Importance des fluctuations spatio-temporelles et des non linéarités pour le transport dans les verres isolants
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(19) c iT(PGK a MuiCK M _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ R _(a _ NON _(a EX _:cW_ N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ zbNQP PGK7R fUkl_ KM¥R _|a PGKDiCMOMOVvMOS7R _ i k VWT%i cW__ M T(PGK a MuiCK M _ _ MR _×a PGKtiGTuh4iCNOK _Ukl_ K MZsTQh _ NQTQh _ N c iD f NOVvM fnk ° kl_ S4iCK7R c ilMOh f PGNOV _aQ_Uk×bcW_ °UMON _ T(PGK MON _ R>VvM _ z4iCN cedg_~} z f NOV _ K7T _ X J c N _(a M _ s a i c S _ N cW_(a K7P kZ N _ S } T(P cvc i PGNuiCM _ SbN a R _(aªc i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _(a i% _ T cW_(a S _UcWaªkl_(a MONui(<iCS } PGK M f M f_ j _ TUMOS f(a X ·{S7TUSbKDN f(a S c MuiCMªK d iCSbNuiCVvM f M f P M _ K S a iCK acW_ T(PGK7T(PGSbN a R _ T _(a T(P cvc Ö ¡ S _(a i( _ T cW_(a S _UcWa dg_ KMON _ MOV _ K a R _(a N _Uc iCMOVWPGK a iCS k VvKbV k S k T(PGNQR>Vµi cW_(a >.PGVvN _ i k VWT%i cW_(a R7iCK a T _ NOMuiCVvK a T%i aY ^ VWTUNQPGMOh _ N k P klf MONOV _@ ¢-i k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN _ i f M f N f i c V aQf(__ Kz4iCNOMOV _ s ced JLK a MOVvMOSbM¥R d cW_ TUMONQP Ì KbVWS _ PGK7R7i kl_ KMui cW_ Jº B R d N a i([ _ M _ K z4iCNOMOV _ iCS ´_ NOVWT _ R _lÕ h a VWS _ R _ ¢ d MuiCM ¥PGK7R _ K aQfle´Õ ¥ R>S»¥B· ´ iGT c i%.Xb· ced J ^ N%X _ NOK4iCNQR¯· b®_ T(T%i aQa V a:_ M ^`_UcvcW_ ª_~Ì K4i cvcW_ <S c V f PGK MN f i c V aQf{cW_ N f(au_ iCS¬R _ zbV a M _(a R d N _ M cW_{k i a S _ z®PGSbN cW_aQ_Uk VWT(PGK7R>S7TUM _ Sb N iCS ´Õ ª' ^ N Ä P c iCK7R PGSbN PGMDi`R f z#P aQf¬cW_ aQ_Uk VWT(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN%^X {K ¡ NuiCK7R kl_ NQTUV:s`T _(a z _ N a PGKbK _(a X _k ° kl_ cedg_~} z _ NOMOV aQ__
(20) K Õª´ R _^ kl_^ iCNOV _ .P aQf('_ SbVvMOM _ Mi[M _UcvcW_ z _ N k V a R _ T(PGK>²7N kl_ N cW_(a_ j _ M a MOh _ N k VWS _(a R>S k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS a SbN c i{T(PGS7Tuh _ R _ VvK7T<[X {S4iCK Ms ^ N Õ hbV c Vvzbz _^ iCNOMOVvK i( _ T ^ N ´ M f zbh4iCK /_ SbV /iCNQR _ M ^ N SbV cvc iCS kl_ªÕ¨_ MOVvM _/ T dg_(a M c SbV>SbVi _ S ced VWR f(_ R _kl_(a SbN _ N cW_(a|f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M aa PGS a V k z4iGTUM c i aQ_ Ni( _ TZK7P a:k VWTUNQPGMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a X J a P c iCK M a R d ·{K7R _ N a PGK PGSbM _(a M- _ KSnR _¥^ N _ KbV a ¢ d M _ SbV /K7PGK au_ S cW_Ukl_ K Mi k P V c V aQf a PGK¬TUNO.P a MuiCMªz _ K7R7iCK Mz c S a V _ SbN a¥aQ_Uk iCVvK _(a z®PGSbN cW_(a¥_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a k iCV aª_ Kz c S a iZR f KbVWTQh f R7iCK alcW_ R f R7i cW_ R _¯c i c VvMOM f NuiCMOSbN _wcW_(a MONui%GiCS } TUNOS7TUVµiCS } R _¯ MOM ¡._ N _ M NO a VvK a SbN c i R>V a z4iCNOVvMOVWPGK¯zbNQP ¡ N _(aQa Vv _ R _(a £~N _ MQPGSbN a £S4iCK7R ± iCS ¡<kl_ KM _ X {K ¡ NuiCK7R kl_ NQTUV s c SbV biCVvK a V S d s ^ N%X Ä P c iCK7R PGSbN PGMSbV-i PGNOM _Ukl_ K MiCVWR f iCS }w_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a X ÕBÄ ·{¢-JºÙ KØi¯R f Os kl_ K MOVWPGKbK fcW_ N GcW_ R _(aZkl_UkZ N _(a R _@cedgf SbVvz _@k iCM f NOVµiCS } ;f MOS Ì R>VµiCK M a T(P k zbNOV a R7iCK a T _ MONui(<iCV c X#J c K7PGS a iCSbM kl_ K MOVWPGKbK _ N ^ N%X Õ hbV c Vvzbz _n NQPGS aOc iCNQR` SbV K7PGS a iPGSb _ NOM a PGKw¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _ R _Yced J Ù ´ Ù¿z#PGSbN:VvK a Mui cvcW_ N cedg_~} z f NOV _ K7T _Z_ M SbV iN f i Ì c V aQf MQPGSbM _¯ced iCK4i c aQ_ z4iCN iCV a T _ iCS } R d VWPGK a»;a iCK a PGS bc V _ NR _ K7PGS a R f z4iCKbK _ N _ K T%i a R _ zbNQP bc Ö kl_Za SbN:SbK _ z#P k z _ _ MQT<XvXvX X Õ iCN{iCV cvcW_ SbN a c iT(P cvc i PGNuiCMOVWPGK`i% _ T ^ N Õ iCMONOVWT Õ iCNOV i aQa V a M f R _n^ N Õ hbV c Vvzbz _ PGN ¡._
(21) M +i f M f MQPGSbMYi iCVvMTUNOS7TUVµi cW_ zbSbV a S _ T dg_(a M c SbV SbV¨K7PGS a i £ PGSbNOKbVL£ cW_(aª i aQaQ_(a M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _(a[ i( _ T{MQPGSbM _a PGK _~} z _ NOMOV aQ_ TUNO.P ¡.f KbVWS _ VvK7R>V a z _ K a i bcW_ z®PGSbNN f i c V au_ NR _n PGKbK _(akl_(a SbN _(a X ´ PGS c V ¡ K7PGK a S _ T dg_(a MYs ced h7P a zbVvMui c VvM f £ ¡ NuiCMOSbVvM _ £P 0Ì Í_ NOM _ z4iCN ^`^ NOVW'T VvK7T _ K
(22) M ^ V ¡ S _Uc TUVWP _ M:s ced iCVWR _ R _^ N¥¢ f PGKw¢ _Õ iCz _ b S _ _ RbPGV a R d i(.PGVvNzbS _ j _ TUMOS _ N cW_(akl_ SbN _(aBa SbN cedg_ j _ MBR dgf z4iCV aQaQ_ SbN _¥cW_(a N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ TQh4i cW_ SbN _ S aQ_Ukl_ KM T%iCNªT _ MOM __~} z f NOV _ K7T _ V _ K M¥T(PGSbNQPGKbK _ N cW_(a_ j+PGNOM a MOh f PGNOVWS _(a S _ K7PGS a i(VWPGK aB iCVvM a SbN cW_(a K7PGK c VvK f iCNOVvM f(a X K>²7 K 3 _ N _Ukl_ NQTUV _^`^ iGT(S _(a .PCj®NOVvK _ ^M _ iCK Ì _(aªÕ NOV _ SbNªR>Sl¢=i PGNui Ì MQPGVvN _ R _:Õ h a VW S _ R _(a¥´ P c VWR _(a R d N a i(z®PGSbN cW_(a R>V a TUS aQa VWPGK a P @V cWakwd PGK M iCVvMzbNQPC²7M _ NR _ cW_ SbN×T(PGKbK4iCV aua iCK7T _D_~} MONQ° kl_Ukl_ K M@iCzbzbNQP PGK7R>V _ R _(a _ NON _(a =iCVvK a VS _l^ N _ iCK ÌLÕ hbV c Vvzbz _ PGS7TQh4iCS7R` SbV kwd i c SbV¨iCS aQa V T(PGK a iGTUN f z c S a V _ SbN a h _ SbN _(a R _ R>V a TUS aQa VWPGK X K>²7 K ¨V c¥kl_ N _(a M _ s»N _Ukl_ NQTUV _ N k i i k V cvcW_ ¨RbPGKM cW_a PGSbMOV _ KØzbNQP PGK7R _ MnVvK7R f~Í_ TUMOV bcW_kl_ z _ N kl_ MR _ z#PGSbN a SbVvN _ R7iCK a T _ MOM _ .PGV _ z4i aua VWPGKbK4iCK M _ SbV¥T(PGK a V a M _ s`Tuh _ NQTQh _ N cW_(anc PGV a R _c i K4iCMOSbN _ X.
