects tackled, technical nature, length

of the conference.);

 A glossary changes from the beginning of a conference to its end and is revised and updated

during and after the end of the conference;

 Various sources are used in building up a glossary;

 The glossary is generally bilingual or multilingual;

 .

3.1.2 What is the difference between monolingual and multilingual glossaries?

Despite the similarity between these two terminology tools, there is indeed a difference between them. Whereas a monolingual glossary is a list of specialised vocabulary with definitions that does not provide other information about the words (Dictionary.com, s.d.), a multilingual glossary is “a list of terms in one language, which are defined in a second language (or several languages)” (Holler &

Hudson, 2011).

3.1.3 Why does a conference interpreter need a glossary?

Glossary preparation is a learning process for the interpreter. A glossary can be prepared in hard or

soft copies. With the development of a high degree of specialisation and given their speed,

terminology databases have become a very useful tool for the interpreter who cannot cope with such

technical vocabulary (Moser-Mercer, 1993). These tools allow interpreters to focus on their core task:

interpreting (Moser-Mercer, 1986). This is why software developers must design a tool to serve the conference interpreter’s specific needs (Moser-Mercer, 1992). One of these tools is File Maker-Pro, which was used in this project. This topic will be further developed in the Research Methods section, component 3: Implementation.

3.1.4 Arabic in glossaries/terminology databases (TDB)

Arabic became the sixth official and working language of the General Assembly (GA) in 1973. It also became one of the official and working language of the GA’s main committees in the same year. In 1981, Arabic became an official and working language of the subsidiary organs of the GA and the Security Council (SC). The UN language website recognises that English may seem dominant in several spheres of international negotiations. However, it underlines the need for all the other five languages in linguistic mediation. The United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database “UNTERM”

is an online database built over the years to respond to the escalating requests from UN language staff for terminology and nomenclature (UN). This database includes the UN’s six official languages.

Although this source is not exhaustive, it represents a rich source of terms, including conference terminology. Since G1 and G2 are conference terminology-related glossaries, UNTERM shall be the first port of call to check and/or update G1 terms.

3.1.5 Use of glossaries in the interpreting process

Since this research project is mainly focusing on glossaries in the context of Conference Interpreting, it is important to understand the interpreting process and the stages at which glossaries are needed.

“Interpretation is the oral transposition of an orally delivered message at a conference or a meeting from a source language into a target language, performed in the presence of the participants. This function can be performed simultaneously (at the same time as the speech is given) or consecutively (after the speaker has finished a part or the totality of the speech)” (Weber, 1984). However, this definition makes no allusion to the fact that words in a language do not necessarily have direct equivalents in the other, and if they do, they could be used differently depending on the culture. How does this affect interpreting?

According to AIIC’s definition, “an interpreter works with spoken words in a particular context, conveying a message from one language to another” (AIIC, 2013). The work of interpreter is therefore based on conveying meanings and semantic contexts rather than words (Diriker, 2004).

However, in order to convey the message, thought should be given to the choice of words before

starting the interpreting process. This is where the need of a previously prepared glossary occurs.

As mentioned above, a glossary is a list of unfamiliar technical terms and acronyms, translated into another language. The list could be prepared by the interpreter him/herself or could be developed by others. However, the difference between both choices is significant. In other words, glossaries are not only created to be used inside the booth. Preparing glossaries affects the interpreter’s work before, during and after the conference. In order to prove this, we need to look into these three stages of the interpreting process.

According to Luccarelli (Luccarelli, 2013), “knowledge, contextualization, rapid analysis, cohesion, subtlety of expression, correct terminology, etc.” are all part of the first stage, which is the preparatory phase. This means that an interpreter should anticipate ahead of the conference what terminology might be problematic to him/her once inside the booth and place it in a glossary. Furthermore, he/she should anticipate the overall context in order to find the appropriate terminology. In doing so, the Interpreter has already made an important step forward in his/her preparation. That is to say that even if he/she does not use the glossaries in the second stage, i.e in the booth, for different reasons, he/she would already have gathered enough background knowledge about the problematic terminology during preparation. That being the case, glossaries are not only useful while interpreting but may even be useful beforehand.

Once the glossaries are prepared, “the Interpreter has to deal with the actual papers” (Bowen, 1990) in the booth. This is what could be called the second stage of the Interpreting process. In this phase, the interpreter has either one or many glossaries and has to combine listening with speaking and reading as part of simultaneous interpretation (SI). Since the interpreter is, by default, a multi-tasker, this combination is not deemed to be that difficult a task. However, in order to improve the interpreter’s performance and lighten the burden of concentration, it may be better to prepare the glossaries well beforehand to save both time and energy inside the booth. This is further illustrated by Fleming’s: “But we need them (glossaries) to be more than a list of hard-to-navigate terms; we want them to work for us and not make us work for them.” (Fleming, 2010).To make this possible, Sand suggests resorting to glossary management systems, such as Interplex, that “ensure that it can be used in the booth easily and quickly while you (the interpreter) are working” (Sand, 2011)

As to how and when are the glossaries used at this stage - if ever- the choice depends on individual interpreters’ preferences, since glossaries are only a secondary tool in the interpreting process, used merely to back up the interpreter’s delivery.

