Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement
Department of Forestry
Lao PDR
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM
Detailed Program and Reporting Foïmat
for
Monitoring and Evaluation
of
Environmental Impacts of Tree Piantations
·inLao PDR
CIRAD-Forêt - MIDAS - Burapha Lao ADB Plantation Forestry Project - Loan No, 1295 (SF)
February 1997
Printed on 100% recycled paper
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Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations and AcronymsPreface Pag~ Executive Summary 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.2 3. 3.1 4.
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4.2.2
5. 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.3 6. 6.1 6.2 7. 7.1 8. 9.Introduction to the Environmental Monitoring System Background of the Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project Development of the Environmental Monitoring System Definitions
Rationale and Objectives of the Environmental Mo.nitoring System Rationale
Objectives of the Environmental Monitoring System
Structure and Organization of the Environmental Monitoring System Elements of the Environmental Monitoring System
Environmental Baseline Survey Baseline Monitoring
Environmental Baseline Survey and Data Analysis
Indicators Selected to Measure the Status of the Natural Resource Base Impact Predictions
Environmental Monitoring Plan Steps
Environmental Impacts Monitoring Elements to be Monitored
Compliance Monitoring Environmenta'.l Data Analysis
Preliminary Identification ofEnvironmental Parameters to be Analyzed Data Analysis F orm
Environmental Reporting Reporting Requirements Data Storage
fasues for Consideration and Recommendations
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Appendices Appendix 1: Appendix 2:
Preliminary Environmental Guidelines for Plantation Forestry Operations Environmental Baseline Survey Form
Appendix 3: Appendix 4: Appendix 5: Appendix 6: Appendix 7: Appendix 8: Appendix 9:
Environmental Monitoring Form and Compliance Form Environmental Data ·Analysis F orm
Environmental Monitoring Report F orm
Curriculum for Environmental Training of Provincial Project Coordination Units
Institutional Capacity Assessment
Environmental Parameters Used to Measure Impacts on Baseline Indicators References 1 Ill l l l 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 10 11
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11 12 12 13 1314
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ADB bm DOF EBS EDA EMR EMS GEF GOL IDA IEE IUCN MES NGO PAM PFP PBP PCU PFP PPCU ppm STENO STP TA UN USAID WB
wcs
..:.~List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
List of Abbreviations and Glossary
Asian Development Bankbaseline monitoring Department. ofForestry environmental baseline survey environmental data analysis environmental monitoring report environmental monitoring system Global Environment Facility Government of Lao PDR
International Development Association of the World Bank Initial Environmental Exarnination
International Union for the Conservation of Nature Monitoring and Evaluation Section (ofPCU) non-governmental organization
Project Administration Memorandum (May 1994) pilot farmer plantation
' pilot black plantation Project Coordination Unit pilot farmer plantation
Provincial Project Coordination Unit parts per million
Science, Technology, and Environment Organization socio-technical profile
technical assistance United Nations
United States Agency for International Development World Bank
Wildlife Conservation Society
Preface
The Environmental Monitoring Specialist was mobilized to assist with the design and operation of an environmental monitoring system for the Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project in December 1995. During four visits to the project in December 1995,
February/March 1996, July/ August 1996, and November 1996, the Specialist familiarized himself with the Project, visited ail the pilot block plantations and some private sector plantations, met with Lao Government officiais at the central and provincial levels, · and met with project beneficiaries at the village level.
As a result of these visits and numerous discussions· with senior management of the Projeçt Coordination Unit, and personnel of the Monitoring and Evaluation Section, the Specialist has designed §!Il Environmental Monitoring System that provides a detailed program and reporting format for monitoring and evaluation of environmental impacts of tree plantations in Lao PDR
This is a draft report. lt describes a proposed Environmental Monitoring System for consideration by the Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project, the Department of Forestry, and the Asian Development Bank. A final report will be prepared and an acceptable Environmental Monitoring System presented in a final subsequent document. The final Environmental Monitoring System Report will incorporate appropriate comments and feedback received from those receiving a copy of this draft report. The Specialist would like to thank the many people who assisted with the preparation of this draft report and the proposed EMS, including: Mr. Xeme Samontry, the Project Director; Mr. Oudomsac Vilaylak, the Deputy Project Director; Mr. Thomas Brummer, the Project Team Léader; Dr. Phet Phomphiphak, Head, Monitoring and Evaluation Section/PCU, and his staff; and ail PCU staffwho assisted and advised the Specialist. Special thanks are also offered to Mrs. Geraldine Zwack and Mr. Gordon Claridge, who provided valuable contributions to the design of the EMS and who made available their time and shared their professional insights to the complexities of environmental monitoring in the Lao context.
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Executive Summary
The Asian Development Bank is providing a loan to the Government of Lao PDR, to undertake an Industrial Tree Plantations Project (or Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project) over a seven year period beginning in August 1994.
The Project's Environmental Monitoring System (EMS) has been developed oyer a period beginning in December 1995. Project trip reports were prepared for visits to the Project in December 1995, February/March 1996, and July/August and November 1996, and submitted to the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) for consideration and comments. Elements of the proposed EMS were included in ail trip reports.
The rationale for an EMS is to lÎlnit any significant impacts on the natural resource bases of local communities caused by the Project. Environmental management interventions (mitigation measures) may be required to adjust Project actions to maintain the integrity of communities' resource bases, and to reduce risks to the ecological environment. The proposed EMS is being installed initially at the PBPs as a pilot procedure for the DOF, to operate within the short-terrn. Lessons leamed from proper environmental management at PBP sites and experienced gained from testing mitigation measures in the Lao context, will be applied to sites where larger industrial tree plantations will be established by private investors and/or individual farrners or farrner groups.
The EMS has been designed and will be operated for the tree plantations Project in Lao PDR, with monitoring undertaken with the following objectives:
• to determine the actual impacts that have occurred, including their magnitude and significance; • to confirrn that the nature and extent of the predicted impacts are accurate;
• to check that no unexpected negative effects are occurring;
• to verify that âny environmental changes taking place are a result of the Project, and not from any other factors; and,
• to ensure from this process that the mitigating measures employed are appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring System will consist of the following elements:
• An Environmental Baseline Survey (EBS), will be conducted as part of, and at the same time as the STP; at each tree plantation site under consideration by the PCU, for receiving support by the Project. This applies specifically to private sector tree plantations being planned.
• An Environmental Monitoring forrn (Appendix 3), will be used to follow up on key indicators of impacts on the natural resource base of the site, resulting from establishment of block tree plantations. Environmental Monitoring will take place at the same tirne as Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (BME) that is conducted annually as part of the STP process. The monitoring forrn will allow the MES to undertake a comparative analysis of the current situation, comparing with plantation site conditions reported at the tirne of the EBS.