(23) ³ . ¿Ø. -¢ inK7PGMOVWPGK»R d PGK7R _ z c iCK _Y_(a M|P k KbVvzbN f(aQ_ K M _ R7iCK a:c inzbh a VWS _ R _cedgf MuiCM|TUNOV a Mui cvc VvK X{S _Yced PGK z _ K au_ iCS MOh f PGNQÖ kl_ R _¬ªc PTQh cW_ S _Uc i aQa SbN _ S _cW_(an PGK7TUMOVWPGK a R d PGK7R _¯fUcW_ TUMONQPGKbVWS _(a PGKM c i z f NOVWPR>VWTUVvM f R>S N f(au_ iCS stSbK _ zbh4i aQ_ zbNQÖ a BPGS V _ K S _ ced PGK z _ K aQ_ iCS } R _U¡ N f(a R _¯c V #_ NOM f iCMQP k VW S _(a iCzbz _UcWf(a £~zbh7PGK7PGK a £ PGK N _ MONQPGSb _ MQPGS OPGSbN alc itK7PGMOVWPGK R d PGK7R _ z c iCK _ XJ c|_(a MDi aQaQ_ VvK MOSbVvMOV S _ T _ MOM _ K7PGMOVWPGKGi iGTUV c VvM _ N f K7PGN klfUkl_ KM c i T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGKØR _ MQPGS aYcW_(a zbNQP bc Ö kl_(a c V f(a s c i p
(24) q ;O r
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(27) cW_(a TUNOV a MuiCS }¬_(a MªMQPG S OPGSbN a R _{ced PGNQR>N _ R _½ T k 4s[SbK iGTUM _ SbNY\DzbNQÖ a R7iCK a SbK aQ_ K a PGStR7iCK a{ced iCSbMON _ X Õ PGSbN[T _ SbVT(PGK7T _ NOK _×cW_ MONuiCK a z®PGNOM fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ c iwS _(a MOVWPGK aQ_ T(P k z c VWS _ swz _ VvK _ R>S iCVvM×R _c i a MuiCMOV a MOVW S _ R _ 4_ N k V VvNuiGPT ¨ SbVªMONuiGR>SbVvM cW_ zbNOVvK7TUVvz _ R dg_~} T c S a VWPGK R _ Õ iCS c V iCVvK a V c iT(PGK7R>S7TUMOVvVvM f fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _`aQ_ Nui a PGVvMDMONQÖ aD PGKbK _»a%d V c _~} V a M _ R _(af MuiCM a iGT(T _(aQa V bcW_(ac V N _(a s@SbK _ R>V a MuiCK7T _n_ K f K _ N ¡ V _ VvK ;f NOV _ SbN _ s c iDM _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN "_ ! _ MªMONQÖ ak iCSb<iCV aQ_a V+iCS T(PGKMONuiCVvN _ V c# iCSbM NuiCK7TuhbVvNSbK _{¡ NuiCK7R _ iCK7R _ VvKM _ NQR>VvM _ z#PGSbN _~} TUVvM _ N cW_(a fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a X _ MONui%GiCV caQ_×a VvMOS _ R7iCK a{cW_ <i a M _Z_ K au_UkZbcW_ R _(a N _ Tuh _ NQTQh _(a V a iCK MsDiCzbzbN f h _ K7R _ N c ilzbh Ì a VWS _ R>SMONuiCK a z®PGNOM×R7iCK a×cW_(a[k iCM f NOVµiCS } SbV a PGK MnMONQÖ a[c PGVvK R _ zbN f(aQ_ K M _ N c i¯z _ N Í_ TUMOVWPGK R _lc i z f NOVWPR>VWTUVvM f TUNOV a Mui cvc VvK _ XbÙPGS a i cvc PGK a_ K _ j _ MMONuiCVvM _ N|R _ S _Uc S _(a S _(a MOVWPGK a N _Uc iCMOVv _(a iCS MONuiCK a Ì z#PGNOM{R7iCK a|cW_(a £~ _ NON _(a £GX Õ PGSbN{MQPGS a T _(ak iCM f NOVµiCS } z4iCN PGV a iCzbz _UcWf(a £(i k PGNOzbh _(a £ ?PGK»K _ z _ SbM z c S a iCVvN _ iCzbz _Uc iCS aQa V4K4iCMOSbN _UcvcW_Ukl_ K M|s c iYK7PGMOVWPGK R d PGK7R _ z c iCK _ T _ SbV .V k@klf R>VµiCM _Ukl_ K
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(45) M K7PGS ak PGKMON _ NQPGK a S dg_ KlN _U¡ iCNQR7iCKM¥R _ z c S a zbNQÖ a cW_ T(P k z#PGNOM _Ukl_ KM¥K7PGK c VvK f iCVvN _ R _|c i[T(PGK a MuiCKM _ R>V fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ K _ z _ SbM >
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(49) M -R _ z c S a ced VvKM _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK K _ OPGS _ SbKØN GcW_ S d swT _ NOMuiCVvK a VvK a MuiCK M a¥ V _ K¬zbN f TUV a R _c i[z f NOVWPR _{fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ > SbV#R f z _ K7R¬R _(a T%iCNuiGTUM f NOV a MOVW S _(a ²7K _(a R _(a R _ S } RbPGS bcW_(a zbSbVvM a T(PGK a VWR f N f(a X ÙPGS a K7PGS a z _ N kl_ MOMQPGK a SbK _ N _Uk iCNQ S _ R _ PGN kl_bc i c PGK ¡ S _ SbNR _ T _ RbPTUS kl_ K MYiCMOM _ VvK M c i Vc k VvM _[a Sbz f NOV _ SbN _ iCSbMQPGNOV aQf(_ sT%iCS au_ R _(a|_ j®PGNOM a SbV PGKM f M f iCVvM a z#PGSbN cW_ N _ K7R>N _ £ c V a V bcW_ £GX7K z4iCNOMOVWTUS c V _
(50) N Tuh4iG S _a PGS a Ì Tuh4iCzbVvMON _ T(P k z®PGNOM _ SbK _ VvK MONQPR>S7TUMOVWPGK _~} z®P a iCKM cW_ zbNQP bc Ö kl_ MONuiCVvM f{_ M SbK _ T(PGK7T c S a VWPGK a K MOh f MOV a iCK M cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a zbNOVvK7TUVvz4iCS } X K×z _ SbMRbPGK7T a iCSbM _ N¨R _(a¨a PGS a TQh4iCzbVvMON _(a _ K MOV _ N a a iCK a z®PGSbNªiCSbMuiCKMªz _ NQR>N _:cW_ ² c R _|c i cW_ TUMOSbN _ X K _ iCSbMON _: i PGKDR _|c VvN _ T _ RbPTUS kl_ KM _(a M R _ K _ T(PGK a VWR f N _ NS _cW_(a V ¡ SbN _(a¨_ M cW_ SbN a¨cWfU¡._ K7R _(a G SbV>T(PGK a MOVvMOS _ KMSbK a PGS a¨_ K aQ_Uk×bcW_¥a %S $ a iCK M z#PGSbNT(P k zbN _ K7R>N _ncedg_(aQaQ_ K MOV _Uc R _ T _ SbV _(a M{R>VvM%X?K>²7 K V _ K Ca
(51) N ?PGK»z _ Sb
(52) M a V¨PGK cW_ R f(a VvN _ c VvN _ T _ MONui%GiCV cB_ K _ K MOV _ N%X iCK a T _ T%i a cedg_~} z®P a VvMOVWPGKÐR _(a zbNQP bc Ö kl_(a i f M f T(PGK S _ z®PGSbNY S d iCS7TUSbK _ T(PGK a S c MuiCMOVWPGKR _|c i V bc VWP ¡ NuiCzbhbV _ K _|a PGVvMBK f T _(aQa iCVvN _ k ° kl_ z®PGSbNBSbK _ T(P k zbN f h _ K a VWPGK¬R f MuiCV cvcWf(_ R _(a N f(a S c MuiCM a P M _ K S a X . . . .
