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(3) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page i Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. Oracle Database 11g New Features for DBAs and Developers. ■■■. Sam R. Alapati and Charles Kim. www.it-ebooks.info.
(4) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page ii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. Oracle Database 11g: New Features for DBAs and Developers Copyright © 2007 by Sam R. Alapati and Charles Kim All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-59059-910-5 ISBN-10 (pbk): 1-59059-910-1 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editor: Jonathan Gennick Technical Reviewer: Robert Blok Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Ewan Buckingham, Tony Campbell, Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Jason Gilmore, Kevin Goff, Jonathan Hassell, Matthew Moodie, Joseph Ottinger, Jeffrey Pepper, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh Project Manager: Sofia Marchant Copy Edit Manager: Nicole Flores Copy Editor: Kim Wimpsett Associate Production Director: Kari Brooks-Copony Production Editor: Kelly Winquist Compositor: Susan Glinert Proofreader: April Eddy Indexer: Broccoli Information Management Cover Designer: Kurt Krames Manufacturing Director: Tom Debolski Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail orders-ny@springer-sbm.com, or visit http://www.springeronline.com. For information on translations, please contact Apress directly at 2855 Telegraph Avenue, Suite 600, Berkeley, CA 94705. Phone 510-549-5930, fax 510-549-5939, e-mail info@apress.com, or visit http:// www.apress.com. The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work.. www.it-ebooks.info.
(5) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page iii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. To Jim Gray (Microsoft Technical Fellow), who is deeply missed by the database world, which remembers him with fondness and respect for both his professional brilliance and his warm personal qualities. Jim Gray is responsible for several fundamental database technologies, especially in online transaction processing. Jim Gray is still missing after embarking on a solo one-day boating trip from San Francisco on January 28, 2007, to immerse his mother’s ashes at sea. In 1997 Jim Gray received the A.M. Turing Award (which is considered by some to be the Nobel Prize for computer science) for his “seminal contributions to database and transaction processing research and technical leadership in system implementation.” Jim Gray is the author of Transaction Processing: Concepts and Techniques, which has been the classic reference in the field for the last several years. Much of what we do in online transaction processing today flows directly from Jim Gray’s seminal contributions, and all of us who work with relational databases owe an immense debt to him. —Sam R. Alapati. I dedicate the completed endeavor of this book to my parents, Wan Kyu and Chong Sik Kim, who made incredible sacrifices for my sisters and me. I thank you for my upbringing, education, work ethic, and any and all accomplishments. Thank you for exemplifying what it means to be a follower of Christ. As a parent myself now, I know that you are truly good and Godly parents. —Charles Kim. www.it-ebooks.info.
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(7) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page v Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. Contents at a Glance About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii. ■CHAPTER 1. Installing, Upgrading, and Managing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. ■CHAPTER 2. Database Diagnosability and Failure Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. ■CHAPTER 3. Database Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. ■CHAPTER 4. Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167. ■CHAPTER 5. Database Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225. ■CHAPTER 6. Backup and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265. ■CHAPTER 7. Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313. ■CHAPTER 8. Oracle Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337. ■CHAPTER 9. Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361. ■CHAPTER 10. Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415. ■CHAPTER 11. Application Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445. ■CHAPTER 12. Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515. ■INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565. v. www.it-ebooks.info.
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(9) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page vii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. Contents About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii. ■CHAPTER 1. Installing, Upgrading, and Managing Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 New Features in Server Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Changes in the Optimal Flexible Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Changes in the Install Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 New Oracle Database 11g Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Role and Privilege Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Installing Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 New Features in Database Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 New Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DBCA Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 New Oracle Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 New Oracle-Supplied PL/SQL Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Upgrading and the Compatibility Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Upgrade Path to Oracle 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Upgrading with the DBUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Performance Testing the Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Downgrading After an Upgrade to 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Rolling Upgrade Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Oracle Clusterware Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Real Application Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Database Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 The SQL Performance Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Database Software Patching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 New Features in Database Control for Patching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Emergency Hot Patching (Online Database Patching) . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Database Change Management Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Software and Database Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56. vii. www.it-ebooks.info.
