UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
Distr.
GENERAL E/ECA/CM.
29 March 1985 Orlolnal: ENGLISH
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
Sixth meeting of the Technical
Preparatory Committee of the Whole Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
15-22 April 198;3
Item 11.1 of the Provisional Agenda*
ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA
Twentieth session of the Commission/
Eleventh meeting of the Conference of Ministers
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2^-29 April 1985
Item 11.1 of the Provisional Agenda*
DOMESTIC AND INTRA-AFR1 CAN TRADE AND FINANCE
* E/ECA/TPCW.6/l/Rev.2
E/ECA/CM.n/l/Rev.2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph page
INTRODUCTION 1 - 2
DOMESTIC TRADE 3-6 1
(3) Emergency measures $ 3
(b) Medium and Long-term measures 6 k
ANNEXES:
ANNEX I ANNEX I I
3
7
10 12 20
- 6 5 6
- 21
- 11 - 19 - 21 It I. INTRA-AFRICAN TRADE
(a) Some disturbing factors about
intra-African trade 10-11 5
(b) €mergency and short-term measures 12-19 6
(c) Medium and long-term measures
IV. iNTRA-AFRICAN MONETARY AND FINANCIAL
CO-OPERATION 22-29 9
(a) Emergency measures -a
(b) Medium and lonp-term measures -q
V. CONCLUSIONS 30 - 3(1 ]2
1. INTRODUCTION
1 Past experiences in international trade and financial relations have clearly demonstrated that such relations are not geared to nor are they conducive to African development. Therefore, the development of domestic and intra-African trade and finance as recognized in the Lagos Plan of Meier,
is an important aspect of the African economic development strategy. In order to ensure the attainment of collective self-reliance, these aspects o. trade have to be given greater priority than has hitherto been the case. In fact, It cannot be overemphasized that if the level of domestic and tntra-Mfrtcan trade were hiohly developed, the present economic cris)s in Africa, especial y the food shortages, would have been dealt with in a more effect ivemanner It is therefore important to emphasize that the future rate of econom.c growth in Africa will, to a very large extent, be shaped by the state of domest.c and
Intra-African trade and finance which the countries decide to promote.
2 For a long-time, economists have led the African leadership to believe that domestic and intrarAfrlcan trade cannot be expanded due to the narrow ^fr.can market or due to the fact that Africa produced similar crops. Tnis observation cannot be supoorted by.any empirical evidence. if one takes any commodity say, copper, bauxite, coffee, sugar or cotton, it will be noted that at best only six or less countries are main producers. The rest of the countr.es cannot produce even enouqh for domestic markets. In fact, in-terms of market potentials, _ countries in Europe, North America and South East Asia as well.as Japan continue to conduct lucrative.trade with Africa. Therefore, the problem of mtra-nf r .can trade is not that of the Tack, of adequate markets or lacK of compltmentanty but a matter of negative. African-attitude, towards African produced goods.
II. „ DOMESTIC TRADE "" v ! .- / ' ;';'•■ ■
3. The development of domestic trade has. generally not been given prominence in the African trade policies. The Lagos Plan of Act ton ,sjngled out domestic
trade as being among the most important factors for attairjjng collective self-reliance A call was made to "rationalize channels of distributfofOwith a view in particular to minimizing the number of intermediaries and tc^ensurinrt control thereof by indigenous enterprises whether private or public or a combination of both.
k. Despite this recognition, many countries still continue to accord low
priority to the development and expansion of domestic trade, especially since
this is not viewed as a contribution to foreign exchange earnings. The low
E/ECA/CM.ll/6**
Page 2
level of domestic trade has resulted in several undesirable factors in the economic development prospects of the African countries as listed below:
(i) There is an imbalance in many African countries not only in the levels of development between the various regions of the same country but also in the.structure of production and distribution of goods and services, including food, and to the extent that this imbalance is allowed to exist, one area of the country would generally suffer at the expense of
another area.
(ii) Partly because of the low levels of domestic trade and the absence of adequate information network on agriculture and
food production, cases have been reported where a country
: ' exports food grains such as maize when some other parts of^
the same country are affected by drought and famine requiring such food grains. In fact, it is true to state that some of the countries currently affected by famine could reduce the
impact of hunger by redistribution; of existing food supplies through a more effective system of domestic trade.
(Ill) Great disparities continue to exist between the rural and
urban areas partly due to underdeveloped nature of the domestic trade. Price mechanisms and other incentives favour urban development vis-a-vis rural.areas. As a result, the terms of trade move against agriculture thereby forcing the rural communities to subsidize the urban community through deve
lopment policies that nive low priority to rural areas where
the majority of the.population live,
(Iv) Similarly, due to deliberate income policies, investment
concentrates on the production for overseas markets to the detriment of local consumption. In fact, some countries
always reserve the best quality cf products, (cotton textiles, sugar, tea, coffe, tobacco, oilseeds etc.) for export
markets leaving the very poor quality and inferior grades for
the domestic market. This forces those who can afford to do
so to import instead of buying locally.