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(58) ! "!#%$&' ¢ dgf MOS7R _ R _(af TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M a R>SbNuiCK M ced VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK»R df TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK aa P c VWR _(a i×R f Qs iCVvM ced P _ M R _ K7P k× N _ S } MONui%GiCS })(v]+* ( * ( \ * ( y * X _ z _ K7R7iCKM
(59) cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a S _ K7PGS a zbN f(aQ_ KMQPGK a VWTUVs T _a S _ M a PGKM|PGNOV ¡ VvK4iCS },( ¸ * zbSbV a S d V cWa N f z#PGK7R _ KMiCS #_(a PGVvK¯R _ zbN f .PGVvN cW_(a z _ NOMOSbN iCMOVWPGK a S _ a S VvMlSbK f TQh4iCK MOV cvc PGK f MOS7R>V f z4iCNDSbK¿r?o - q MLz _ R _ iCV a T _ iCS T _Uc SbV{R d SbK _ £ ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ ÙS7T cWf iCVvN _ £ ( * ¨T dg_(a Mns R>VvN _ SbK iCV a T _ iCS R d VWPGK a×cWfU¡._ N a¯ zbNQPGMQPGK a PGS2i c zbh4i a R _ S _Uc S _¬^ _ R dgf K _ N ¡ V _/ R _ MuiCV cvcW_ MONuiCK a _ N aQ_ m /.U o<r H q ( * X?K _ j _
(60) M cW_ ¢-i PGNuiCMQPGVvN _nÕ V _ NON _´ 7_Zkl_ Ms c i R>V a z®P a VvMOVWPGKR _c i[T(P k@k SbK4iCSbM fYa TUV _ K MOV¹²4S _ SbK¬M _Uc PGSbMOV c s[R _(a ²7K a 10 r ' p
(61) %q|z®PGSbNR _(a MOh7Ö kl_(a a TUV _ K MOV¹²4S _(a iCS aQa V <iCNOV f(a S _YcW_(a{a TUV _ K7T _(a R _Zc i -_ NON _ c i k VWTUNQP VWP c P ¡ V _ PGS cedg_ KVvNQPGKbK _Ukl_ KM%X V a PGK a×_ KØSbK k PGMnS _ced iCK4i c aQ_ RbPGK MV ca%d i ¡ VvM _(a MnT _UcvcW_ R _c i»T(P k z®P a VvMOVWPGK fUcWfUkl_ K MuiCVvN _ R _ cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGKS _¯ced PGK z _ SbMDR f R>SbVvN _ s cedgf Tuh _UcvcW_ R>S k VWTUNQPGKsÐz4iCNOMOVvN¬R>S a z _ TUMON _»_ K f K _ N ¡ V _ R _(a R>Vv _ N aQ_(a z4iCNOMOVWTUS cW_(a{aQ_ T(PGK7R7iCVvN _(a|¡.f K f N f(_(a z4iCN ced VvK M _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK iCV a T _ iCS k iCMOVWÖUN _¬ M _UcWa S _cW_(a zbh7PGMQPGK a cW_(a×fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a@fUk V a cW_(a VWPGK a N f MONQP`R>V¹j®S aQf(a _ MQT XvXvX XJ cªa%d i ¡ V aua iCVvMnRbPGK7T¬R _¬a i(.PGVvN a V-i( _ T×R _(a iCV a T _ iCS } iCS aQa V T(PGK7T _ K MON f(a;_ MRbPGK7T[R _(a R _ K a VvM f(a iGT(TUNOS _(a R dgf K _ N ¡ V _ R>V aQa Vvz f(_/ cW_(a iCV a T _ iCS } R d VWPGK acWfU¡._ N a T(PGK aQ_ NO<iCV _ K
(62) M 4PGS»z4i a cW_ SbNT%iCNuiGTUMQÖUN _ z _ S¯z _ NOMOSbN iCMOV X ¢ _(a _ NON _(a[f MuiCKMYz4iCN k V cW_(aYa P c VWR _(a SbVT(PGK7R>SbV au_ K M cW_ z c S ak i cc i¬TQh4i cW_ Sb
(63) N T dg_(a M ?~ o ~ R7iCK a T _Y¡._ KbN _ R _Yk iCM f NOVµiCSt S _YcW_(a{f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M aa PGKM cW_(a z c S a{fUcW_ f(a X? dg_(a M{z#PGSbNQS7PGV K7PGS a i(.PGK aDk V a iCS2z#PGVvKMlSbK N f(aQ_ iCS R _ k VWTUNQPÐMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(ac VvMOh7P ¡ NuiCzbhbV f(a¬a SbN@SbK a S 7a MONuiCMDR _ _ NON _ z _ N kl_ MOMuiCKMDR d i(.PGVvNDiGT(T(Ö aD_ KØM _Uk z a N f(_Uc iCS } f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M a zbNQPR>SbVvM a R7iCK a T _ _ NON _ c PGN a R _×a PGKwVvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGKs c i ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ ÙS7T cWf iCVvN _ X#Ù{PGS a _ NONQPGK a R7iCK a SbKwzbN _Uk V _ NM _Uk z acW_ zbNOVvK7TUVvz _ R _ T _ R>V a z#P a VvMOV #iCVvK a V=S _[cW_[ iCVvMS _[ced PGK`z _ SbMN _ K7R>N _ T(P k zbM _ ?z4iCNSbK _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK fUcWfUkl_ K MuiCVvN _ R _ªcedgf S4iCMOVWPGKR _c iTQh4i cW_ Sb
(64) N GR _(a¨f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M akl_(a SbN f(a¨_ KnMQPGSbM-z®PGVvK MsT(PGK7R>VvMOVWPGK S _ T _(a R _ NOKbV _ N aa PGV _ KM|zbN f i c i bcW_Ukl_ K M k P% _ KbK f(aa SbN cW_ M _Uk z a X K aQ_ T(PGK7R c V _ S K7PGS aBk PGK MON _ NQPGK a S _|cW_(aB PGNOM _(aB S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a R _|cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K
(65) M kl_(a SbN f(_(a iCS } T(PGSbNOM _(aYf TQh _UcvcW_(a R _ M _Uk z a a PGK MV k zbSbMui bcW_(a iCS }w S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a R _×ced VvK M _ K a VvM f R>S iCV a T _ iCS VvK7TUVWR _ K M%X7 _ TUV i[z®P aQf SbKzbNQP bc Ö kl_ K7PGSb _ iCS¯SbV _(a M c i[N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK R _{cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _{c inTQh4i cW_ SbN c PGN a S _»cW_ M _ N kl_ a PGSbNQT _`_(a M,2 ( H 43 T dg_(a M¯sR>VvN _ i cWf iCMQPGVvN _ X iCK aDcW_ T%i a R d SbK NOSbVvM bc iCK7PT K7PGS a RbPGKbK _ NQPGK ac i a P c SbMOVWPGK q65 7. q»R _ T _ zbNQP bc Ö kl_¯_ M k PGKMON _ NQPGK a S _ 'W*q
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(74) $Fq ' B oGr®q O C3 qUX7 dg_(a M:T _ MOM _ R f T(PGSb _ NOM _ R _{c iZzbN f(fUk VvK _ K7T _ R _(a× S7TUMOS4iCMOVWPGK a M _Uk z#PGN _UcvcW_(a z®PGSbN cW_ MONuiCK a z®PGNOMnR _¬c i TQh4i cW_ SbN@R7iCK ancW_(a _ NON _(a SbV:i»RbPGKbK f K4iCV aQa iCK7T _ iCSwMOVvMON _ R _ T _ TQh4iCzbVvMON _ _ M S _ced PGK»N _ MONQPGSb _ R7iCK a|cW_ MOVvMON _ R _ T _klfUk PGVvN _ X K>²7 K cW_ MONQPGV a VWÖ kl_ z®PGVvK M a%d iCMOMuiGTuh _ iCS }`_ j _ M a MOh _ N k VW S _(a VvK7R>SbVvM a z4iCN cW_(af Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM a R7iCK a R _ S } T%i a V _ KR>V a MOVvK7TUM al®cW_ T c iG S4i ¡._ PGzbMOVWS _ R d SbK f TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK R _ {S4iCNOM @VvNONuiGR>V f z4iCN SbK c i aQ_ N ;_Uk MQP aQ_ T(PGK7R _Y_ M c i×GiCz®PGNOV a iCMOVWPGKwR d SbK _ ²7K _ T(PGS7Tuh _ R _ K¯VvNONuiGR>V f(_ s c i ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ ÙS7T cWf iCVvN _ X#¥P k@kl_ R7iCK a|cW_(a zbNQPTuh4iCVvK a ªh4iC%z WMON _(a 4K7PGS a N _ MONQPGSb _ NQPGK a i c PGN a|ced V k z®PGNOMuiCK7T _ R _(a K7PGK c VvK f iCNOVvM f(a 7V k z®PGNOMuiCK7T _[a PGS c V ¡ K f(_ R7iCK a:cW_ MOVvMON _ R _ T _klfUk PGVvN _ X \.