• Environmental Reporting will be undertaken by the PCU' s MES, with reports that are generated being submitted to senior DOF or Project management or officiais designated by DOF as being responsible for monitoring and enforcement of environmental guidelines and implementation of mitigation measures.
1. Introduction to the Environmental Monitoring System
1.1 Background of the Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project
(Jndustrial Tree Plantations Project, Loan 1295-LAO [SF})
The Asian Development Bank is providing a loan to the Govemment of Lao PDR, to undertake an Industrial Tree Plantations Project ( or Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project) over a seven year period beginning in August 1994.
The Project is being implemented in eight districts from a total of 34 districts in Vientiane Municipality, Vientiane Province, Bolikhamxai, and Savannakhet provinces. The objectives of the project include: (i) establishment of tree plantations on unstocked and degraded forest land, converting such forests to productive use; (ii) production of wood raw materials for industrial use (pulp, sawntimber, 7fibre board, etc., and as alternative sources of wood from tree plantations, as against natural timber stands for construction and fuelwood; and, (iii) establishment of a policy and institutional framework for the development of sustainable tree plantations on a participatory approach involving farming communities.
1.2 Development of the Environmental Monitoring System
The Environmental Monitoring System (EMS) has been developed over a period beginning in December 1995. Project trip reports were prepared for visits to the Project in December 1995, February/March 1996, and July/ August and November 1996, and subrnitted to the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) for consideration and comments. Elements of the proposed EMS were included in ail trip reports. Valuable comments on aspects of the EMS presented in the trip reports were received from the Project management and staff Villagers identified by the PCU as Project beneficiaries also participated in the design of the EMS, through village consultations, includ1ng women and youth, in the course of developing and testing the environmental baseline survey (EBS) form and the environmental monitoring form.
Feedback offered by Project counterparts assigned to the PCU and Provincial Project Coordination Units (PPCU) in the course of orientation and training sessions, as well as during extensive field visits, provided valuable input to development of the EMS. Discussions with the Team Leader and fellow consultants working on the Project, and comments solicited from outside specialists and resource persans working on environmental Projects in Lao PDR were also very helpful. Field observations and visits to selected Pilot Block Plantations (PBPs) in the course of testing of pre-testing the prelirninary environmental survey and monitoring forms were especially useful.
To ensure that operation of the EMS is within the capacity of the PCU and the PPCU, a human resources assessment was undertaken, as well as a training needs assessment, and an equipment assessment. The EMS has been designed in part based on the results of these assessments. Operating the EMS thus should be within the capability of the PCU, PPCU, and other Department of Forestry (DOF) personnel who likely will participate in the industrial tree plantation program. Follow up training will be required (for which a training curriculum is attached as Appendix 6).
In addition to human resources input in developing the EMS, numerous ADB, World Bank, USAID, UN, and other technical publications were reviewed in the course of a comprehensive literature review.
Particularly helpful in developing the EMS were documents prepared by consultants from
Jaakko Poyry Oy, engaged by the ADB and the GOL at DOF (TA No 2028-LAO), prior to
Project implementation. Careful readings of working papers numbers 4, 5, and 9 were found to be especially helpful. These documents provide environmental guidelines for tree plantation establishment in the context of Lao PDR, and include, respectively:
considerations and criteria for plantation forestry in Lao PDR.
• establishing pilot block plantations and plantation management in Lao PDR; and
• the Socio-Technical Profiles (STP) and the Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (BME)
activities, related to plantation development in Lao PDR.
Further, as recommended in the Staff Appraisal Report of the International Development
Association (IDA)/World Bank/FINNIDA assisted Forest Management and Conservation
Project (FOMACOP), the EMS was developed in consultation with environment/biodiversity
monitoring specialists working Volith the Global Environment Facility/IDA assisted Wildlife
and Protected Areas Conservation Component of the FOMACOP Project. 1.3 Definitions
i) Environment is defined as the biosphere (air, land, water). The three main functions of the environment are to provide: living space; resources for human and non-human activity; and, a repository for assimilating wastes.
ii) Environmental degradation becomes manifest when the quality of the living space is
impaired by rnismanagement of the resources, primarily through human activity. The two principal
results of environmental rnismanagement are destruction of the natural replenishment cycle of natural resources and production ofwastes that can no longer be assirnilated by the environment. iii) The term "natural environment" is carefully used in this context. Much of the physical and vegetative environment has already been transformed from its original state by anthropogenic (human) activity. Thus the environmental features that this Project is addressing will be those that have been altered for human purposes in the past and those that have been exploited to serve specific functions. The Environmental Monitoring System primarily will be engaged in assessing the changes that will take place at the Project sites that will alter the created functions of the environment as they exist now.
iv) Impacts, or changes in the present environment, will take place as a result of the Project. An impact in this sense will refer to a significant negative ( or positive) consequence in some environmental parameter resulting from Project implementation.
v) A parameter is a measurable aspect of the environment that will show specific
characteristics if affected by a Project activity. In some cases, changes in the environmental parameter affected (water quality for example) may be measured directly. Where direct measurements are not possible due to, perhaps, the large size of an area or population or accessibility, changes will be measured by indicators.
vi) lndicators are environmental parameters that have critical environmental requirements For example, an indicator of changing water quality in a well may be taste. Increased saltiness may point to salinization or possible nitrate sait contamination from fertilizer use.
vii) Indicator species, that act as indirect parameters, are particularly useful when swveying the status of the ecological environment; for example, the presence of a specific genus of plant may indicate a high soi! acidity. A change in the occurrence ofthis genus indicates that the soi! pH is changing.
viii) Certain mitigation measures can be undertaken to prevent an impact occurring, to limit its effect, or to rehabilitate an area after Project implementation. Mitigation measures should be carried out as early as possible in the Project cycle. Preferably, mitigation measures should be incorporated at the planning stage, and be continued during the preparation, irnplementation and post implementation phases. Thus monitoring and mitigation are two closely linked and dynarnic processes that should be continued through the life cycle of the Project.
ix) An assessment of an impact's magnitude and significance will be a critical element for Project implementation. The significance of an impact refers to the severity of the problem occurring. Salty drinking water suggests that the water table is dropping and that the groundwater source has been contaminated, with serious implications for agriculture and human settlements in that area. Magnitude refers to the physical extent of a problem that may, or may not, be significant. Increased sedimentation in a river, for example, may cover a large area, but if its impact on the sunlight penetration is minimal then the problem is not significant.