E/ECA/CM.llM
Page 3
5. If the improvement in the quality of life of the people of Africa is the main development objective, then the African governments will have to introduce drastic changes in the development objectives and priorities to accord domestic
trade the important place it deserves. To this end, the measures for expanding domestIce trade should encompass the range of activities including the exchange of poods and services, provision of storage facilities, price incentives especially
for ruro! agricultural goods, adequate transport and communications and financial
support.
(a) Emergency measures
More specifically, the following measures are proposed to be undertaken by the African government as a matter of urgency:
(I) A thorough inventory should be made of all staple food grains produced in each country.
: Th'rs should be matched wt th 'consumption 'habi ts . of the main tribal groups. This should form the basis for a new policy for promoting trade between any two locations based on the introduction of need food diets.
(I!) The governments should introduce., with the col laborat ion- of commercial banks and co-operative societies when
they exist, new forms of rural agricultural credit for small-holder ^s well as medium scale formers
specifically geared for promoting internal trade within the country. Special incentives should be given to farmers and smaller oroduction or manufacturing enterprises producing for the local market.
(Hi) A new mechanism for domestic trade facilitation which should include transport, storage and insurance, should be introduced. This should be supported by a new pricing structure which deliberately provides incentives to local producers as well as improving the distribution network through the improvement in the local or tradi tional marketing systems. One way of doing this is to provide better facilities such as sheds, counters, water, and electricity for the traditional weekly, hi-weekly or daily markets in the ruraKareas.
(iv). A comprehensive training scheme in marketing should be ■ introduced in the rural areas for traditional farmers.:'
This should bo complemented by the training of the urban ■' populations, especi oily educated"eli tes", to consider
buying locally manufactured goods instead of always lookino to import even in cases where local goods of comparable quo lily are nvn i 1 :-ib le at cheaper prices.
E/ECA/CM.11/6'*
Page k
(b) Medium and long-term measures . ,.r.
6. As a medium and long-term development objective, domestic trade should be...
built into thenational development plans and accorded the important role it deserves. 'n so|T!e cases s it may be necessary tc reserve development resources,
including raw materials, exclusively for production for the domestic market.
An extensive education campaign should bs mounted on "buy local goods" and to promote domestic resource-based industries as a means of promoting self- sustaining development at the national level. This in turn would promote and strengthen the foundation for collective self-reliance at the subregional and regional levels discussed later.
111. IMTRA-AFRICAH TRADE
7. The Lanos Plan of Action stated that intra-African trade is the mainstay of the present development strategy and that sub-regional and regional organi zations should be C5"c<t"oJ ished to facilitate such trade. In terms of building up
institutional capabilities or strengthening existing ones, considerable progress has been achieved. Presently, among the institutions of relevance of Intra-African trade include the following: The Preferential Trade Area of Eastern and Southern African States (PTA)\ The Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference
(SADCC); the Communaute economique des pays des grand lac (CEPGL); Economic
Community of Centrcl African States (ECCAS); the West African Economic Community(ECOWAS); the Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC); Communaute Economique des Etats de 1'Afrlque de 1'Ouest (CEA0);and the Mano River Union
(MRU) to name only a few.
8. It has to be stressed, however, that despite the existence of these subregional and regional intergovernmental organizations, and despite repeated declarations indicating that intra-Afrlean trade is the main factor which will determine Africa's collective self-reliance, such trade continues to
represent only a smell percentage of total world trade. As statistics show, except in a few cases, no efforts are being made by the African countries to
use the institutions established by themselves os a means of promoting intra-African trade. The African governments have yet to prove that they consider intra-African trade as a positive means by which African trade and development problems can be resolved by Africans themselves in en African manner.
9. As can be seen in the statistical information in Annex I, only in a few countries do the percentage of imports from other countries represent a significant
portion in 1931. These 3re BURKINA Faso^-6^ Burundi (16.9%); Senegal (12.9%);
Seychelles (16.8%) and Zimbabwe (35.2%). In a majority of cases where data is
available, the intra-African imports represent an average only about 2-3 per cent of the total imports. This is not a satisfactory situation. Exports as shown In Annex f! show a similar oattern.E/ECA/CM.U/64 Page 5
(a) Some disturbinq factors about intra-African trade
10. From preliminary empirical investigations conducted by the ECA secretariat, the following critical factors have emerged which need to be carefully considered by the African governments as a means of laying new foundations for intra-Africjn trade expansion:
(i) Many African countries do not appear to have a definite
policy on the development and expansion of intra-African trade. As a result, in terms of economic development planning at the national level, no definite measures are
adopted with a view to rationally exploiting the possibilities of development offered by intra-African markets created by existing subregional groupings. This is true even of trade with in these subregicnal groupings. For instance, intra- African trade within the PTA, ECOWAS and F.CCAS is hardly 5 per cent of their overall trade. Unless new directives are
introduced, the expansion of intra-African trade will remain limited. This will require drastic changes in economic planning and policy as well as in attitudes towards economic development in general, which cannot take place overnight.
