Importance des fluctuations spatio-temporelles et des non linéarités pour le transport dans les verres isolants
106
0
0
Texte intégral
(2) #$%&' ( )+*,-'
(3) '. & 0/2143
(4) 143. 75 6 8:9<;>=@?BACEDGFHDJILKMCN=OM:?P=RQS9<AHITIO8U?P=RQV9XWY=ZD6 8:9<;[D\
(5) \SD]I^DE= FHDJI_AH9<A \
(6) QAH`a?B;Qb=-`JI_89<M;T\SDc=R;-?BAHIZ89<;d=eF:?BAHIe\SD]ITf<D;g;[DJI QVI-9<\ ?BA<=ZIh. 8:?B;_iH;-?BAjE9<QVIlknmporq7sut. vHwx<y{z}|~Py{2~ "H}~P{7z}}~SJ{. ~V4 ]}~Y|0Vy{xy{w ~<. Z Rv|z 7R|wz ~V " ZR( ]y{Y~ Yy{|~V7| Z-¡BY¢¤£7|¥{~|¦ ]7y{|~7| ZO ¦{}§~V|P7 Yy{|~V7| ¨©|Y2ªR|z}~V7| ZOYy4«d|z} UvH~Vx§7|~¦z " z¬wP(|J~¦R|wz ~V ".
(7)
(8)
(9) . !#"%$ & '(!#"% )+*,- ."/ 0)#!2143!-3 576 8 8 9:6;,- <"/,=5>"/ )?!=$@"%AB)4C6;6 $D."@E+"/F= G)?3."%G 7H;H;H I JLKMONQPR>S7TUMOVWPGKXYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX \ ] X ] ^`_(a SbN _(a R _[cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K Mnm@o<p.qUrts cedgf Tuh _UcvcW_ R>SwE k XxXYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX y ] X ] X ] ^ VWTUNQP@MOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a{_ M|T%iGR>N _[_~} z f NOV kl_ K Mui c XlX[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX y ] X ] X ^`_(a SbN _(aZ;_ M|MOh f PGNOV _/ R _cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P% _ K X|XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX ] X TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K MR _[ NOSbVvMXYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX ]<] ] X>X ] f T(PGSb _ NOM _ R _(a: S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a R dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KMX[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX ]<] ] X>X i c TUS c R _c iM _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ R _[ NOSbVvM X[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX ] \ ] X>X\ ^`_(a SbN _(a R _(a{f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M a R _Y NOSbVvM{s c i k VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ K S7T cWf iCVvN _ XXYXZXYX ]% ] X\ j _ M a MOh _ N k VW S _(a VvK7R>SbVvM a z4iCN cW_ iCV a T _ iCS XXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX ] ] X\>X ] i c TUS c?~ o RbP k VvK4iCMOVWPGK R _(a S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a{¡.f iCK M _(a X7XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX ] ] X\>X ¢ _(a{_ j _ M a|c V f(a s cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M@£ _ j _ TUMOV £GXXYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXCy ] X\>X\ ^`_(a SbN _(a R _(a V k zbS cWa VWPGK a R dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM a PGS a|c i aQ_ N ;_Uk MQP aQ_ T(PGK7R _ X¤XYX< ¥PGK7T c S a VWPGK XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX\<¦ I+8 § 9:6;,- <"/,=5>"/ )?!=$l$%A¨5>"/ 5760$D " $%)?6 57!#"%$@*ª©v«¬!=*= $%)#!BH;H;H JLKMONQPR>S7TUMOVWPGKXYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX\ ] >X ] NuiCK a z®PGNOM _ K¯N fU¡ V kl_ £ _~} MONQ° kl_ £ b± £~KS c £[PGS£~VvK>²7KbVL£³XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX\<\ >X ] X ] ´ iCSbM{s@z#PGNOM f(_ <iCNOVµi bcW_[_ MT%iGR>N _[_~} z f NOV kl_ K Mui c X¶XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX\<\ >X ] X ·{K4i c P ¡ V _Y PGN kl_UcvcW_[_ K MON _[cW_(a R _ S } N fU¡ V kl_(a_~} MONQ° kl_(a XX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX\<¸ >X ] X\ V¹j f N _ K7T _ R _(a Mºz _(a R _ TQh _Uk VvK`R _ T(PGK7R>S7TUMOVWPGK»z®PGSbN ± ¼¾½@_ M ±¿¼xÀ \<Á >X f M _ N k VvK4iCMOVWPGKtR _ced V k z#PGNOMuiCK7T _ R _(a N _ MQPGSbN a XÂXYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXÃy >X>X ] Ä{_Uc iCMOVWPGK c iz c S a|a V k z cW_ z#PGSbN cW_(a Tuh4i k z a VvKM _ N klf R>VµiCVvN _(a XÅX[XYX[XYXZXYXÃy >X>X h f PGNOV _(a R>S¯MONuiCK a z®PGNOM _ KwTQh4i k z VvK M _ N klf R>VµiCVvN _ XÆXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXÃy \ >X>X\ f M _ N k VvK4iCMOVWPGKtR _ced V k z#PGNOMuiCK7T _ R _(a £~N _ MQPGSbN a £ XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXÃy<y >X\ ªh4iCS>j i ¡._ R _(a zbh7PGK7PGK a PGSwR _(afUcW_ TUMONQPGK a X2XYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXÃy Á >X\>X ] ^`_(a SbN _ R _ced V k z f R7iCK7T _ MOh _ N k VWS _[ÇÈÉ@ʨËÍÌ MOh _ N k P a MuiCMÎX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXÃy Á >X\>X ¢ _(a{fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a R dgÇÈÉ@Ê¨Ë K _[a PGK M:z4i a Tuh4iCS7R a XlX[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX¸<¦ >X\>X\ ¢ _(a{fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a Tuh4iCS7R a K f T _(aQa VvM _ KM Ì V cWa SbK _ £ k SbMuiCMOVWPGK T(PGK7T _ zbMOS _UcvcW_ £ ÏÐXYX¸ ] ¥PGK7T c S a VWPGK XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX¸< I 9:6;,- <"/,=5>"/ )?!=$l$%A¨5>"/ )bÑQ"%AB)4C6;6 $D."@Ò? C $D$("%C,= <"/,= 57,-Ó Ô7I JLKMONQPR>S7TUMOVWPGKXYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX¸<\ \>X ] Õ¨_ NOMOVvK _ K7T _ R>S k PRbÖ cW_[a MuiCK7R7iCNQR ;a iCK a VvKM _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK a X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX¸Cy \>X ] X ] c i PGNuiCMOVWPGK R _(a{f TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK a{_ M×£~MOh _ N k P klf MONOV _ T%iCz4iGTUVvMOVv _ £GXXYX[XYXZXYX¸Cy \>X ] X Õ N _ Sb _ R _Ycedg_~} V a M _ K7T _ R d SbK _ j _ MR _ TQh4i k z k i ¡ K f MOVW S _ XØX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX¸<Á \>X ] X\ ^ PR fUc V a iCMOVWPGK»R7iCK a|cW_ T%iGR>N _ R _(a RbPGS bcW_~Ì zbSbVvM a S4i a V Ì VvK7R f z _ K7R7iCK M a XZXYXCy \>X ÙPGK Ìec VvK f iCNOVvM f(a_ M iCV cvc VvM _ R>S k PRbÖ cW_Ya MuiCK7R7iCNQR¤XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX \>X>X ] ·{N ¡ S kl_ K M{VvK MOSbVvMOV >c i¯£ a iCMOSbNuiCMOVWPGK` S4iCKMOVW S _ £GX|XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX \>X>X BS4iCMOVWPGK a R _Yªc PTQh»z#PGSbN cW_(a RbPGS bcW_~Ì zbSbVvM a S4i a V Ì VvK7R f z _ K7R7iCKM a XDXYXZXYX¾ÚG¦ \>X>X\ Ä{f(a S c MuiCM a K S klf NOVWS _(aD zbN f(fUk VvK _ K7T _ R _c i a iCMOSbNuiCMOVWPGKS4iCK MOVWS _ R _(a KbVv _ iCS } X@X[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX¾ÚG¸ JuJQJ.
(10) \>X\>X ] ¢-inR fUc PT%i c V a iCMOVWPGKwR>K4i k VW S _ R _(a:_~} TUVvMuiCMOVWPGK a:_ K MON _ RbPGS bcW_~Ì zbSbVvM a:aQ_UkÌ bc i bcW_(a XX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX \>X\>X £ Ä{_ MQPGSbNOK _Ukl_ K M/£×R _(a|_ j _ M a K7PGK c VvK f iCVvN _(a XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX \ \>X\>X\ j _ M a R dgf z4iCV auaQ_ SbN%XX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYX Ú ¥PGK7T c S a VWPGK XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZX[XYX[XYX[XYX[XZXYX[XYX[XYX[X[XYXZXYX[XYX[X[XYX[XYXZXYXÁ ] )?!= 6;,-$ 0)#!2143!-3 576 4H 4I .