2. Rationale and Objectives of the Environmental Monitoring System 2.1 Rationale
The existing physical and ecological resource base of areas selected for tree plantations, particularly large scale plantations, likely will be changed as a result of land clearing, planting, growing, and eventually Jogging of plantations. If the changes prove to reduce the resource base at the site of the plantation, then the rural people that the Project intends to assist will be ultimately worse off
The rationale of the EMS thus is to lirnit any significant impacts on the natural resource bases of
local communities caused by the Project. Environmental management interventions (mitigation measures) may be required to adjust Project actions to maintain the integrity of communities' resource bases, and to reduce risks to the ecological environment. The proposed EMS is being installed initially at the PBPs as a pilot procedure for the DOF, to operate within the short-term at private sector tree plantations throughout Lao PDR. Lessons learned from proper environmental management at PBP sites and experienced gained from testing mitigation measures in the Lao
context, will be applied to sites where larger tree plantations will be established by private investors;
and/or, in communities in which farrners undertake contract planting of trees for industrial use on a large scale.
2.2 Objectives of the Environmental Monitoring System
The purpose of the environmental monitoring program is to protect the environment against any detrirnental impacts caused by establishing black plantation forests. This will be achieved by maintaining a controlled surveillance program to track changes taking place on specific environmental parameters. The EMS has been designed and will be operated for the tree plantations Project in Lao PDR, with monitoring undertaken with the following objectives:
• to deterrnine the actual impacts that have occurred, including their magnitude and significance;
• to confirm that the nature and extent of the predicted impacts are accurate;
• to check that no unexpected negative effects are occurring;
• to verify that any environmental changes taking place are a result of the Project, and not from any other factors; and,
• to ensure from this process that the mitigating measures employed are appropriate.
Results obtained from the monitoring system in the longer term will assist planners to assess whether or not tree plantations can provide an ecologically and econornically sustainable alternative to pœsent land use practices. They will also serve as practical experience for decision-makers planning sirnilar Projects in the future.
An additional important objective of the environrnental monitoring program is to ensure that recomrnendations proposed in the "Initial Environmental Exarnination" (IEE) (Project
Administration Memorandum, App~ndix 7, dated May 1994) and the environmental guidelines
proposed in the working papers of the ADB Technical Advisory Assistance (TA No 2028-LAO)
are being followed. Rigorous monitoring of the implementation of environmental
recommendations will be undertaken at the PBPs. The Monitoring and Evaluation Section of the Project Coordination Unit (PCU/MES) will conduct monitoring to ensure the suitability of these recomrnendations, for application on larger tree plantations expected to be established by the private sector in Lao PDR. The PBPs also present an opportunity for demonstrating benefits from being environmentally sensitive. Monitoring of t!1e, PBPs also will provide a venue for DOF staff (particularly PCU and PPCU) to be trained in monitoring compliance to environmental guidelines. Based on the IEE and field experience, a set of preliminary environrnental guidelines for the Project have been prepared (Appendix 1). These guidelines can be modified following operation of the EMS and experience in managing tree plantations in Lao PDR.
3.
Structure and Organization of the Environmental Monitoring System...
Environrnental monitoring will be undertaken as part of the processes associated with the Socio-Technical Profiles (STP). The STPs originally were initiated under the ADB Advisory Socio-Technical
Assistance (TA No 2028-LAO) and subsequently are being prepared by DOF. Environmental
monitoring also will follow the "Environmental Guidelines for Plantation Development" prepared by the ADB technical assistance to DOF (TA No. 2028-LAO), as well as the guidelines issued later by PCU Project management (Appendix 1) during the implementation phase; the "Environmental Guidelines for Selected Agricultural and Natural Resources Development Projects" of the Office of the Environment, ADB (1991 ); and, the "Project Administration Memorandum" for the lndustrial
Tree Plantation Project (ADB Loan 1295-LAO { SF}).
Environrnental parameters have been selected based on the likely key impacts of the Project on the environrnent. Potential impacts have been selected in the course of preparing an environmental baseline survey form (Appendix 2). This EBS form will become more focused as environmental monitoring reveals those impacts that require more intensive monitoring and those that require development of mitigation measures. Subsequently, forms being proposed for operating the EMS will require periodic revision. This will allow the EMS to focus more clearly on environmental impacts determined to be most serious, as they emerge in the context of tree plantation establishment in the Lao PDR.
ln order to provide maximum environmental protection to the resource base in a block plantation area, environmental recommendations proposed in documents prepared by ADB consultants (TA No 2028-LAO) and those proposed in the PAM (May 1994), should have been operated from the Project's
inception The Initial Envirorunental Examination (IEE) canied out by the ADB during Project preparation, established guidelines to mitigate certain effects, particularly those likely to arise during the site selection phase of the Project ("Initial Envirorunental Examination", Project Administration Memorandum (P AM), Appendix 7, May 1994), in anticipation of impacts likely to occur, based upon previous international experiences. The monitoring program will ensure that these recommendations, and any additional envirorunental recommendations made in the course of Project implementation, are followed as suitable and where possible, within the context of rural Lao PDR.
Thus, Environmental Guidelines for Plantation Forestry Operations (see Appendix 1) prepared by the Project ( drawing on environmental guidelines proposed in ADB documents mentioned just above, and persona! experiences of the Project staff and advisors), have been disseminated to participating PCU and PPCU staff
3.1 Elements of the Enviromnental Monitoring System
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The Environmental Monitoring System will consist of the following elements:
• An Environmental Baseline Survey (EBS), will be conducted as part of, and at the same time as the STP; at each tree plantation site under consideration by the PCU, for receiving support by the Project. This applies specifically to private sector tree plantations being planned (as most PBPs have already been established). -A detailed justification for and description of the EBS is found in section 4 below, and a draft of the proposed EBS is presented in Appendix 2.
• An Envirorunental Monitoring form (Appendix 3), will be used to follow up on key indicators of impacts on the natural resource base of the site, resulting from establishment of black tree plantations. Environmental Monitoring will take place at the same time as Benefit Monitoring and Evaluatiorr (BME) that is conducted annually as part of the STP process. The monitoring form will allow the MES to undertake a comparative analysis of the current situation ("envirorunental data analysis"), comparing with plantation site conditions reported at the time of the EBS.