Last but not least, the final third stage of interpreting comes after the delivery. This phase could be

used as an opportunity for self-evaluation to draw upon the overall performance and the difficulties

encountered. One of the difficulties could be the mismanagement of the glossaries in a way that

distracts the interpreter. Before delivery, an interpreter cannot accurately judge how useful and

efficient his/her glossary is. Therefore, it might be an intelligent choice to assess one’s own glossary

in the light of a real interpreting context right after delivery, in order to make the necessary changes and avoid making the same mistakes on later occasions

To conclude, delivering ideas through interpreting is indeed the main goal of the whole process.

However, given the restrictions of time, accuracy, and concentration, the interpreter may focus more on words before and after the interpreting process to spare his concentration and dedicate it to ideas during the process

3.2 The state of the art

Many attempts were made to create a comprehensive glossary of Conference Terminology. One such glossary is the one published in 1957 under the supervision of Jean Herbert, and later updated to include Arabic by the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo in 1962. UNTERM was also created as an online platform for UN-related terms in the 6 official UN languages, including Arabic.

However, since Arabic was added as an official language and working language of the United Nations General Assembly in 1973, little effort has been made to trace the development of conference terminology in Arabic. And although the UNTERM is quite a useful and powerful modern tool, it includes a very wide range of terms and does not focus solely on conference terminology.

Glossaries have evolved since the sixties and new methods are now used. This development, in terms of format and content, goes hand in hand with the evolution of Conferences themselves.

Today, it is possible to organise the interpreter’s glossary according to the standard organisation of conferences and follow the common order of conference sections. In G2, for instance, the glossary was divided into sections, each of which relates to a standard section in almost every modern conference (maiden speeches, voting, debates, etc.). In the glossary’s 2013 updated version, to which the Arabic column will be added, changes were made to the glossary’s presentation format. It is therefore necessary to apply those same changes on the Arabic section, regarding the specificities of the Arabic Language. The updated version is not the only reference for this project, as we will also base our research on theoretical books, references on glossary formatting styles, and the general guidelines for making glossaries.

In addition, this project will be available in both soft and hard copies. It is therefore necessary to take into consideration the differences in the way each format is used. To that end, we referred to the

“Recherche dirigée” by Moorhead entitled “Use of electronic glossaries software applications in

Conference interpreting: the case of Interplex Software” (Moorhead, 2005) in

n attempt to help

today’s Arabic interpreters and students of interpreting familiarise themselves with electronic

glossary formats. We deemed it necessary to set out guidelines for using technology when preparing

glossaries for the Arabic booth. This obligation stems from the fast-paced technological

advancement of today’s world, and the Arabic Interpreter needs to be up-to-date in this respect (use

of iPads, laptops, etc.). A statistical research project conducted (Moser-Mercer, 1992) that 40% of the professional interpreters surveyed considered personal terminology databases as the most important resource for terminology research. This further confirms the need of today’s interpreters for electronic resources, as the study shows that interpreters are not merely in need of a glossary, but of a tailor-made glossary. Since having personal computers or similar devices has become the norm today, the interpreter can save much more time by having his personal glossaries on his personal electronic device. Against this backdrop, this thesis aims to provide Arabic interpreters with the necessary tools to use this same glossary both in soft and hard format in order to enable them to further benefit from it in different interpreting contexts. These tools will be explained using a specific example, which is the core of this research project. In other words, it will provide the reader with a detailed description of the glossary updating process, via which s/he will gain knowledge of the difficulties faced in such a process, as well as appropriate solutions. The end result will provide them with both a soft copy of the glossary with indications on how to use it once in the booth, and with the process that preceded the drafting of this copy.

It is also important to note that G1 does reference the source of the terms included. As such, this project will make some changes to several Arabic terms whenever alternative terms are found in reliable and official sources. The main sources used for this purpose will be the UN Rules of Procedures, as well as other official documents of the UN System. It is important to note that these references will be used solely for terminology, and not for phraseology. Should there be any discrepancies between UN Databases, such as UNTERM, FAOTERM, etc., we will explain our choice of term in a separate section of the project. We also explored existing glossaries on the Vocabulary of Conferences such as the Glossary of UNESCO and Conference Terminology and the above mentioned Herbert’s Glossary. These versions have not been updated since. As such, if a conference interpreter wishes to use these glossaries s/he will spend a great deal of time looking up changes that might have since taken place. Therefore, our work consists of taking into consideration the evolution of the Arabic terminology used in conferences since this time, and saving the interpreter’s time by undertaking thorough research on his/her behalf, and providing him/her with the latest updated version of G1.

3.2.1 The challenge of Abbreviation

Abbreviations are a very important element of any glossary. The challenge lies in the fact that Arabic

glossaries or dictionaries only use abbreviations to refer to grammar or spelling notions, such as

plural – pl. or singular sg. On page 2 of G2, we find abbreviations and acronyms of main institutions

and documents in several languages. Arabic equivalents of these abbreviations are added as well,

to guarantee to harmonisation and full adaptation of the glossary. In this work, we follow the UN

system of abbreviations in Arabic. Thus, since Arabic names of institutions might sometimes be

composed of a long list of words, English abbreviations will be phonetically transcribed into Arabic.

For instance, UNESCO is referred to in the UN System as وكسنوي . However, some of the abbreviations of institutions mentioned are not commonly used in Arabic. In that case, we chose to coin new abbreviations to facilitate the work of interpreters and come up with phonetically transcribed abbreviations such as BERD: دريب . . Moreover, in G2, page 2, there is a list of abbreviations of terms with different usages in different countries. This is also applied to the Arabic terms. Among the sources used as references, there are official parliamentary documents in different Arab countries.