(75) 5 mm. 1 mm. T H E R M O S T A T. M r 10µm. YSi Au. V. 10µm. 200µm. ] X ] ^ VWTUNQPMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a ·{S CÇ?È [´ V c VvMOh7P ¡ NuiCzbhbV f(aYa SbN a S 7a MONuiCMR _ _ NON _¬;Ç?È{´ V / X ¢ _ z®PGSb.PGVvNMOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ R _(aaQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN a ?VWTUV È|Ç [´ V f MuiCK MMONQÖ a{a Sbz f NOV _ SbNs@T _Uc SbV R _(a:klf MuiCS } M _UcWa S _ced N
(76) cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M
(77) #zbNQPR>SbVvM _ KwMQPGSbM|z®PGVvK M{R _Yc i a SbN iGT _ R>Sw _ NON _Yc PGN a R d SbK _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK iCSÐz®PGVvK M ¡.f K7ÖUN _D_ K MON _ R _ S }` iCNON _ MOM _(a R d NYSbK _ M _ K a VWPGK fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _
(78) zbNQPGz#PGNOMOVWPGKbK _UcvcW_ s c iR>V¹j f N _ K7T _ R _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ª_~} V a MuiCKM _ KMON _cW_(a R _ S } z#PGVvKM a P nT _(a iCNON _ MOM _(a VvK M _ NQT _ zbM _ KM cedgÇ#È Z´ VeX ! #"$ & %$'(*),+.- ! // 10 "2 " ! ' ÙPGS a zbN f(aQ_ KMQPGK a VWTUV cW_ zbNOVvK7TUVvz _ R _Y PGK7TUMOVWPGKbK _Ukl_ K M[R _ K7P a{k VWTUNQPDMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a _ K VvK Ì a V a MuiCKM a SbN cW_(a zbN _Uk V _ N a N f(a S c MuiCM a S _ T _(a R>V a z®P a VvMOV ;a PGK M PGSbNOKbV s a i%.PGVvN cW_(aDkl_(a SbN _(a R _ cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ KbK fla SbN cW_ M _Uk z a X+K _ j _
(79) M k ° kl_@a VT _(a N f(a S c MuiCM aYa PGK M[T(PGK PGN kl_(a iCS } zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK afUcWfUkl_ K MuiCVvN _(a R _[cedgf S4iCMOVWPGKtR _Zc iDTQh4i cW_ Sb
(80) N ®T _ MOM _ T(PGK PGN k VvM fZk ° kl_ K7PGS a z _ N kl_ M Ì MONuiwR dgf Mui bc VvN c i¯<i c VWR>VvM f R _(aZkl_(a SbN _(a R dgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M ala PGS aZk VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCSØRbPGK MnK7PGS a K7PGS a aQ_ NOVvNQPGK a R7iCK a MQPGSbMT _ zbN _Uk V _ N{TQh4iCzbVvMON _ X 354635473. 8:97;=<?>A@?BDCE<GFH>;=>,I#JLK CNMOCE@P;=Q5R#<?CSCUTJWVE<G97FHCNXY@ZQ5K4. ¥ P k@kl_cW_k PGK MON _Yc i V ¡ SbN _@] X ] z4i ¡._ yK7P ak VWTUNQPMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_(a|a PGK M|T(PGK a MOVvMOS f(a R d SbK _ k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN _ R f z®P aQf(_a SbNSbK a S 7a MONuiCMYR _ _ NON _ z4iCN[R _(a M _ TQhbKbVWS _(a R _c VvMOh7P ¡ NuiCzbhbV _la MuiCK Ì R7iCNQR+X StR _ R _(aua S a 7V ca%d i ¡ VvMR d SbK»²7K`NOS iCK + ½ E k R _×c iCN ¡._/ R _naQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbNZi k PGNOzbh _ ;Ç?È [´ V+S _ K7PGS a N _ MONQPGSb _ NQPGK a iCS ªh4iC%z WMON _ VvK M _ NQT _ zbM fZa SbN\[ k@k z4iCN|R _(a NOS iCK a R d NR _ R>V kl_ K a VWPGK a iCK4i c P ¡ S _(a ®T _(a NOS iCK a R d N f MuiCK M _(a z4iGT f(a R _^]G½<½ E k X S iCVvMR>Stz®PGSb.PGVvN{MOh _ N Ì k P fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _× V _ K»z c S a iCV bcW_ z#PGSbN cW_(aklf MuiCS } _ +UE Z S _ z®PGSbN cW_(aaQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN a cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K MYzbNQPR>SbVv
(81) M _ K MQPGSbMz#PGVvKMYR _Zc i a SbN iGT _ R>S` _ NON _ 4z4iCNSbK _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGKiCS z®PGVvK M ^ 7K _Z¡.f K7ÖUN _ NuiR _ M _ K a VWPGK`MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ K7PGMui bcW_ S _YcW_×c PGK ¡ R>S NOS iCK`R dgÇ#È Z´ VeX# _ MOM _ M _ K a VWPGK aQ_ NuitVvKM _ NQT _ zbM f(_ z4iCN cW_(a NOS iCK a R d
(82) N _ M c i`M _ K a VWPGK _ KMON _ R _ S } NOS iCK a R d N aQ_ Nui zbNQPGz#PGNOMOVWPGKbK _UcvcW_ s c ilR>V¹j f N _ K7T _ R _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _n_ KMON _ncW_(a R _ S } OPGK7TUMOVWPGK a ·S CÇ#È Z´ V¨T(PGNON _(a Ì z#PGK7R7iCKM _(a X ¢-i V ¡ SbN _2] X z4i ¡._ ¸ k PGKMON _Ðcedgf Mui c PGKbK4i ¡._ R _ T _ R>V a z#P a VvMOV ªN f i c V aQf VvK7R f z _ K7R7i k@kl_ KM R _ MQPGSbM _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPG K z _ N kl_ MOMuiCK M¯R _ R f M _ N k VvK _ N cW_ z#PGSb.PGVvN¬MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _WÊ ` !a ªT dg_(a M s»R>VvN _cW_ T(P _ $DTUV _ KMR _ zbNQPGz®PGNOMOVWPGKbK4i c VvM fw_ K MON _ SbK _ M _ K a VWPGK MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVWS c_ bd
(83) N f(a S c MuiCK M R d SbK f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M¥VvK>²7KbVvM f(a V k i 5c be iCSbMQPGSbNªR d SbK _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _|k P/ _ KbK _ ! X _ T(P _ $DTUV _ KM _(a M zbN _(a S _ + ½D PGV ak PGVvK afUcW_ f S _ T _Uc SbV¨R _×aQ_Uk V Ì T(PGK7R>S7TUM _ SbN a RbPGz f(a S a S _UcWa k iCV a_ K N _ <iCK7TQh _ V c R f z _ K7RÐK fU¡<c V ¡._ i bcW_Ukl_ KM×R _c i¬M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ R>S a S 7a MONuiCM ! #T _ SbV iGTUV c VvM _ Nui ¡ NuiCK7R _Ukl_ K M cW_ R f z#PGSbV cvcW_Ukl_ KM{R _(a:kl_(a SbN _(a zbSbV a S _ced PGK¯z®PGSbNONui f TUNOVvN _
(84) gf hÊ enk ° kl_[a V+T _(a¡ NuiCK7R _ SbN a K _ a PGK Mz4i a R _(a VvK>²7KbV kl_ K M{z _ MOVvM a X.