(11)
(12) ¿
(13) . _ MOV _ K a swN _Ukl_ NQTUV _ N@Tuh4i cW_ SbN _ S aQ_Ukl_ K M cW_(a R>Vv _ N au_(a z _ N a PGKbK _(aa iCK ancW_(a S _UcvcW_(a T _ MONui%GiCV c K d iCSbNuiCVvMOi k iCV a f M f z®P aQa V bcW_ XKzbN _Uk V _ N c V _ S V _ K a N
(14) ^ N%X Õ V _ NON _Ð_ N ¡.f SbV[izbNOV a c i N _(a z®PGK a i V c VvM f R _kwdg_UkZ iCS7TQh _ N|iCS¯¥B· iCS a PGNOMOVvN¥R _|k i[MOh7Ö aQ_ X ´ iCK a T _ MOM _ TQh4iCK7T _ PGNOV ¡ VvK _UcvcW_ V c¥_(a M PGNOM×zbNQP i bcW_ S _ d iCSbNuiCV a ²7K4i cW_Ukl_ K MlSbVvMOM fDcedgf MOS7R _ R _c i Õ h a VW S _ iCSbM _ R _ z#P a M _ z _ N k iCK _ KMiGT(T _(aQa V bcW_ X K aQ_ T(PGK7R c V _ S _ N _Ukl_ NQTUV _n^ ^ V cvcW_(a{Ä_ _Uc _ iCK Õ iCS c¨ SbNuiCS7R _ M ´ M f zbh4iCK _ ¢ _ SbV _ K R>VvN _ TUM _ SbN a R>S¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _DÕ V _ NON _D´ 7_ z#PGSbN c i T(PGK>²?iCK7T _ VvK7R f~Í_ TUMOV bcW_ S d V cWa PGK M V _ KÐ.PGS c S iGT(T(PGNQR _ NBs kl_(a MONui%GiCS } C[T(P k zbNOV ac PGN a S _ T _ S } TUV a PGS>j®NuiCV _ K MBR d SbK@R f ²4TUVvMR _ T(P k@k SbKbVWT%iCMOVWPGK _ K¯z c S a h4iCSbM c V _ S X {K¯N _Ukl_ NQTUV _Ukl_ K M{z4iCNOMOVWTUS c V _ N a Sbzbz cWfUkl_ KMuiCVvN _ z®PGSbN ^ N ´ M f zbh4iCK _ ¢ _ SbV _ K z#PGSbN a PGKwiCVWR _a PGSbM _ K S _Y_ M V _ K _ V cvc iCK M _ _ K z4iCNOMOVWTUS c V _ N c PGN a R _c i×z f NOVWPR _ MQPG S PGSbN a R fUc VWT%iCM _ R _k PGK»TQh4iCK ¡._Ukl_ KMR _ ¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _ X _ K7PGK an_ K iCS } T(P cvc i PGNuiCM _ SbN a £UR>S S7PGMOVWR>V _ K-£ _ M _ KzbN _Uk V _ N c V _ SØs ^ N%X Õ i a T%i cª_ N ¡._ N SbV _ K _ K7T%iGR>NuiCK M cW_ª¡ NQPGSbz _ £ k iCM f NOVµiCS } £R>S@¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _|Õ V _ NON _´ 7_ <ii k VWT%i cW_Ukl_ K MªR f~;_ K7R>S _ M a PGSbM _ K S k PGK iGTUMOVWPG K ª T(P k zbNOV a c PGN a S _ T _UcvcW_ TUV iCV a iCVvM¯iCzbz _Uc iCS } £ f MONuiCK ¡._(a T(PGK7T _ zbM a S4iCKMOVW S _(a £ ªS _ _wk i WMONOV a iCVvM a PGSb _ K M k i c _ K MQPGS a T%i a R7iCK aDcW_(a zbN _Uk V _ N a a MuiGR _(a R _»c i N f~4_~} VWPGK X ^`_ NQTUV-s c SbV R _kwd i(.PGVvN{PGSb _ NOMiCS }¬k S c MOVvz cW_(a{a S MOV c VvM f(a R _ced iCK4i c aQ__ K k iCM f NOVµiCS } R>V a TUVvz c VvK _[f MQPGKbK4iCKM _ iCVvM _ R _ NOV ¡ S _ SbNiCK4i c MOVWS _[_ M|R d PGzbz®PGNOMOSbKbVvM f MuiGTUMOVWS _ z#PGSbN cW_ Tuh7PGV } R _ c i klf MOh7PR _ X _ N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ iCS aQa V ^ kl_ P k VvKbVWS _[ PGSbMuiCNQR¯R _kwd i(.PGVvN{iCzbzbNOV a|cW_(a zbNOVvK7TUVvz _(a R _ c i a KMOh7Ö aQ_ i aQa VvM f(_ z4iCNz c i aOk i>XbK>²7 K cW_a PGSbMOV _ KwR _^ N%X Õ V _ NON _ ·{V cvc PGS7Rwi f M f_(auaQ_ K MOV _Uc bMQPGSbM iCS c PGK ¡ R _ T _(a h SbVvMiCK a z4i aQaQf(a iCS ¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _[Õ V _ NON _[´ 7_ X ´ PGK¯iGTUMOVWPGKwinR d i PGNQRz _ N k V a S _ T _ NOMuiCVvK _(aª_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a iCV _ KMMQPGSbM a V k z cW_Ukl_ K M c V _ S T(P k@kl_{c i k V aQ_a PGS a VWR _ R _|cedg_ K aQ_Uk×bcW_ R _ ÕBÄ ·¢ J Ù{ %PGS V _ K cW_(a kl_(a SbN _(a R _Bk VWTUNQPGMOh _ N k P klf MONOV _ SbV.K f T _(aQa VvMuiCV _ K M¨SbKZz®PGNOM _f TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK fUc i PGN f X ^ iCV a z c S a¡.f K f Nui cW_Ukl_ K
(15) M a PGK _~} z _ NOMOV aQ_ £ _~} z f NOV kl_ KMui cW_Y¡.f K f Nui cW_ £[i×z _ N k V a R dgf VvM _ N R _aQ_| PGSbNO.P% _ N|R7iCK a R _(a V k z4i auaQ_(a X>K>²7 K a PGK _(a zbNOVvM:TUNOVvMOVW S _Y_ MzbhbV c P a PGzbhbVWS _ iZz _ N k V a R _(a R>V a TUS aQa VWPGK a z4i aQa VWPGKbK f(_(an_ K MON _ K7PGS a a SbN V _ KR _(a×a S _ M a T _ SbVªi k iCVvKM _ K S k PGK _(a zbNOVvM _ K f _ V c-_ K k ° kl_ M _Uk z a S _ T _Uc i@T(P c PGNuiCVvM k iV a VWPGKwR>S k PGK7R _ X ÙPGS aD_ K iCNONOVv.PGK a sT _ S d V c{_(a M¬T(PGK _ KSR d iCzbz _UcvcW_ NУ cW_(af MOS7R>VµiCKM a £ _ MRbPGK M T _ NOMuiCVvK a aQ_ a PGK MDM _UcvcW_Ukl_ K M a V k z c VWS f(a R7iCK alcedgf SbVvz _ S d V cWa PGK MlSbK _ ¡ NuiCK7R _ z4iCNOMR7iCK a@cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a P M _ K S a X>·{VvK a V ^ N V cvcW_(a¥ÕBc S kl_ N _ iCS»iYM¥V c R7iCK aa PGKMONui(<iCV c R _ MOh7Ö aQ_ >iCzbz#PGNOM f SbK _ T(PGK MONOV S Ì MOVWPGK k i _ SbN _ s c i¬T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGKR _(aY_ j _ M a MOh _ N k VWS _(a[a PGS ak VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS X ^ NY· cW_~} iCK7R>N _ <SbV cvc iCNQR V _ KS _Z iCV a iCKM a iDMOh7Ö au_ R7iCK acedgf SbVvz _ R _ ¢ PGSbV aZ S k PGS c Vv K ®K d i Qi k iCV a z _ NQR>StR _ S _|ced VvK M f NQ°UM: S _c i P c P klf MONOV _ i c zbh4i[h4iCSbM _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK i%GiCVvMªz#PGSbN cW_ ¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _Õ V _ NON _´ 7_ X Õ PGSbN c iwT(PGK a MuiCKM _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ R _(a _ NON _(a _la PGS c V ¡ K _ NuiCV cW_ T(PGSbNui ¡._ S4i a Vh f NQ P e S _ R _l^ N Õ iCMONOVWT _ ¢+V kl_UcW_ MOM _ SbV=iDi PGNQR f[cW_ zbNQP bc Ö kl_ i c PGN a S d V c K dgf MuiCVvM{z4i a{k i WMONOV aQf z4iCN cedgf SbVvz _ R _ ¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _@Õ V _ NON _´ 7 _ X dg_(a M Õ iCMONOVWT _ SbVK7PGS a iz#PGS auaQf(a@;^ N%X®¢ _ T(PTQh _ T _ M k PGV k ° kl_/ i( _ T a PGK aQ_ K a R _Zc iDNOV ¡ S _ SbNMOh f PGNOVW S _ +iR f z4i aQaQ_ N cW_ T%iGR>N _ R _Zced iCzbzbNQP } V k iCMOVWPGKØiGR>Vµi iCMOVW S _ z#PGSbN cW_(a K7PGK c VvK f iCNOVvM f(a R _lc iwT(PGK a MuiCK M _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ !X {S4iCK M@s ^ cvcW_ ÙiGRbÖ ¡._D NuiCK c iCK7R _UcvcW_ iwT(PGSbNui ¡._ S aQ_Ukl_ KMDiCMOMuiG S fDcW_ .P cW_ M _~} z f NOV kl_ K Mui c R _Dc i a K MOh7Ö au_D_ M×R _c iwTUNO.P ¡.fUk V _ i c PGN a S _ T _(a iGTUMOVvVvM f(a{f MuiCV _ KM i cv SbMOVµiCKM _(a R7iCK a|cedgf SbVvz _ X ^ N .S c V _ K NuiCKbV _
(16) N _ K PGN k iCMOVWPGK`"J i c M _ NOK4iCK7T _ ?i@iCVWR f MONQÖ a z#P a VvMOVv _Ukl_ KMs ced VvKM fU¡ NuiCMOVWPGK R _[Õ Nui c VvK _ £ a iCK a N _Uk V au_ s ced iCVvN/£GX7K>²7 K cW_(a R _ S } iCK a R _ MONui(<iCV c z®P a M Ì RbPTUMQPGNui c R _Y^ #N .PGNuiCK ¢ _ T(PTQh _ T×PGK M|z _ N k V a R _ iCVvN _ R fU PGS7TQh _ N MQPGSbM|T _ MONui(<iCV c z4iCMOV _ KM{R _k V aQ_Y_ KwNQPGSbM _ R _cedgf MOS7R _ R _Yc iT(PGK a MuiCKM _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ R _(a _ NON _(a[ a PGK ¡.f KbV _{_~} z f NOV kl_ K Mui c K7PGS a i[z#PGS aQauf s[iCS ¡<kl_ K M _ N cW_ Tuh4i k z ±¿a %S $ a i k@kl_ KMªz®PGSbNP 7aQ_ NO _ N cW_(a_ j _ M a R>STQh4i k z k i ¡ K f MOVW S '_ & a PGK ¡.f KbV _ VvK PGN k iCMOVWS _{c V f s a i[zbNQP PGK7R _ T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGK. ()+*-,/.0,/* ,/*013246571185918:<;6*=2?>A@CB9@946;ED*+FG>CHJIBK*0:ML*0,/NPOQ>4SRQ>*7T@9U"2V*0;6;S*",/*0132*01#2W8R0:?*-D*!XM59:?,/57;657Y946*7TPZ3V84[@
(17) T DJV>A@9132<259V2\V81GO"2O7T8DO0]J>57V:?:@946;6;SO^U0*Q>?2A@94618:2?>A@CB7@_V`57]:?U0V>:baQDEc @CB7@_1
(18) 2 ;6*0: OCZ3V8@_246571:=DJ*^dM;653UQWea_H .
(19) c iT(PGK a MuiCK M _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ R _(a _ NON _(a EX _:cW_ N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ zbNQP PGK7R fUkl_ KM¥R _|a PGKDiCMOMOVvMOS7R _ i k VWT%i cW__ M T(PGK a MuiCK M _ _ MR _×a PGKtiGTuh4iCNOK _Ukl_ K MZsTQh _ NQTQh _ N c iD f NOVvM fnk ° kl_ S4iCK7R c ilMOh f PGNOV _aQ_Uk×bcW_ °UMON _ T(PGK MON _ R>VvM _ z4iCN cedg_~} z f NOV _ K7T _ X J c N _(a M _ s a i c S _ N cW_(a K7P kZ N _ S } T(P cvc i PGNuiCM _ SbN a R _(aªc i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _(a i% _ T cW_(a S _UcWaªkl_(a MONui(<iCS } PGK M f M f_ j _ TUMOS f(a X ·{S7TUSbKDN f(a S c MuiCMªK d iCSbNuiCVvM f M f P M _ K S a iCK acW_ T(PGK7T(PGSbN a R _ T _(a T(P cvc Ö ¡ S _(a i( _ T cW_(a S _UcWa dg_ KMON _ MOV _ K a R _(a N _Uc iCMOVWPGK a iCS k VvKbV k S k T(PGNQR>Vµi cW_(a >.PGVvN _ i k VWT%i cW_(a R7iCK a T _ NOMuiCVvK a T%i aY ^ VWTUNQPGMOh _ N k P klf MONOV _@ ¢-i k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN _ i f M f N f i c V aQf(__ Kz4iCNOMOV _ s ced JLK a MOVvMOSbM¥R d cW_ TUMONQP Ì KbVWS _ PGK7R7i kl_ KMui cW_ Jº B R d N a i([ _ M _ K z4iCNOMOV _ iCS ´_ NOVWT _ R _lÕ h a VWS _ R _ ¢ d MuiCM ¥PGK7R _ K aQfle´Õ ¥ R>S»¥B· ´ iGT c i%.Xb· ced J ^ N%X _ NOK4iCNQR¯· b®_ T(T%i aQa V a:_ M ^`_UcvcW_ ª_~Ì K4i cvcW_ <S c V f PGK MN f i c V aQf{cW_ N f(au_ iCS¬R _ zbV a M _(a R d N _ M cW_{k i a S _ z®PGSbN cW_aQ_Uk VWT(PGK7R>S7TUM _ Sb N iCS ´Õ ª' ^ N Ä P c iCK7R PGSbN PGMDi`R f z#P aQf¬cW_ aQ_Uk VWT(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN%^X {K ¡ NuiCK7R kl_ NQTUV:s`T _(a z _ N a PGKbK _(a X _k ° kl_ cedg_~} z _ NOMOV aQ__