Therefore, some terms might have different equivalents depending on the country. In this project, we chose to select the common equivalents used at the UN. Where such equivalents could not be found in the UN system databases, we selected one local equivalent that we believed to be the closest match. In that case, we use the abbreviation to indicate the origin of the local term.

The above-mentioned literature and references will constitute our starting point for addressing the

existing glossary’s gaps, which will be further detailed in the following section.

4. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

4.1 Research Design

As regards the research design, according to Auger and Rousseau (Auger & Rousseau, 1978), in order to create a bilingual/multilingual manual, a number of steps should be followed. The first step is to compile the resources that will serve as a basis for the research. In the case of the new terms in the glossary below, the selection was composed of written and oral databases relating to international organisations, in particular the UN.

The second step, according to Auger and Rousseau, requires the terminologist to create two (or more) distinct nomenclatures, one for each language. In other words, the terminologist is supposed to use the selection of resources from the first step to analyse it and extract the precise nomenclature. However, the author modified the approach and followed Felber’s approach. In fact Felber divides the approach to language into three main levels: Level C1 that concerns the people who are only concerned with the handling of terminological documents, Level C2 for the people who use terminologies, such as translators or interpreters, and Level C3 for the people who “investigate and construct systems of concepts and terms. These are the only true terminologists.” (Felber, 1984) And since Auguer and Rousseau’s approach requires building a nonmenclaturue,, it was believed that this project should build on what terminologists have already provided based on their expertise.

And such work has already been conducted in international organisations’ terminology departments, such as the UN Terminology and Reference Section

.

The final step, according to the above-mentioned book, is to classify the terms. There are two options for classifying the selected terms. They can be sorted in alphabetical order, or by theme. In dictionaries, the most common choice is alphabetical order. However, for this project, we retained thematic classifications of terms in order to facilitate the use of the glossary by interpreters, and so that they can easily spot the section in which the group of terms they are looking for is located.

Another important aspect highlighted in this book, is the necessity of consulting the target users of the terminology project. Indeed, this glossary was prepared in consultation with several interpreters among which a free-lance interpreter working in Cairo, Egypt. The ne new suggested terms were submitted to the Head of the Arabic booth at UNOV to further seek a third opinion from end users of this work.

‡ All data mentioned in this part are based on a summary document prepared by a staff member of FTI

§ http://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/trs.shtml

Last but not least, at the end of this terminological process, the last phase is terminology standardisation. This requires linguistic experts to review the list of terms, and make sure that all the steps were followed in selecting the final items included in the glossary.

4.2 Research Method

Component 1: identification

This component involves a review of the full glossary to identify the total number of terms. It will then identify the existing terms that only require verification. It will then filter newly added terms that will need an equivalent. These new terms have been added to the new version of the glossary (G2) by a staff member of the FTI.

Component 2: Assessment

This section explains how the equivalents’ assessment will take place. The study follows a three- step approach: can the term be found in UNTERM? If not, is it available in dictionaries and in other relevant documents? If not, a suggestion is presented following deductive analogy technique or similar. Deductive analogy is analogical reasoning applied to deduce an equivalent of a term B in the target language from an acceptable equivalent of a term A.

Component 3: Implementation

After identifying and assessing the equivalent, the term is added to G1 using the File Maker-Pro database application. In order to obtain a consistent glossary, special attention will be paid to ensuring that typing is correct and formatting is consistent.

This section will depict every component of the research method.

Figure 1 Research Method: Process-oriented approach components

Id en tific a tion Existing terms

New terms

Assessmen t _UNTERM

Dictionaries Suggestions

Imp le men tation

Databse

Typography

4.2.1 Component 1: Identification

The entries of G1 and G2 fall into two categories: existing terms and new terms. Existing terms are English/French (EN/FR) entries that already exist in the Arabic Glossary (G1). New terms are EN/FR entries that only exist in Glossary 2 (G2), in 2013 and 2014 editions.

The 2002-2003 G1 contains 1160 terms. The 2013 G2 contains 1426 terms. The 2014 G2 shall contain 1445 terms. Existing terms amount for around 80% of the total 2013 or 2014 G2 terms, and new terms only amounts for nearly 20% of the total G2 terms.

Figure 2 Research Method: Existing Terms

4.2.2 Component 2: Assessment 4.2.2.1 Existing terms

119 EN/FR terms out of 1160 were modified. This accounts for 8% of the total terms. In some cases, the English does not change, the French changes and the Arabic changes only from plural to singular. The following example illustrates this case:

1160 terms in 2002/2003 G1

1426 terms in 2013 G2

1445 terms in 2014 G3

Figure 3 Existing Terms: Changes 1

Observation:

English is the same in G1 and G2. FR has witnessed three modifications. First: in G1, the FR term was in plural, in G2, it is in singular. Second: an additional translation appears in the G2 FR box.

Third, the G1 modified translation comes second in order, after the G2 translation. As for the AR, there are two modifications. In G1, the Arabic term is in plural. In G2, the plural translation figures alongside with a singular translation.

Assessment:

For a systematic approach, the Arabic translation shall mostly follow only the English input. In this case, since English is singular, the Arabic input shall also be in singular.

