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2OA = R 2 1
2R
Q
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642K4D5794I415Q REII4 732 E15 3M01G34EAO 0 41 DEIIF1C
732 2E15 :E1D24IS30S342Q/ME
AO 0 AE = AE
AD
2E75
AE 2 = AD × AO 0Q
6C
B
45E
0KK06574114150F D46D34C 1C:E1DAB = AE
Q
/ME
AO 0 = AO
QREII4 342 KE715
A, O
45O 0 2E15 037G1H2 45 0KK0657411415 O F1 IVI4 :4I7ZK301C E1 41 DE1D3F5 JF4 342 KE7152
O
45O 0 2E15 DE1E1:F2Q
iss ss
?}yz>? {|@BAx}{Ay|@
~E7415
A
45B
:4F KE7152:F D46D34C
Q4D46D34
C 1 :4D41564 A
K022015 K06B
64DEFK4 34 D46D34 C
41 C
Q
~E75
D
34 KE715 :4C 1 :70IH56034I415 EKKE2HO B
DE1256FD57E1 QQ
42D46D342 :4 D415642
A
45D
45 :4 60vE1CD
24 DEFK415 41E
Q4D46D34 :4 D41564
E
45 :4 60vE1CD
DEFK4C 1 41 F
45 D
Q
0 3E1GF4F6
BF
425 HG03 0F 60vE1 :F D46D34C
Q42D46D342 :4 D41564
A
45B
45 :4 60vE1BF
24 DEFK415 41O
CD41564:F D46D34C
QC O A
B
C
C 1
D
E F
jklmnmqjk
F
H5015342vIH567JF42:4D
K0660KKE65O 30 :6E754(AE)
C34256701G34272EDP342EAF
45EAD
2E1572EIH567JF42Q1
0
F AB = π −
DAE −
EAF
= π − 2
EAF
=
F EA
456701G34
ABF
H5015 72EDP34 41A
CE1 41 :H:F75 JF4 34256701G342ABF
45EAF
2E15 24IS30S342Q/E1D
BF AF = AF
AE
RE
II4
AE = CD
C73 97415AF 2 = CD × BF
Q~E75
H
34 K74: :4 30 X0F54F6 722F4 :4 :4A
:012 34 56701G34ABC
Q 1 0AB × BC × CA = 4R A (ABC)
E
R
:H27G14 34 60vE1 :F D46D34 712D675 0F 56701G34ABC
QRE
II4
A (ABC) = AH × BC 2
CE1 ES57415
AB × AC = 2R × AH
Q4256701G342
HAB
45CDB
64D501G342 41H
45C
642K4D5794I415 H5015 24IS30S342CE1 0AH = 1 2 CD
Q/E1D
AB × AC = AB 2 = R × CD
QB
45F
0KK06541015 0F D46D34C 1CE1 0 AB = AF
C:E1DCD × BF = R × CD
Q
7127
BF = R
Qiss ss
x|yByz>? {|@BAx}{Ay|@
~E7415
A, B
45C
56E72 KE7152 :F D46D34C
Q~E7415
C i 34D46D34 :4 D41564A
K022015 K06B
45 i
3M7194627E1 DE6642KE1:0154Q
~E75
C 0 3M7194624 :4C
K06 i
DE1256FD57E1 QQ
42D46D342 :4 D415642
B
45C 0 K022015 K06A
24 DEFK415 41 A
45 O 0Q
M7194624 :4
O 0 K06 i
425 34 D41564O
:F D46D34C
Q
C
O A
B
C C 0
O 0
C i
jklmnmqjk
4271946242 :4
B
45C
K06i
2E15B
45C 0 642K4D5794I415Q
1 41 :H:F75 JF4 342 71946242 :42 D46D342 :4 D415642
B
45C 0 K022015 K06 A
2E15 342 IH:70567D42 :42 24GI4152
[AB]
45[AC]
Q
L1 DE127:H6015342 KE7152:M7154624D57E1CE1 41 :H:F75JF4 3M7194624:4
O 0 42534D41564O
:F D46D34D76DE12D6750F
56701G34
ABC
Qiss ss
no s UEF6 D455456E727PI4DE1256FD57E1C24F3430 :E11H4:456E72KE7152 :F D46D342FW5 O DE1256F764
34 D41564T34 560DH :F D46D34 425 71F5734Q
[[\ ^bg ^bf`db^_e
L1
C:012 ?|>?Axy ?< {|>BB|CE6418E Y02DX46E17 :HIE1564 JF45EF5 KE715DE1256FD57S34O 30 6PG34
45 0F DEIK02 425 DE1256FD57S34 0F DEIK02 24F3Q
6C73 2M09P64 JF4 34 I05XHI057D741 :01E72 4E6G YEX6 0 :HIE156H D4 6H2F3505 41 :012 }{<y?B @y{}B
LFD37:4 34 :01E72
C EF960G4 K46:F 45 7G1E6HC 6456EF9H 41 DX48 F1 SEFJF717254 :4 REK41X0GF4 K06 F1
H5F:7015 41 I05XHI057JF42Q
jn jnlpnjkqs |}A |y@A {|@BAx}{Ay<? < xz <? ?A } {|>B ?BA {|@BAx}{Ay<? }
{|>B B?}<
jklmnmqjk
3 2FW5 :4IE15646JF4 342 KE7152 2F790152 2E15 DE1256FD57S342 0F DEIK02 F17JF4I415