(20) K Õª´ R _^ kl_^ iCNOV _ .P aQf('_ SbVvMOM _ Mi[M _UcvcW_ z _ N k V a R _ T(PGK>²7N kl_ N cW_(a_ j _ M a MOh _ N k VWS _(a R>S k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS a SbN c i{T(PGS7Tuh _ R _ VvK7T<[X {S4iCK Ms ^ N Õ hbV c Vvzbz _^ iCNOMOVvK i( _ T ^ N ´ M f zbh4iCK /_ SbV /iCNQR _ M ^ N SbV cvc iCS kl_ªÕ¨_ MOVvM _/ T dg_(a M c SbV>SbVi _ S ced VWR f(_ R _kl_(a SbN _ N cW_(a|f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M aa PGS a V k z4iGTUM c i aQ_ Ni( _ TZK7P a:k VWTUNQPGMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a X J a P c iCK M a R d ·{K7R _ N a PGK PGSbM _(a M- _ KSnR _¥^ N _ KbV a ¢ d M _ SbV /K7PGK au_ S cW_Ukl_ K Mi k P V c V aQf a PGK¬TUNO.P a MuiCMªz _ K7R7iCK Mz c S a V _ SbN a¥aQ_Uk iCVvK _(a z®PGSbN cW_(a¥_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a k iCV aª_ Kz c S a iZR f KbVWTQh f R7iCK alcW_ R f R7i cW_ R _¯c i c VvMOM f NuiCMOSbN _wcW_(a MONui%GiCS } TUNOS7TUVµiCS } R _¯ MOM ¡._ N _ M NO a VvK a SbN c i R>V a z4iCNOVvMOVWPGK¯zbNQP ¡ N _(aQa Vv _ R _(a £~N _ MQPGSbN a £S4iCK7R ± iCS ¡<kl_ KM _ X {K ¡ NuiCK7R kl_ NQTUV s c SbV biCVvK a V S d s ^ N%X Ä P c iCK7R PGSbN PGMSbV-i PGNOM _Ukl_ K MiCVWR f iCS }w_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a X ÕBÄ ·{¢-JºÙ KØi¯R f Os kl_ K MOVWPGKbK fcW_ N GcW_ R _(aZkl_UkZ N _(a R _@cedgf SbVvz _@k iCM f NOVµiCS } ;f MOS Ì R>VµiCK M a T(P k zbNOV a R7iCK a T _ MONui(<iCV c X#J c K7PGS a iCSbM kl_ K MOVWPGKbK _ N ^ N%X Õ hbV c Vvzbz _n NQPGS aOc iCNQR` SbV K7PGS a iPGSb _ NOM a PGKw¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _ R _Yced J Ù ´ Ù¿z#PGSbN:VvK a Mui cvcW_ N cedg_~} z f NOV _ K7T _Z_ M SbV iN f i Ì c V aQf MQPGSbM _¯ced iCK4i c aQ_ z4iCN iCV a T _ iCS } R d VWPGK a»;a iCK a PGS bc V _ NR _ K7PGS a R f z4iCKbK _ N _ K T%i a R _ zbNQP bc Ö kl_Za SbN:SbK _ z#P k z _ _ MQT<XvXvX X Õ iCN{iCV cvcW_ SbN a c iT(P cvc i PGNuiCMOVWPGK`i% _ T ^ N Õ iCMONOVWT Õ iCNOV i aQa V a M f R _n^ N Õ hbV c Vvzbz _ PGN ¡._
(21) M +i f M f MQPGSbMYi iCVvMTUNOS7TUVµi cW_ zbSbV a S _ T dg_(a M c SbV SbV¨K7PGS a i £ PGSbNOKbVL£ cW_(aª i aQaQ_(a M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _(a[ i( _ T{MQPGSbM _a PGK _~} z _ NOMOV aQ_ TUNO.P ¡.f KbVWS _ VvK7R>V a z _ K a i bcW_ z®PGSbNN f i c V au_ NR _n PGKbK _(akl_(a SbN _(a X ´ PGS c V ¡ K7PGK a S _ T dg_(a MYs ced h7P a zbVvMui c VvM f £ ¡ NuiCMOSbVvM _ £P 0Ì Í_ NOM _ z4iCN ^`^ NOVW'T VvK7T _ K
(22) M ^ V ¡ S _Uc TUVWP _ M:s ced iCVWR _ R _^ N¥¢ f PGKw¢ _Õ iCz _ b S _ _ RbPGV a R d i(.PGVvNzbS _ j _ TUMOS _ N cW_(akl_ SbN _(aBa SbN cedg_ j _ MBR dgf z4iCV aQaQ_ SbN _¥cW_(a N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ TQh4i cW_ SbN _ S aQ_Ukl_ KM T%iCNªT _ MOM __~} z f NOV _ K7T _ V _ K M¥T(PGSbNQPGKbK _ N cW_(a_ j+PGNOM a MOh f PGNOVWS _(a S _ K7PGS a i(VWPGK aB iCVvM a SbN cW_(a K7PGK c VvK f iCNOVvM f(a X K>²7 K 3 _ N _Ukl_ NQTUV _^`^ iGT(S _(a .PCj®NOVvK _ ^M _ iCK Ì _(aªÕ NOV _ SbNªR>Sl¢=i PGNui Ì MQPGVvN _ R _:Õ h a VW S _ R _(a¥´ P c VWR _(a R d N a i(z®PGSbN cW_(a R>V a TUS aQa VWPGK a P @V cWakwd PGK M iCVvMzbNQPC²7M _ NR _ cW_ SbN×T(PGKbK4iCV aua iCK7T _D_~} MONQ° kl_Ukl_ K M@iCzbzbNQP PGK7R>V _ R _(a _ NON _(a =iCVvK a VS _l^ N _ iCK ÌLÕ hbV c Vvzbz _ PGS7TQh4iCS7R` SbV kwd i c SbV¨iCS aQa V T(PGK a iGTUN f z c S a V _ SbN a h _ SbN _(a R _ R>V a TUS aQa VWPGK X K>²7 K ¨V c¥kl_ N _(a M _ s»N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ N k i i k V cvcW_ ¨RbPGKM cW_a PGSbMOV _ KØzbNQP PGK7R _ MnVvK7R f~Í_ TUMOV bcW_kl_ z _ N kl_ MR _ z#PGSbN a SbVvN _ R7iCK a T _ MOM _ .PGV _ z4i aua VWPGKbK4iCK M _ SbV¥T(PGK a V a M _ s`Tuh _ NQTQh _ N cW_(anc PGV a R _c i K4iCMOSbN _ X.
(23) ³ . ¿Ø. -¢ inK7PGMOVWPGK»R d PGK7R _ z c iCK _Y_(a M|P k KbVvzbN f(aQ_ K M _ R7iCK a:c inzbh a VWS _ R _cedgf MuiCM|TUNOV a Mui cvc VvK X{S _Yced PGK z _ K au_ iCS MOh f PGNQÖ kl_ R _¬ªc PTQh cW_ S _Uc i aQa SbN _ S _cW_(an PGK7TUMOVWPGK a R d PGK7R _¯fUcW_ TUMONQPGKbVWS _(a PGKM c i z f NOVWPR>VWTUVvM f R>S N f(au_ iCS stSbK _ zbh4i aQ_ zbNQÖ a BPGS V _ K S _ ced PGK z _ K aQ_ iCS } R _U¡ N f(a R _¯c V #_ NOM f iCMQP k VW S _(a iCzbz _UcWf(a £~zbh7PGK7PGK a £ PGK N _ MONQPGSb _ MQPGS OPGSbN alc itK7PGMOVWPGK R d PGK7R _ z c iCK _ XJ c|_(a MDi aQaQ_ VvK MOSbVvMOV S _ T _ MOM _ K7PGMOVWPGKGi iGTUV c VvM _ N f K7PGN klfUkl_ KM c i T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGKØR _ MQPGS aYcW_(a zbNQP bc Ö kl_(a c V f(a s c i p
(24) q ;O r
(25) o X Õ iCN _~}b_Uk z cW_ _ KT _ SbV>T(PGK7T _ NOK _:cW_ MONuiCK a z#PGNOMR _¥c iTQh4i cW_ SbN
(26) c i z c Sbz4iCNOMªR _(a TUNOV a MuiCS } sM _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ i k× VµiCK M _ PGK M¥s[z _ SDzbNQÖ aBcW_(aBk ° kl_(a zbNQPGzbNOV f M f(a zbSbV a S _ c iZT(PGK7R>S7TUMOVvVvM f MOh _ N k VWS _ R _ o
(27) cW_(a TUNOV a MuiCS }¬_(a MªMQPG S OPGSbN a R _{ced PGNQR>N _ R _½ T k 4s[SbK iGTUM _ SbNY\DzbNQÖ a R7iCK a SbK aQ_ K a PGStR7iCK a{ced iCSbMON _ X Õ PGSbN[T _ SbVT(PGK7T _ NOK _×cW_ MONuiCK a z®PGNOM fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ c iwS _(a MOVWPGK aQ_ T(P k z c VWS _ swz _ VvK _ R>S iCVvM×R _c i a MuiCMOV a MOVW S _ R _ 4_ N k V VvNuiGPT ¨ SbVªMONuiGR>SbVvM cW_ zbNOVvK7TUVvz _ R dg_~} T c S a VWPGK R _ Õ iCS c V iCVvK a V c iT(PGK7R>S7TUMOVvVvM f fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _`aQ_ Nui a PGVvMDMONQÖ aD PGKbK _»a%d V c _~} V a M _ R _(af MuiCM a iGT(T _(aQa V bcW_(ac V N _(a s@SbK _ R>V a MuiCK7T _n_ K f K _ N ¡ V _ VvK ;f NOV _ SbN _ s c iDM _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN "_ ! _ MªMONQÖ ak iCSb<iCV aQ_a V+iCS T(PGKMONuiCVvN _ V c# iCSbM NuiCK7TuhbVvNSbK _{¡ NuiCK7R _ iCK7R _ VvKM _ NQR>VvM _ z#PGSbN _~} TUVvM _ N cW_(a fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a X _ MONui%GiCV caQ_×a VvMOS _ R7iCK a{cW_ <i a M _Z_ K au_UkZbcW_ R _(a N _ Tuh _ NQTQh _(a V a iCK MsDiCzbzbN f h _ K7R _ N c ilzbh Ì a VWS _ R>SMONuiCK a z®PGNOM×R7iCK a×cW_(a[k iCM f NOVµiCS } SbV a PGK MnMONQÖ a[c PGVvK R _ zbN f(aQ_ K M _ N c i¯z _ N Í_ TUMOVWPGK R _lc i z f NOVWPR>VWTUVvM f TUNOV a Mui cvc VvK _ XbÙPGS a i cvc PGK a_ K _ j _ MMONuiCVvM _ N|R _ S _Uc S _(a S _(a MOVWPGK a N _Uc iCMOVv _(a iCS MONuiCK a Ì z#PGNOM{R7iCK a|cW_(a £~ _ NON _(a £GX Õ PGSbN{MQPGS a T _(ak iCM f NOVµiCS } z4iCN PGV a iCzbz _UcWf(a £(i k PGNOzbh _(a £ ?PGK»K _ z _ SbM z c S a iCVvN _ iCzbz _Uc iCS aQa V4K4iCMOSbN _UcvcW_Ukl_ K M|s c iYK7PGMOVWPGK R d PGK7R _ z c iCK _ T _ SbV .V k@klf R>VµiCM _Ukl_ K
(28) M >T(P kÌ z c VW S _®_ iCS7T(PGSbz c i×T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGKwR _(a zbh f K7P k ÖUK _(a R _ MONuiCK a z#PGNOM%X>K _ j _
(29) M MuiCK M|S _cedgf T%iCNOM s c i¬z f NOVWPR>VWTUVvM f N _(a M _ iCV bcW_» T(P k@kl_ R7iCK aZcW_ T%i a R _(a TUNOV a MuiCS } T(P k z®PGNOMuiCK MR _(a R f~ iCSbM a c i K7PGMOVWPGK`R d PGK7R _ £ k P% _ KbK _ K4iCMOSbN _UcvcW_Ukl_ K M/£ cedg_ j _ M{R _ T _(af T%iCNOM a s c i@z f NOVWPR>VWTUVvM f VWR f i cW_ <X {S dg_ K _(a M[V cBc PGN a S _@c i¯K7PGMOVWPGKØR d PGK7R _ K dg_(a M[z c S a iCS aua VBK4iCMOSbN _UcvcW_ ϬJºK MOSbVvMOVv _Ukl_ K