(10) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page viii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. viii. ■C O N T E N T S. ■CHAPTER 2. Database Diagnosability and Failure Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57. The Fault Diagnosability Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Problems and Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Incident Packaging Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Structure and Location of the ADR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Investigating and Resolving Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Using the Command-Line Tool adrci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 The Support Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Database Health Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Checks, Failures, and Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Types of Health Monitor Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Manual Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Data Recovery Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Managing the Data Recovery Advisor Through RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . 89 SQL Test Case Builder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Improvements in Handling Data Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96. ■CHAPTER 3. Database Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99. Database Automation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Automatic Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Automated Database Maintenance Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Flashback-Related New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Total Recall and the Flashback Data Archive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Flashback Transaction Backout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Database Administration New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Virtual Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 New Data Partitioning Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Allowing DDL Locks to Wait for DML Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Explicit Locking of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Invisible Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Read-Only Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Temporary Tablespace Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Creating an Initialization Parameter File from Memory . . . . . . . . . 136 Restore Point Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Database Resident Connection Pooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Comparing and Converging Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143. www.it-ebooks.info.
(11) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page ix Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■C O N T E N T S. SQL*Plus New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 SQL*Plus Error Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Default Settings in the SQL*Plus Executable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Enhanced SQL*Plus BLOB Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Online Application Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Support for New Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Enhanced Online Index Creation and Rebuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Enhanced Default Column Value Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Online Reorganization of Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Minimal Invalidation of Dependent Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Oracle Advanced Table Compression Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 How the New Compression Feature Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Storage and Performance Gains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Implementing OLTP Table Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Compressing Unstructured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Enterprise Manager New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 The Availability Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 The Server Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 New Related Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 LogMiner Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Database Diagnostic Pack and Tuning Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Oracle Scheduler New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Lightweight Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Remote External Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Scheduler Support for Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165. ■CHAPTER 4. Performance Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167. SQL and PL/SQL Performance Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Automatic “Native” PL/SQL Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Faster DML Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Adaptive Cursor Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 New Result Caching Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Using the Server Result Cache to Enhance Performance . . . . . . . . 175 Managing the Query Result Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 PL/SQL Function Result Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Intra Unit Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190. www.it-ebooks.info. ix.
(12) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page x Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. x. ■C O N T E N T S. Automatic SQL Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Automation of SQL Tuning in Oracle Database 11g . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 SQL Access Advisor Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Optimizer and Statistics Collection Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Multicolumn Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Expression Statistics for Functions and Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Changing Statistics Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Keeping Statistics Pending vs. Publishing Statistics Immediately . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 SQL Plan Management (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 ADDM Enhancements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 AWR Baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Baseline Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Adaptive Baseline Metric Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Performance-Related Changes in Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Customized Performance Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Average Active Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 ADDM Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223. ■CHAPTER 5. Database Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225. Enterprise Database Security Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Stronger Password Hash Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Security Out of the Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Delayed Failed Logins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Case-Sensitive Passwords. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Basic Compliance with Industry Security Recommendations . . . . 230 Upgrade Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Password Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Case-Sensitive Password Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Change Default User Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Database Links and Case Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Password Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Tablespace Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Creating the Oracle Wallet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Wallet Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Encrypted Tablespace Caveats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Encrypting a Tablespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242. www.it-ebooks.info.
(13) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xi Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■C O N T E N T S. Enterprise Manager Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Transparent Data Encryption with Enterprise Manager Database Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Tablespace Encryption with Database Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Policy Trend Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Additional Security Management Integration in Database Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 UTL_ Package Network Access Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Fine-Grained Access Control for UTL_* Network Packages . . . . . 249 sysasm Privilege for Automatic Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . 258 LOB Encryption Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Data Pump Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 RMAN Virtual Private Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 RMAN Backup Shredding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 TDE with LogMiner Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 TDE with Data Guard SQL Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Oracle Audit Vault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 TDE with Hardware Security Module Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Oracle Advanced Security Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Kerberos Cross-Realm Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 sysdba Strong Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Oracle Call Interface Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Set the Level of Information Captured for Bad Packets . . . . . . . . . 262 Delay or Drop Database Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Configure Maximum Number of Server Connection Attempts . . . . 263 Control the Display of Database Release Information. . . . . . . . . . . 263 Set Up the Banner and Auditing for Unauthorized Access . . . . . . . 264. ■CHAPTER 6. Backup and Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265. Enhanced Block Media Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Preconditions for Using the recover … block Command . . . . . . . . 266 Using the recover … block Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 RMAN Management Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Scripting with RMAN Substitution Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 New RMAN Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Backing Up Large Files in Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Creating Archival (Long-Term) Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 The New Validate Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Configuring an Archived Redo Log Deletion Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Archived Redo Log Failover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 www.it-ebooks.info. xi.