•
342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :4 :4F D46D342 :H546I71HDX0DF1 K06 2E1 D4156445 2E1 60vE1
DE1256FD57E1 Q
T
•
342KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :MF1 D46D34:E11H K062E1 D41564 45 2E1 60vE1 45 :MF14:6E754:E11H4 K06:4F KE7152
DE1256FD57E1 Q
T
•
342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :4 :4F :6E7542:H546I71H42 DX0DF14K06 :4F KE7152
DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q
|@BAx}{Ay|@
3 1Mv 0 6741 O :HIE15646Q
wx?>yzx? =>|@BAxAy|@
|@BAx}{Ay|@
~E7415
C
F1 D46D34 :4 D41564O
45 :4 60vE1R
45D
F14:6E754:H546I71H4 K06:4F KE7152A
45B
QE5E12
X
45Y
342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :4C
45D
Qwx?>y?x {B
O
1M0KK0657415 K02 O 30 :6E754D
42D46D342 :4 D41564
A
45B
K022015K06O
2464DEFK41541O 0C 2vIH567JF4 :4O
K06 60KKE65 O D
Q
~E75 03E62
C 0 34 2vIH567JF4:4 C
K0660KKE65 O D
Q
X
45Y
2E15 03E62342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :4
C
45C 0Q
C
O
C 0 O 0
D B
A X Y
?}yz>? {B
O
0KK0657415 O 30 :6E754D
Q~E7415
C ∈ C
45D
34 :4F7PI4KE715 :M7154624D57E1 :4C
45(AC)
K64I746D02Q~E75
C 1 F1 D46D34 :4 D41564O 1
K022015 K06
C
45D
45 :4 60vE1R 1
2FKH674F6O
R
Q1 DE127:P64 :4F KE7152
E
45F
:4C 1 5432 JF4 EF = 2R
30 3E1GF4F6 2R
425 DE1256FD57S34 O K06576 :4 :4F
KE7152 :70IH56034I415 EKKE2H22F6
C
Q~E75
A 0 F1 KE715 :M7154624D57E1 :4 30 :6E754
(EF )
094D34D46D34 :4 D41564O 1
K022015 K06
A
K64I746 D02Q~E7415
O 2
34I7374F :F 24GI415
[EF ]
DE156FD57E1 Q 45C 2 34D46D34 :4 D41564O 2
K022015 K06
E
Q1 DE127:P64F1 KE715
G
:4C 2 543 JF4A 0 G = AD
Q
42KE7152
X
45Y
2E15 03E62:H546I71H2 K06X, Y ∈ C , DX = EG, DY = F G
QC
O
D A
B
C
D
O 1
C 1
E
F
O 2
C 2
A 0 G
X
Y
L1 4N45C30 KF72201D4 :4
A
K06 60KKE650F D46D34C
425HG034 OAX × AY = AC × AD
0 KF72201D4 :4
A
K06 60KKE65 0F D46D34C 2 425 HG034 O
AC × AD = AO 1 2 − R 2 1 = A 0 O 2 1 − R 1 2 = A 0 E × A 0 F
1
41 :H:F75 JF4
AX × AY = A 0 E × A 0 F
Q3 2M412F75 JF430 DE1GF6057E1 :H546I71H4 K06 342KE7152
A, X, O, Y
45D
425 72EIH567JF4O D4334:H546I71H4K06A 0 , E, O 2 , F
45G
Q|@BAx}{Ay|@
~E7415
D 1 45 D 2 :4F :6E7542 :H546I71H42 K06 342KE7152 A 1
A 1
45
B 1
:MF14 K065C
A 2
45
B 2
:M0F564 K065Q
E5E12
I
34F6 KE715 :M7154624D57E1Q wx?>yzx? >=A|?~E7415
H
34 K6E45HE65XEGE103 :4A 1
2F6
D 2 45 K
34 K6E45H E65XEGE103 :4H
2F6 D 1 DE1256FD57E1 QQ
1
0
A 1 H 2 = A 1 K × A 1 I
QRE
1256F72E12 30 3E1GF4F6
` = A 1 I
2E7415C
34 2vIH567JF4 :4A 1
K06 60KKE65 O
H
DE1256FD57E1 Q CC 0 F1
D46D34 K022015 K06
A 1
45
C
CD ∈ C 0 543 JF4 HD = A 1 K
C 45 E
34 24DE1: KE715 :M7154624D57E1 :4
C 0 45 (HD)
DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q 3E62
HE = `
QL1 4N45
HA 2 1 = HA 1 × HC = HD × HE = A 1 K × HE
T 73 97415HE = A 1 I = `
QD 2
D 1
A 2 B 2
A 1
B 1
H
K C
D
E
I
I
425 03E62 34 KE715 :M7154624D57E1 :4 30 :6E754D 1 45 :F D46D34 :4 D41564 A 1
45 :4 60vE1
`
:4F7PI4 D02 :4 30DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q
?}yz>? >=A|?