In some cases the English entry does not change, the French changes and the Arabic introduces new translations. The following example illustrates this case: Example 1 (G1 - page 12):

EN: no change

▼

FR: 3 changes

▼

AR: 2 changes

▼

G1 English French Arabic TSN

Ad hoc steering group

Groupes ad-hoc

d’orientation

ةيهيجوتلا ةقرفلأا ةصصخملا

351

G2 English French Arabic TSN

Ad hoc steering group

Groupe directeur ;

Groupe ad-hoc

d’orientation

يهيجوتلا قيرفلا صصخملا ةيهيجوتلا ةقرفلأا ةصصخملا

UNTERM 351

▲

Plural becomes Singular Additional translation

Change in order

▲

Same translation in

singular

Change in order

Figure 4 Existing Terms : Changes 2

Observations:

The English input is the same in G1 and G2. In French, G1 is very different from G2. G2 results correspond to UNTERM search results of “Protocol Officer”. G1 term figure in UNTERM. In Arabic, G1 includes two translations. In G2, these two translations are present along with a new translation.

However, only the new translation in G2 is based on UNTERM. The two other translations do not correspond 100% to UNTERM result.

EN: no change

▼

FR: total change

▼

AR: 1 change

▼

G1 English French Arabic TSN

p.12 Protocol Officer Chef du protocole

،لوكوتوربلا نع لوؤسملا تافيرشتلا نع لوؤسملا

255

G2 English French Arabic TSN

Protocol Officer Fonctionnaire du protocole [ONU], agent du service de protocole

،لوكوتوربلا نع لوؤسملا تافيرشتلا نع لوؤسملا ،مسارم فظوم

UNTERM 255

▲

Two new translations including one from

UNTERM Existing input removed.

▲

Additional translation from

UNTERM

Assessment:

In case several translations are present, the UNTERM translation shall figure first in the list. The following translations will be verified according to the strategy explained in following “New term”

section.

4.2.2.2 New terms

There are new terms in 2013 G2 and in 2014 G3. The 2013 G2 new terms account for 286 terms while 2014 G3 includes 19 new terms. New terms need equivalents in Arabic. The following examples illustrate the application of the research method:

Figure 5 New Terms Application of the research method

Observations:

In example 1 (Ex 1), there is a suggestion for AR translation in the new term list in G2. The source of this translation is UNTERM. In the second example, G2 provides no AR translation suggestion.

However, UNTERM provides an equivalent. In example 3, there is no translation suggested by UNTERM.

Assessment:

In case of a new term that does not have an equivalent in UNTERM such as in example 3, the following method is followed to find an equivalent:

Translation suggested in the new term list in G2 Exists in UNTERM

▼

1 English French Arabic TSN

Ex 1 Chairman’s text Texte du Président

سيئرل ا صن

Translation available in UNTERM

▼

G2 English French Arabic TSN

Ex 2 Chief of protocol Chef du protocole

مسارم سيئر

No translation available for this term in UNTERM

▼

G2 English French Arabic TSN

Ex 3 Friendly amendment

Amendement favorable 1115

Check meaning:

oberts Rules of order (Roberts, 2011) is checked to seize the exact meaning of the term in English.

Find Equivalent: To find an equivalent, the following steps are implemented:

1- UNTERM: Does the term figure in UNTERM online database?

2- Unesco glossary: If not, is the equivalent present in the UNESCO Glossary of Conference Terms (UNESCO, 1974)?

3- Modeling: If not, the author of this project attempts to find an equivalent. This attempt shall be based on deductive analogy or other similar techniques. In example 3, friendly

amendment might be compared to environment friendly. The Arabic equivalent then might be عيمجلل قيدص ليدعت . Such a suggestion shall be introduced between brackets [ ليدع ت عيمجلل قيدص .].

4- Approval: This suggestion shall wait for approval by the Arabic Speaker editor of this study who can modify it or suggest another equivalent.

4.2.3 Component 3: Implementation 4.2.3.1 Databases

Once equivalents are identified and assessed, they are introduced in a database. There are several cross platform database applications that can be used for this purpose, among which File Maker Pro and Interplex HD. Both are interpreter-friendly useful tools that allow adding, deleting, editing and managing terms. Several AIIC members trust Interplex HD (Sand, 2004). Nevertheless, this study opted for File Maker Pro as this software was used to develop G2. It is therefore preferable for practical reasons to continue with the same software.

4.2.3.2 Typography

A glossary needs to follow a systematic typographical approach. G1 included some discrepancies

in this respect. The following are example of such inconsistencies followed by a suggested approach

to overcome these differences.

4.2.3.3 Commas

Figure 6 Implementation : Commas

Observations:

Whether the reader of this thesis is an Arabic speaker or not, s/he can easily notice a difference in usage of commas in the AR column. In example 1, there is no space between the word and the comma. In example 2, on the contrary, there is a space between the word and the comma.

Action:

For harmonisation purposes, Al Wajeez typography online manual “ (University of Assiut) shall be the reference in this respect.

Comma: No space between comma and

previous word

▼

G1 English French Arabic TSN

Pg. 2 Assistant

Director-General [ADG]

Sous-Directeur général

[SDG]

ماع ريدم ،ماع ريدم دعاسم

دعاسم

219

G2 English French Arabic TSN

Pg. 1 Any other business (AOB);

miscellaneous;

other matters

Le point « divers » ; les divers ; « divers et imprévu » [IOMPI]

ىرخأ لئاسم نم دجتسي ام ،

لامعأ

759

▲

Comma: There is a space between comma and

previous word

4.2.3.4 Phonemic and non-phonemic glottal stops

Figure 7 Implementation: Phonemic and non-phonemic glottal stops

Observations:

In the three previous examples, the same grammar mistake occurs relating to non-phonemic glottal stop. This common mistake occurs in Arabic newspaper and books in the Arab World.