(14) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xii. ■C O N T E N T S. Backup Shredding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Optimized Backing Up of Undo Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Active (Network-Based) Database Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Prerequisites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Necessary Spfile Modifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Performing Active Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 How Network-Enabled Duplication Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Recovery Catalog Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Merging Recovery Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Moving a Recovery Catalog to Another Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Virtual Private Catalogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Enhanced RMAN Integration with Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Configuring RMAN Without a Database Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Restoring a Backup Controlfile to a Standby Controlfile . . . . . . . . . 309 Resynchronizing the Recovery Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Backup File Accessibility Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Block Change Tracking Support in Standby Databases . . . . . . . . . 311. ■CHAPTER 7. Data Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313. API Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Compression Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Specifying Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Choosing an Encryption Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Reusing a Dump File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Remapping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Remapping a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Export and Import of Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 Ignoring Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 External Tables Based on Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Stored Procedure to Generate External Table Using a Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331. ■CHAPTER 8. Oracle Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337. Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Restrictions on Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Configuring Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 DBA Views for Synchronous Capture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341. www.it-ebooks.info.
(15) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xiii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■C O N T E N T S. Combined Capture and Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Requirements for Combined Capture and Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Combined Capture and Apply Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Performance Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Streams Advisor Admin Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Streams Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Streams Topology Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 DBMS_COMPARISON for “Compare and Repair” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 DBMS_COMPARISON Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Supported Database Object Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Comparison Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Rechecking a Prior Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Converging Shared Database Objects (Repair) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Splitting and Merging of a Destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Splitting a Stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Merging the Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Merge Streams Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Usability Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Message Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Automated Alerts for Clients and Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Identifying Newly Supported Tables View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Identifying Minimum Required Checkpoint SCN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Background Process Name Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Support for XMLType Values Stored As CLOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Support for Transparent Data Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Support for Oracle Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359. ■CHAPTER 9. Storage Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361. Automated Storage Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Misconceptions of ASM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 RMAN and ASM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 sysasm Privilege and osasm Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Fast Rebalance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 ASM Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Upgrading Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Upgrading Using DBUA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Rolling Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371. www.it-ebooks.info. xiii.
(16) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xiv Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xiv. ■C O N T E N T S. ASM Preferred Reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Preferred Read Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Monitoring Preferred Reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 ASM Restricted Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Diskgroup Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Allocation Unit (AU) Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 RDBMS and ASM Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Fast Mirror Resync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 asmcmd Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 lsdg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 lsct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 lsdsk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Metadata Backup and Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Backup Diskgroup Using md_backup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Restore Diskgroup Using md_restore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Metadata Backup and Restore Demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Additional md_restore Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Bad Block Recovery with ASMCMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Oracle Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Set Up Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Validate Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Disable Direct NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Network Interface Card Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Direct NFS Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413. ■CHAPTER 10 Data Guard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Active Physical Standby Database Duplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Real-Time Query Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Start the Real-Time Query Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Validate the Real-Time Query Standby Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Design the Real-Time Query Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Snapshot Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Convert to Snapshot Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Convert Back to Physical Standby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Using the Physical Standby for Rolling Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Prepare the Primary Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Convert to Logical: Keep Your Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427. www.it-ebooks.info.
(17) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xv Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■C O N T E N T S. Improvements in Redo Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Block Change Tracking Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 RMAN Understands Data Guard Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Improved Integration with RMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Compressed Redo Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Usage of Histograms for the NET_TIMEOUT Attributes . . . . . . . . . 430 Fast-Start Failover for Maximum Performance Mode. . . . . . . . . . . 432 Logical Standby: SQL Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 Support for Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Dynamically Set the Data Guard SQL Apply Parameters . . . . . . . . 434 Support for VPD and FGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 DBMS_SCHEDULER Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Logical Standby Archivelog Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 SQL Apply Event Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Data Guard Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Data Guard Broker Command-Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Customize Fast-Start Failover Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Initiate Fast-Start Failover from Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 New Data Guard Manager Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Detect Lost-Write Conditions Using a Physical Standby . . . . . . . . 443 Support of Heterogeneous OS Data Guard Configuration. . . . . . . . 443 Oracle Database 11g Data Guard Over Storage Vendor Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444. ■CHAPTER 11. Application Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445. New PL/SQL Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 CONTINUE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 Sequences Without Dual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Native Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 SIMPLE_INTEGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Regular Expression Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Named and Mixed Arguments in SQL Statement PL/SQL Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Subprogram Inlining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Generalized Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Cross-Session PL/SQL Function Result Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Bulk In-Bind Table of Records in FORALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Dynamic SQL Symmetry and New Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465. www.it-ebooks.info. xv.
(18) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xvi Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xvi. ■C O N T E N T S. New Trigger Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Trigger Ordering: The FOLLOWS Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Creating Triggers As ENABLED or DISABLED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Compound Triggers Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 XML DB Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Repository Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 Support Content Repository API for Java: JSR-170 . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 ACL Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 New XMLType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 XMLIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Native Web Services for Oracle XML DB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 XQuery Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 XML Developer’s Kit (XDK) Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Application Express (APEX) Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 APEX Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 APEX Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 PHP Support Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Java Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Just-in-Time (JIT) Compiler and Native Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . 508 JAR Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 Improvements to the loadjava Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Improvements to the dropjava Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 Improvements to the ojvmjava Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 The ojvmtc Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512. ■CHAPTER 12 Data Warehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Next-Generation LOBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 SecureFiles Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 BasicFiles vs. SecureFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 LOB Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 Deduplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 DBMS_LOB.SETOPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 db_securefile Initialization Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Migrate from BasicFiles to SecureFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 LOB Prefetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527. www.it-ebooks.info.