(30) M ¨V c¥aQ_UkZbcW_ S _@cW_ MONuiCK a z®PGNOM au_ Nui¬MQPG S PGSbN $a # z c S a R>V $DTUV cW_ S _ R7iCK aYcW_ T%i a TUNOV a Mui cvc VvK f SbVv<i cW_ K M%X-Ù{PGS a R f T c VvK _~Ì NQPGK a T _ MOM _ VvK MOSbVvMOVWPGKiCS MONui( _ N a R _ R _ S } VWR f(_(a S _ K7PGS a N _ MONQPGSb _ NQPGK a R7iCK a Tuh4iGTUSbKÐR _(a MONQPGV a TQh4iCzbVvMON _(a R _ T _ RbPTUS kl_ KM ¢ _ MONuiCK a z#PGNOM _(a M a VR>V $DTUV cW_ R7iCK aYcW_(a £~ _ NON _(a £@ S d V cB_(a M PGNOM _Ukl_ KM£~VvKbh7P k P ¡ ÖUK _ £ ¨iCS Ì MON _Ukl_ K M`R>VvM V c[_(a M¯RbP k VvK f z4iCN SbK _ z _ MOVvM _ z®PGNOMOVWPGK R _tcedg_ K aQ_UkZbcW_ £UT(PGK MONuiCVvK M _ _~} M f~Ì NOV _ SbN %_ Ca a MQÖ kl_ VvMON _ S } £GX ¢ dgf MOS7R _ R>SN fU¡ V kl_ K7PGK c VvK f iCVvN _ ¨P cW_(a×_ j _ M a zbNQPR>SbVvM ana SbN cW_a a MQÖ kl_ T _(aQaQ_ KM×R d °UMON _ zbNQPGz®PGNOMOVWPGKbK _UcWa s c i¬T(PGKMONuiCVvK M _ iCzbz c VWS f(_ _(a M{SbKtMONQÖ a PGK N f fUc iCM _ SbN[R _×c iK4iCMOSbN _ R _ T _ MOM _ £~z _ MOVvM _ z®PGNOMOVWPGK-£Y SbV=RbP k VvK _YcW_ zbNQP bc Ö kl_ R>SwMONuiCK a z#PGNOM%X ·{VvK a V R7iCK a¥cW_ Tuh4iCzbVvMON _] T(PGK a iGTUN f s cedgf MOS7R _ R _(a¥f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M a zbNQPR>SbVvM a R7iCK a R _(a _ NON _(a V a P c iCK M a¥a PGS k V a s[R _(aªk VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS } R _ z4iCNOMOVWTUS cW_(a K7PGS a _ NONQPGK a S _cW_ zbNQP bc Ö kl_ R>SDMONuiCK a Ì z#PGNOM R _c i¬TQh4i cW_ SbN [_(a MYRbP k VvK f z4iCN cW_(a S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK &a q~m o (q ')'W*q
(31) R _nced VvK M _ K a VvM f R>S iCV a T _ iCS VvK7TUVWR _ K M c i a P k@kl_ R _(a_ j _ M a MOh _ N k VWS _(a VvK7R>SbVvM aaQ_ Nui×RbP k VvK f(_ z4iCN:T _ S d V c®aQ_ z4i aQaQ_ R>SbNuiCK M cW_(a@ N _~Ía VvK a MuiCK M a P cW_ iCV a T _ iCS _(a MlR d VvK M _ K a VvM f £ _~} T _ zbMOVWPGKbK _UcvcW_Ukl_ KM/£ fUcW_ f(_ X PGSbM _ T _ MOM _ zbh a VWS _ zbNQP%V _ K M¯R _»c iMONQÖ aD iCV bcW_ T(PGK7R>S7TUMOVvVvM f MOh _ N k VWS _ R>S _ NON _ + ½ ,s + ½<½ PGV a z c S a iCV bcW_ S _ T _UcvcW_ R _(a TUNOV a MuiCS } 7s -_Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ i kZ VµiCKM _ X ¢ _ TQh4iCzbVvMON _ _(a M¬T(PGK a iGTUN f s cedgf MOS7R _ R _wc iT(PGK7R>S7TUMOVWPGKz4iCN a iCSbM aD_ KMON _tf MuiCM afUcW_ TUMONQP Ì KbVW S _(anc PT%i c V aQf(a z4iCN cW_ R f(a PGNQR>N _ X iCK a T _ T%i a T(PGKMONuiCVvN _Ukl_ K MiCS TQh4iCzbVvMON _Ð] ced VvK M _ K a VvM f R _. - XM*"2?2* 4 DJO0* :?57V%.P>* Z
(32) V*0;SZ3V8*0:#*"`JU0*0NJ2465718:0TU059,/,/* N @ >'*"`J*0,/N;6* ;6*"/ @94 2'Z
(33) V*7TNP57V>10325476 ;S* dM46:?, V2W 2?>A@_18:?NP59>?2*/461%8 1846,/*0132!,/46*0VJ` ;S*/U"57V>A@_132 ;65_>:Z
(34) VEc 4S;*0: 2 @9,/5_>N8W8*$9 46; *0: 2 @9;659>: :?V8NJ>A@9U0591 DVU"2*0VJ>;:+Z
(35) V* ;659>:Z3Vc 46; *0: 2+U">46: 2A@9;6;64S1<9 4S;*0: 2!@9;659>:^185_>,#@9;6*0,/*0132-,/O"2A@9;6;64SZ
(36) V*7:QHF @946:!46;*0: 2^]846*01 U059181
(37) VTEDJ*0N8V4S:-;S*":^DO0BK*";S59N8NP*0,/*"1
(38) 2:=D* ;S@"=<W8O05_>46* D*L@91 D@9V D*": LE4 Z3V4 DJ*0: DJ*?>*">,/4 T Z3V8*#; c 4S1: 2A@9]4S;64 2O':?VN>A@_U05718DV8UQ2?>4SU"*A@ 57V8*V81>CB9;6*G257VJ2EDF/ @94 2 *"`JU0*"N24657118*0;[NP57VJ>\;S*":\:HGJ: 2R0,/*":O0;6*0U"2?>5714SZ
(39) V*0:0H. ].
(40) a Mui bcW_ R7iCK acW_ M _Uk z a X _ z _ K7R7iCK M
(41) .K7PGS a _ NONQPGK a S _ T _|a PGKMªi c PGN aBcW_(a £ S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a
(42) b ;; 'vq*
(43) £ S d V c iCSbM@zbN _ K7R>N _»_ K T(P k zbM _ z#PGSbNlT(P k zbN _ K7R>N _»cW_ MONuiCK a z®PGNOM%XBÙ{PGS alk PGK MON _ NQPGK a _ K _ j _ M
(44) S _ a SbVvGiCKM c i¯Gi cW_ SbNnR>S TQh4i k z fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _± cW_ TQh _Uk VvK2SbVBz®PGNOM _lcedg_(aQaQ_ KMOV _Uc R>S T(PGSbNuiCK M fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ R7iCK acW_ _ NON _ K dg_(a M@z4i a R>S2MQPGSbM cW_¬k ° kl_ z®PGSbN ± ¼ ½ V c|a%d i ¡ VvNuitR d SbK TQh _~Ì k VvK R _ MLz _ £~z _ NQT(P c iCMOVWPGK V a PGMONQPGz _ £ i c PGN a S _ R7iCK a×c i c V k VvM _±³¼ À T _¬aQ_ Nui¯SbK TQh _Uk VvK R _ MLz _ £~z _ NQT(P c iCMOVWPGK»R>VvNOV ¡.f(_ £GX7ÙPGS ak PGK MON _ NQPGK a S _cW_ T(P k z®PGNOM _Ukl_ K M{K7PGK c VvK f iCVvN _ T(PGSbNuiCK M M _ K a VWPGKlz _ N kl_ M S a M _Ukl_ K MR _ £~.PGVvN/£:T _ MOM _ MONuiCK a PGN k iCMOVWPGKR d SbKlMºz _ R _ Tuh _Uk VvK _ K ced iCSbMON _ _ M R d P M _ KbVvNªT _ NOMuiCVvK a N _ K aQ_ V ¡ K _Ukl_ KM a K7PGSb _ iCS }Da SbN c iMQPGz®P c P ¡ V _ R _ T _(a TQh _Uk VvK a R _ z _ NQT(P c iCMOVWPGK X K>²7 K cW_ TQh4iCzbVvMON _ \¬MONuiCVvM _ R _×c i¬T(PGK a MuiCKM _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _@ i aQaQ_× N f S _ K7T _ R7iCK aYcW_(a _ NON _(a V a P c iCK M a X _ MOM _¬f MOS7R _a/d VvK a TUNOVvM×R7iCK a×cW_ T%iGR>N _ S d PGK2iCzbz _UcvcW_ £ cW_Dk PRbÖ cW_ R _(a RbPGS bcW_(a zbSbVvM a £ fUc i PGN f z4iCN·K7R _ N a PG K i c z _ NOVvK _ M iCN k i ;_ M¥VvK7R f z _ K7R7i k@kl_ K M:z4iCN Õ hbV c Vvzbz a iCS R fU SbM¥R _(a iCKbK f(_(a ÚG¦>X7ÙPGS a NuiCzbz _UcvcW_ NQPGK a S _ T _k PRbÖ cW_ _ K»R f zbVvMR _Ya i a V k z c VWTUVvM f×_~} MONQ° kl_ 7z _ N kl_ MR _ N _ K7R>N _ T(P k zbM _ R>StT(P k z#PGNOM _Ukl_ KM a V-z4iCNOMOVWTUS c V _ NYR _(a _ NON _(a a SbNOMQPGSbMYiCS } z c S a{ i aQaQ_(a M _Uk z f~Ì NuiCMOSbN _(a X _ z _ K7R7iCK
(45) M K7PGS ak PGKMON _ NQPGK a S dg_ KlN _U¡ iCNQR7iCKM¥R _ z c S a zbNQÖ a cW_ T(P k z#PGNOM _Ukl_ KM¥K7PGK c VvK f iCVvN _ R _|c i[T(PGK a MuiCKM _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ K _ z _ SbM >
(46) °UMON __~} z c VW S f R7iCK a T _k PRbÖ cW_ XÙ{PGS a zbNQPGz#P Ì aQ_ NQPGK a i c PGN a a SbVvGiCKMSbK`MONui%GiCV c N f T _ KM[R _× SbNOVvK q | ' #S _×cW_ zbNQP bc Ö kl_ R>S`MONuiCK a z#PGNOMYR7iCK a T _(aªa a MQÖ kl_(aª_(a MªRbP k VvK f z4iCNY£UR _(aB S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a
(47) > ; o q~m o (q ')'W*q
(48) £MQPGSbM¥s iCVvM¥z4iCNOMOVWTUS c VWÖUN _(a cW_(a RbPGS bcW_(a zbSbVvM a K d VvK M _ Nui ¡ V aQaQ_ KM _ $DT%iGT _Ukl_ K M{ S _a%d V cWaa PGK M|S4i a V aQ_UkZbc i bcW_(a× RbPGK7T ?~ o ~ i aQaQ_ fUc PGV ¡ K f(ancW_(a SbK a R _(a iCSbMON _(a _
(49) M -R _ z c S a ced VvKM _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK K _ OPGS _ SbKØN GcW_ S d swT _ NOMuiCVvK a VvK a MuiCK M a¥ V _ K¬zbN f TUV a R _c i[z f NOVWPR _{fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ > SbV#R f z _ K7R¬R _(a T%iCNuiGTUM f NOV a MOVW S _(a ²7K _(a R _(a R _ S } RbPGS bcW_(a zbSbVvM a T(PGK a VWR f N f(a X ÙPGS a K7PGS a z _ N kl_ MOMQPGK a SbK _ N _Uk iCNQ S _ R _ PGN kl_bc i c PGK ¡ S _ SbNR _ T _ RbPTUS kl_ K MYiCMOM _ VvK M c i Vc k VvM _[a Sbz f NOV _ SbN _ iCSbMQPGNOV aQf(_ sT%iCS au_ R _(a|_ j®PGNOM a SbV PGKM f M f iCVvM a z#PGSbN cW_ N _ K7R>N _ £ c V a V bcW_ £GX7K z4iCNOMOVWTUS c V _
(50) N Tuh4iG S _a PGS a Ì Tuh4iCzbVvMON _ T(P k z®PGNOM _ SbK _ VvK MONQPR>S7TUMOVWPGK _~} z®P a iCKM cW_ zbNQP bc Ö kl_ MONuiCVvM f{_ M SbK _ T(PGK7T c S a VWPGK a K MOh f MOV a iCK M cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a zbNOVvK7TUVvz4iCS } X K×z _ SbMRbPGK7T a iCSbM _ N¨R _(a¨a PGS a TQh4iCzbVvMON _(a _ K MOV _ N a a iCK a z®PGSbNªiCSbMuiCKMªz _ NQR>N _:cW_ ² c R _|c i cW_ TUMOSbN _ X K _ iCSbMON _: i PGKDR _|c VvN _ T _ RbPTUS kl_ KM _(a M R _ K _ T(PGK a VWR f N _ NS _cW_(a V ¡ SbN _(a¨_ M cW_ SbN a¨cWfU¡._ K7R _(a G SbV>T(PGK a MOVvMOS _ KMSbK a PGS a¨_ K aQ_Uk×bcW_¥a %S $ a iCK M z#PGSbNT(P k zbN _ K7R>N _ncedg_(aQaQ_ K MOV _Uc R _ T _ SbV _(a M{R>VvM%X?K>²7 K V _ K Ca
(51) N ?PGK»z _ Sb
(52) M a V¨PGK cW_ R f(a VvN _ c VvN _ T _ MONui%GiCV cB_ K _ K MOV _ N%X iCK a T _ T%i a cedg_~} z®P a VvMOVWPGKÐR _(a zbNQP bc Ö kl_(a i f M f T(PGK S _ z®PGSbNY S d iCS7TUSbK _ T(PGK a S c MuiCMOVWPGKR _|c i V bc VWP ¡ NuiCzbhbV _ K _|a PGVvMBK f T _(aQa iCVvN _ k ° kl_ z®PGSbNBSbK _ T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGK¬R f MuiCV cvcWf(_ R _(a N f(a S c MuiCM a P M _ K S a X . . . .