(ii) Inspite of the declaration in the Lagos Plan of Action, most
African countries have not instituted radical changes in the structure of production, trade and consumption patterns to spe.cif ical ly promote t ntra-Af rican trade. They have also not adapted intra-African trade to the basic needs of the masses of African population. : Thus, they are still producing what they do not consume and consuming what they do not produce;
(tii) There is the lack of effective intra-African trade
promotion and financial mechanism at national as well as at subregional and regional levels to promote economic development.
This is exacerbated by the lack of trained and skilled manpower in the field of intra-African trade and has adversely affected the national exploitation of raw materials and other resources in the continent.
(iv) Most African trade policy makers as well as indigenous
traders and business houses know mere about market conditions in Europe, North America and Asia than they do of the neigh bouring countries. Unfortunately, this is true even in the case.of the member States of the PTA, SADCC, ECCAS or ECOWAS,
This-'ilack of adequate and:reliable information on intra-Af rican
trade, combined with the lack of ttnfa-African trade facilities, has led to African markets being fully exploited only by foreign suppliers to the detriment of the economic prosperity of the region.E/ECA/CM.11/64 Page 6
11. In addition to the above, the investigations also show that the decision to trade with other African countries islargely political. In other words, a political decision at the highest level is required to initiate intra-African trade. Therefore, the mere establishment of subregional trade groupings or the removal of tariffs and other trade barriers does not result in significant intra-African trade flows. It is also in fact true that some countries export food grains while some areas of the same grouping face serious famine because domestic trade has not been devcloced. In fact, a number of countries in the PTA, SADCC, ECCAS and ECOVAS export fcod grains while other countries in these groupings have large populations dying of hunger and starvation partly because
intra-African trade has not been developed, this seems to be contrary to the
spirit and letter of the OAU Charter and needs to be ratified as a matter of
urgency.
(b); Emergency and short-term measures
12. Because of the critical situation facing the African region, there is the need to adopt emergency measures for the expansion of intra-African trade. These should be taken alongside the rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes adopted
in other major economic sectors such as agriculture and food production, industry, transport and communications and water resources. More specifically, the following activities should be implemented without any delay:
(i) Intra-African trade in agricultural products, especially food
13. History shows that during natural disasters and wars, the countries that faired best are always those able to feed themselves using domestic food production.
If this can be taken as a lesson for Africa, then in order to deal with the present food crisis, action must-be initiated to promote intra-African trade in locally
produced, agricultural productsespeeia-1 ly food. Action should be undertaken at these levels to determine the production, distribution and marketing of all food grains including staple crops. The purpose of this would be to determine where food surpluses and food shortages frequently occur either within a nation or at sub- regional level. It shculrf be stressed that hitherto no co-ordinated action been
taken in this field and the ad hoc measures that have been instituted at national
level have often failed to produce the required impact.l^f. Therefore, the secretariats of the Economic Commission for Africa, the
Organization of African Unity and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO),in collaboration with other agencies within the United Nations system, should be requested to jointly prepare a comprehensive inventory of the food production and eating habits especially of staple food grains and root crops. These should be matched against existing production, storage and distribution structures in all
African countries. An intensive training campaign should then be mounted" in "ail 1
countries, especially the drought-stricken areas, to introduce new staple foodgrains and dietary habits in places where the traditional food grains can no longer
be grown.
/Cft. i \/'o:-i Page 7
^''^ Intra-African trade in basic manufactured consumption poods ]5. Trade statistics also in.:icat= that Africa spends huge sums of foreign
exchange for the:importation■of basic manufactured consumption goods which are
: or can. be manufactured somewhere in some African countries. These include awhole range of products such.as plastic poods, shoRs, cotton textiles, primary health care: medicines (en. aspirins, couqh syrups, antibiotics etc.), soaps and detergents, insecticides, toilet paper, beer, wines and other alcoholic beverages, blankets and breakfast cereals, butter and cheese, school items such oencils, rulers, rubbers, note books, chalk, tc name onl.y a few.
l-'». As was stated earlier, a large and expanding market for.these items is
oresantly betnp exploited by European, American, Japanese and Asian suppliers.I tjs^t:her::fcrc proposed that the African governments should initiate a "BUY AFRICAN GOODS", campaign.in order to reverse the ant I-African;goods syndrome which has adversely affected intra-Af r ican trade, for the past'three, decades.
This campaign should have fu11 peliti.cal support at the highest level. The OAU all-Africa Trade Frirs should-also b.e fully used as/a media for such a
cempainn.