(85) 40 30 20 10 0 30. 50 70 Température (°C). 90. ] X Õ PGSb.PGVvNlMOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _ Ê R _ cedgÇ È É@Ê¨Ë kl_(a SbN f VvK7R f z _ K7R7i k@kl_ K MR _ MQPGSbM _ VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK X Õ PGSbNwMONuiGR>SbVvN _cW_(a M _ K a VWPGK a MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _(a kl_(a SbN f(_(aw_ K f Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM
(86) {PGK zbN _ K7R>Nui Ê f G½ E sMQPGSbM _ M _Uk z f NuiCMOSbN _ X. ¢ _ R>V a z®P a VvMOV R _{c i V ¡ SbN _] X ]{_(a M _ K a SbVvM __ K aQ_ NON f z4iCN¥SbK _ R _aQ_(a¥_~} MON fUk VvM f(a:a SbNªSbK¬z#PGNOM _ f TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK _ K¬ªSbVvN _:k i aQa V ®aQ_ NO<iCK M¥R _ N f(aQ_ NO.PGVvNBMOh _ N k VWS _×;a k× P c V aQf z4iCN{£ h _ N k P a MuiCM/£ X _(a zbV a M _(a R _ TUSbVvN _w [ ½<½ E k R _c iCN ¡._/ VvK7R f z _ K7R7iCKM _(a R f z®P aQf(_(aYa SbN[R>ST%iCzbMQPGKT(P cvcWfla SbN cW_ z#PGNOM _f Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGKz _ N kl_ MOM _ K M[N _ T _ .PGVvN[R _(a ² cWa R d N
(87) a PGS7R f(a z4iCNS c MONui a PGK a ?SbV PGKM cW_×c V _ K _ K MON _ TQh4iGS _ NOS iCKÐR d N _ MTuh4iG S _ zbV a M _ iCVvK a VPGK z _ SbMN _(aQa PGS7R _ N a SbNTQh4iGS _ zbV a M _ SbK ² c £ k iGTUNQP a T(PGzbVWS _ £ R d SbK _D NuiGTUMOVWPGKØR _k@k R _ R>Vµi k ÖUMON _/ S _ced PGK z®PGSbNONui`i kl_ K _ Ns cedg_ K MON f(_ R _(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a R _ M _ K a VWPGK kl_(a SbNuiCKM cW_(a¥a V ¡ K4iCS } MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _(a X¢ _(a¥aQ_ S cW_(a z4iCNOMOV _(aª_ K z c i a MOVWS _Za PGKM cW_(a{¡ iCVvK4i ¡._(a R _(a T bcW_(a T(P.i } VµiCS } zbNQPGM fU¡._ iCK M cW_(a ² cWa £ k iGTUNQP a T(PGzbVWS _(a £ T _ TUV c V k VvM _:c iz®P cvc SbMOVWPGKDR>SlVWR _ z4iCNR fU¡ i /i ¡._{_ Mz _ N kl_ Mªs cedg_ K aQ_UkZbcW_ R>SDR>V a z®P a VvMOV R _: PGK7TUMOVWPGKbK _ N R7iCK ac i×TQh4i k× N _ R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGKwP cW_ VWR _ RbPGVvM°UMON _ V k z f NuiCMOVv _Ukl_ K M kl_ V cvcW_ SbN:S _ + ½ {kZ iCN%X ¢ _ T%iCNuiGTUMQÖUN _ VvK a VvMOS R _ T _(akl_(a SbN _(a R dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KMV k z#P aQ_ R _(a T(PGKMONuiCVvK M _(aYa Sbzbz cWfUkl_ K Ì MuiCVvN _(a i ²7KØR _ z#PGSb.PGVvN kl_(a SbN _ NT(PGNON _ TUM _Ukl_ K M ced VvK M _ K a VvM f R>S iCV a T _ iCSVvK7TUVWR _ K
(88) M =V c iCSbM×z#P Ì c iCNOV aQ_ N cW_ R>V a z#P a VvMOV R _Dc i V ¡ SbN _»] X ] s + ½<½ z#PGSbN PGNQT _ N cW_(a×fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a £ aQ_ T(PGK7R7iCVvN _(a £ ;fUk V a z4iCN c i a SbN iGT _ R _cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK»R>S iCVvMR _{ced V k z4iGTUM|R>S iCV a T _ iCS s[N _ MQP k×#_ N a SbN cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK X _ MOM _ z#P c iCNOV a iCMOVWPGK a MuiCMOVW S _ _~} V ¡._¯_ K N _ MQPGSbND S _¬cW_(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a R _ M _ K a VWPGK a PGV _ K Mlz4iCN Ì iCVvM _Ukl_ KMYR f T(PGSbz cWf(a R _×c i k i aQaQ_ #T _ SbV-K dg_(a Mz4i acW_ T%i a z®PGSbN cW_(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a[a MuiCK7R7iCNQR a z#PGSbN cW_(a S _UcWaYc i¯z#P c iCNOV a iCMOVWPGK a MuiCMOVW S _l¡.f K7ÖUN _ R _(a T(PGSbNuiCKM a R _n SbVvM _ R _ z c S a V _ SbN a E · k V cvcW_ PGV a{a Sbz f NOV _ SbN a iCS T(PGSbNuiCKMR _[ iCV a T _ iCS» S _Zced PGK a PGSbh4iCVvM _Zkl_(a SbN _ Ni% _ T ced i k z®ÖUN _Uk ÖUMON _ · R _ c i V ¡ SbN _] X\>XbJ c inRbPGK7T i cvc S MONQPGSb _ N|R _(a i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a P ced V a P c iCMOVWPGK _ K MON _c i×M _ K a VWPGK¯R dg_ K Ì MON f(__ M c i k i auaQ__(a MY S4i a Vz4iCN iCVvM _w N f i c V aQf(_ z4iCNYV a P c iCMOVWPGK ¡ i c <iCKbVW S _/ i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a RbPGK M c i N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK _ KM _ K a VWPGK _(a M[R _ +Ds¯S _Uc S _(a E ;a SbVv<iCK M cW_(a T(PGK7R>VvMOVWPGK a R d SbMOV c V a iCMOVWPGK Ya PGVvM MLzbVW S _Ukl_ KM ½ ½ + Ƚ + z®PGSbN|K7PGS a X K¬z c S a R _ T _ MOM _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK¬²7KbV _{a SbN c iZGi cW_ SbN:i 7a P c S _ R _|cedgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K
(89) M cW_ R>V a z#P a VvMOV R _ c i V ¡ SbN _Y] X ] i{SbK _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK a z4iCMOVµi cW_ R _ced PGNQR>N _ R _¥c i c iCN ¡._ SbNBR _(a PGK7TUMOVWPGK a ·S CÇ#È Z´ V .PGVvN K nR>S@MOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_ V ¡ SbN _Y] X\ ¨_ MSbK _ N f(a P c SbMOVWPGKlM _Uk z®PGN _UcvcW_:c V f(_ iCS@M _Uk z a R _ MOh _ N k i c V a iCMOVWPG a SbN cW_{a S 7a MONuiCM%X {KNuiCV a PGKbK _Ukl_ K M a V k z cW_k PGK MON _ S _ f
(90) P _(a M c i×TQh4i cW_ SbN a z f TUV¹²4 S _ .P c S k VW S _
(91) f ½ E kÂ_(a M cedgf z4iCV aQaQ_ SbN¬R _¯c i k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN _ ·S Ç¯È É@Ê¨Ë _ M _(a M c i N f(a V a MuiCK7T _ MOh _ N k VW S _ R _ T(PGKMuiGTUM z4iCN=SbKbVvM f R _ªa SbN iGT _/+_ KMON _¥c i k VWTUNQP a MONOS7TUMOSbN __ M cW_¥a S 7a MONuiCM%X ¢-i<i cW_ SbNBR _ z _ SbMB<iCNOV _ N a SbNR _ S } PGNQR>N _(a R _:¡ NuiCK7R _ SbN ( Ú * ( * a SbVv<iCK M cW_(a R f MuiCV cWa{ MONQPGz@²7K a z#PGSbN{°UMON _[k i WMONOV aQf(a z4iCNK7PGS a R _Yc i@M _ TuhbKbVW S _ R _ R f z M PGK`iCNONOVv _ iCVvK a V¨s _(a MOV kl_ N Z?~ o ~ S ?_ G½ E a Ckla XÙPGS a _ NONQPGK a R7iCK aªc i[R _ NOKbVWÖUN _ z4iCNOMOV _ R _ T _ Tuh4iCzbVvMON _ S _|cW_(a V k zbS cWa VWPGK a MOh _ N k VW S _(a{a PGS a iCV a T _ iCS c i aQ_ N|z _ N kl_ MOM _ K MR _kl_(a SbN _ N _½ <kla X.