• Environmental Reporting will be undertaken by the PCU' s MES, with reports that are generated being submitted to senior DOF or Project management or officiais designated by DOF as being responsible for monitoring and enforcement of environmental guidelines and implementation of mitigation measures. Should negative impacts to the environment be revealed through the monitoring process, the MES will describe these impacts through the envirorunental reporting form (Appendix 5) for DOF's consideration. The reporting form also allows the MES to offer proposais for mitigation measures for DOF' s consideration, endorsement, and implementation. Therefore, the EMS provides for DOF being directly responsible for bath monitoring and enforcement of mitigation measures. Designation of responsibility for monitoring and enforcement of environmental recommendations and mitigation measures is a key element of the EMS.
4. Environmental Baseline Survey 4.1 Baseline Monitoring
Baseline monitoring will function to identify and characterise important features of the existing natural resource base at sites selected for establishment of tree plantations. The baseline monitoring format will
form the basis for impacts monitoring, against which changes in the status of the present environment will be measured As the monitoring process develops and environmental data is analyzed, the magnitude and significance of any changes taking place can be assessed. The EBS will be modified as necessary in response to impacts on environmental parameters in the course of Project implementation and maturity of trees growing in plantations established as a result of Project interventions.
4.2 Environmental Baseline Survey and Data Analysis
The Project will undertake environmental baseline surveys in areas proposed as sites for establishment of tree plantations, for the purpose of developing an environmental database for several environmental parameters, including:
• land use;
• alternative forest areas;
• expansion of agricultural production to degraded forest lands; and,
• increased demand for wood~d wood and non-wood forest products.
The natural resource base in rural areas in the vicinity of large block plantations, likely will be affected by Project interventions. The exact size of a plantation that will have significant impacts on the environment continues to be a subject for debate among environmentalists. Severa! specialists consulted in the course of designing this EMS offered that plantation sizes ofless than 10,000 to 50,000 ha likely will not have impacts of any significant magnitude. Others propose that plantations larger than 50 ha will have impacts; but, that these impacts will be more local in nature. Local environmental impacts will include those related to village-specific socio-econornics and local biodiversity; these will be more significant specifically if land is taken out of food production or is withdrawn from the natural forestry sector, for tree plantations, example.
The EMS proposed here will undertake EBSs and environmental monitoring of the natural resource base at ail locations where the Project will intervene to support establishment of tree plantations.
4.2.1 lndicators Selected to Measure the Status of the Natural Resource Base
Impacts on the key environmental parameters of the natural resource base that are likely to be affected by the establishment of large block plantations can be measured by monitoring the following indicators:
Biological and Physical Indicators
• land • water soils Socio-Econornic Indicators productivity • sociaVhistorical/cultural vegetation wildlife home/farm economy
The individual environmental parameters used to measure the impacts on each of these indicators are described in detail in Appendix 8 and have been incorporated in the environmental baseline survey form attached as Appendix 2 of this document.
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The environmental baseline survey will be conducted using a data collection format that can be used for the lifetirne of the Project, but that can be modified as necessary. The format will establish
a base against which subsequent monitoring of selected indicators will be compared; data analyzed;
and, a report prepared for consideration and action by the DOF. With the assistance of the Project, specifically the MES of the PCU and utilizing equipment and manpower at DOF, specifically the PPCUs, the environmental data collected will be stored at DOF, interpreted, and analyzed by the MES of the PCU. As a result of the analysis, recommendations for mitigation will be made. If an
impact is severe and obvious, mitigation measures will be proposed at once. 4.2.2 Impact Predictions
This procedure begins with identification of impacts likely to occur during the Project's lifetime, including preparation of sites for establishing tree plantations, post-preparation, and regular operations phases.
Impact predictions were made by the consultants engaged by the ADB in the course of preparing an IEE. This led to recommendations that largely have avoided many negative environmental impacts from occurring; including inappropriate site selection for PBPs and PFBs.
A process for screening impacts likely to occur during implementation of the Project was
undertaken in December 1995. This resulted in a long list of possible impacts. Further scoping was undertaken with Project staff te-refine this list in order to pinpoint key issues or concerns related to establishment of the PBPs and the PFPs. These potential impacts were later confirmed in village consultations, including meetings with women and youth, in the course of pre-testing the EBS. This process was necessary to reduce collection of vast amounts of irrelevant data.
5. Monitoring Plan 5.1 Steps
i) Impacts Prediction
Severa! important factors for baseline measurement have been identified in the IEE. These factors have been incorporated into the EBS. Additional impacts likely to occur during the Project's lifetime have been identified, and a scoping process has further focused on only key environmental impacts that may occur as a result of Project interventions.
The IEE states that the Project will have a "positive impact on the environment through its contribution to improvement of the land use patterns by providing an intensively managed
vegetative cover on erosion-prone marginal land". This indeed will be the case if precautions in site
selection and plantation operations and management are undertaken as recommended in the IEE. Compliance monitoring conducted as part of the EMS will follow up to ensure that the Project is adhering to site selection and plantation operations and management criteria.
ii) Baseline Monitoring
The baseline survey will give a picture of existing conditions in Project areas, providing a
benchmark against which any changes that are taking place as a result of Project interventions will
be measured ..
The baseline survey will be undertaken only once, at the same time as the STP, prior to site preparation for establishment of tree plantations. Data will be analyzed, tabulated, mapped, and represented qualitatively and quantitatively. Data used to monitor impacts will be compared to the baseline situation in order to quantitatively analyze and describe the impacts.
Environmental parameters will be described and data collected following standard quantitative
terms; for example parts per million (ppm), or population per square or kilometer. These standards
will be maintained throughout the monitoring program in order to allow data sets to be properly
compared and assessed. Where quantitative description is not possible, for example in some
socio-economic data, qualitative descriptions according to accepted criteria will be used.
Elements to be monitored: The headings in the ESB (Appendix 2, and also shown in section 4.2.1 above) summarize the principal environmental parameters likely to experience impacts from Project implementation once sites have be~n selected. Those elements of the baseline to be monitored during different phases of Project implernentation have been included in the environmental monitoring form (Appendix 3).
Data needs: Data to be collected will not include every aspect of the environment. Collection is unnecessary since it will lead to data overload. Thus the choice of data needs has been based upon the environmental factors to be periodically monitored by the PCU; mainly those factors identified in the IEE and in preparing the EBS. For this purpose, the environrnental indicators to be monitored have been included in the environmental monitoring form. Data is simple, clear, and easily monitored.
Data collection format: The EBS form has been designed, tested, and used to collect baseline data at PBP sites by the MES, during the months of March and June/July 1996. PCU and PPCU counterpart staff have been trained by the Environmental Monitoring Specialist to use the EBS for data collection.