~E7415
A 0 1
45
B 1 0
342 2vIH567JF42 :4
A 1
45
B 1
K06 60KKE65O 30 :6E754
(A 2 B 2 )
DE1256FD57E1 QQ~E75
C
34 KE715543 JF4A 1 B 1 B 1 0 C
2E75 F1 K06033H3EG60II4Q~E75
d
30 3E1GF4F6 54334 JF4A 0 1 C A 0 1 A 1
= A 0 1 B 1 0
d
DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q
I
425 03E62F1 :42 :4F KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :42 D46D342 :4 D41564A 1
45
A 0 1
45 :460vE1
d
QD 2
D 1
A 2 B 2
A 1
B 1
A 0 1
B 1 0
C
I
L1 4N45C:M0K6P2345XHE6PI4 :4 X03P2CE1 0
A 0 1 C A 0 1 A 1
= A 0 1 B 0 1
A 0 1 I
Q
/E1D
A 0 1 I = A 1 I = d
Q?}yz>? =>|@BAxAy|@
|@BAx}{Ay|@
~E7415
C
F1 D46D34 :4 D41564O
45 :4 60vE1R
45D
F14:6E754:H546I71H4 K06:4F KE7152A
45B
QE5E12
X
45Y
342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :4C
45D
Q~E7415
C i F1 D46D34 14 DE1541015 0FDF1 H3HI415 :4 30 GF64CP
2E1 D41564 45 i
3M7194627E1 K06 60KKE65O C iQ
~E7415
A 0 45 B 0 342 71946242 :4 A
45 B
K06 i
DE1256FD57E1 Q 45 C 2 0 34 D46D34 D76DE12D675 0F 56701G34 P A 0 B 0
A
45B
K06i
DE1256FD57E1 Q 45C 2 0 34 D46D34 D76DE12D675 0F 56701G34 P A 0 B 0
:E15 34 D41564 425 :H546I71H K06 30 56E727PI4DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q
~E75
C 1 0 3M7194624 :F D46D34 C
K06 i
DE1256F75 O K06576 :42 71946242 :4 56E72 KE7152 :4 C
45 :E15 34 D41564 425
:H546I71HK06 30 56E727PI4 DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q
~E7415
X 0 45Y 0 342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :42 D46D342
C 1 0 45C 2 0Q
42KE7152
X
45Y
2E15 342 71946242:4X 0 45 Y 0 K06 i
DE1256FD57E1 QQ
i
DE1256FD57E1 QQP
C i D B
A O
C
B 0
A 0
Y
X C 2 0
C 1 0 Y 0
X 0
L1 4N45C34 D46D34
C 2 0 425 3M7194624 :4 30 :6E754D
K06 i
Q
/E1DC 342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :42 D46D342
C 1 0 45 C 2 0 E15 KEF6 71946242K06 i
342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :F D46D34 C
i
342 KE7152 :M7154624D57E1 :F D46D34C
45 :4 30 :6E754
D
C O 209E76X
45Y
Q|@BAx}{Ay|@
~E7415
D 1 45 D 2 :4F :6E7542 :H546I71H42 K06 342KE7152 A 1
A 1
45
B 1
:MF14 K065C
A 2
45
B 2
:M0F564 K065Q
E5E12
I
34F6 KE715 :M7154624D57E1Q~E7415
C i F1 D46D34 14 DE1541015 0FDF1 H3HI415 :4 30 GF64CP
2E1 D41564 45 i
3M7194627E1 K06 60KKE65O C iQ
~E7415
A 0 1 , B 1 0 , C 1 0
45
D 0 1
34271946242 :4
A, B, C
45D
K06i
DE1256FD57E1 QQ~E7415
C 1 0 45 C 2 0 342 D46D342 D76DE12D6752 0F 56701G34P A 0 1 B 1 0
P A 0 1 B 1 0
45
P C 1 0 D 0 1
:E15 342 D415642 2E15 :H546I71H2 K06 30
56E727PI4DE1256FD57E1 Q
Q
42D46D342
C 1 0 45C 2 0 24 DEFK415 41 I 0 45 P
Q
I 0 45 P
Q
4KE715
I
4253M7194624:4I 0 K06i
DE1256FD57E1 QQ
P
C i D 1
D 2
A 1
B 1
A 2 B 2
C 2 0
C 1 0
I
A 0 1
B 1 0
A 0 2
B 2 0
I 0
L1 4N45C342 D46D342
C 1 0 45 C 2 0 2E15342 71946242 :42:6E7542D 1 45 D 2 642K4D5794I415Q
D 1 45 D 2 642K4D5794I415Q
/E1DC34 KE715 :M7154624D57E1
I 0 :42 D46D342C 0 145C 2 0 0 KEF6 7194624K06i
34 KE715 :M7154624D57E1 :42 :6E7542
C 2 0 0 KEF6 7194624K06i
34 KE715 :M7154624D57E1 :42 :6E7542
D 145
D 2CO 209E76 I
Q
I
Qiss ss