(92) δvth RYSi. Or YSi. B. A. Ror << RYSi. A B. Résolution δr = 5µm. δθ. I. • • •. A. Multiplexage δt = 100µs. 100V. ] X\ r n4c iMONQÖ a iCV bcW_ N f(a V a MuiCK7T _ R>SÐT%iCNON f R d NYR7iCK a SbK _ OPGK7TUMOVWPGKt·{S CÇ#È [´ V Ci KbK S cW_ MQPGSbM _ M _ K a VWPGK fUcW_ TUMONOVWS _w_ KMON _ cW_(a R _ S }Ø PGNQR aÆ_ M T _ SbV c V k VvM _¯c i N f(a P c SbMOVWPGK a z4iCMOVµi cW_¯a SbN cW_ zbNQPC² c R dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM s c itR _Uk V Ìec iCN ¡._ SbN¬R _(a iCNON _ MOM _(a R d N ;a PGVvM@VWTUV\[CE k R7iCK acW_ T%i a R d SbK iCV a T _ iCS¬z4iCN iCVvM _Ukl_ KMT _ KMON fa SbN c i/ PGK7TUMOVWPGK X r 2
(93) V a z#P a VvMOV R _kl_(a SbN _ iCSbMQPGSbN|R _c iTQh4i kZ N _ R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK R _c i ^ VWTUNQP a PGK7R _ 7i aQa V k V cWf(_ VWTUV s×SbK _Ya PGSbNQT _ R _ T(PGSbNuiCK M z4iCN iCVvM _ SbK _YaQf NOV _ R d i k z c V¹²4T%iCM _ SbN a R _ M _ K a VWPGK k S c MOVvz cW_~}>f(a z _ N kl_ M:R _kl_(a SbN _ N:Tuh4iG S _ M _ K Ì a VWPGK¯MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _ MQPGSbM _(a|cW_(a + ½<½ E a X4¢ dg_ K aQ_UkZbcW_ R>S»R>V a z®P a VvMOV ¨f MuiCKMz®PGNOM f sSbK _ M _ K a VWPGK T(PGK MOVvKS _ R _ + ½<½ z4iCN:NuiCzbz#PGNOMs c iTQh4i kZ N _ R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPGK T(PGK a MOVvMOS4iCKM c i k i aQau_YfUcW_ TUMONOVW S _/ i ²7K`R _ N _~Ì zbV fU¡._ N a SbN cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK cW_(afUcW_ TUMONQPGK afUk V a z4iCN c i %PGK _ VvNONuiGR>V f(_ T _ TUV=z _ N kl_ M{SbK _ kl_(a SbN _ ²?i bcW_ R>SwT(PGSbNuiCKM{R _ iCV a T _ iCS¯Vµi ced i k z#ÖUN _Uk ÖUMON _ ·×X ´ V ¡ K4i c PGK awcW_(a K7P k× N _ S aQ_(a»_Uk× TQh _(a SbVZiCSbNuiCV _ KMwzbS N _ K7R>N _Ðc i kl_(a SbN _ VvK iCV a i bcW_ PGS zbN _(a S _lbcW_(a OPGK7TUMOVWPGK a ·{S ÌLÇ#È [´ V¨iCSbNuiCV _ K MzbSwK _ z4i a °UMON _ PGh k VW S _(an;aQ_ T(P k z®PGNOM _ N{T(P k@kl_ R _(a £UR>VWPR _(a £ cW_(a TQh4iCN ¡._(a V k z c iCK M f(_(a R7iCK acedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK iCSbNuiCV _ KMzbS z _ NOMOSbN ®_ NDz4iCN _ j _ M fUcW_ TUMONQP a MuiCMOVWS _wcW_(alkl_(a SbN _(a R _ M _ K a VWPGK Ê iCSbNuiCVvMDzbS VWP cW_Uk@kl_ KM¬R f z _ K7R>N _ R _ ! XÙ{PGS a i(.PGK a f NOV¹² f S _ NOV _ K R _ MQPGSbMDT _Uc itK _¯au_ zbNQPR>SbV a iCVv
(94) M BT _ S _ .PGK MDT(PGK>²7N kl_ N cW_(a N f(a S c MuiCM a a SbN cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ K _ M cW_(a zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK a R _Ycedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _Yc ilTQh4i cW_ SbN{S _ K7PGS a i PGNQRbPGK a k iCVvK M _ K4iCKM%X 3546354. 8 C MdID<?CNM CE@c@?B#VE> < 9 C RDCSK
(95) VN; B#Q5ICNFHCNXY@PFH>,CNX\4. ÙPGS a zbN f(aQ_ K MQPGK a VWTUV cW_(a zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK a R _tcedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _tc i2TQh4i cW_ SbN z#PGSbN cedgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM R7iCK acW_ T%i a R d SbK _@a PGSbNQT _ R _ TQh4i cW_ SbNYVvK7R f z _ K7R7iCK M _ R>StM _Uk z a X- _(a zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK aZa PGK M _ K a SbVvM _ T(P k z4iCN f(_(a i( _ T cW_(a zbNQPC² cWa¥a z4iCMOVµiCS }Dkl_(a SbN f(a z®PGSbN cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ KbK fa SbN cW_ M _Uk z a i ²7K R _ M _(a M _ N c iײ?i V c VvM f R _ K7PGMON _ R>V a z®P a VvMOV R _(a V ¡ SbN _(a×] X ]~Ìu] X\>X 84H;84H § H 8 Z 3*¨ <"/ )?!=$@*¨ 6º©v3 ,=5>"/ 0)#! *¨ 6 5Ð GF-576 ,=H {K k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS`R d VWPGK acWfU¡._ N a z _ NQR a PGK f K _ N ¡ V _ z4iCNVvK M _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK a i( _ T cW_(a{fUcW_ TUMONQPGK a R _ cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK R d SbK _ z4iCNOM _ MDi( _ T cW_(a K7P% iCS } R _(a iCMQP kl_(a R _¯cedgf TQh4iCKMOV cvc PGK R d iCSbMON _ z4iCNOM%X¢ _ zbN _Uk V _ N¬R _ T _(a R _ S } klf T%iCKbV aQkl_(at R>VvMt£ fUc i a MOVWS _ £ z4iCN¬T(PGK _ K MOVWPGK RbP k VvK _ MLzbVWS _Ukl_ K M MuiCK M S _ZcW_(a VWPGK a{cWfU¡._ N a PGK MSbK _×f K _ N ¡ V _na Sbz f NOV _ SbN _ s + ½<½ _ ®MuiCK7R>V a S _[cW_naQ_ T(PGK7R ®iCzbz _UcWf £~VvK fUc i a MOVWS _ £ =RbP k VvK _¬_ K²7KØR _ z4iCNQT(PGSbN a R _(a VWPGK a c PGN a S _DcW_ SbN f K _ N ¡ V _ K dg_(a M×z c S a S _ R _. ( 1NP59V>?>A@94 2^NP*01:?*">bZ3V8* ;S*":bUAW @ >Y7*0:!46,/N; @_132O0*0:!N @ >!;6*E/ @_4S:?U"*C@9V >A@ G359181*0132!V81 UQW8@9,/N 46132?>5
(96) DV846:@_1
(97) 2^V18* JD 4 .[OQ>*018U0* DJ* NP592*013246*0;\*0132?>* D*0VJ` >V8] @_18:#D[c >GDJ57181O0:0TV81 NP*0V U057,/,/* D8@91:#V81 U"571 DJ*018:@ 2*0V>GDJ57132;S*": O0;6*0UQ2?>5
(98) D*0: 9 46U04M; c >;: / *">A@946*0132A/ @_U0*?DGV81 DJ4SO";S*"U"2?>4SZ
(99) V*#UQW8@_>Y7O9HXM*0U04M18*/:?*#N>5
(100) DJV84 2bN @9:^Y_>9U0*G@9VU"57V>?2 U04 >U0V4 2 U05918: 24 2V8O N @ >!;6* >V8]8@91 DEc I
(101) 4Z3V84e>*0;646* 259V8:!;6*0:+>V8]8@91:+DEc >!*"1
(102) 2?>* *0V`[TP>*018D8@_1
(103) 2-; c *"18:?*0, ]8;6* DJ* ;S@G: 2?>VU"2V>* OCZ3V4SNP5_2*013246*0;6;S*9H.