Action:

Lissan al-Arab online (Lissan al-Arab online dictionary) (or hard copy) dictionary shall be the reference in this respect.

Mistyping

▼

G1 English French Arabic TSN

P. 3 Briefing meeting Séances préalable

d’instructions

يهيجوت عامتجإ

Mistyping

▼

G2 English French Arabic TSN

Pg 13 Resumption of the Session

Reprise de la session

ةرودلا فانئتسإ

Mistyping

▼

G1 English French Arabic TSN

Pg 42 By-election Election

complémentaire/élection partielle

تاباختنإ

ةيعرف

4.2.3.5 Spelling mistakes

Figure 8 Implementation: Spelling mistakes

Observation:

In both examples, the underlined AR words are misspelled. In example 1, a letter is written instead of another. In example 2, a letter is missing.

Action:

The Al Wajeez typography online manual shall be the reference in this respect. Furthermore, the computer automatic correction option is a helping tool. Besides, the final glossary will require a detailed reading by an AR editor to make sure there are no typing mistakes.

Spelling mistake:

the letter “ ا ” is written in stead of “ ل ”

▼

G1 English French Arabic TSN

Pg. 3 Appear on the agenda (to)

Figurer à l’ordre du jour

لامعلأا اودج يف دري

G1 English French Arabic TSN

Pg 3 Take the

sense/the

consensus of opinion of the meeting (to)

Demander l’avis de

l’assemblée

نيك راشملا يأر بط

▲

Spelling mistake:

the letter “ ل ” is missing

5. RESULTS

Field Field 2 Field 3 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6

n° English French Arabic Reference Comments

1 aegis (a conference under the aegis of the UN); under the umbrella of...

sous l’égide de (une conférence

placée sous l’égide de

l’ONU)

مملأا ةياعر تحت رمتؤم( ةياعر تحت )ةدحتملا

L1, p16

2 Assembly Assemblée

عمج

ةي L1, p2

3 auspices (under the a. of)

sous les auspices de: sous l’égide de- ةياعرب

UNTERM portal

4 Board Conseil (d’administration) سلجم UNTERM portal

5 Board of Directors Conseil d’administration ةرادلإا سلجم

UNTERM portal 6 Board of Governors

[EBRD, IMF, World Bank]

Conseil des gouverneurs

نيظفاحملا سلجم

UNTERM portal

7 Board of Trustees Conseil de gestion; Conseil de fondation [CH]; Conseil des Trustees

ءانملأا سلجم UNTERM portal

8 colloquium colloque ةودن UNTERM portal

9 conference conférence رمتؤم UNTERM portal

10 congress congrès رمتؤم UNTERM portal

11 constituent assembly

assemblée constituante

ةيسيسأت ةيعمج UNTERM portal

12 Convention [US] Congrès رمتؤم UNTERM portal Under: Convention of confidence

13 debriefing rapport de fin d’inspection;

rapport (oral) de fin de mission;

compte rendu oral de mission;

entrevue après la mission; témoignage تامولعملا صلاختسا UNTERM portal 14 Diplomatic

Conference

Conférence diplomatique (de plénipotentiaires)

يسامولبدلا رمتؤملا

UNTERM portal 15 Executive Board Conseil exécutif [UNESCO, OMS];

Conseil d’administration [PAM, UNICEF, FMI, PNUD];

Comité exécutif; Directoire [BCE]

يذيفنت سلجم

L1, p6

16 Executive Committee (EXCOM)

Comité exécutif ةيذيفنت ةنجل L1 p6

17 Executive Council (EC)

Conseil exécutif;

Conseil d’administration [FMI] يذيفنت سلجم L1, p6

18 Fair salon; foire; exposition )يراجت( ضرعم L1, p7

19 focus group groupe spécialisé [UIT];

g. de discussion, de consultation;

réunion de consommateurs; g. cible

صصختم قيرف L1, p7

20 General Assembly [UN]; General meeting

Assemblée générale )ةدحتملا مملأا( ةماع/ ةيمومع ةيعمج L1, p7

21 General Conference [UNESCO, UNIDO]

Conférence générale ماع رمتؤم L1, p7

22 get-together réunion informelle; réception de contact يمسر ريغ عامتجا/ءاقل L1, p8

23 governing bodies organes de décision ةيرادإ سلاجم ،ةيسائر تائيه L1, p8

24 governing body organe directeur ةيسائر ةئيه ،ةرادإ سلجم L1, p8

25 Governing Body [ILO]

Conseil d’administration

ةرادإ سلجم L1, p8

26 Governing Council Conseil des gouverneurs [BCE];

Conseil d’administration [PNUD, PNUE] ةرادلإا سلجم ،نيظفاحلا سلجم L1, p8 27 hearing (court h.) audience; procédure orale ىوعدلا يف رظن ،ةمكاحم UNTERM portal 28 hearing

(parliamentary h.)

audition [non judiciaire]