(19) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xvii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■C O N T E N T S. Data Warehousing New Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 Partition Change Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528 Materialized View Refresh Performance Improvements. . . . . . . . . 529 Materialized View QUERY REWRITE Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Pivot Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 Unpivot Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Partition Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 Reference Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 Interval Partitioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 Extended Composite Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 Virtual Column-Based Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 System Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Enhanced Partition Pruning Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Oracle Multimedia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Enhanced DICOM Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 ORDDICOM Object Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Image Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Support for SecureFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562 Additional Multimedia Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563. ■INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565. www.it-ebooks.info. xvii.
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(21) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xix Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. About the Authors. ■SAM ALAPATI is an Oracle DBA for the Boy Scouts of America, working at their national office in Los Colinas, Texas. Prior to this, Sam worked at Sabre, Oracle Corporation, and NBC. Sam has previously published Expert Oracle9i Database Administration, Expert Oracle Database 10g Administration, and Oracle Database 11g RMAN Recipes, as well as two OCP certification books for Oracle Press. Sam has been working with relational databases since 1985, starting with the Ingres database. Sam holds the OCP certification for Oracle DBAs as well as the HP-UX System Administrator certification.. ■CHARLES KIM, director of database technologies at Novara Solutions, is an Oracle Certified DBA, Red Hat Certified Technician, and Microsoft Certified Professional. He has more than 17 years of IT experience and has worked with Oracle since 1991. Prior to this, Charles served at Fidelity National Information Services as the chief Oracle database engineering counsel and also worked at GMAC Mortgage, i2 Technologies, and Oracle Corporation. Charles also serves as a technical editor for Oracle Press. Charles has presented advanced topics for IOUG and Oracle OpenWorld on such topics as RAC/ASM and 7×24 high availability considerations using Oracle Advanced Replication, Hot Standby, and Quest Shareplex. Charles manages the DBAExpert.com web site and provides technical solutions to Oracle DBAs and developers. Charles is the author of the Maximum Availability Architecture case study at Oracle’s web site (http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/availability/htdocs/FNF_CaseStudy.html).. xix. www.it-ebooks.info.
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(23) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxi Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. Acknowledgments F. irst and foremost, I’d like to acknowledge my gratitude for Charles Kim, my coauthor. It’s a privilege to write a book with a consummate Oracle professional such as Charles. Charles has made writing this book a great pleasure, and he worked hard to meet our short deadlines, this being a “new features” book, whose contents always seem to be in a flux. No Oracle-based book, let alone a “new features” book, can be conjured from thin air. I want to acknowledge the wonderful efforts of the Oracle Beta folks, who made the Oracle Database 11g Beta release available to me by extending an invitation to be part of their beta testing team. I benefited immensely by the high-quality e-studies and other technical studies made available by Oracle Corporation to the beta participants, as well as from the access to the beta software itself. I want to acknowledge in particular Lynn Snyder and Debbie Migliore, as well as Sheila Cepero, all from Oracle Corporation, for all their help over the last year while I was testing this exciting new offering from Oracle Corporation. Jonathan Gennick, the editor, has as usual left his powerful mark on the book. I can’t think of any part of this book that didn’t benefit from Jonathan’s conscientious and superb editing at both the technical as well the editorial level. Robert Blok, the technical editor, helped by pointing out several aspects that needed clarification. I owe thanks to the professional competence that the project manager, Sofia Marchant, brought to bear on the book. Sofia’s kindness and cool efficiency over the past few months while managing a book under short deadlines is what helped Charles and I finish this book on time. Kim Wimpsett, the copy editor, did a superb job, going to great lengths to nail down numerous issues regarding style, terminology, consistency, and accuracy (although I think I’ve imposed a considerable burden on her by adding more new features in each iteration of the review process!). Kelly Winquist, the production editor, admirably managed the stupendously difficult task of getting this book out in time without compromising quality. April Eddy, the proofreader, did a brilliant job, without which my less than perfect typing skills would have been fully evident to the world. April has not only caught several insidious typos but also zoomed in on several tricky usage situations, always pointing out the correct approach. I’m grateful for the efforts of Sofia, Kim, Kelly, and April as well as the entire production group for going way beyond any call of duty and cheerfully moving the book along under the stress of looming deadlines. It’s customary for the author to thank the editorial and production folks, I suppose, but I simply can’t imagine this book being ready in time and in good shape without the supreme effort and dedication shown by the previously mentioned people. My managers, Dave Campbell and David Jeffries, have been supportive of my endeavors, and I’m grateful for their encouragement over the years. My colleagues—Rob Page, Lance Parkes, Stan Galbraith, Dan Nelson, Dabir Haidar, Sabrina Kirkpatrick, and Carla Wallace—have also been helpful to me at work, and I appreciate their help and friendship. I also want to acknowledge my friends at work, Debra Kendrew, Myra Riggs, and especially Leticia Salazar; Leticia has been very helpful during the past few months in helping take care of a lot of my affairs at work.. xxi. www.it-ebooks.info.