(104) < θ> / <P > (K/mW). 10. P réd iction. 1. p roton s 3 M eV a lp h a s 3 M eV. 0 .1. 0 .0 1 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 600. 700. 800. r (µm). ] X y TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M k P/ _ K e_ K PGK7TUMOVWPGKtR _nc iDR>V a MuiCK7T _¬_ K MON _ncW_[ iCV a T _ iCS _ M cW_ z#PGVvKM cW_ z c S a zbNQPTQh _ R>SlT(PGSbz cW_ R _: iCNON _ MOM _(a R d NªT(PGK a VWR f N f X KiK7PGN k i c V aQf z4iCN c izbSbV aQa iCK7T _ k P% _ KbK _ VvK7TUVWR _ KM _ *f P
(105) f
(106) d
(107) _(a M cedgf K _ N ¡ V _ R>S iCV a T _ iCS XG¢ dgf Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM zbNQPR>SbVvM{z4iCN cW_(a zbNQPGMQPGK a;_ K PGK7T f/|_ M cW_(a i c zbh4i an;_ K`T c iCVvN :_(a M{VWR _ K MOVWS _ s ¡ NuiCK7R _ R>V a MuiCK7T _ T _ SbV _(a M@SbK z®PGVvK M@V k z®PGNOMuiCK Mlz®PGSbNDi aQa SbN _ N@S _ cW_(a@a V ¡ K4iCS } kl_(a SbN f(aDa PGK M V _ K R d PGNOV ¡ VvK _ MOh _ N k VW S _ X¢-izbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK R _:cedgf S4iCMOVWPGKR _|c i[TQh4i cW_ SbN _(a MN _ z#PGNOM f(_{_ KDMONuiCVvMT(PGKMOVvK S X¢ d PGNOV ¡ VvK _ R _(a z _ MOVvM _(a R>V a T(PGK MOVvKSbVvM f(a _½ + V a V bcW_(a MQPGS a|cW_(a + ½<½ E kÆ_(a M|RbPGKbK f(_ R7iCK a|cW_ M _~} M _ X ced PGNQR>N _ R _ S _Uc S _(a R>V /iCVvK _(a R _ _ nX¨J cª_(a MnV k z#PGNOMuiCKM@R _ K7PGM _ N S _ T _(a R _ S }klf T%iCKbV aOkl_(a T(PGK7R>SbV aQ_ K MYs@R>V aQa Vvz _ N _ KMOVWÖUN _Ukl_ K MYR7iCK a{cedgf TQh4iCK MOV cvc PGK c izbN _(a S _ MQPGMui c VvM f R _[c i@zbSbV aQa iCK7T _ R>S iCV a T _ iCSwVvK7TUVWR _ K
(108) M f # XbK _ j _
(109) M cW_(a iCSbMON _(a|klf T%iCKbV aOkl_(a ? SbV-i PGSbMOV aQaQ_ KMs c i z _ NOM _ R dgf K _ N ¡ V _ z4iCN cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK2R>S iCVvMZR _@cedgfUk V aQa VWPGK R _ z4iCNOMOVWTUS cW_(anaQ_ T(PGK7R7iCVvN _(a zbNQPR>SbVvM _(a z4iCN ced VvK M _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK iCV a T _ iCS k iCMOVWÖUN _ .N _ zbN f(au_ K M _ K M k PGVvK a R _ + R _ _ M a PGK MªRbPGK7T|K fU¡<c V ¡._ i bcW_(a R d SbK@z#PGVvKMR _ S _ V c iCKlMOh _ N k VW S _ k ° kl_|a V7T _:a PGKM _ S } SbV7T(PGK MOV _ KbK _ KMªMQPGSbM _|ced VvK PGN k iCMOVWPGK _~} z c PGVvMui bcW_Z_ KwM _ N kl_(a R d iCK4i c aQ_ R _Ycedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PGK X ¢-iZR>V aQa Vvz4iCMOVWPGKR dgf K _ N ¡ V _ R d SbK iCV a T _ iCS¬R d VWPGK aBcWfU¡._ N a R _|ced PGNQR>N _ R>S ^ _ a%dg_ j _ TUMOS _{a SbNSbK _ R>V a MuiCK7T _ T(P k zbNOV aQ__ K MON _ + ½_ M + ½<½ E k MLzbVW S _Ukl_ K
(110) M Zf MuiCK M:R d iCSbMuiCKM¥z c S a z _ MOVvM _ S _cW_ K S klf NQPYiCMQP k VWS _ R _ªc iTUV bcW_¥_(a M fUcW_ fª_ M PGS@S _Bc i k i aQaQ_ R _ªced VWPGKnVvK7TUVWR _ K MBiCS ¡<kl_ K M _ X<ÙPGMuiCK M S _ T _ MOM _Yf TQh _UcvcW_ K dg_(a Mz4i a MONQÖ a R>V¹j f N _ KM _ R>S R>Vµi k ÖUMON _ MONuiCK a _ N aQ_ ] R>S k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iC S K7PGS a T(PGK a VWR f N _ NQPGK a S _[c iR>V aQa Vvz4iCMOVWPGKtR _[cedgf K _ N ¡ V _ R>S iCV a T _ iCS aQ_Y iCVvM{R7iCK a SbK _ R _Uk V Ìe PGS cW_ R _ Nui(.PGK R _|k iCM f NOVµiCS Xb _ MOM _|k PR fUc V a iCMOVWPGK¬K7PGS a z _ N kl_
(111) M _ KK7PGMuiCK M c i[TQh4i cW_ SbN a z f TUV¹²4 S _ .P c S k VW S _Z_ M c iT(PGK7R>S7TUMOVvVvM f MOh _ N k VWS _ 7R _ z®PGSb.PGVvN|N f(a PGS7R>N _ MONQÖ aa V k z cW_Ukl_ K M cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _c i@TQh4i cW_ SbNRbPGKbK4iCK M cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M e¯ e ` ¼È
(112) /a f "! e ` ¼È # a%$'& ` ¼È /a. ] X ]/ zbSbV a S _¥c iR _ K a VvM f .P c S k VW S _ R _ zbSbV aQa iCK7T _ VvK7TUVWR _ K M (_ & ` ¼È /a-_(a Mi c PGN a s a klf MONOV _[ h fUk V LÌ a zbh f NOVWS _@ ) *"+ ,. & ` ¼È a#f ½ / 103214657 98 aa VV ; ] X : cW_ iGTUM _ SbN ]< TUV Ì R _(aQa S a MONuiGR>SbV a iCK M S _Dc i a PGSbNQT _ R _ zbSbV aQa iCK7T _ K d PT(TUSbz _ S d SbK _ R _Uk V Ì a zbh7ÖUN _ R _k iCM f NOVµiCS X N T _ s c i a klf MONOV _ h fUk V a zbh f NOVW S _|c i a P c SbMOVWPGKlR _:cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK ] X ]:_(a MMONQÖ a a V k z cW_@. -0L*0:<UQ>53UQW*"2:<:?*">B9@9132<46U04 D^461 D4SZ3V8*Q><V81*=,/5 G3*"1818* :?VJ><;6*-2*0,/N: >A@_N8NP*0;S@9132 Z3V* @ V8:Z3Vc D^1857VBK*0; 5_>ADJ>*7T
(113) 157V: 1*+U0571:?4SDO">5918:\N @9: ;6*0:>= VU"2V @ 2465718:<2*",/NP59>*0;6;6*0:\D*@? H.