17. Experience so far gained shows tttnt tne creation of preferential trade area, the removal of customs ,~nd tariff barriers have created a positive attitude towards intra African trade. However, in .themselves they cannot significantly contribute to ■ intra-African trade unless industrial production end distribution systems-are directly linked with such trade.. Therefore, new priorities should be drawn up for the.Immediate processing of food and other critical agricultural and mineral commodities such as sisal and oth-r natural fibres, groundnuts, coffee, cocoa, tea,.corner, tin 2nd aluminium -to supply such :commodities to the subreqional
markets. ■ ■ ,
(i i i) In.tra-flfrican trade In energy znd raw, mater ial.s
1?< .lt: is solf-evldent .that cny measures- for the rehabilitation or
reconstruction"Of the African economics would require huge quantities of energy (coal, hydrocarbons, .-lectricity and fuel, oils) as,well as locally produced raw materials. Therefor-, part of the emergency measures should constitute immediate pro-duct 1 on. and trade in. these commodities-,. Hitherto, much of thtaws items have
been geared for South-North trade and did not sianificintly benefit to the economies
of the .energy .an:! primary producing African countries.
1/f*
11. It is nroposed that on inventory should urgently be taken of raw
materials and -inerny production for intra-African trade. The suppliers
should be matched with new demands for then in the rehabilitation and reconstruction programmes. A direct linkage should tc made between intra-Afrtcan trade and the energy, industry and agricultural sectors to ensure effective co-ordination. It"hardly needs stressing that this could ensure that the
emergency measures would be more fruitful.
(c) Medium and long-term measures
20. It is expected that a new political directive would be given for the
development of intra-African trade as top priority in Africa's development process.
The Larjos"Plcn of Action and the Final Act of Lanes, laid down the platform for dialogue at intra-Afrtcan level, fX subreoionai level, some form of dialogue continues to take place through the subregional inter-governmental economic, trade and monetary organizations. The'major problem is that such a dialogue has
often been sectoral and rather limited in scops.
21. The following measures nr; proposed cv^r the medium and long-term period to develop and promote intr^-A.fricar trade;
(i) New systems of management of the production and distribution . structures should be Introduced and matched against the
demand end supply of goods and services for intra-African trade. This should be based on new programmes by which soecific industrial and transport infrastructure, including rehabilitation of existing capacities -re directly neared tc trade nmonn the ^fri^nn cour;1. rUc . Since Africa is new faced with serious ocononic crisis, a new dialogue should be conducted primarily within the existing subregtonal groupings to really 'look for'new o>:>^nr tun'i t ics In trade crccng the. African countries.
Therefore, new" positive attitudes towards rfrica-made goods
■ " ■ should be ■j'ncou'nged as a neans of ensuring co 11ect t ve se1f- re H ance
ond of enhancing further growth.(ii) For a lonr time, African traders and'businessmen were generally left out: r.f the i ntra-Af r i can trade promotion measures. However, with th-- establishment of the Federation of African Chambers of
Commerc: in September 198^ it is hoped thjit this would change.The; Federation' is the most effective means of involving the
private business sector in the current emergency measures.
E/ECA/CM. HM
Page 9
But all countries are not members. Those national chambers which have not yet done so, should join the Federation.
Therefore, It is urged __a) that all African governments
should support the newly established Federation of African Chambers of Commerce to enable it to play its immediate role as the promoter of intra-African trade by directly keeping in touch with the traders anri business operators of the memberStates; (b) The Federation should be accorded easy access
to African countries in collecting and disseminating trade information and marketing opportunities for intra-African
trade; and (c) Specifically, African governments are
requested to assist in providing foreign exchange for travel to participate in meetings on^ for payments of annual membership dues to the Federation by the national Chambers of Commerce.
(iii) At the sub-regional levels, the countries should be encouraged
to join the subreqional Federations of Chambers of Commerce such as in West Africa, Central Africa and the one envisaged for Eastern and Southern Africa. Countries of North Africa
should also seriously consider establishing a subregional
Chambers of Commerce.IV. INTRA-AFRICAN MONETARY AND FINANCIAL CO-OPERATION
22. Monetary and financial co-operation in Africa is envisaged primarily as a mechanism for facilitating payments for intra-African trade and services. With this In mind, the Lagos Plan of Action called for " the complete restructuring and reorientation of the policies and programmes of monetary and financial institutions imported into Africa (Central Banks, Commercial Banks, etc.) in such a way as to integrate them better in the development objectives of each country". It further called for the establishment of subregional oayments and clearing arrangements and financial and money markets at the national,subreg[6nal and regional levels.