(53)
(54)
(55) ¿Ø
(56)
(57)
(58) ! "!#%$&' ¢ dgf MOS7R _ R _(af TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M a R>SbNuiCK M ced VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK»R df TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK aa P c VWR _(a i×R f Qs iCVvM ced P _ M R _ K7P k× N _ S } MONui%GiCS })(v]+* ( * ( \ * ( y * X _ z _ K7R7iCKM
(59) cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a S _ K7PGS a zbN f(aQ_ KMQPGK a VWTUVs T _a S _ M a PGKM|PGNOV ¡ VvK4iCS },( ¸ * zbSbV a S d V cWa N f z#PGK7R _ KMiCS #_(a PGVvK¯R _ zbN f .PGVvN cW_(a z _ NOMOSbN iCMOVWPGK a S _ a S VvMlSbK f TQh4iCK MOV cvc PGK f MOS7R>V f z4iCNDSbK¿r?o - q MLz _ R _ iCV a T _ iCS T _Uc SbV{R d SbK _ £ ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ ÙS7T cWf iCVvN _ £ ( * ¨T dg_(a Mns R>VvN _ SbK iCV a T _ iCS R d VWPGK a×cWfU¡._ N a¯ zbNQPGMQPGK a PGS2i c zbh4i a R _ S _Uc S _¬^ _ R dgf K _ N ¡ V _/ R _ MuiCV cvcW_ MONuiCK a _ N aQ_ m /.U o<r H q ( * X?K _ j _
(60) M cW_ ¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _nÕ V _ NON _´ 7_Zkl_ Ms c i R>V a z®P a VvMOVWPGKR _c i[T(P k@k SbK4iCSbM fYa TUV _ K MOV¹²4S _ SbK¬M _Uc PGSbMOV c s[R _(a ²7K a 10 r ' p
(61) %q|z®PGSbNR _(a MOh7Ö kl_(a a TUV _ K MOV¹²4S _(a iCS aQa V <iCNOV f(a S _YcW_(a{a TUV _ K7T _(a R _Zc i -_ NON _ c i k VWTUNQP VWP c P ¡ V _ PGS cedg_ KVvNQPGKbK _Ukl_ KM%X V a PGK a×_ KØSbK k PGMnS _ced iCK4i c aQ_ RbPGK MV ca%d i ¡ VvM _(a MnT _UcvcW_ R _c i»T(P k z®P a VvMOVWPGK fUcWfUkl_ K MuiCVvN _ R _ cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGKS _¯ced PGK z _ SbMDR f R>SbVvN _ s cedgf Tuh _UcvcW_ R>S k VWTUNQPGKsÐz4iCNOMOVvN¬R>S a z _ TUMON _»_ K f K _ N ¡ V _ R _(a R>Vv _ N aQ_(a z4iCNOMOVWTUS cW_(a{aQ_ T(PGK7R7iCVvN _(a|¡.f K f N f(_(a z4iCN ced VvK M _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK iCV a T _ iCS k iCMOVWÖUN _¬ M _UcWa S _cW_(a zbh7PGMQPGK a cW_(a×fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a@fUk V a cW_(a VWPGK a N f MONQP`R>V¹j®S aQf(a _ MQT XvXvX XJ cªa%d i ¡ V aua iCVvMnRbPGK7T¬R _¬a i(.PGVvN a V-i( _ T×R _(a iCV a T _ iCS } iCS aQa V T(PGK7T _ K MON f(a;_ MRbPGK7T[R _(a R _ K a VvM f(a iGT(TUNOS _(a R dgf K _ N ¡ V _ R>V aQa Vvz f(_/ cW_(a iCV a T _ iCS } R d VWPGK acWfU¡._ N a T(PGK aQ_ NO<iCV _ K
(62) M 4PGS»z4i a cW_ SbNT%iCNuiGTUMQÖUN _ z _ S¯z _ NOMOSbN iCMOV X ¢ _(a _ NON _(a[f MuiCKMYz4iCN k V cW_(aYa P c VWR _(a SbVT(PGK7R>SbV au_ K M cW_ z c S ak i cc i¬TQh4i cW_ Sb
(63) N T dg_(a M ?~ o ~ R7iCK a T _Y¡._ KbN _ R _Yk iCM f NOVµiCSt S _YcW_(a{f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M aa PGKM cW_(a z c S a{fUcW_ f(a X? dg_(a M{z#PGSbNQS7PGV K7PGS a i(.PGK aDk V a iCS2z#PGVvKMlSbK N f(aQ_ iCS R _ k VWTUNQPÐMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(ac VvMOh7P ¡ NuiCzbhbV f(a¬a SbN@SbK a S 7a MONuiCMDR _ _ NON _ z _ N kl_ MOMuiCKMDR d i(.PGVvNDiGT(T(Ö aD_ KØM _Uk z a N f(_Uc iCS } f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M a zbNQPR>SbVvM a R7iCK a T _ _ NON _ c PGN a R _×a PGKwVvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGKs c i ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ ÙS7T cWf iCVvN _ X#Ù{PGS a _ NONQPGK a R7iCK a SbKwzbN _Uk V _ NM _Uk z acW_ zbNOVvK7TUVvz _ R _ T _ R>V a z#P a VvMOV #iCVvK a V=S _[cW_[ iCVvMS _[ced PGK`z _ SbMN _ K7R>N _ T(P k zbM _ ?z4iCNSbK _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK fUcWfUkl_ K MuiCVvN _ R _ªcedgf S4iCMOVWPGKR _c iTQh4i cW_ Sb
(64) N GR _(a¨f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M akl_(a SbN f(a¨_ KnMQPGSbM-z®PGVvK MsT(PGK7R>VvMOVWPGK S _ T _(a R _ NOKbV _ N aa PGV _ KM|zbN f i c i bcW_Ukl_ K M k P% _ KbK f(aa SbN cW_ M _Uk z a X K aQ_ T(PGK7R c V _ S K7PGS aBk PGK MON _ NQPGK a S _|cW_(aB PGNOM _(aB S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a R _|cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K
(65) M kl_(a SbN f(_(a iCS } T(PGSbNOM _(aYf TQh _UcvcW_(a R _ M _Uk z a a PGK MV k zbSbMui bcW_(a iCS }w S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a R _×ced VvK M _ K a VvM f R>S iCV a T _ iCS VvK7TUVWR _ K M%X7 _ TUV i[z®P aQf SbKzbNQP bc Ö kl_ K7PGSb _ iCS¯SbV _(a M c i[N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK R _{cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _{c inTQh4i cW_ SbN c PGN a S _»cW_ M _ N kl_ a PGSbNQT _`_(a M,2 ( H 43 T dg_(a M¯sR>VvN _ i cWf iCMQPGVvN _ X iCK aDcW_ T%i a R d SbK NOSbVvM bc iCK7PT K7PGS a RbPGKbK _ NQPGK ac i a P c SbMOVWPGK q65 7. q»R _ T _ zbNQP bc Ö kl_¯_ M k PGKMON _ NQPGK a S _ 'W*q
(66) 8 9. H> ; oGr
(67) q '60 36(. > ;: qUmlqUr o<r $ o +< o
(68) qU r r . q>= .oGm r®q
(69)
(70) ?- 'Wq mloGp q~r7r#q o ;- q '&0 oGr
(71) 90 .? o (. Fq
(72) ;@
(73) mmlqUr ??&A
(74) $Fq ' B oGr®q O C3 qUX7 dg_(a M:T _ MOM _ R f T(PGSb _ NOM _ R _{c iZzbN f(fUk VvK _ K7T _ R _(a× S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a M _Uk z#PGN _UcvcW_(a z®PGSbN cW_ MONuiCK a z®PGNOMnR _¬c i TQh4i cW_ SbN@R7iCK ancW_(a _ NON _(a SbV:i»RbPGKbK f K4iCV aQa iCK7T _ iCSwMOVvMON _ R _ T _ TQh4iCzbVvMON _ _ M S _ced PGK»N _ MONQPGSb _ R7iCK a|cW_ MOVvMON _ R _ T _klfUk PGVvN _ X K>²7 K cW_ MONQPGV a VWÖ kl_ z®PGVvK M a%d iCMOMuiGTuh _ iCS }`_ j _ M a MOh _ N k VW S _(a VvK7R>SbVvM a z4iCN cW_(af Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM a R7iCK a R _ S } T%i a V _ KR>V a MOVvK7TUM al®cW_ T c iG S4i ¡._ PGzbMOVWS _ R d SbK f TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK R _ {S4iCNOM @VvNONuiGR>V f z4iCN SbK c i aQ_ N ;_Uk MQP aQ_ T(PGK7R _Y_ M c i×GiCz®PGNOV a iCMOVWPGKwR d SbK _ ²7K _ T(PGS7Tuh _ R _ K¯VvNONuiGR>V f(_ s c i ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ ÙS7T cWf iCVvN _ X#¥P k@kl_ R7iCK a|cW_(a zbNQPTuh4iCVvK a ªh4iC%z WMON _(a 4K7PGS a N _ MONQPGSb _ NQPGK a i c PGN a|ced V k z®PGNOMuiCK7T _ R _(a K7PGK c VvK f iCNOVvM f(a 7V k z®PGNOMuiCK7T _[a PGS c V ¡ K f(_ R7iCK a:cW_ MOVvMON _ R _ T _klfUk PGVvN _ X \.