ىوعد عامس ،ةسلج UNTERM portal 29 High-Level Meeting

of the General Assembly

Réunion de haut niveau

de l’Assemblée générale ىوتسملا عيفرلا ةماعلا ةيعمجلا عامتجا UNTERM portal

30 high-level segment débat de haut niveau ىوتسملا عيفرلا ءزجلا UNTERM portal

31 informal consultations

consultations [ONU];

c. officieuses

[à éviter, car à l’ONU il s’agit de séances officielles]

ةيمسر ريغ تارواشم

UNTERM portal

32 informal informal consultations;

informal informals [UN]

consultations informelles ةيبناج ةيمسر ريغ تارواشم UNTERM portal

33 Ministerial Conference

Conférence ministérielle

يرازو رمتؤم

L1, p10

34 Panel [WTO, WIPO] Groupe spécial [OMC] صاخ قيرف L1, p11 35 paperless meeting;

PaperSmart m. [UN]

réunion sans support papier;

réunion économe en papier

لا تاعامتجلاا

قرولل ةرفوم UNTERM portal

36 Permanent Council Conseil permanent مئاد سلجم L1, p12

37 Plenipotentiary Conference [“the Plenipot” — ITU]

Conférence de plénipotentiaires نيضوفملا رمتؤم UNTERM portal

38 policy-making body organe habilité à fixer des directives تاسايسلا ريرقت ةئيه L1, p12 39 Preparatory

Committee (PrepCom)

Comité préparatoire ةيريضحت ةنجل L1, p12

40 press briefing;

briefing for the press

point presse ةفاحصلل تامولعم ،يفحص رمتؤم L1, p12

41 press conference conférence de presse يفاحص رمتؤم L1, p.12

42 principal deliberative bodies

principaux organes délibérants [ةيسيئرلا] ةشقانملا ةئيه UNTERM portal

43 private meeting séance privée ةقلغم وأ ةصاخ ةسلج L1, p12

44 public meeting séance publique ةماع ةسلج L1, p13

45 regional conference conférence régionale يميلقإ رمتؤم L1, p13

46 regular session session ordinaire ةيداع ةرود L1, p13

47 retreat retraite; séminaire-retraite فكتعم UNTERM portal

48 Review conference Conférence d’examen (d’un traité) سرادت رمتؤم ،)ةيقافتا يف( رظنلل رمتؤم L1, p13

49 round of talks série de pourparlers تاثداحم ةلوج UNTERM portal

50 round table table ronde ةريدتسم ةدئام L1, p13

51 scoping meeting réunion «de balayage» يريضحت عامتجا dtSearch

52 seminar séminaire; colloque ةيسارد ةقلح L1, p14

53 Session of

Contracting Parties

Session des Parties contractantes ةدقاعتملا فارطلأا ةرود L1, p14 54 site inspection;

walk-through

visite des lieux عقوملا شيتفت L1, p14

55 specialized and related agencies of the United Nations system

institutions spécialisées et apparentées du système des Nations Unies

ةموظنمب ةقلاع تاذو ةصصختم تلااكو

ةدحتملا مملأا L1, p14

56 standing body organe permanent ةمئاد ةئيه L1, p15

57 summit sommet ةمق L1, p15

58 symposium symposium ىدتنم ،ةودن ،ةشقانم ةقلح L1, p15

59 teleconference téléconférence ةيعانصلا رامقلأا ربع ةشقانم وأ ةلوادم L1, p15

60 Town Hall meeting assemblée publique; réunion publique;

réunion générale; réunion-débat;

rencontre entre l’Administration et les fonctionnaires [ONU]

حوتفم ءاقل UNTERM portal

61 trustee committee comité de tutelle ةياصولا ةنجل L1, p.16

62 umbrella organization; co- ordinating body

organisation qui chapeaute; org. centrale;

org. coordinatrice; org. faîtière [CH];

organisme de coordination ةعماج ةمظنم UNTERM portal

63 videoconference visioconférence;

vidéoconférence

ةلوادم

ةيعانصلا رامقلأا ربع ةشقانم/ L1, p16

64 workshop séminaire; atelier ةشرو وأ ةقلح L1, p16

65 call for papers appel aux orateurs

تاقرو ميدقتل ةوعدلا E/C.2/2016/2/Add.13 (ECOSOC, 2015) 66 call off a meeting

(to)

annuler une réunion

عامتجلاا ءاغلإ A/59/69 (UNGA, 2004) 67 convene, summon,

call a meeting (to)

convoquer عامتجا ىلإ ةوعد UNTERM portal

Under : Convening

68 convener; convenor responsable des convocations عامتجا ىلإ يعاد UNTERM portal

69 convening a conference, convocation of a conference

convocation d’une conférence رمتؤم دقع

UNTERM portal

70 duration and venue durée et lieu )رمتؤملا داقعنا( ناكمو ةدم L1, p6

71 host Hôte فيضم L1, p8

72 host country pays hôte ; pays d’accueil ;

le pays dont nous sommes les hôtes ; la «puissance invitante»

فيضم دلب L1, p8

73 host State État hôte ةفيضم ةلود L1, p8

74 opening date date d’ouverture حاتتفلاا خيرات L1, p11

75 organization meeting

réunion d’organisation

ميظنت ةسلج L1, p11

76 Organizing Committee

Comité (Commission) d’organisation ةمظنم ةنجل

L1, p11

77 patronage; aegis;

sponsorship

patronage; égide ةياعر L1, p11

78 professional conference organizer

organisateur professionnel de congrès

تارمتؤملا دادعإ يف صصختم L1, p12

79 sponsored by patronné par ةياعرب وأ ةياعر تحت وأ فارشإ تحت L1, p14

80 sponsoring bodies organes de parrainage ةفرشم وأ ةياعر تائيه L1, p14

81 sponsorship [cf.

patronage (77)]

parrainage فارشإ وأ ةياعر L1, p15

82 venue of sittings and meetings

lieu de réunion عامتجلاا ناكم

L1, p16 83 Parliament shall

meet, without requiring to be convened... [R. EP, 134.1]

Le Parlement se réunit de plein droit...