23. It is encouraging to note that many African Governments havs, during the past few years, made and continued to make, serious efforts to adopt a series of austerity measures to effectively use their meagre foreign reserves and have,
at the same time, introduced measures to boost their economies. Such measures have consisted inter aiia of (a) export incentives, including devaluation of national currencies in an attempt to make national experts more competitive in world market and hence increase export revenues; (b) the minimization of production costs, including wane freezes; (c) the introduction of new pricing systems taking into account the incomes of the producers; (d) the introduction of export credit financing and export credit insurance schemes-, and (e) heavy reduction in public expenditure and imports of capital goods as well as non-essential goods.
24. It must be stressed that the implementation of these measures sometimes gives rise to serious problems to the Governments which were not completed before.
These problems arise partly from the lack of information and expertise on proper
E/ECA/CM.11/6V Page 10
debt management techniques based on a countries' full assessment of its
economic potentials and opportunities. The problems' identified In'.this section are intended to throw some light on how to institute new debt management systems
in Africa as a means of dealing with the debt crisis not only on an emergency basis but also on more prermanent basis.
25, Over the years, positive monetary and financial co-operation has emerged with the establishment of institutions such as the Association of African Central
Banks (AACB), the West African Clearing House (WACH), the Central African Clearing
House (CACH), and the Clearing House of the Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States. In addition, the Central B=jnk of West African States(ECEAO) and the Bank of Central African States (BEAC) which were established much
earlier, have continued to serve its members effectively.26. However, the following specific problems have arisen with regard to the operations of most of these institutions which require serious attention by the member States"
(i) Commercial Banks and other financial institutions, especially those owneH and controlled by transnational corporations, are generally reluctant, and sometimes totally refuse, to extend credit facilities for domestic or intra-African trade especially
where indigenous traders and business operators are'concernedJ
(it) Some African countries, while subscribing to the membershipin the above institutions, do not make use of the facilities they have created. For instance, many members do not' use WACH, CACH and the PTA Clearing House as a medium for transacting
intra-African trade. This is evidenced by a relatively low level of transactions passing through them, even after being in existence for a relatively long time;
(iii) Some of these organizations have very little resources at
their disposal to discharge their functions and responsibilities effectively. Part of this problem arises from non-payment of annual subscriptions by the members. Another problem is the lack of
support from the national development finance institutions such as agricultural development banks, agricultural credit finance insti tutions, and industrial development banks which do not normally link their activities with the payments and clearing houses.
E/ECA/CM. I Page U
27. At the policy maM-.g level, the weakest aspect of Africa's monetary
and financial policy is manifested in several factors" (I) there are ineffective
economic management systems which sometimes result in misuse of resources and wastage of public funds., including foreign aid, loans and investment. At the sametime most countries are often unable to effectively utilize foreign and domestic
resources to venerate further incomes; (ii) some countries have no clearly
defined monetary, ifiscal and financial policies which are directly linked to the country's development objectives sn6 priorities. As a result, domestic resources arc not always fully utilized towards addressing the economic crisis facing them;(Iti) there is nc single institutional machinery within some African governments to
reviews assess and co-ordinate foreign aid programmes and or to co-ordinate policies of the donor countries with national development objectives and priorities; and(iv) some countries do not hove full knowledge about their own financial resources potential and as such, the.y often tend to rely on foreign resources when domestic and subreqional financial institutions could provide much of the resources needed for devclooment.
(a) Emergency measures
28. The following measures are proposed to be taken without delay:
(i) All African governments should instruct all commercial banks in their countries to immediately use the existing subregionai' payrollts and clearing institutions for purposes of settlement of Intrn-Afrlcan trade transactions. This should have the effect of releasing the foreign exchange which could be used for the
importation .of goods urgently needed for rehabilitation purposes;
(ii) Those countries which do not belonn tc any subregional payments
and c!ci:r-;r:n arrangement should consider joi.dng. without further delay;(iii) The African countries should fully support the establishment '
of the proposed African Monetary Fund as an institution which would ensure regional autonomy in devising a monetary and financial policy. Its establishment should be accelerated.(iv) Immediate measures should be taken to increase the levels of
domestic savings. This may be accomplished either throughstrengthening existing domestic savings institutions such as Post Office Savings Banks, Agricultural Credit Banks and Development Bonds where such system exists. Savings should also be encouraged through such other means as national or state lotteries, direct salary deductions for savings and national insurance schemes.
This will have the effect of immediately reducing the need for external resources including loans;
Fage 12
(v) Countries should consider cstablIshinc a "Nat.onal Sav.ngs
tV) m rv Committed composed of Indigenous development
economists, financial"analysis!*, monetary economists and
fiscal exnerts inter alia to adviso the government on new nv-isures 'to intinsify domestic savings campaigns for
^ffluailon and reconstruction of the -onom.es and to ->dnirister oolicits for the allocation and uti 1 ization ct domestic resources. Such a body would also b^spons,ble
for nen-rrl domestic resources mobilization and for advising
' the Wrn^nrespeclolly on how to channel domestic resources
for reducing dependence on foreign resources.