(75) 5 mm. 1 mm. T H E R M O S T A T. M r 10µm. YSi Au. V. 10µm. 200µm. ] X ] ^ VWTUNQPMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a ·{S CÇ?È [´ V c VvMOh7P ¡ NuiCzbhbV f(aYa SbN a S 7a MONuiCMR _ _ NON _¬;Ç?È{´ V / X ¢ _ z®PGSb.PGVvNMOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ R _(aaQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN a ?VWTUV È|Ç [´ V f MuiCK MMONQÖ a{a Sbz f NOV _ SbNs@T _Uc SbV R _(a:klf MuiCS } M _UcWa S _ced N
(76) cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M
(77) #zbNQPR>SbVvM _ KwMQPGSbM|z®PGVvK M{R _Yc i a SbN iGT _ R>Sw _ NON _Yc PGN a R d SbK _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK iCSÐz®PGVvK M ¡.f K7ÖUN _D_ K MON _ R _ S }` iCNON _ MOM _(a R d NYSbK _ M _ K a VWPGK fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _
(78) zbNQPGz#PGNOMOVWPGKbK _UcvcW_ s c iR>V¹j f N _ K7T _ R _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ª_~} V a MuiCKM _ KMON _cW_(a R _ S } z#PGVvKM a P nT _(a iCNON _ MOM _(a VvK M _ NQT _ zbM _ KM cedgÇ#È Z´ VeX ! #"$ & %$'(*),+.- ! // 10 "2 " ! ' ÙPGS a zbN f(aQ_ KMQPGK a VWTUV cW_ zbNOVvK7TUVvz _ R _Y PGK7TUMOVWPGKbK _Ukl_ K M[R _ K7P a{k VWTUNQPDMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a _ K VvK Ì a V a MuiCKM a SbN cW_(a zbN _Uk V _ N a N f(a S c MuiCM a S _ T _(a R>V a z®P a VvMOV ;a PGK M PGSbNOKbV s a i%.PGVvN cW_(aDkl_(a SbN _(a R _ cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ KbK fla SbN cW_ M _Uk z a X+K _ j _
(79) M k ° kl_@a VT _(a N f(a S c MuiCM aYa PGK M[T(PGK PGN kl_(a iCS } zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK afUcWfUkl_ K MuiCVvN _(a R _[cedgf S4iCMOVWPGKtR _Zc iDTQh4i cW_ Sb
(80) N ®T _ MOM _ T(PGK PGN k VvM fZk ° kl_ K7PGS a z _ N kl_ M Ì MONuiwR dgf Mui bc VvN c i¯<i c VWR>VvM f R _(aZkl_(a SbN _(a R dgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M ala PGS aZk VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCSØRbPGK MnK7PGS a K7PGS a aQ_ NOVvNQPGK a R7iCK a MQPGSbMT _ zbN _Uk V _ N{TQh4iCzbVvMON _ X 354635473. 8:97;=<?>A@?BDCE<GFH>;=>,I#JLK CNMOCE@P;=Q5R#<?CSCUTJWVE<G97FHCNXY@ZQ5K4. ¥ P k@kl_cW_k PGK MON _Yc i V ¡ SbN _@] X ] z4i ¡._ yK7P ak VWTUNQPMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a|a PGK M|T(PGK a MOVvMOS f(a R d SbK _ k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN _ R f z®P aQf(_a SbNSbK a S 7a MONuiCMYR _ _ NON _ z4iCN[R _(a M _ TQhbKbVWS _(a R _c VvMOh7P ¡ NuiCzbhbV _la MuiCK Ì R7iCNQR+X StR _ R _(aua S a 7V ca%d i ¡ VvMR d SbK»²7K`NOS iCK + ½ E k R _×c iCN ¡._/ R _naQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbNZi k PGNOzbh _ ;Ç?È [´ V+S _ K7PGS a N _ MONQPGSb _ NQPGK a iCS ªh4iC%z WMON _ VvK M _ NQT _ zbM fZa SbN\[ k@k z4iCN|R _(a NOS iCK a R d NR _ R>V kl_ K a VWPGK a iCK4i c P ¡ S _(a ®T _(a NOS iCK a R d N f MuiCK M _(a z4iGT f(a R _^]G½<½ E k X S iCVvMR>Stz®PGSb.PGVvN{MOh _ N Ì k P fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _× V _ K»z c S a iCV bcW_ z#PGSbN cW_(aklf MuiCS } _ +UE Z S _ z®PGSbN cW_(aaQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN a cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K MYzbNQPR>SbVv
(81) M _ K MQPGSbMz#PGVvKMYR _Zc i a SbN iGT _ R>S` _ NON _ 4z4iCNSbK _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGKiCS z®PGVvK M ^ 7K _Z¡.f K7ÖUN _ NuiR _ M _ K a VWPGK`MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ K7PGMui bcW_ S _YcW_×c PGK ¡ R>S NOS iCK`R dgÇ#È Z´ VeX# _ MOM _ M _ K a VWPGK aQ_ NuitVvKM _ NQT _ zbM f(_ z4iCN cW_(a NOS iCK a R d
(82) N _ M c i`M _ K a VWPGK _ KMON _ R _ S } NOS iCK a R d N aQ_ Nui zbNQPGz#PGNOMOVWPGKbK _UcvcW_ s c ilR>V¹j f N _ K7T _ R _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _n_ KMON _ncW_(a R _ S } OPGK7TUMOVWPGK a ·S CÇ#È Z´ V¨T(PGNON _(a Ì z#PGK7R7iCKM _(a X ¢-i V ¡ SbN _2] X z4i ¡._ ¸ k PGKMON _Ðcedgf Mui c PGKbK4i ¡._ R _ T _ R>V a z#P a VvMOV ªN f i c V aQf VvK7R f z _ K7R7i k@kl_ KM R _ MQPGSbM _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPG K z _ N kl_ MOMuiCK M¯R _ R f M _ N k VvK _ N cW_ z#PGSb.PGVvN¬MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _WÊ ` !a ªT dg_(a M s»R>VvN _cW_ T(P _ $DTUV _ KMR _ zbNQPGz®PGNOMOVWPGKbK4i c VvM fw_ K MON _ SbK _ M _ K a VWPGK MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVWS c_ bd
(83) N f(a S c MuiCK M R d SbK f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M¥VvK>²7KbVvM f(a V k i 5c be iCSbMQPGSbNªR d SbK _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _|k P/ _ KbK _ ! X _ T(P _ $DTUV _ KM _(a M zbN _(a S _ + ½D PGV ak PGVvK afUcW_ f S _ T _Uc SbV¨R _×aQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN a RbPGz f(a S a S _UcWa k iCV a_ K N _ <iCK7TQh _ V c R f z _ K7RÐK fU¡<c V ¡._ i bcW_Ukl_ KM×R _c i¬M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ R>S a S 7a MONuiCM ! #T _ SbV iGTUV c VvM _ Nui ¡ NuiCK7R _Ukl_ K M cW_ R f z#PGSbV cvcW_Ukl_ KM{R _(a:kl_(a SbN _(a zbSbV a S _ced PGK¯z®PGSbNONui f TUNOVvN _
(84) gf hÊ enk ° kl_[a V+T _(a¡ NuiCK7R _ SbN a K _ a PGK Mz4i a R _(a VvK>²7KbV kl_ K M{z _ MOVvM a X.
(85) 40 30 20 10 0 30. 50 70 Température (°C). 90. ] X Õ PGSb.PGVvNlMOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ Ê R _ cedgÇ È É@Ê¨Ë kl_(a SbN f VvK7R f z _ K7R7i k@kl_ K MR _ MQPGSbM _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK X Õ PGSbNwMONuiGR>SbVvN _cW_(a M _ K a VWPGK a MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _(a kl_(a SbN f(_(aw_ K f Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM
(86) {PGK zbN _ K7R>Nui Ê f G½ E sMQPGSbM _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ X. ¢ _ R>V a z®P a VvMOV R _{c i V ¡ SbN _] X ]{_(a M _ K a SbVvM __ K aQ_ NON f z4iCN¥SbK _ R _aQ_(a¥_~} MON fUk VvM f(a:a SbNªSbK¬z#PGNOM _ f TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK _ K¬ªSbVvN _:k i aQa V ®aQ_ NO<iCK M¥R _ N f(aQ_ NO.PGVvNBMOh _ N k VWS _×;a k× P c V aQf z4iCN{£ h _ N k P a MuiCM/£ X _(a zbV a M _(a R _ TUSbVvN _w [ ½<½ E k R _c iCN ¡._/ VvK7R f z _ K7R7iCKM _(a R f z®P aQf(_(aYa SbN[R>ST%iCzbMQPGKT(P cvcWfla SbN cW_ z#PGNOM _f Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGKz _ N kl_ MOM _ K M[N _ T _ .PGVvN[R _(a ² cWa R d N
(87) a PGS7R f(a z4iCNS c MONui a PGK a ?SbV PGKM cW_×c V _ K _ K MON _ TQh4iGS _ NOS iCKÐR d N _ MTuh4iG S _ zbV a M _ iCVvK a VPGK z _ SbMN _(aQa PGS7R _ N a SbNTQh4iGS _ zbV a M _ SbK ² c £ k iGTUNQP a T(PGzbVWS _ £ R d SbK _D NuiGTUMOVWPGKØR _k@k R _ R>Vµi k ÖUMON _/ S _ced PGK z®PGSbNONui`i kl_ K _ Ns cedg_ K MON f(_ R _(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a R _ M _ K a VWPGK kl_(a SbNuiCKM cW_(a¥a V ¡ K4iCS } MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _(a X¢ _(a¥aQ_ S cW_(a z4iCNOMOV _(aª_ K z c i a MOVWS _Za PGKM cW_(a{¡ iCVvK4i ¡._(a R _(a T bcW_(a T(P.i } VµiCS } zbNQPGM fU¡._ iCK M cW_(a ² cWa £ k iGTUNQP a T(PGzbVWS _(a £ T _ TUV c V k VvM _:c iz®P cvc SbMOVWPGKDR>SlVWR _ z4iCNR fU¡ i /i ¡._{_ Mz _ N kl_ Mªs cedg_ K aQ_UkZbcW_ R>SDR>V a z®P a VvMOV R _: PGK7TUMOVWPGKbK _ N R7iCK ac i×TQh4i k× N _ R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGKwP cW_ VWR _ RbPGVvM°UMON _ V k z f NuiCMOVv _Ukl_ K M kl_ V cvcW_ SbN:S _ + ½ {kZ iCN%X ¢ _ T%iCNuiGTUMQÖUN _ VvK a VvMOS R _ T _(akl_(a SbN _(a R dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KMV k z#P aQ_ R _(a T(PGKMONuiCVvK M _(aYa Sbzbz cWfUkl_ K Ì MuiCVvN _(a i ²7KØR _ z#PGSb.PGVvN kl_(a SbN _ NT(PGNON _ TUM _Ukl_ K M ced VvK M _ K a VvM f R>S iCV a T _ iCSVvK7TUVWR _ K
(88) M =V c iCSbM×z#P Ì c iCNOV aQ_ N cW_ R>V a z#P a VvMOV R _Dc i V ¡ SbN _»] X ] s + ½<½ z#PGSbN PGNQT _ N cW_(a×fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a £ aQ_ T(PGK7R7iCVvN _(a £ ;fUk V a z4iCN c i a SbN iGT _ R _cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK»R>S iCVvMR _{ced V k z4iGTUM|R>S iCV a T _ iCS s[N _ MQP k×#_ N a SbN cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK X _ MOM _ z#P c iCNOV a iCMOVWPGK a MuiCMOVW S _ _~} V ¡._¯_ K N _ MQPGSbND S _¬cW_(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a R _ M _ K a VWPGK a PGV _ K Mlz4iCN Ì iCVvM _Ukl_ KMYR f T(PGSbz cWf(a R _×c i k i aQaQ_ #T _ SbV-K dg_(a Mz4i acW_ T%i a z®PGSbN cW_(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a[a MuiCK7R7iCNQR a z#PGSbN cW_(a S _UcWaYc i¯z#P c iCNOV a iCMOVWPGK a MuiCMOVW S _l¡.f K7ÖUN _ R _(a T(PGSbNuiCKM a R _n SbVvM _ R _ z c S a V _ SbN a E · k V cvcW_ PGV a{a Sbz f NOV _ SbN a iCS T(PGSbNuiCKMR _[ iCV a T _ iCS» S _Zced PGK a PGSbh4iCVvM _Zkl_(a SbN _ Ni% _ T ced i k z®ÖUN _Uk ÖUMON _ · R _ c i V ¡ SbN _] X\>XbJ c inRbPGK7T i cvc S MONQPGSb _ N|R _(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a P ced V a P c iCMOVWPGK _ K MON _c i×M _ K a VWPGK¯R dg_ K Ì MON f(__ M c i k i auaQ__(a MY S4i a Vz4iCN iCVvM _w N f i c V aQf(_ z4iCNYV a P c iCMOVWPGK ¡ i c <iCKbVW S _/ i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a RbPGK M c i N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK _ KM _ K a VWPGK _(a M[R _ +Ds¯S _Uc S _(a E ;a SbVv<iCK M cW_(a T(PGK7R>VvMOVWPGK a R d SbMOV c V a iCMOVWPGK Ya PGVvM MLzbVW S _Ukl_ KM ½ ½ + Ƚ + z®PGSbN|K7PGS a X K¬z c S a R _ T _ MOM _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK¬²7KbV _{a SbN c iZGi cW_ SbN:i 7a P c S _ R _|cedgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K
(89) M cW_ R>V a z#P a VvMOV R _ c i V ¡ SbN _Y] X ] i{SbK _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK a z4iCMOVµi cW_ R _ced PGNQR>N _ R _¥c i c iCN ¡._ SbNBR _(a PGK7TUMOVWPGK a ·S CÇ#È Z´ V .PGVvN K nR>S@MOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_ V ¡ SbN _Y] X\ ¨_ MSbK _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGKlM _Uk z®PGN _UcvcW_:c V f(_ iCS@M _Uk z a R _ MOh _ N k i c V a iCMOVWPG a SbN cW_{a S 7a MONuiCM%X {KNuiCV a PGKbK _Ukl_ K M a V k z cW_k PGK MON _ S _ f
(90) P _(a M c i×TQh4i cW_ SbN a z f TUV¹²4 S _ .P c S k VW S _
(91) f ½ E kÂ_(a M cedgf z4iCV aQaQ_ SbN¬R _¯c i k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN _ ·S Ç¯È É@Ê¨Ë _ M _(a M c i N f(a V a MuiCK7T _ MOh _ N k VW S _ R _ T(PGKMuiGTUM z4iCN=SbKbVvM f R _ªa SbN iGT _/+_ KMON _¥c i k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN __ M cW_¥a S 7a MONuiCM%X ¢-i<i cW_ SbNBR _ z _ SbMB<iCNOV _ N a SbNR _ S } PGNQR>N _(a R _:¡ NuiCK7R _ SbN ( Ú * ( * a SbVv<iCK M cW_(a R f MuiCV cWa{ MONQPGz@²7K a z#PGSbN{°UMON _[k i WMONOV aQf(a z4iCNK7PGS a R _Yc i@M _ TuhbKbVW S _ R _ R f z M PGK`iCNONOVv _ iCVvK a V¨s _(a MOV kl_ N Z?~ o ~ S ?_ G½ E a Ckla XÙPGS a _ NONQPGK a R7iCK aªc i[R _ NOKbVWÖUN _ z4iCNOMOV _ R _ T _ Tuh4iCzbVvMON _ S _|cW_(a V k zbS cWa VWPGK a MOh _ N k VW S _(a{a PGS a iCV a T _ iCS c i aQ_ N|z _ N kl_ MOM _ K MR _kl_(a SbN _ N _½ <kla X.