Data storage, interpretation, and analysis systems: PCU staff will be trained further by the Environrnental Monitoring Specialist, to process data obtained through the environrnental baseline
survey and monitoring forms. Data will be organized with the assistance of PCU staff and
compiled in a format that will allow for interpretation and analysis by the MES, initially with the
assistance of the Environrnental Monitoring Specialist.
Data analysis and reporting of results: Following tabulation of data, the Environmental Monitoring Specialist will assist the MES to undertake data analysis and prepare an Environmental Baseline Survey Report (August 1996). During the data analysis process, the Specialist will train PCU staff to undertake
environmental data analysis, including orientation to data interpretation methods and techniques.
Recommendations for mitigation: In locations at which the Project already has initiated
establishment of PBPs recommendations for mitigation of obvious negative impacts will be
proposed, if necessary. Any additional environmental recommendations proposed for the PBPs will
be included in the Environrnental Baseline Survey Report (February 1997).
ii) Impacts Monitoring
Elements to be monitored: The Pilot Block Plantations (PBPs) have been screened and scoped for their potential impacts on the local biological, physical, and socio-econornic environment. As the tree plantations develop, the most critical areas for monitoring will emerge. Indicators have been chosen
based on their ability to impart, in tangible terms (in quantitative terms as much as possible), changes happening in the physical, biological, and social environment. Indicators are measurable agents, sensitive enough to convey the environmental changes ta.king place due to installation and operation of tree plantations.
Data needs: In addition to identifying and measuring environmental changes, the monitoring system will
reveal, where possible, the signi.ficance or magnitude of the changes. This analysis is needed to give some idea of the type, scale, and irnmediacy of any mitigation measures required. Measurements of changes in the indicators may be temporal or spatial. Indicators may be biological, physical, social, or econorruc.
Data collection format: Monitoring of impacts of tree plantations will be conducted by the PCU' s NIES, with the assistance of the PPCU s. Data sheets have been prepared ( see Appendix 3) based on the baseline EBS form used to uodertake environmental morùtoring. .
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Data storage, interpretation, and analysis systems: Data will be inputted and stored on diskettes using computers at the PCU, as is the data from the STPs and the BNIEs. The Project may wish to consider engaging a Database Prograrnming Specialist to prepare a program for processing and desigrùng a computer based analysis program for STP and EBS baseline survey and BNIE and environmental morùtoring data, that will facilitate interpretation and analysis.
Data analysis and presentation of results: Environmental impact morùtoring will take two forms: • direct; where cause and effect is obvious; for example soil erosion and gullying; and;
indirect; where cause and effect are not obvious, or where regular surveillance of individual environmental factors will be impossible to do. This is often the case when measuring changes in the biological environment, where the morùtoring of individual species will be impossible. lh this case, an indicator will convey an understanding of possible changes taking place.
Recommendations for mitigation: Annual environmental monitoring reports will be produced by the Environmental Monitoring Specialist that will identify both positive and negative impacts of the Project from an environmental perspective. Mitigation measures will be recommended to the PCU/MES for implementation.
iii) Compliance Morùtoring
Elements to be monitored: The Environmental Monitoring System will monitor and evaluate implementation by the Project of environmental guidelines recommended by the "Environmental Guidelines for Plantation Development", prepared by the ADB technical assistance to DOF (TA No. 2028-LAO), and later enhanced by the Project (see Appendix 1 ); the "Environmental Guidelines for Selected Agricultural and Natural Resources Development Projects" of the Office of the Environment, ADB (1991); the "Project Administration Memorandum" for the Industrial Tree Plantation Project (ADB Loan 1295-LAO {SF}); and, tree plantation management plans prepared by the PCU for PBP sites and by private sector firms for private tree plantations.
5.2 Environmental Impacts Monitoring
Environmental impacts morùtoring will be used to assess the physical, ecological and socio-econornic variables that are expected to change as a result of Project interventions.
Monitoring will be closely linked to the Environmental Baseline Survey. It also will be designed to test whether any observed changes are due to the Project alone and not to any other extemal influences.
Impact monitoring process requires examination of the Project' s detailed work plan, a review of decisions of the PCU, and follow up of the Project's field activities at ail stages of implementation. This process will provide the link between PCU decision making and the environmental impacts of Project implementation. It also will indicate if environmental recommendations have been followed; if mitigation measures have been adopted; and, the efficacy of these measures.
In addition to identifying and measuring changes, the monitoriI}g system will reveal, wherever possible, the significance or magnitude of those changes. Analysis of data collected that reflect these changes will be carried .out, to give some idea of the type, scale, and immediacy of any mitigation measures needed. Environmental impacts monitoring
will
be undertaken as part of and at the same time as the BME, or approxirnately 12 months afler completion of the STP/EBS. lnitially, the MES will cany out environmental impacts monitoring, but eventually, the PPCUs are expected to take responsibility for this task.5.2.1 Elements to be Monitored
Three environmental data sets will be monitored, each having its own data needs, specifically: • baseline data monitoring needs are dependent on identification of key impacts;
• impact monitoring will be focused on following up data sets established for the environmental baseline data survey; and,
• compliance monitoring will be concemed with ground checking the Project's compliance with the plantation management plans prepared for each site, govemment regulations, and mitigation measures recommended by the PCU/MES for each plantation site.
Monitoring of both baseline survey and impacts data have been discussed above. Section 5 .3 below discusses compliance monitoring.
5.3 Compliance Monitoring
Compliance monitoring will be undertaken to ensure that the Project is being operated in compliance with:
• ex.isting GOL regulations, specifically Decree 186/PM dated 26 June 1994, and Decree 169/PM, issued in 1993, (Lao - ADB Plantation Forestry Project Working Paper No. 5): • environmental recommendations proposed for establishment of tree plantations in:
• Environmental guidelines proposed by the project;
• The "Initial Environmèntal Exarnination" of the Project planning document ("Surnmary Initial Environmental Exarnination", Appendix 7 of the PAM);
• Responses Proposed by ADB Technical Assistance to the Plantation Forestry Project (TA No. 2028-LAO):
• In Working Paper No. 9, "Socio-Technical Profiles (STP), Benefit
Monitoring & Evaluation (BME) for Plantation Development in Lao PDR":
• the management plans for the PBPs prepare by the PCU; and later the management plans prepared by private sector companies for each private tree plantation site: and,
• any further mitigation measures proposed by the PCU.
~· '·
During 1995 and 1996, compliance monitoring was initially part ofEBS process, in that the EBSs were conducted in locations where PBPs had already been established, beginning in 1995. Compliance monitoring is an integral part of the EMS. lt will be canied out at the same time that the BME and first environmental monitoring tasks are canied out, approximately one year following the EBS, and following establishment of the tree plantation. The Compliance Form to be used to follow up on implementation of environmental guidelines is presented in Appendix 3.