(24) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xxii. ■A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S. Nothing I do in my personal and professional lives would be possible without the constant support and encouragement of my family. I’d like to express my gratitude for the love, affection, and sacrifice of my parents, Appa Rao and Swarna Kumari; my brothers, Hari Hara Prasad and Siva Sankara Prasad; and my sisters-in law, Aruna and Vanaja. At home, the love and support of my wife, Valerie, sustains me. Valerie’s support and immense sacrifices have been crucial to the writing of this, as well as all my other books. Writing this book has meant time away from my children, Nina, Nicholas, and Shannon, and I can only promise that I’ll make it up to them soon! —Sam R. Alapati. Most important, I want to thank my dear wife, Melissa, and our three boys, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Noah, for their unceasing support during the project and sacrificing precious family time. Without their prayers and encouragement, I could not have completed this project. On a professional note, I would like to thank Leisa Pitner (http://leisapitner.com) for surrendering nights to rush edits and revisions of the chapters on last-minute notice. Leisa Pitner has served in several key roles in information technology ranging from business process engineer to director of internal applications for a 1 billon dollar software company. She has successfully facilitated the transformation of process and culture across multiple industries, leveraging her system’s design and business process engineering background. I would like to thank David Sweet, director of development practice at Novara Solutions, for contributing the PL/SQL and Java portions to Chapter 11. David has been working with Oracle since 1987 and, in my opinion, is one of the most elite developers in the industry. I would like to extend an appreciation to Nitin Vengurlekar, member of the technical staff at Oracle and author of the Automated Storage Administration book. We shared a few battle scars of the book-authoring process. His review of Chapter 9 provided great insight and enhanced the overall quality of the chapter. I can’t forget the folks on Oracle’s High Availability product development team, especially Joe Meeks and Larry Carpenter, for reviewing Chapter 10 and encouraging me to go forward. Thank you for the valuable input and recommendations. My sincere gratitude goes to Debbie Migliore, director of Server Technologies Program Office, and her team for providing exceptional beta support and directing me to the right resources over the years. Debbie’s team works implausible hours and plays a crucial role in delivering quality to each Oracle release. I cannot say enough good things about the project management and editorial staff at Apress: Jonathan Gennick, Sofia Marchant, Kim Wimpsett, Kelly Winquist, and April Eddy. Thank you all for your “extra mile” efforts and at times holding my hand through some of the editing processes to provide a superior book. Last but not least, thank you, Kirti Deshpande, for the last-minute review of Chapter 8. Kirti is well recognized in the Oracle industry for his books: Performance Tuning 101 and Oracle Wait Interface. —Charles Kim. www.it-ebooks.info.
(25) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxiii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. Introduction O. racle Database 11g contains several major innovations in the areas of change management, fault diagnosability, performance management, Data Guard administration, storage management, and data warehousing, among other areas. Besides the database administration changes, there are significant improvements in application development–related features, including natively compiled PL/SQL code, PL/SQL inlining, and enhanced triggers. In addition to the major standout changes, there are hundreds of smaller but significant changes as well, making the database more robust, better performing, easier to use, and more secure. In this introduction, we summarize the key features of the new release, which are covered throughout the book.. Change Management Change management is right at the very top of Oracle Database 11g’s best new features. Considerable uncertainty surrounds database and server upgrades. Oracle Database 11g makes it easy for you to test an upgrade or other changes by testing and comparing the performance before and after the change. Oracle calls this the Real Application Testing feature, and it consists of two key new features that provide advanced change management capabilities: • The Database Replay feature lets you capture database workloads from a production database and replay them on a test server, where you can realistically test changes using the captured production workload. • The other change management tool is the SQL Performance Analyzer, which helps you identify the effect of system changes on the performance of SQL statements.. Enhanced Database Automation Oracle Database 11g provides several useful automatic database management features. Chief among these are the following: • The automatic memory management feature lets you automate both the system global area (SGA) and the program global area (PGA) components of Oracle’s memory by setting a single initialization parameter named memory_target. • The Automatic SQL Tuning feature involves the automatic running of the SQL Tuning Advisor during the nightly maintenance window and even the automatic implementation of the SQL profile recommendations made by the advisor. • Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor (ADDM) now covers Oracle Real Application Clusters, in addition to single database instances. xxiii. www.it-ebooks.info.