(92) δvth RYSi. Or YSi. B. A. Ror << RYSi. A B. Résolution δr = 5µm. δθ. I. • • •. A. Multiplexage δt = 100µs. 100V. ] X\ r n4c iMONQÖ a iCV bcW_ N f(a V a MuiCK7T _ R>SÐT%iCNON f R d NYR7iCK a SbK _ OPGK7TUMOVWPGKt·{S CÇ#È [´ V Ci KbK S cW_ MQPGSbM _ M _ K a VWPGK fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _w_ KMON _ cW_(a R _ S }Ø PGNQR aÆ_ M T _ SbV c V k VvM _¯c i N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK a z4iCMOVµi cW_¯a SbN cW_ zbNQPC² c R dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM s c itR _Uk V Ìec iCN ¡._ SbN¬R _(a iCNON _ MOM _(a R d N ;a PGVvM@VWTUV\[CE k R7iCK acW_ T%i a R d SbK iCV a T _ iCS¬z4iCN iCVvM _Ukl_ KMT _ KMON fa SbN c i/ PGK7TUMOVWPGK X r 2
(93) V a z#P a VvMOV R _kl_(a SbN _ iCSbMQPGSbN|R _c iTQh4i kZ N _ R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK R _c i ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ 7i aQa V k V cWf(_ VWTUV s×SbK _Ya PGSbNQT _ R _ T(PGSbNuiCK M z4iCN iCVvM _ SbK _YaQf NOV _ R d i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a R _ M _ K a VWPGK k S c MOVvz cW_~}>f(a z _ N kl_ M:R _kl_(a SbN _ N:Tuh4iG S _ M _ K Ì a VWPGK¯MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ MQPGSbM _(a|cW_(a + ½<½ E a X4¢ dg_ K aQ_UkZbcW_ R>S»R>V a z®P a VvMOV ¨f MuiCKMz®PGNOM f sSbK _ M _ K a VWPGK T(PGK MOVvKS _ R _ + ½<½ z4iCN:NuiCzbz#PGNOMs c iTQh4i kZ N _ R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK T(PGK a MOVvMOS4iCKM c i k i aQau_YfUcW_ TUMONOVW S _/ i ²7K`R _ N _~Ì zbV fU¡._ N a SbN cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK cW_(afUcW_ TUMONQPGK afUk V a z4iCN c i %PGK _ VvNONuiGR>V f(_ T _ TUV=z _ N kl_ M{SbK _ kl_(a SbN _ ²?i bcW_ R>SwT(PGSbNuiCKM{R _ iCV a T _ iCS¯Vµi ced i k z#ÖUN _Uk ÖUMON _ ·×X ´ V ¡ K4i c PGK awcW_(a K7P k× N _ S aQ_(a»_Uk× TQh _(a SbVZiCSbNuiCV _ KMwzbS N _ K7R>N _Ðc i kl_(a SbN _ VvK iCV a i bcW_ PGS zbN _(a S _lbcW_(a OPGK7TUMOVWPGK a ·{S ÌLÇ#È [´ V¨iCSbNuiCV _ K MzbSwK _ z4i a °UMON _ PGh k VW S _(an;aQ_ T(P k z®PGNOM _ N{T(P k@kl_ R _(a £UR>VWPR _(a £ cW_(a TQh4iCN ¡._(a V k z c iCK M f(_(a R7iCK acedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK iCSbNuiCV _ KMzbS z _ NOMOSbN ®_ NDz4iCN _ j _ M fUcW_ TUMONQP a MuiCMOVWS _wcW_(alkl_(a SbN _(a R _ M _ K a VWPGK Ê iCSbNuiCVvMDzbS VWP cW_Uk@kl_ KM¬R f z _ K7R>N _ R _ ! XÙ{PGS a i(.PGK a f NOV¹² f S _ NOV _ K R _ MQPGSbMDT _Uc itK _¯au_ zbNQPR>SbV a iCVv
(94) M BT _ S _ .PGK MDT(PGK>²7N kl_ N cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a a SbN cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ K _ M cW_(a zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK a R _Ycedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _Yc ilTQh4i cW_ SbN{S _ K7PGS a i PGNQRbPGK a k iCVvK M _ K4iCKM%X 3546354. 8 C MdID<?CNM CE@c@?B#VE> < 9 C RDCSK
(95) VN; B#Q5ICNFHCNXY@PFH>,CNX\4. ÙPGS a zbN f(aQ_ K MQPGK a VWTUV cW_(a zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK a R _tcedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _tc i2TQh4i cW_ SbN z#PGSbN cedgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM R7iCK acW_ T%i a R d SbK _@a PGSbNQT _ R _ TQh4i cW_ SbNYVvK7R f z _ K7R7iCK M _ R>StM _Uk z a X- _(a zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK aZa PGK M _ K a SbVvM _ T(P k z4iCN f(_(a i( _ T cW_(a zbNQPC² cWa¥a z4iCMOVµiCS }Dkl_(a SbN f(a z®PGSbN cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ KbK fa SbN cW_ M _Uk z a i ²7K R _ M _(a M _ N c iײ?i V c VvM f R _ K7PGMON _ R>V a z®P a VvMOV R _(a V ¡ SbN _(a×] X ]~Ìu] X\>X 84H;84H § H 8 Z 3*¨ <"/ )?!=$@*¨ 6º©v3 ,=5>"/ 0)#! *¨ 6 5Ð GF-576 ,=H {K k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS`R d VWPGK acWfU¡._ N a z _ NQR a PGK f K _ N ¡ V _ z4iCNVvK M _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK a i( _ T cW_(a{fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a R _ cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK R d SbK _ z4iCNOM _ MDi( _ T cW_(a K7P% iCS } R _(a iCMQP kl_(a R _¯cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK R d iCSbMON _ z4iCNOM%X¢ _ zbN _Uk V _ N¬R _ T _(a R _ S } klf T%iCKbV aQkl_(at R>VvMt£ fUc i a MOVWS _ £ z4iCN¬T(PGK _ K MOVWPGK RbP k VvK _ MLzbVWS _Ukl_ K M MuiCK M S _ZcW_(a VWPGK a{cWfU¡._ N a PGK MSbK _×f K _ N ¡ V _na Sbz f NOV _ SbN _ s + ½<½ _ ®MuiCK7R>V a S _[cW_naQ_ T(PGK7R ®iCzbz _UcWf £~VvK fUc i a MOVWS _ £ =RbP k VvK _¬_ K²7KØR _ z4iCNQT(PGSbN a R _(a VWPGK a c PGN a S _DcW_ SbN f K _ N ¡ V _ K dg_(a M×z c S a S _ R _. ( 1NP59V>?>A@94 2^NP*01:?*">bZ3V8* ;S*":bUAW @ >Y7*0:!46,/N; @_132O0*0:!N @ >!;6*E/ @_4S:?U"*C@9V >A@ G359181*0132!V81 UQW8@9,/N 46132?>5
(96) DV846:@_1
(97) 2^V18* JD 4 .[OQ>*018U0* DJ* NP592*013246*0;\*0132?>* D*0VJ` >V8] @_18:#D[c >GDJ57181O0:0TV81 NP*0V U057,/,/* D8@91:#V81 U"571 DJ*018:@ 2*0V>GDJ57132;S*": O0;6*0UQ2?>5
(98) D*0: 9 46U04M; c >;: / *">A@946*0132A/ @_U0*?DGV81 DJ4SO";S*"U"2?>4SZ
(99) V*#UQW8@_>Y7O9HXM*0U04M18*/:?*#N>5
(100) DJV84 2bN @9:^Y_>9U0*G@9VU"57V>?2 U04 >U0V4 2 U05918: 24 2V8O N @ >!;6* >V8]8@91 DEc I
(101) 4Z3V84e>*0;646* 259V8:!;6*0:+>V8]8@91:+DEc >!*"1
(102) 2?>* *0V`[TP>*018D8@_1
(103) 2-; c *"18:?*0, ]8;6* DJ* ;S@G: 2?>VU"2V>* OCZ3V4SNP5_2*013246*0;6;S*9H.