6. Environmental Data Analysis
Analysis and interpretation initially will be undertaken by the Environmental Monitoring Specialist in collaboration with the MES. The Environmental Monitoring Specialist will train PCU monitoring and evaluation staff to interpret and undertake comparative analysis of EBS data and environmental data collected during monitoring. Data interpretation and analysis functions will be tumed over to MES staff as quickly as the situation allows, with the Environmental Monitoring Specialist maintaining quality control of interpretation and analy§is during periodic follow up visits in the course of Project implementation. Results of data analysis will be reported in an annual Environmental Monitoring Report.
6.1 Preliminary Identification of Environmental Parameters to be Analyzed
An initial selection of key environmental parameters and indicators for analysis is proposed here, based upon a familiarity with agro-socio-ecological conditions in -Lao PDR. The following environmental parameters have been identified as those likely to be monitored for the purpose of comparative analysis in the course of environmental monitoring activities:
•
•
6.2
Site location data: use of area surrounding the tree plantation ( within 500 m of the site.
Land use data: total area in shifting agriculture being undertaken by villagers using the plantation site; number of households using unstocked forest for shifting agriculture; timber produéed for sale each year; poles collected per year; area for grazing; sources of non-timber products used by villagers; types of non-timber forest products obtained from local forests; villager uses of plantation site.
Wildlife data: number of species and size of population of animais, fish, game species found in forest areas allocated to the village.
Physical conditions data: number and length of wet season drainage channels. Vegetative cover data: quality ofvegetative cover of the plantation site.
Water data: number and quantity of water in water bodies inside or nearby the plantation site,
including strearns, natural ponds, wetlands, fish ponds, wells, etc.; results of chernical and turbidity testing of water (this factor is still under review).
Soils data: measure of topsoil Joss; soi! quality; yield figures for various crops on surrounding lands.
Natural vegetation data: photo comparison; composition and density of natural vegetation of the plantation ·site; tree and shrub cover.
Data Analysis Form
The Environmental Data Analysis form proposed for use as part of the EMS is presented in Appendix 4. The form consists of several columns and includes:
• a list of environmental parameters to be monitored; • the status of each parameter based on the EBS
the actual situation, based on field observations and reported on the environmental monitoring form;
• the acceptable standard, based on Lao law and/or environmental guidelines and recommendations made by the Project; and,
a column for remarks, that will give reasons or justification for changes and/or differences in the original situation reported in the EBS.
The quantitative and qualitative information reported on the EBS and the envirnnmental monitoring forms will be extracted and recorded on the environmental data analysis (EDA) forms Interpretation and analysis of the recorded data will be undertaken initially by the Envirnnmental Monitoring Specialist, who will train, the PCU/MES to assume this responsibility in the medium-term (say the next 2-3 years).
7. Environmental Reporting
,
Environmental reporting will be carried out several times in the course of the Project Report forms have been developed to make reporting by the PCU/MES as easy as possible, without affecting the quality of the reporting. Forms are proposed as follows:
• Environmental Baseline Survey Form (Appendix 2) • Environmental Monitoring Form (Appendix 3) • Environmental Data Analysis Form (Appendix 4)
• Environmental Monitoring Report Form and Compliance Form (Appendix 5) 7 .1 Reporting Requirements
1. The first required report to be prepared for a potential tree plantation site will be a comprehensive environmental baseline survey report. This report will be produced only once for each potential tree plantation site. The first draft of this report was produced in November 1996, and is based on an analysis of the EBS carried out in PBP villages in 1996. It reports on the findings of environmental baseline surveys conducted by the PCU/MES with the assistance of the Environmental Monitoring Specialist, in villages in which PBPs were established in the 1995 and 1996 wet seasons. The PCU/MES is responsible for preparing subsequent site-specific EBS reports, that will both qualitatively and quantitatively describe environmental conditions at sites selected for tree plantations each year. A EBS Analysis Report will be prepared annually for submission to the Director of the PCU, no later than 30 April each year.
2. A second required report to be prepared by the PCU/MES is an annual Environmental Monitoring Report (EMR). The EMR will be produced annually for each site established as a tree plantation with the Project's (DOF (PCU and PPCU) and the Agricultural Development Bank's) assistance. Data for this report will be collected at the same time as BME data. It will present results of the analysis carried out in comparing data obtained from the EBS and data obtained through environmental monitoring. Environmental monitoring will take place approximately twelve months after conducting the EBS.
Anannual Environmental Monitoring Report will be prepared no later than 30 June annually.
3. A third required report to be prepared by the PCU/MES is a Compliance Report for each site on which a tree plantation has been established with the Project's assistance. This
report will be required only once for each site ( or several times if the site is a large one and planting is carried out over several years at the same site), at the same time as the first
BME is conducted. This report will focus on the level of compliance that plantation
managers have given to following the Project' s Environmental Guidelines for Plantation
Forestry Operations (Appendix 1). The Project's Environmental Guidelines for Plantation
Forestry Operations were developed based upon environmental recommendations made by
ADB consultants prior to Project implementation.
8. Data Storage
As with data collected for the STP and the BME, data collected for the EBS and
environmental monitoring will be stored on computer diskettes. This will facilitate storage and
access; aHd, in anticipation of data analysis and report generating programs being developed,
that will facilitate the work ofthe,PCU/MES. EBS data collected from PBP sites during 1996
currently are stored on the EBS forms in folders at the MES. Although at this time the small amount of data is still relatively easy to store and access, the volume of data collected for each tree plantation site will be significant. Once STP, EBS, BME, environmental monitoring and compliance reports are completed, the amount of data for each site will increase as will the number of sites on which tree plantations have been established. In addition, the MES has GIS capability, that could be used to store much environmental data both graphically (based on digitized data) and in tabular format (quantitatively).
9. Issues for Consideration and Recommendations
1. Monitoring and Enforcement of Environmental Guidelines, Compliance to Environmental
Recommendations and Mitigation Measures: Although the EMS foresees DOF enforcing
environmental guidelines, compliance to environmental recommendations, and mitigation
measures, the spetific unit within DOF remains to be identified that will take action against plantation managers who seriously disregard the negative environmental impacts of their
activities. The MES will submit annual Environmental Monitoring Reports to managers of
the PCU. The EMR will point out negative environmental impacts resulting from
establishment of tree plantations. The EMR also will make recommendations for mitigation measures to be implemented at each tree plantation site, that will contribute to correcting
environmental damage occurring. According to standard DOF administrative procedures,
the PCU will submit a summary report to DOF officiais, reporting on the environmental damage and offering options for action. Senior DOF officiais then are expected to take appropriate action against the plantation managers. The issue is which unit within DOF will be assigned the responsibility for ensuring compliance.