(b) Medium and long-term measures
29. ,t is expected that provided that «^a'nrl^a^^eVrou!hTundir
the long-term period. Similarly, countresw.j future, Consequently,
^^"1^:n::L5;':a;^5;:;n^tH: followin, medi.im ,
tn or5e:P
long-term measures arc proposed: . .
f:Y Eicb extstinn or ^ny future subrertionai payments and
(' t se should be strengthened ancMts activities
ro-oMinated with other subreglonal nrcup.ng to promote trade between different subregional grouotnos-,
■ ■ ' (n) A subroo.Tonn] P^-nts and c^.rin, arrangement should be
established for the North African countries.
V. CONCLUSIONS
* *kc -.->«t five vears has shown that the survival
30. The experience of the past f vt ytars n^ sion of trade economi
snoUli c^st stitutc"an integral part of Africa's programme for
E/ECA/CM.llM Page 13
31. Fi r s 11 y, domestic trade and monetary institutions should be used to promote national food security and food self-sufficiency through new systems of production and distribution. Hitherto no co-ordinated action has been
taken in this field and the ad hoc measures that have been instituted at national level have often failed to produce the required impact.
32. Secondly, an integral part of the intra-African trade strategy should include an immediate and intensive programme to incre^se the trade and exchanges of African produced noods and services in order to reduce our dependence on
external markets. Since Africa is faced with a serious economic crisis, the days
of paying lip-service to intra-Afrfcon trade arc over. New and serious dialoguesshould be conducted primarily within the existing subrcgional groupings to really
look for new opportunities In trade among the African countries.33* Thj rdly, the African market is presently exploited by foreign interests from North America, South East Asia, Japan, Western and Eastern Europe. New positive attitudes towards African-made goods through the launching of "BUY AFRICAN GOODS" campaign should be encouraged as a means of ensuring collective self-relaince and of enhancing further growth. To this end, the establishment of supporting institutions such as the African Common Market and the African Payments and Clearing Arrangements and the proposed African Monetary Fund should be speeded up so as to make them operational ahead of schedule.
3^. Finally, it is desirable that secretariats cf the Economic Commission
for Africa and the Organization of African Unity and the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, in collaboration with other relevant
United Nations bodies, should be requested to jointly prepare a comprehensive inventory of the food production in Africa especially of staple food grains and root crops as well as basic manufactured consumption goods. These should be matched anainst existing production, storage and distribution structures in allAfrican countries. An intensive training campaign should then be mounted in all
countries, especially the droucht-stricken areas, to introduce new staple food grainsand dietary habits in places where the traditIonal foodgralns can no lonoer be
o rown.
ANNEX I
Structure of Intra-African Imports (Selected countries)
(Values in thousand US dollars (cif.))
E/ECAXM. 11/64
Annex I
Algeria
- Africa - World
% of intra-AFrican Burkina Faso
- Africa - World
% of intra-African Burundi
- Africa - Would
% of intra-African Cameroon
- Africa - World
% of intra-African Cape Verde
- Africa - World
imports
imports
imports
imports
1978
220040 8666747 2.54
21099 227863 9.26
10008 93240 10.19
36882 1008505 3.66
571 43361
1979
20632 8406650 2.45
43981 307392 14 .31
19927 152722 13.05
89477 1270561 7.04
2416 40630
1980
297214 10524498 2.82
58143 357955 16.24
17043 167224 10.19
75286 1538362 4.89
4373 67800
1981
248572 11302272 2.20
90035 337547 26.67
28325 167317 16.93
•• •
1982
•«•
...
26863 212870 12.62
60283 1243180 4.85
% of intra-African imports Central African Republic
- Africa - World
% of intra-African imports
1.32
3952 56579 6.98
5.95
4432 66523 6.74
6.45
6743 30461 8.38
E/ECA/Gi. 11/64 Annex I
Page 2
1978 1979 1980 1981 1932
Congo
- Africa - World
% of intra-African imports
Djibouti
- Africa - * tor Id
% of intra-African imports Egypt
- Africa '
- World
% of intra-African imports Ethiopia
14804 241988
6.12
8164i 157402
5.19
82728 6726640
1.23
22674 266414
8.51
9850 177218
5.56
35069 3837387
0.91
- Africa
% of intra-African imports
Gabon
- Africa - World
% of intra-African imports
Ghana
- Afriqa - World
% of intra-African trade Ghinea-Bissau
- Africa - World
12837 505283
2.54
14205 564287
2.52
138764 1002572
13.84
1157 41738
10863 567424
1.91
11470 532080
2.16
154451 352670
18.11
59487 418149
14.23
37574 4859982
0.77
■14711 721367
2.04
21713 673554
3.22
..., £,9720 8339464
0.79
10342 737265
1.40
96153 9077949
1.06
10521 784950
1.34
3484 55526
% of intra-African trade 2.77 6.27
E/ECA/CM.11/64 Annex 1 Page 3
1973 1979 1980 1981 1982
Ivory Coast
- Africa - Uorld
% of intra-African trade Kinya
147177 2309634
6.37
132548 2388907
5.55
-_ Africa
"-'■VJorld " '■), .