(114) 9 8. 14 µm. < θ > (K/mW). 7. 95 µm. protons 3MeV Rp = 95µm. 6 5. alphas 3MeV Rp = 14µm. 4 3 2 1 0 0. 25. 50. 75. 100. 125. 150. r (µm). ] X¸ ¬f MuiCV c R _Yc i V ¡ X ] X y@z#PGSbN cW_(a T(PGSbNOM _(a R>V a MuiCK7T _(a X S iCVvMR _cW_ SbN|VvKM _ NuiGTUMOVWPGK»z c S a PGNOM _ i( _ T cedgf Tuh4iCK MOV cvc PG K cW_ iCV a T _ iCSR d i c zbh4i aZa/d iCNONQ°UM _ iCS PGSbM[R d SbK _ R>V a MuiCK7T _ c_ + E k V _ K VvK Íf NOV _ SbN _ s c il<i cW_ SbNYT(PGNON _(a z#PGK7R7iCKM _ z#PGSbN cW_(a zbNQPGMQPGK a R _×k ° kl_nf K _ N ¡ V _ _ [CE k X dg_(a M[z®PGSbNQ S7PGV cedgf TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K M kl_(a SbN fD_ K a SbN iGT _ R>S _ NON _ z4iCN cW_@k VWTUNQPwMOh _ N k PT(PGSbz cW_D_(a M a Sbz f NOV _ SbN|R7iCK a|cW_ T%i a R _(a i c zbh4i a S _ R7iCK a T _Uc SbV-R _(a zbNQPGMQPGK a X. ) "*35+ ,.7 - 2 È 37 7 9 *"3+5 ,. 7- 9 . V ] X\ V
(115) : cW_(a TUNQPTQh _ M a NuiCzbz _Uc iCKM{S _ K7PGS a|a P k@kl_(a: iGT _ sSbK¯zbNQP bc Ö kl_ VvK7R f z _ K7R7iCKM{R>SwM _Uk z a
(116) X ·=GiCKMªR _ T(P k z4iCN _ NT _ MOM _ zbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGKwi% _ TK7P akl_(a SbN _(a a V ¡ K4i c PGK a S _|cedgf S4iCMOVWPGK ] X ] RbPGK M _UcvcW_ R f T(PGS cW_[_(a MSbK _ _ N a VWPGK a V k z c V¹² f(_ R _Ycedgf S4iCMOVWPGK R _Yc i@TQh4i cW_ SbN%X K i _ K _ j _ M|K fU¡<c V ¡.fYcW_(a M _ N kl_(a R _ T(PGK _ TUMOVWPGKØT%iCN cW_(aZ_~} z f NOV _ K7T _(a×a PGK M×N f i c V aQf(_(aZa PGS a VWR _ -iCVvK a V S _lcW_(a M _ N kl_(a R _ Nui(.PGKbK _Ukl_ KMT%iCN cW_(a|f Tuh4iCS>j _Ukl_ KM a{a PGK M c PT%i c V aQf(a|a SbN|R _(aa SbN iGT _(a M _UcvcW_Ukl_ K Mz _ MOVvM _(aZ PGK _(a M _ K k VWTUNQP iCV a T _ iCS S _ced PGKwz _ SbM k PGKMON _ N{S _ T _(a M _ N kl_(a{a PGK M|MQPG S OPGSbN a K fU¡<c V ¡._ i bcW_(a X 84H;84H § H § Z 3*¨ <"/ )?!=$@*¨ 6º©v3 ,=5>"/ 0)#! *¨ 6 5Ð GF-576 ,=H ¢ _(akl_(a SbN _(a R _ eN` Ga zbN f(au_ K M f(_(a VWTUVPGK M f M f N f i c V aQf(_(aY_ K kl_(a SbNuiCK M[TU>T c VW S _Ukl_ KM cW_(a M _ K Ì a VWPGK a MOh _ N k P fUcW_ TUMONOVW S _(a iCzbz4iCNuiCV aQa iCKM _ K MON _lcW_(a z4iCVvN _(a R _ NOS iCK a R d N a VvMOS f(_(a R _ z4iCNOM _ M R d iCSbMON _ R>S iCV a T _ iCS PT%i c V aQf@_ KSbKÐz#PGVvKM ^ zbNQPTQh _ R>SNOS iCKR dgÇ#È [´ VeX Õ PGSbNZSbK _ z#P a VvMOVWPGK ^ RbPGKbK f(_ PGKi RbPGK7T a V ¡ K4iCS } +S _ced PGKÐN _ z®PGNOM _@a SbN c i V ¡ SbN _w] X y¯z4i ¡._ eÚ +T(PGNON _(a z®PGK7R7iCK M s eN` 1?aBÈ eN` $A]G½<½ E k a 4P 1 R f(a V ¡ K _Zc iDR>V a MuiCK7T _Z_ KMON _n^_ M c i OPGK7TUMOVWPGK`·{S [´ V c i×z c S a zbNQPTuh _ z®PGSbN cW_ T(PGSbz cW_ R _ OPGK7TUMOVWPGK a T(PGK a VWR f N f X K N _ T(P k@kl_ K7T _Yced PGz f NuiCMOVWPGK¯z®PGSbN¥SbK _ K7PGSb _UcvcW_ z®P a VvMOVWPGK ^ .R f T%i cWf(_ R _ + ½ E k¤cW_|c PGK ¡ R dgÇ?È Z´ V4z4iCNªNuiCzbz#PGNOM:s c i[zbN f T f R _ K M __ M¥iCVvK a V iCS PGSbMR _ + ½ PGz f NuiCMOVWPGK a R _ T _ MLz _ ¨PGK P MOV _ K M cedg_ K aQ_Uk×bcW_ R _Dc i V ¡ SbN _`] X y`z4i ¡._ ÚX ´ V Ì ¡ K4i c PGK a S _ z#PGSbNP M _ KbVv
(117) N e sDz4iCNOMOVvNR _ eN` /a 4PGK k P/ _ KbK _ncW_(akl_(a SbN _(aa SbN{SbK _ R>V /iCVvK _ R _aQ_ T(PGK7R _(a R d VvNONuiGR>VµiCMOVWPG K _ K _~} T c S4iCKM[R _nc i k P/ _ KbK _ V _ K Ca
(118) N cW_(a z#PGVvKM a T(PGNON _(a z®PGK7R7iCK M a iCS N fU¡ V kl_ R d#f TQh4iCS>j _Ukl_ K MYMONuiCK a VvMQPGVvN _ ®N fU¡ V kl_ SbV a%dgf M _ K7R aQ_Uc PGK cW_(a Gi cW_ SbN a R #_ 1 R _ + kla s + a XK>²7 K PGK a%dg_(a M@i j#NuiCK7TuhbV|R _¬c i»<i cW_ SbNnzbN f TUV aQ_ R _Dced VvKM _ K a VvM f R _ iCV a T _ iCS _ K K7PGN k i c V a iCK M e z4iCN 4SbMOV c V a iCK M _ K»T _Uc i c i c VvK f iCNOVvM f R _Zcedgf S4iCMOVWPGK`R _Yc ilTuh4i cW_ SbN ] X ] iCVvK a V- S _ R _c izbN f R>VWTUMOVWPGK ] X\>X e. ` G af. CL c @918@9;657Y94S*DJ* ; c O0Z
(119) V8@_246571 7H @CBK*0U ;S* NP592*013246*0;O0;6*0U"2?>59: 2A@_24SZ3V8* >A@ G357118O9 D8@91:!V81D*0,/4 *0:?N8@9U0*7:\N @_>^V18* 9 DJ*0,/4 : :?NW8R">*=V814 / 59>,/O0,/*"1
(120) 2MUQW8@_>Y9O0*^*0: 2 D :?46Y71 @_;6*">CH 1b59]246*0132 U0*Q2?2*MO0UAW8*0;6;6*DJ* 2*0,/N:eN8@_> ;S@\>*"; @ 246571T_]4S*"1 U059181
(121) V8* NP57VJ> ;6*0: N8WO01859,/R018*":%D4 .[V:?4 / :aQ: 2A@_1 D@_>AD: a 2*0;6: U0*0VJ`GD*+NJ>57N @_YK@ 24S591 D*+;S@ UAW @_;S*"V> 5 "!$#&%('*) , :,+ # *": 2=;S@ DJ4 .[V8:?46B
(122) 462O+2W*">,/4SZ3V8*7H.
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