(26) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxiv Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xxiv. ■I N T R O D U C T I O N. Performance Management Besides the automatic running of the SQL Tuning Advisor every night, several innovations improve database performance. The key performance-related improvements include the following: • Automatic Workload Repository baseline enhancements now let you create moving window baselines and baseline templates, in addition to fixed baselines. • SQL Plan Management lets you automatically control SQL plan evolution. • Multicolumn statistics provide more useful data to the optimizer in cases where columns are related. • Private statistics let you test optimizer statistics before publishing them for usage by the query optimizer. • The server-side result cache enables the caching of SQL and PL/SQL results, thus dramatically increasing performance. There is also a new client-side result cache. • The SQL Test Case Builder lets you easily create test cases so you can reproduce a problematic SQL incident on another system.. Enhanced Fault Diagnosis Capability Oracle Database 11g provides a consolidated fault diagnostic capability, including the following components, to make fault diagnosis and repair easier than ever: • The automatic diagnostic repository lets you consolidate all diagnostic data in one central location outside the database. • Automatic Health Monitor lets you perform both proactive and reactive database health checks. • Support Workbench helps with several diagnostic tasks, including transmitting incident reports to Oracle Support. • Incident Packaging Service is an efficient way of packaging all diagnostic data in an editable package to send to Oracle Support.. Data Guard Enhancements Oracle packs significant new features in the Oracle Database 11g Data Guard technology stack. The latest and greatest Data Guard advancements are as follows: • Real-time query standby database • Snapshot standby database • Logical standby database improvements • Redo log compression. www.it-ebooks.info.
(27) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxv Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■I N T R O D U C T I O N. • Data Guard Broker enhancements • Recovery Manager (RMAN) integration with Data Guard • Rolling upgrades with the physical standby • Fast-start failover improvements. Storage Management Improvements With Oracle Database 11g, numerous improvements have been incorporated into automated storage management (ASM). Pertinent new ASM features include the following: • Rolling upgrades • ASM fast disk resynchronization • ASM preferred read failure groups • ASM diskgroup attributes for backward compatibility • Separation of the DBA and SA roles via the sysasm role • New manageability options for the check, mount, and drop commands • A copy command to copy files between diskgroups, across ASM instances, and between ASM and the operating system • ASM extensions such as diskgroup metadata backup and restore and block repair Direct NFS provides simplicity and performance for database implementations on networkattached storage (NAS). Customers have opted for NFS solutions over block devices for simplicity and lower cost, and Direct NFS makes NFS implementations even simpler and faster.. General Database Management Quite a few new database management features are useful, including the following: • Invisible indexes let you test new indexes without affecting performance, since you can toggle an index’s status between visible and invisible. • There are new partitioning schemes—referential, internal, system, and virtual column partitioning. • Virtual columns let you use dynamically computed table columns that use functions to produce new columns from existing columns. • Invisible indexes let you test the usage of indexes by letting you make them available to the optimizer only when you want to do so. • Read-only tables let you keep users from modifying the contents of key tables.. www.it-ebooks.info. xxv.