% of intra-African imports
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
21146 480946
4.40
13280 506A53 2.62
150600 2990600
5.04
- Africa - Uorld
% of intra-African
Liberia
imports
23792 1705923
1.39
31986 1655468
1.93
79525 2589939
3.07
U336 534092
2.12
221746 2393112
9.27
11049 477429
2.31
- Africa
% of intra-African
I: Madagascar
~ Africa - Uorld
% of intra-African
Malawi
- Africa - World
% of intra-African Mali
- Africa - World
imports
imports
imports
137788 4602491
, 2.99
9794 460089
2.13
143160 338229
42.33
55418 202624
81576 531,1306
1.54
22104 698437 3.16
182728 397589
45.96
58738 304461
37740 6776377
0.56
16799 676467
2.48
191332 440230
43.46
83484 8381697
1.00
6284 473026
1.33
...
... . ;• v.
264067 2103727 12.09
% of intra-African imports 27.35 19.29
E/ECA/CH.11/64 Annex I
Page 4
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Mauritania
- Africa :^ ;
- World r
% of intra-African imports Mauritius
- Africa - World
% of intra-African imports
Horocco
- Africa - World
. 85458 498372
15.34
72414 2950326
• * *
t *m
74887 3673490
a •*
...
89245 4182375
...
• *»
72367 4352584
• ••
* ■ •
"■ * t
63836 4315286
% of intra-African. imports Niger
2.45 2.04 2.13 1.66
- Africa - World
% of £ntra-African Nigeria
imports
\ 86826 305915
. 23.38
. 77460 461705 16.78
116551 607688 19.18
149074 509723
29.25
- Africa
-. World . :■
% of intra-African Rwanda
-Africa -World
% of infra-African Tunisia
-.Africa - World
imports
imports
106541 12762781
0.83
25247 179101
14.10
62114 21577^
96630 10274326
, 0.94
25176 192321
13.09
44135 9RA91S5
% of infra-African imports 2.1
1.5534302 243081
14.11
75368 3508706
2.15
59794 3770881
1.59
1.48
E/ECA/CM.11/64 Annex I Paae 5
1978 1979 1980 1981
United Republic of Tanzania
■- Africa - World
% of intra--African imports Zaire
- Africa - World
13608 1141283
1.19
111507 796714
23457 1076686 2.18
30235 1211336 2.50
16200 1197200
1.35
% of intra-African imports Zambia
Africa - 'forId
% of intra-African imports Zimbabwe
- Africa - World
% of intra-African imports Senegal
14.00
59268 628311
9.43
1077^5 750239 14.37
592789 939319 1203659
518569 1472094 35.23
% of intra-African imports Somalia
- Africa - "Jorld
23.05
25459 241293
19.75
3C502 245732
15.55
37635 347997
16.81
1982
424706 1430171 29.70
■ Africa - Uorld
% of intr3-African imports Seychelles
- Africa
■ TorId
79962 756110
10.58
12144 52681
9S214 931168
10.55
17683 89524
152334 1037352
14.73
15375 98886
138565 1077418
12.86
15711 93437
...
38073 195629 19.46
% of intra-African imports 10.55 15.67 10.61
E/ECA/CL>.ll/64 Annex I
Page 6
1979 1980 1981 1982
Sudan
% of
Togo
- Africa - lorld
intra-African imports
- Africa - tforld
28277 8779S5
3.22
64209 450780
25027 915811
2.82
77611 518460
51120 1499342
3.41
108126 549641
63115 1518702
4.16
29179 435772
79396 1284893
6.18
% of intra-African imports 14.24 14.97 19.67 6.70
Symbol used;
.,„ - data not available
Source: UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, 1982
Annex II
Structure of Intra-African Exports
(Selected Countries)
(values in thousand US dollars f.o.b.)
E/ECA/CM-11/64
Annex II
11978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Algeria
- Africa
~ World
% of intra-African exports
Burkina Faso- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
Burundi
- Africa - World
% of intrarAfrican exports
Cameroon
- Africa - vTorld
% of intra-African exports
Cape Verde- Africa
~ Morid
% of intra-African exports
Central African Republic- Africa -- World
% of intra-African exports
'49476 6125537 0.81
20509
42424 43.341254 66985 1.87
3.95
2951 71771 4.11
84804 9863297 0.86
37352 76756
48.66
1453'
1048831.39
31.39
2104 79547 2.64
130241 15623587 0.83
38855 90227 43.06
59098
762222
4.03
652 16521
68626 1128626 6.08
593. :.