يئاقلت لكشب ناملربلا عمتجي

A/66/10/Add.1 (UNGA, 2011) Under : de plein droit

84 accreditation accréditation دامتعا L1, p1

85 admission card carte لوبق ةقاطب L1, p1

86 advance registration; pre- registration

inscription à l’avance;

pré-inscription

قبسم ليجست L1, p1

87 attendance fee;

attendance money

jeton de présence روضحلا موسر E/2000/88 (Part II) (ECOSOC,

2000) 88 badge; name tag;

name badge

porte-nom; badge ةراش

L1, p2

89 car sticker macaron pour les voitures تارايسلا فوقو تاراش A/65/511 (UNGA, 2010)

90 coded badge badge codé ةرفشم ةراش Suggested by the author

Approved by the Arabic reviser 91 credentials

(examination of c.)

pouvoirs

(vérification des p.)

دامتعلاا قاروأ وأ قئاثو

L1, p5 92 daily (subsistence)

allowance (DSA);

per diem

le per diem;

indemnité journalière (de subsistance)

يموي لدب L1, p12

93 (ring) file classeur (à anneaux) تاقلحلاب فلم Almaany Online

94 hotel

accommodation

logement ،ةماقلإا )نكامأ( ناكم ،نكسملا ،نكسلا

قدنفلا يف زجحلا L1, p8

95 hotel

accommodation form

formulaire de réservation de chambre d’hôtel

قدنفلا يف زجحلل ةرامتسا L1, p8

96 late registration inscription tardive رخأتم ليجست L1, p9

97 (felt) marker; felt tip, pen

(stylo) feutre; marqueur

ةملاع عضاو ملق ،

Almaany Online

98 Pass laissez-passer رورم زاوج L1, p11

99 per diem; daily subsistence allowance (DSA)

per diem; indemnité journalière de subsistance

يموي لدب L1, p12

100 (light) pointer; light beam pointer

pointeur lumineux; flèche lumineuse يئوض رشؤم Suggested by the author Approved by the Arabic reviser

101 properly accredited accrédité régulièrement ةميلس دامتعا قئاثو L1, p12

102 refunding of travel expenses

remboursement des frais de voyage رفسلا تاقفن ديدست L1, p13

103 registration inscription ليجست L1, p13

104 registration desk bureau d’inscription ليجستلا بنكم L1, p13

105 registration fee droit d’inscription ليجستلا موسر L1, p13

106 (complete) set of documents

jeu (complet) de documents قئاثولا نم ةلماك ةعومجم A/C.6/64/SR.14 (UNGA, 2008)

Under: set of documents 107 subsistence

allowance

indemnité de séjour; i. journalière ةماقإ لدب L1, p15

108 travel allowance indemnité de voyage رفسلا لدب UNTERM portal

109 autocue;

teleprompter

prompteur; téléprompteur

تاملكلا ءاقلإ تاشاش ST/CS/62 (ST)

110 bell sonnerie d’appel; sonnette سرج L1, p2

111 blackboard tableau noir ةروبس S/2004/573 (UNSC, 2004)

112 captioning; real-time c.

sous-titrage; s.-t. en temps réel راوحلليصن ضرع UNTERM portal Under: closed captioning

113 Chamber [R. EP] Salle des séances تاعامتجلاا ةعاق L1, p3

114 conference facilities services de conférence; installations de conférence

تازيهجت

رمتؤملا تامدخ/ L1, p4

115 conference hall salle de conférence; salle des séances رمتؤملا ةعاق L1, p4

116 conference handbook

manuel de la conférence رمتؤملا ليلد L1, p4

117 conference pack;

conference kit

trousse de documents قئاثولا نم ةعومجم L4, p62

118 counter comptoir دضن L1, p5

119 digital recordings enregistrements numériques ليجستلل يمقرلا ماظنلا UNTERM portal Under: digital dictation recording system

120 display material matériel d’exposition ضرعلا قئاثو UNTERM portal Under: display system

121 distribution of documents

distribution des documents قئاثولا عيزوت

L1, p6 122 document

distribution

distribution de documents قئاثولا عيزوت L1, p6

123 document distribution desk

service (guichet, bureau) de distribution des documents

قئاثولا عيزوت بتكم L1, p6 124 duplication of

documents

reproduction de documents قئاثولا خسن L4, p64

125 e-mail courrier électronique ينورتكلإ ديرب UNTERM portal

126 earphones [cf.

headphones (140)]

casque; écouteurs تاعامس L1, p6

127 electric pointer indicateur lumineux; lampe flèche يئوض رشؤم UNTERM portal Under: electric + pointer

128 exhibition hall salle d’exposition ضرعلا ةعاق L1, p7

129 exhibitor exposant ضرعلا بحاص ،ضراع L1, p7

130 first-aid station poste de premiers soins ةيلوأ تافاعسإ زكرم UNTERM portal Under: first aid + station

131 flip chart; flipover- chart

tableau à feuilles m obiles (volantes); chevalet de conférence

ةيلاتتم ةطيرخ ،تاحفصلا يلاتتم لودج

تاحفصلا UNTERM portal

132 floor plan plan (de l’étage) قباطلا ةطراخ L1, p7

133 folder with

fasteners; Duo-Tang [registered name]

chemise de classement; classeur à attaches

لصاوف وذ فلم online stationary store catalogue (AliExpress, n.d.)