(28) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxvi Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xxvi. ■I N T R O D U C T I O N. • The easy addition of columns with default values means you can add the columns online without taking a performance hit. • SecureFiles are completely reengineered LOBs designed for performance and security, and they include capabilities such as encryption, deduplication, and compression. • Data Pump incorporates data encryption, masking, and compression.. Enhanced Security Security features in Oracle Database 11g will make security enforcement easier for the database administrators. Oracle has taken security more seriously than ever. Key security enhancements include the following: • Tablespace encryption takes you beyond the transparent table-level encryption in the previous release and enhances database security. • Case-sensitive passwords and stronger password verification comply with regulatory requirements. • Data remapping masks data at rest. • Fine-grained network access from the database protects the database ecosystem. • The SHA-1 encryption algorithm with SALT replaces the password hashing algorithm. • Security support is added to Enterprise Manager Database Console. • TDE with hardware security module integration provides the highest level of TDE security. • OCI security captures the level of information for bad packets, delays/drops database connections after n number of bad packets, configures the maximum number of server connection attempts, and enables banner pages for login and auditing.. Application Improvements For the application developer, Oracle Database 11g provides several useful enhancements: • Pivot operations provide cross-tabular reports for executive management reports by transforming rows into columns and aggregating data in the process. • Unpivot operations rotate data from columns into rows. • PL/SQL can now directly create native compiled PL/SQL code without a C compiler. • The cross-session PL/SQL function result cache allows the developer to request that the result of a PL/SQL function call be cached in the SGA and returned from the cache if the same arguments are passed to the function in future calls. • Inlining in PL/SQL is an optimization where the PL/SQL compiler replaces calls to subprograms (functions and procedures) with the code of the subprograms.. www.it-ebooks.info.
(29) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxvii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. ■I N T R O D U C T I O N. • The new SIMPLE_INTEGER datatype provides faster performance than PLS_INTEGER. • Triggers can now control the order of triggers firing, can be created in ENABLED or DISABLED status, and compound triggers maintain a common state over the life of a DML operation. • A new argument to REGEXP_INSTR() and REGEXP_SUBSTR() allows you to select the nth subexpression in the regular expression being evaluated. • Binary XML introduces advantages to the XML world in the database. Binary XML format generally reduces the verbosity of XML documents, and thus the cost of parsing is reduced. • The XML schema evolution capability enables certain kinds of changes to XML schemas with zero downtime. • XQuery adds two new functions, XMLExists and XMLCast. • The new XMLIndex is available for indexing the internal structure of the XML data and improving the performance of XML retrieval. • New to XDK are the XMLDiff and XMLPatch SQL operators to compare and patch XML documents.. Partitioning New Features New to Oracle Database 11g are numerous techniques for partitioning table data to increase the performance and organization of your corporate data. These partitioning techniques include the following: • Reference partitioning allows tables with a parent-child relationship to be logically equipartitioned by inheriting the partition key from the parent table without duplicating the key columns. • Interval partitioning automatically creates maintenance partitions for range partitions. • Extended composite partitioning allows data to be partitioned along two dimensions. • Virtual column partitioning allows virtual columns to be defined as partition key columns.. High-Availability Enhancements There are several highly useful innovations concerning backup and recovery, flashback technology, and SQL repair and data recovery. You can now create virtual private catalogs to control access to the central RMAN recovery catalog. • A new feature called network-aware duplication lets you create a duplicate database without any prior backups of the source database by using the datafiles of the running database instead. • The flashback transaction backout feature lets you undo an entire transaction, along with its dependent transactions, with a single click.. www.it-ebooks.info. xxvii.
(30) Alapati_910-1FRONT.fm Page xxviii Thursday, October 25, 2007 7:01 AM. xxviii. ■I N T R O D U C T I O N. • The flashback archive feature lets you track data stored in any Oracle table, for any length of time you want, while providing automatic historical data management. • SQL Repair Advisor provides alternative workarounds in the form of SQL patches to get around failed SQL statements without having to change the SQL statements themselves. • Data Recovery Advisor lets you effortlessly recover from data failures by getting repair advice and recommendations that you can implement. • Virtual private catalogs provide greater security by limiting users to only a subset of the base recovery catalog. • There is improved block media recovery performance with the help of flashback logs. • You can merge recovery catalogs. • You can perform parallel backups of datafiles using the new section size parameter during backups. • Online patching enhancements make it easy to apply patches with no downtime.. Advanced Compression Oracle Database 11g provides new compression capabilities, as summarized here: • The new release lets you compress OLTP data that’s subject to normal data manipulation language (DML) activities. • You can compress export data during a Data Pump operation, instead of just compressing the metadata. As you can see, there’s a quite bit of exciting new features in Oracle Database 11g. So, without much ado, let’s dive into a discussion of the new features!. www.it-ebooks.info.