(104) < θ> / <P > (K/mW). 10. P réd iction. 1. p roton s 3 M eV a lp h a s 3 M eV. 0 .1. 0 .0 1 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. r (µm). ] X y TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ K e_ K PGK7TUMOVWPGKtR _nc iDR>V a MuiCK7T _¬_ K MON _ncW_[ iCV a T _ iCS _ M cW_ z#PGVvKM cW_ z c S a zbNQPTQh _ R>SlT(PGSbz cW_ R _: iCNON _ MOM _(a R d NªT(PGK a VWR f N f X KiK7PGN k i c V aQf z4iCN c izbSbV aQa iCK7T _ k P% _ KbK _ VvK7TUVWR _ KM _ *f P
(105) f
(106) d
(107) _(a M cedgf K _ N ¡ V _ R>S iCV a T _ iCS XG¢ dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM zbNQPR>SbVvM{z4iCN cW_(a zbNQPGMQPGK a;_ K PGK7T f/|_ M cW_(a i c zbh4i an;_ K`T c iCVvN :_(a M{VWR _ K MOVWS _ s ¡ NuiCK7R _ R>V a MuiCK7T _ T _ SbV _(a M@SbK z®PGVvK M@V k z®PGNOMuiCK Mlz®PGSbNDi aQa SbN _ N@S _ cW_(a@a V ¡ K4iCS } kl_(a SbN f(aDa PGK M V _ K R d PGNOV ¡ VvK _ MOh _ N k VW S _ X¢-izbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK R _:cedgf S4iCMOVWPGKR _|c i[TQh4i cW_ SbN _(a MN _ z#PGNOM f(_{_ KDMONuiCVvMT(PGKMOVvK S X¢ d PGNOV ¡ VvK _ R _(a z _ MOVvM _(a R>V a T(PGK MOVvKSbVvM f(a _½ + V a V bcW_(a MQPGS a|cW_(a + ½<½ E kÆ_(a M|RbPGKbK f(_ R7iCK a|cW_ M _~} M _ X ced PGNQR>N _ R _ S _Uc S _(a R>V /iCVvK _(a R _ _ nX¨J cª_(a MnV k z#PGNOMuiCKM@R _ K7PGM _ N S _ T _(a R _ S }klf T%iCKbV aOkl_(a T(PGK7R>SbV aQ_ K MYs@R>V aQa Vvz _ N _ KMOVWÖUN _Ukl_ K MYR7iCK a{cedgf TQh4iCK MOV cvc PGK c izbN _(a S _ MQPGMui c VvM f R _[c i@zbSbV aQa iCK7T _ R>S iCV a T _ iCSwVvK7TUVWR _ K
(108) M f # XbK _ j _
(109) M cW_(a iCSbMON _(a|klf T%iCKbV aOkl_(a ? SbV-i PGSbMOV aQaQ_ KMs c i z _ NOM _ R dgf K _ N ¡ V _ z4iCN cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK2R>S iCVvMZR _@cedgfUk V aQa VWPGK R _ z4iCNOMOVWTUS cW_(anaQ_ T(PGK7R7iCVvN _(a zbNQPR>SbVvM _(a z4iCN ced VvK M _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK iCV a T _ iCS k iCMOVWÖUN _ .N _ zbN f(au_ K M _ K M k PGVvK a R _ + R _ _ M a PGK MªRbPGK7T|K fU¡<c V ¡._ i bcW_(a R d SbK@z#PGVvKMR _ S _ V c iCKlMOh _ N k VW S _ k ° kl_|a V7T _:a PGKM _ S } SbV7T(PGK MOV _ KbK _ KMªMQPGSbM _|ced VvK PGN k iCMOVWPGK _~} z c PGVvMui bcW_Z_ KwM _ N kl_(a R d iCK4i c aQ_ R _Ycedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK X ¢-iZR>V aQa Vvz4iCMOVWPGKR dgf K _ N ¡ V _ R d SbK iCV a T _ iCS¬R d VWPGK aBcWfU¡._ N a R _|ced PGNQR>N _ R>S ^ _ a%dg_ j _ TUMOS _{a SbNSbK _ R>V a MuiCK7T _ T(P k zbNOV aQ__ K MON _ + ½_ M + ½<½ E k MLzbVW S _Ukl_ K
(110) M Zf MuiCK M:R d iCSbMuiCKM¥z c S a z _ MOVvM _ S _cW_ K S klf NQPYiCMQP k VWS _ R _ªc iTUV bcW_¥_(a M fUcW_ fª_ M PGS@S _Bc i k i aQaQ_ R _ªced VWPGKnVvK7TUVWR _ K MBiCS ¡<kl_ K M _ X<ÙPGMuiCK M S _ T _ MOM _Yf TQh _UcvcW_ K dg_(a Mz4i a MONQÖ a R>V¹j f N _ KM _ R>S R>Vµi k ÖUMON _ MONuiCK a _ N aQ_ ] R>S k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iC S K7PGS a T(PGK a VWR f N _ NQPGK a S _[c iR>V aQa Vvz4iCMOVWPGKtR _[cedgf K _ N ¡ V _ R>S iCV a T _ iCS aQ_Y iCVvM{R7iCK a SbK _ R _Uk V Ìe PGS cW_ R _ Nui(.PGK R _|k iCM f NOVµiCS Xb _ MOM _|k PR fUc V a iCMOVWPGK¬K7PGS a z _ N kl_
(111) M _ KK7PGMuiCK M c i[TQh4i cW_ SbN a z f TUV¹²4 S _ .P c S k VW S _Z_ M c iT(PGK7R>S7TUMOVvVvM f MOh _ N k VWS _ 7R _ z®PGSb.PGVvN|N f(a PGS7R>N _ MONQÖ aa V k z cW_Ukl_ K M cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _c i@TQh4i cW_ SbNRbPGKbK4iCK M cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M e¯ e ` ¼È
(112) /a f "! e ` ¼È # a%$'& ` ¼È /a. ] X ]/ zbSbV a S _¥c iR _ K a VvM f .P c S k VW S _ R _ zbSbV aQa iCK7T _ VvK7TUVWR _ K M (_ & ` ¼È /a-_(a Mi c PGN a s a klf MONOV _[ h fUk V LÌ a zbh f NOVWS _@ ) *"+ ,. & ` ¼È a#f ½ / 103214657 98 aa VV ; ] X : cW_ iGTUM _ SbN ]< TUV Ì R _(aQa S a MONuiGR>SbV a iCK M S _Dc i a PGSbNQT _ R _ zbSbV aQa iCK7T _ K d PT(TUSbz _ S d SbK _ R _Uk V Ì a zbh7ÖUN _ R _k iCM f NOVµiCS X N T _ s c i a klf MONOV _ h fUk V a zbh f NOVW S _|c i a P c SbMOVWPGKlR _:cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK ] X ]:_(a MMONQÖ a a V k z cW_@. -0L*0:<UQ>53UQW*"2:<:?*">B9@9132<46U04 D^461 D4SZ3V8*Q><V81*=,/5 G3*"1818* :?VJ><;6*-2*0,/N: >A@_N8NP*0;S@9132 Z3V* @ V8:Z3Vc D^1857VBK*0; 5_>ADJ>*7T
(113) 157V: 1*+U0571:?4SDO">5918:\N @9: ;6*0:>= VU"2V @ 2465718:<2*",/NP59>*0;6;6*0:\D*@? H.
(114) 9 8. 14 µm. < θ > (K/mW). 7. 95 µm. protons 3MeV Rp = 95µm. 6 5. alphas 3MeV Rp = 14µm. 4 3 2 1 0 0. 25. 50. 75. 100. 125. 150. r (µm). ] X¸ ¬f MuiCV c R _Yc i V ¡ X ] X y@z#PGSbN cW_(a T(PGSbNOM _(a R>V a MuiCK7T _(a X S iCVvMR _cW_ SbN|VvKM _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK»z c S a PGNOM _ i( _ T cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PG K cW_ iCV a T _ iCSR d i c zbh4i aZa/d iCNONQ°UM _ iCS PGSbM[R d SbK _ R>V a MuiCK7T _ c_ + E k V _ K VvK Íf NOV _ SbN _ s c il<i cW_ SbNYT(PGNON _(a z#PGK7R7iCKM _ z#PGSbN cW_(a zbNQPGMQPGK a R _×k ° kl_nf K _ N ¡ V _ _ [CE k X dg_(a M[z®PGSbNQ S7PGV cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M kl_(a SbN fD_ K a SbN iGT _ R>S _ NON _ z4iCN cW_@k VWTUNQPwMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_D_(a M a Sbz f NOV _ SbN|R7iCK a|cW_ T%i a R _(a i c zbh4i a S _ R7iCK a T _Uc SbV-R _(a zbNQPGMQPGK a X. ) "*35+ ,.7 - 2 È 37 7 9 *"3+5 ,. 7- 9 . V ] X\ V
(115) : cW_(a TUNQPTQh _ M a NuiCzbz _Uc iCKM{S _ K7PGS a|a P k@kl_(a: iGT _ sSbK¯zbNQP bc Ö kl_ VvK7R f z _ K7R7iCKM{R>SwM _Uk z a
(116) X ·=GiCKMªR _ T(P k z4iCN _ NT _ MOM _ zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGKwi% _ TK7P akl_(a SbN _(a a V ¡ K4i c PGK a S _|cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK ] X ] RbPGK M _UcvcW_ R f T(PGS cW_[_(a MSbK _ _ N a VWPGK a V k z c V¹² f(_ R _Ycedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _Yc i@TQh4i cW_ SbN%X K i _ K _ j _ M|K fU¡<c V ¡.fYcW_(a M _ N kl_(a R _ T(PGK _ TUMOVWPGKØT%iCN cW_(aZ_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a×a PGK M×N f i c V aQf(_(aZa PGS a VWR _ -iCVvK a V S _lcW_(a M _ N kl_(a R _ Nui(.PGKbK _Ukl_ KMT%iCN cW_(a|f Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM a{a PGK M c PT%i c V aQf(a|a SbN|R _(aa SbN iGT _(a M _UcvcW_Ukl_ K Mz _ MOVvM _(aZ PGK _(a M _ K k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS S _ced PGKwz _ SbM k PGKMON _ N{S _ T _(a M _ N kl_(a{a PGK M|MQPG S OPGSbN a K fU¡<c V ¡._ i bcW_(a X 84H;84H § H § Z 3*¨ <"/ )?!=$@*¨ 6º©v3 ,=5>"/ 0)#! *¨ 6 5Ð GF-576 ,=H ¢ _(akl_(a SbN _(a R _ eN` Ga zbN f(au_ K M f(_(a VWTUVPGK M f M f N f i c V aQf(_(aY_ K kl_(a SbNuiCK M[TU>T c VW S _Ukl_ KM cW_(a M _ K Ì a VWPGK a MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _(a iCzbz4iCNuiCV aQa iCKM _ K MON _lcW_(a z4iCVvN _(a R _ NOS iCK a R d N a VvMOS f(_(a R _ z4iCNOM _ M R d iCSbMON _ R>S iCV a T _ iCS PT%i c V aQf@_ KSbKÐz#PGVvKM ^ zbNQPTQh _ R>SNOS iCKR dgÇ#È [´ VeX Õ PGSbNZSbK _ z#P a VvMOVWPGK ^ RbPGKbK f(_ PGKi RbPGK7T a V ¡ K4iCS } +S _ced PGKÐN _ z®PGNOM _@a SbN c i V ¡ SbN _w] X y¯z4i ¡._ eÚ +T(PGNON _(a z®PGK7R7iCK M s eN` 1?aBÈ eN` $A]G½<½ E k a 4P 1 R f(a V ¡ K _Zc iDR>V a MuiCK7T _Z_ KMON _n^_ M c i OPGK7TUMOVWPGK`·{S [´ V c i×z c S a zbNQPTuh _ z®PGSbN cW_ T(PGSbz cW_ R _ OPGK7TUMOVWPGK a T(PGK a VWR f N f X K N _ T(P k@kl_ K7T _Yced PGz f NuiCMOVWPGK¯z®PGSbN¥SbK _ K7PGSb _UcvcW_ z®P a VvMOVWPGK ^ .R f T%i cWf(_ R _ + ½ E k¤cW_|c PGK ¡ R dgÇ?È Z´ V4z4iCNªNuiCzbz#PGNOM:s c i[zbN f T f R _ K M __ M¥iCVvK a V iCS PGSbMR _ + ½ PGz f NuiCMOVWPGK a R _ T _ MLz _ ¨PGK P MOV _ K M cedg_ K aQ_Uk×bcW_ R _Dc i V ¡ SbN _`] X y`z4i ¡._ ÚX ´ V Ì ¡ K4i c PGK a S _ z#PGSbNP M _ KbVv
(117) N e sDz4iCNOMOVvNR _ eN` /a 4PGK k P/ _ KbK _ncW_(akl_(a SbN _(aa SbN{SbK _ R>V /iCVvK _ R _aQ_ T(PGK7R _(a R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPG K _ K _~} T c S4iCKM[R _nc i k P/ _ KbK _ V _ K Ca
(118) N cW_(a z#PGVvKM a T(PGNON _(a z®PGK7R7iCK M a iCS N fU¡ V kl_ R d#f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K MYMONuiCK a VvMQPGVvN _ ®N fU¡ V kl_ SbV a%dgf M _ K7R aQ_Uc PGK cW_(a Gi cW_ SbN a R #_ 1 R _ + kla s + a XK>²7 K PGK a%dg_(a M@i j#NuiCK7TuhbV|R _¬c i»<i cW_ SbNnzbN f TUV aQ_ R _Dced VvKM _ K a VvM f R _ iCV a T _ iCS _ K K7PGN k i c V a iCK M e z4iCN 4SbMOV c V a iCK M _ K»T _Uc i c i c VvK f iCNOVvM f R _Zcedgf S4iCMOVWPGK`R _Yc ilTuh4i cW_ SbN ] X ] iCVvK a V- S _ R _c izbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK ] X\>X e. ` G af. CL c @918@9;657Y94S*DJ* ; c O0Z
(119) V8@_246571 7H @CBK*0U ;S* NP592*013246*0;O0;6*0U"2?>59: 2A@_24SZ3V8* >A@ G357118O9 D8@91:!V81D*0,/4 *0:?N8@9U0*7:\N @_>^V18* 9 DJ*0,/4 : :?NW8R">*=V814 / 59>,/O0,/*"1
(120) 2MUQW8@_>Y9O0*^*0: 2 D :?46Y71 @_;6*">CH 1b59]246*0132 U0*Q2?2*MO0UAW8*0;6;6*DJ* 2*0,/N:eN8@_> ;S@\>*"; @ 246571T_]4S*"1 U059181
(121) V8* NP57VJ> ;6*0: N8WO01859,/R018*":%D4 .[V:?4 / :aQ: 2A@_1 D@_>AD: a 2*0;6: U0*0VJ`GD*+NJ>57N @_YK@ 24S591 D*+;S@ UAW @_;S*"V> 5 "!$#&%('*) , :,+ # *": 2=;S@ DJ4 .[V8:?46B
(122) 462O+2W*">,/4SZ3V8*7H.
Documents relatifs
To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed
Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à
Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine
En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages
Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur
A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated
The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide
Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to