Recommendation: DOF has a Conservation and Extension Division that could be assigned
the responsibility for following up on plantation management plans, monitoring of
mitigation measures recommeded in Environmental Monitoring Reports, and to ensure
compliance with GOL regulations (following project completion) governing establishment of tree plantations. Another option would be to empower the Provincial Agriculture and
Forestry Offices (P AFO) to undertake these same tasks.
2. MES Institutional Capacity and Availability of Human Resources: The PCU/MES
currently is staffed by five DOF/PCU personnel. The work Joad and level of responsibility of these personnel are often strained, given the number of administrative and promotional tasks that are assigned to them. With the anticipated large increase in the number of private
Lao-ADB Plantation Forcstry Project Page 13
sector tree plantations, as a result of operation of a GOL sponsored credit pro gram and the activities of the Project, the work load of the MES is expected to increase significantly. In addition, STP/EBS and BME/EMR activities will continue to multiply as interest in private tree plantations expands. Although the PPCU can be expected to provide valuable assistance at the provincial and field levels, the PCU/MES will have responsibility for maintaining quality contrai of STP and environmental monitoring.
Recommendation: Although all PPCU personnel should be provided with STP/EBS and BME/EMR training, the PCU may want to consider providing additional intensive training ( using existing TA and PCU staff) to 1-2 PPCU staff in each province. These PPCU staff would be assigned the additional responsibility for providing a minimum level of quality contrai in EBS, EMR and Compliance reporting It is understood that actions of this type have already been under taken.
3. Computer Based EMS: The PCU/EMS currently is equipped with one desk top persona) computer (mode) 486), with a HP Deskjet 660C laser printer, and digitized mapping (GIS) capability. Two issues are foreseen related to extensive computerization of the EMS:
sufficient equipment (hardware) to enable computer analysis of environmental and STP data; and, sufficient software ( custom designed computer programs) that will allow for preparation of computer generated reports of environmental impacts.
Recommendation: if the EMS and STP processes are to be fully computerized, the PCU should consider procurement of additional computer equipment for the sole use of MES; and, engagement of computer literate personnel to be assigned to the MES to assist with data input, word processing, data management, and report preparation.
Lao-ADB Plantation Forcstry Projcct Page 14
Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9
Appendices
Preliminary Environmental Guidelines for Plantation F orestry Operations
Environmental Baseline Survey Form
Env'ironmental Monitoring Form and Compliance Form Environmental Data Analysis F orm
Environmental Monitoring Report Form
Curriculum for Environmental Training of Provincial Project Coordination Units ( PPCU )
Institutional Capacity Assessment
Environmental Parameters Used to Measure Impacts on Baseline Indicators References and Contacts
Appendix 1
Preliminary Environmental Guidelines
for Plantation Extablishment
Appendix 1
PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR
PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT
Introduction
The PBP establishment for 1996 has been done along the same lines as that for 1995 and while the result has not perfectly followed the various environment guidelines it is a big improvement on the traditional methods used and has started to create an awareness of the environment.
Problems that have been encouHtered are:
i) There are a number of environmental guidelines that are relevant to this project. They are relatively complex to understand and remember. The farmers who are doing the contract work of PBP establishment are unsure what is required and either do not understand the concepts or find them too complex to follow.
ii) Food production land use takes priority on fiat arable land and when the other potential sites have been eliminated by the STP there are relatively very few areas left that are fiat enough to corne within the guidelines for use as plantation land.
iii) If the slope limits are faithfully followed then much of the potential plantation area will not be available for planting. Only the narrow ridge tops could be used among the usually broken or very rolling terrain. This will result in two main effects; extremely scattered and small planting blacks that would be uneconomic, and the result that may farmers would be prevented from planting their own land.
'
Suggested Guidelines
During the time until the project produces specific environmental guidelines the following are suggested to be used in order to;
i) ii)
Contrai project plantation establishment effect on the environment, and
Enable the plantation establishment work to continue making best use of the types of degraded forest land usually available.
The suggested guidelines are;
Flat to gently sloping land (0 deg. - 15 deg.) can be prepared by bulldozer and ploughing prior to planting.
Moderately sloping land (16 deg. - 30 deg.) can be burned and planted using holes, but can not be prepared by bulldozer or plough. lt can be weeded using hand methods only Steep land (more than 30 deg.) should not be cleared, if already cleared leave it unplanted and do not weed it.
Bottom and si des of wet season drainage channels ( dry watercourses) should not be planted and also not weeded. Natural vegetation should be preserved 5 -10 m.
from/around drainage channels
Tracks roads in plantations must not be ploughed, the bulldozer must not disturb it or even walk on it.
Lakes and ponds: leave not Jess than 40 m of protection strip from the water level in wet season to the planted trees. If already cleared leave the strip unplanted to allow regeneration of natural growth as a protection strip and do not weed it. -No bulldozer work or ploughing in protection strip.
Streams: leave not Jess than 20 m of natural vegetation as a protection strip from the top of the stream bank to the planted trees. If already cleared leave the strip unplanted to allow regeneration of natural growth as a protection strip and do not weed it. No bùlldozer work or ploughing in protection strip.
'_.,
Appendix 2
Environmental Baseline Survey Form
Lao-ADB Plantation Forestry Project
Environmental Baseline Survey Form1
The information for items 1-7 is already available on the STP form.
1. Date ofEBS: 2. Province: 3. District: 4. Village: 5. Responsible: 6. Participants
1. PCU 2. PPCU 3. Vil!aoers
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... ···-···--··-··---··-·----··· ... . ···---·-·-·---···-·-··· ··· ... .7. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PLANTATION SITE AND THE AREA AROUND THE
VILLAGE (This section will describe the proposed plantation site from an environmental perspective.)
////// I ///////////II///// II//////////// II/ I///////////////// DATA TO BE OBTAINED FROM THE VILLAGE
8. LAND DATA
(The pwpose of this section is to provide data related to the status and location of the
proposed plantation site, and how the land is currently used.)
8. l Official status of the plantation site:
Public land:
( C,,rrent official classification)
Private land:
(Name and address of owner)
8.2 Location of the site: (Use map atiached to STP to indicated environmental details as noted.)
Date of Form: Novembcr 1996
8.2. l Area of the proposed plantation site: ha.