1889
37595 1320872 2.85
1048 4223 24.82
2399 111237 2.16
27981 74985 37.32
4799 71369 6.72
87582
92892 1028943 9.03
Annex II Page 2
- Africa - !-7orld
% of intra-African exports Djibouti
- Africa
~ 'Jorld
% of iutra-African exports
Egypt
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
Ethiopia - Africa - World
/» of intra-African exports
Gabon
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
Ghana
- Africa - World
% of intra-African <xports Guinea-Bissau
- Africa - World
6059 14S656 4.03
308 17667
1.74
62075 1737150 3.57
18756 309783 6.00
10258 1106164 0.93
14765 992444 1.49
4534 10060
7779 509273 1.53
225 11391 1.98
45948 1839729 2.50
33789 422193 8.00
7287 1849608 0.39
9156 918811
l ';■,
1.00
12267 955276 1.28
31043 3045959 1.02
56771 424690 13.37
74 2189292 0.00
20617 3232182 0.64
36280 378125 9.59
112616 3120195 3.61
47641 404395 11.78
% of intra-African exports 45.07
1676 11414 14.68
Annex II Pase 3
Ivory Coast
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
Kenya
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
Liberia
- Africa - World
1973
254321 2322853
10.95
242757 1022266
23.75
6833 487465
1979
339113 2506841
13.53
264549 1103546
23.97
9693 536572
1980
190100 3142100
6.05
379785 1389000
27.34
11203 596975
1931
414955 2535224
16.37
13506 523625
1982
441379 2287949
19.29
•
...
% of intra*African exports
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1.40 1.31 2.58
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
iadagascar
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports
Malawi
- Africa - World
% of intra-African exports Mali
- Africa - i-Jorld
71713 9394533
0.72
27530 399320
6.89
27972 177092
15.80
25850 106247
33970 16076037
0.21
44744 407430
10.98
29445 222300
13.22
25695 106222
29902 21909678
0.14
34118 386517
8.83
47105 285148
16.52
1503 15571062
0.00
2.5074 424350
7.73
■* *
% of intra-African exports 24.33 24.19
E/ECA/CH.11/64 Annex II
Page 4
Mauritius - Africa - World -
% of intra-African exports
Morocco
- Africa - World
% of intra-African export
Niger
- Africa
- World ':
% of intra-African exports
Nigeria
- Africa - Horld
1978
16935 325759
5.20
67258 1511345
4=45
55322 282871
19.56
267707 9983755
1979
69748 1958638
3.56
55390 448031
12.36
303532 16405153
1980
34282 2403418
3.51
108720 479639
18.75
. - -1981 ._
• • • :;: :
...
118497 2320271
5.11
149129 454809 32.79
...
1982
*■ *
69167 2058599
3.36
...
% of intra-African exports
Rwanda
2.68 1.85
- Africa - Uorld
% of intra-African exports
Senegal
- Africa - VJorld
% of intra-African exports
Seychelles
- Africa - World
695 68916
1.01
109889 420844
26.11
891 3310
951 112176
0.85
96157 533226 -
18.03
1543 5807
9950 73162
13.60
147411 476685
30.92
1904 5754
190114 560793
33.90
883 4751
1304 15183
% of intra-African exports 23.39 26.57 33.09 18.59 8.59
E/ECA/CH.11/64 Annex II 5
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Somalia
- Africa - ■■forld
%■ of intra-African exports Sudan ; ■■
- Africa - TJorld
% of intra-African exports Togo
-- Africa : - ■■ . - World
% of intra-African exports Tunisia
- Africa - Uorld
% of intra-African exports United Rep, of Tanzania
111 106598
0,73
29772 433132
6.16
•■ 28135 240503
11.70
99405 1126149
3.33
696 111814
0.G2
17387 533324
3.07
27258 213422
12.48
113696 1790731 6.35
% of intra-Africa exports 4.85 3.5C-
1514 132636
1.14
15608 594017
2.63
88065 334770
26.31
71972 2233742
3.22
35417 509660
6.95
\37952 206445
13.38
216547 2593683 3.65
- Africa - Tor Id
% of intra-African Zaire
- Africa
% of intra-African Zambia
- Africa - World
exports
exports
31730 472323
6.72
42388 399362
4.71
42125 ftfcQ?17
66318 500338
13.25
49017
1 •\1C.LM
86182 527666
16.33
47300 577600
8.19
• ..
E.C.A.Library 30000000516249
Hill
15380 499265
3.08
E/ECA/CX-11/64 Page 6
1978 1979 1930 1981 1982
Zimbabwe
- Africa -■- :Jorld
% of intra-African exports
822445 1059911 1128835
437374 1206701
36.29
341538 995285
34.32 *
Symbol used;
... = data not available
Source; UN Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, 1932.
E.C.A.Library
ipiuin
30000000528863