134 folder; file chemise [F]; farde [B]; fourre [CH] فلم L4, p65

135 galleries tribunes تافرش L1, p7

136 gangway passage رمم L1, p7

137 gavel marteau; maillet )سيئرلا( ةقرطم L1, p7

138 guide for delegates guide à l’usage des délégués دوفولا ءاضعأ ليلد A/70/366 (UNGA, 2015) 139 head table; top table table d’honneur; table du président سيئرلا ةدئام L1, p8

140 headphones;

earphones

écouteurs; casque d’écoute تاعامس L1, p8

141 hemicycle; chamber;

floor

hémicycle; salle des séances عامتجا ةعاق S/2015/344 (UNSC, 2015)

142 highlighter; text marker

surligneur; «stabilo» [marque déposée] صنلا زاربإ نول Word document 143 information desk stand (comptoir, bureau) d’information;

bureau de renseignements

تاملاعتسلاا بتكم L1, p9

144 lapel microphone microphone de boutonnière لاقن ،لومحم نوفوركيم L1, p9

145 lectern; speaker’s desk

lutrin; pupitre d’orateur ربنم L1, p9

146 lobby salle des pas perdus; hall; foyer;

antichambres [CAN]

ةهدر ،قاور ،راظتنا ةرجح ،وهب L1, p9 147 lost property, lost-

and-found

objets trouvés ةدوقفم تاكلتمم L1, p10

148 loudspeaker haut-parleur راهجم ،توصلا مخضم L1, p10

149 meeting room salle de réunion عامتجلاا ةعاق L1, p10

150 message board tableau de messages تانلاعلإا ةحول L1, p10

151 message desk

لئاسرلا يقلت بتكم Author’s suggestion Approved by the Arabic reviser

152 moving screen tableau lumineux; journal lumineux ةكرحتم ةشاش L1, p10

153 name-plate; “flag” pancarte; «cavalier» ةتفلا L1, p10

154 neck microphone;

chest microphone;

necklace mike;

pendant mike

micro sautoir; micro cravate قنعلا لوح نوفوركيم L1, p10

155 notice board tableau d’affichage; panneau d’affichage تانلاعإ ةحول ،ةروبس L1, p10 156 optical character

recognition (OCR)

reconnaissance optique des caractères (ROC)

فورحلا ىلع يرصبلا فرعتلا

E/

157 overhead projector rétroprojecteur; épidiascope [vieilli] يفلخ يضرع زاهج UNTERM portal

158 paper-clip trombone ةلكش L4, p68

159 partition cloison لصاف ،زجاح L1, p11

160 PC; personal computer

ordinateur individuel, personnel يصخش بوساح UNTERM portal

161 pigeon-hole;

delegation box

casier قئاثولا عيزوت قيدانص L1, p12

162 plan of the premises plan des locaux ىنبملا ةطيرخ L1, p12

163 plate pancarte ةحول NPT/CONF.2005/SR.1 (NPT, 2003)

164 press gallery tribune des journalistes ةفاحصلا ةفرش L1, p12

165 projector appareil de projection ضرع زاهج UNTERM portal Under : slide projector

166 public address system (PA system);

sound system

installation de sonorisation; système de sonorisation

توصلا مخضم L1, p13

167 reception desk bureau d’accueil لابقتسلاا بتكم L1, p13

168 restroom facilities toilettes هايم ةرود UNTERM portal Under : watercloset

169 rostrum tribune ةصنم L1, p13

170 roving microphone microphone baladeur لاقن نوفوركيم L1, p13

171 screen écran ةشاش UNTERM portal Under : screen reader

172 screen; movable wall

paroi amovible كرحتم رادج L1, p13

173 seating arrangement;

seating order, plan;

order of seating

disposition des places; plan de table; «le camembert»

سولجلا بيترت L1, p13

174 server serveur مداخ UNTERM portal Under : entreprise sever

175 slides diapositives; clichés حئارش UNTERM portal Under : slide projector

176 stage estrade; podium ةصنم L1, p15

177 stand microphone microphone sur pied ةمئاق ىلع نوفوركيم L1, p15

178 table microphone microphone de table ةدئاملا نوفوركيم L1, p15

179 transparencies; foils transparents; acétates [CH] ةفاف ش UNTERM portal

180 USB flash drive;

USB key; USB stick;

thumb drive

clé USB لومحمUSBصارقأ كرحم UNTERM portal

181 WiFi zone zone WiFi Wi Fi يكلسلا لاصتا ةقطنم UNTERM portal Under : wifi

182 wireless microphone;

cordless microphone

microphone sans fil; microphone émetteur; microphone HF

يكلسلا نوفوركيم UNTERM portal

Under : wireless 183 accompanying

person; guest

accompagnateur; invité فيضلا ،قفارملا L1, p1