8.3 Current land use
9. SITE LOCATION DATA
(The purpose of th;s section is ta determine how the proposed plantation site is
ecologically and socially linked ta the village.)
9.1 Distance of the plantation site from the village: - - -- - - -km
9 .2 Distance of the plantation .c;ite from water bodies and wells:
9.2. l Water bodies
Water Body Name Distance from Used as Source of Water
Plantation Site for Village
(km/m/inside site) (drinking/household use)
Rivers [ ] used [ ] not used
[ ] used [ ] not used Streams
[ ] used [ ] not used [ ] perennial
[] seasonal
' [ ] used [ ] not used
[ ] perennial [] seasonal Natural ponds
[ ] used [ ] not used [ ] perennial
[] seasonal
[ ] used [ ] not used [ ] perennial
f
1 seasonalConstructed ponds
(Reservoirs created as [ ] used [ ] not used
a result of smalt dams, [ ] perennial
spillways, weirs, or [] seasonal
other irrigation [ ] used [ ] not used
structures) [ ] perennial [] seasonal Other water bodies
[ ] used [ ] not used
[ ] perennial [] seasonal
[ ] used [ j not used [ ] perennial
f
l
seasonal2
9.2.2 Wells (Jdentify by number on attached detailed map, e.g. Wl, W2, etc.) Weil No. Distance from Proposed Plantation Site
Wl - - - -- -- -- - - - km or m or inside site
W2 - - -- - - - -- - - -km or m or inside site
W3 km or m or inside site
W4 - -- -- - -- - - -km or m or inside site
W5 - -- - - - -- - - - -km or m or inside site
9.2.3 Fish ponds (Jdent~fy by nu'inber on attached detailed map, e.g Fi, F2, etc.)
Pond No. Owner & Village Distance from Proposed Plantation Site
F 1 km or m or inside site
F2 km or m or inside site
F3 km or m or inside site
F4 km or m or inside site
F5 km or m or inside site
9.3 Use of area surrounding the proposed plantation site (within 500 m of the site)
(lndicate on attached detailed map)
[ ] stocked natural forest [ ] production forest
(n,s.e.w) (n.s.e,w) [ ] sacred forest (n,s.e.w) [ ] burial grounds (n,s.e.w) [ ] unstocked forest (n.s.e.w)
r
l
private land (n.s.c. w) [ ] paddy riœ fields(n,s.e,w)
[ ] regenerated forest (n.s.e,w) [ ] buffer zone
(n.s.e,w)
[ ] eroded forest land (n.s.e,w)
[ J forest plantation (n.s.e,w)
[ ] saline soils areas (n.s.e,w) [ ] protected forest (n,s,e,w) [ ] historical site (n,s,e,w) [ ] conservation forest (n,s,e,w) [ ] grassland/grazing land (n,s,e,w)
[ J water body (type: _ _ __;
(n,s,e,w)
[ ]other (specify: (n,s,e,w)
3
10. LAND USE DATA
(The purpose of this section is to obtain data from villagers on the status of forest
lands and how they use forest lands allocated to the village. Information obtained jrom the STP also is relevant to this section.)
10. 1 Area of flood pro ne land
10.2 Area of saline soils (including sait flats being used by the village)
10.3 Area for grazing
10.4 Distance from village to closest:
Stocked natural forest: km Protected forest:
ha
ha - -
-ha
- -
-Conservation forest: km Buffer zone (around protected forest):
Production forest: km Unstocked forest: Regenerating forest: km Forest plantation: Reforestation area: - - -km
10. 5 Where do villagers currently obtain most of their non-timber for est products'J
[] Stocked natural forest [ ] Conservation forest [ ] Production forest [ ] Regenerating forest [ ] Reforestation area
[ ] Protected forest
[ ] Buffer zone (around protected forest) [ ] Unstocked forest [] Forest plantation km km km km
10.6 Average number of trips villagers make to forest to obtain non-timber forest products:
Dry season (November - April): trip(s) per _ _ _ _ _
Wet season (May - October): _ _ __ trip(s) per _ _ _ _
4
10.7 Types of non-timber forest products most frequently obtained:
[] bamboo [ ] bamboo shoots [ ] mushrooms
[ ] wildlife [ ] forest vegetables [ ] fish [ ] forest fruit [ ] tree leaves [] insects
[ ] insect eggs [] bird eggs [ ] medicinal roots [ ] medicinal plants [ ] chewing roots [ ] root crops
[] honey [ ] stick-laq [ ] gum products
[] rattan [ ] grasses
.
~ [ ]1 O. 8 Non-timber forest products most frequently obtained from proposed plantation site:
[] bamboo [ ] bamboo shoots [ ] mushrooms
[] wildlife [ ] forest vegetables [ ] fish [ ] forest fruit [ ] tree leaves [] insects
[ ] insect eggs [] bird eggs [ ] medicinal roots [ ] medicinal plants [ ] chewing roots [ ] root crops
[] honey ' [ ] stick-laq [ ] gum products
[ ] rattan [ ] grasses [] fuel wood [ ] fence wood [ ]poles [ ]
1 O. 9 Village use of proposed plantation site and availability and location of alternative sites: [ ] grazing land
alternative site [ ] available; distance from vi!iage: km or m or inside [ ] unavailable
[ ] shifting agriculture
alternative site [ ] aYailable; distance from village: km or m or inside [ ] unavailable
[ ] permanent upland agriculture
alternative site [ ] available: distance from village: km or m or inside [ J unavailable
l ]
source of non-wood forest productsalternative site [ ] available: distance from village: km or m or inside [ ] unavailable
[ 1 other (specify) _ _ __ _ _ _
alternative site [ ] available: distance from village: km or m or inside [ ] unavailable
5
11. WILDLIFE DATA
(The purpose of this data is ta de termine the impacts on wildlife of the establishment of the
tree plantations, due primarily ta the loss of habitat. Emphasis is placed on endangered
species and wildlife consumed by villagers as part of their normal diet.)
11.1 Number of species and size of population of animais, including fish and game species
(This data will be obtainedfrom villagersfamiliar with the area.):
List of wildlife found in forest areas allocated to the village:
Animais and Fish Sightings or Evidence of Presence Freguent Infreguent Rare Never l. Bengteng [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 2. Guar , [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ,., Bear [ ] .) . [ ] [ ] [ ]
4. Brown antlered deer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5. Hog deer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 6. Gibbons [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 7. Langur [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 8. Deer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ' 9. Barking deer [ ] [ ] [ ] [ J 10. Otters [ ] [ ] [ ]