(31) Alapati_910-1.book Page 1 Monday, October 22, 2007 2:24 PM. CHAPTER 1 ■■■. Installing, Upgrading, and Managing Change T. he best way to start reviewing the new features and changes offered by the Oracle Database 11g release is by first installing the software. As a DBA, you must also be wondering what it takes to upgrade from your current version of Oracle (8i, 9i, or 10g) to the Oracle Database 11g version. Well, this chapter discusses the changes in the Oracle installation procedures as well as the database upgrade process and the revolutionary new Oracle feature called Real Application Testing that helps you anticipate potential problems inherent in both software and application upgrades. Oracle Database 11g introduces several new features related to installing the server software. These new features include several changes in the install options, new components you can install, an enhanced Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) to lay out your datafiles and the flash recovery area. Some of the older components such as iSQL*Plus are no longer included in the Oracle 11g release, while newer components have been added. We’ll review the new installation options, as well as several new initialization parameters, in this chapter. Once you install the new Oracle 11g binaries, your attention will naturally turn to upgrading your current Oracle databases running on older versions of the Oracle server software. There are several changes in both the manual upgrade method and the Database Upgrade Assistant (DBUA). The pre-upgrade information tool has been revised to provide more information. Change management is one of the top priorities of the Oracle Database 11g release. Organizations typically face considerable problems when making changes in their production systems, be it an upgrade to a newer release of the database software or code changes in the applications. Simulated workloads often fail to accurately represent the true production database workloads. Oracle Database 11g provides two powerful solutions, Database Replay and SQL Performance Analyzer (as part of a broader feature called Real Application Testing). We devote considerable attention to the Database Replay and SQL Performance Analyzer features in this chapter. Finally, we discuss several interesting new features in database software patching. This chapter covers the following main topics: • New features in the server installation • Oracle Database 11g installation • New features in database creation • Database upgrade new features 1. www.it-ebooks.info.
(32) Alapati_910-1.book Page 2 Monday, October 22, 2007 2:24 PM. 2. CH APT ER 1 ■ I NST ALLI NG, U PGRA D ING , AN D M ANA GI NG CH A NGE. • Real Application Testing • Database software patching. New Features in Server Installation The installation process for the Oracle server software is essentially the same in the Oracle Database 11g and 10g versions. Invoking the Oracle Universal Installer (invoked by runInstaller on Unix/Linux and setup on Windows) remains the same, and the Oracle Universal Installer performs the same operating system checks as in the older versions. There are, however, a few important changes when installing Oracle Database 11g, which we summarize in the following sections.. Changes in the Optimal Flexible Architecture The Oracle 11g installation process contains changes in the way you specify the Oracle base, the Oracle home, and the flash recovery area. In addition, there is a new infrastructure called the automatic diagnostic repository, which serves as a consolidated location for all database diagnostic information.. Choosing the Oracle Base Location The Oracle base directory is the top-level directory for installing Oracle software, and the OFArecommended path for this directory is /mount_point/app/<oracle software owner>. For example, a typical Oracle base directory path is /u01/app/oracle, where oracle is the Oracle software owner. The Oracle base is recommended as an environment variable, as in the earlier Oracle versions, but in future versions Oracle is likely to make this a mandatory variable. The Oracle Universal Installer now provides a list box for you to edit or select the Oracle base. The Oracle Universal Installer automatically derives the default Oracle home location from the Oracle base location you provide. The Oracle home directory is a subdirectory of the Oracle base directory, and that’s where you install all your Oracle software. You can edit the location offered by the Oracle Universal Installer if you want to specify a different directory as the Oracle home location. Oracle recommends you specify the same Oracle base for multiple Oracle homes created by a user.. Choosing the Datafile and Flash Recovery Area Locations In Oracle Database 11g, by default, all datafiles are located one level below the Oracle base. The flash recovery area is also one level below the Oracle base, and Oracle recommends you create this on a disk that is separate from the ones hosting the datafiles. In Oracle Database 10g, by contrast, both the flash recovery area and the datafiles are located in the Oracle home directory. The datafile location and the flash recovery area in an Oracle Database 11g release database then would look like the following, assuming you chose /u01/app/oracle as your Oracle base location: /u01/app/oracle/oradata /u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area The Oracle Universal Installer will warn you if you don’t put the datafiles and the flash recovery area in separate locations.. www.it-ebooks.info.
(33) Alapati_910-1.book Page 3 Monday, October 22, 2007 2:24 PM. C HA PTER 1 ■ INS TA LLIN G, UPGRADING, A ND MA NAGING CHANGE. Automatic Diagnostic Repository The automatic diagnostic repository (ADR) is a new Oracle Database 11g feature, meant for the consolidation of all diagnostic data, including various trace files. The goal of the ADR is to provide a single directory location for all error data you’ll need for diagnosing and resolving problems, thus leading to faster error resolution and troubleshooting. The ADR is simply a directory location that you specify through the new initialization parameter diagnostic_dest. The ADR replaces the traditional use of the diagnostic directories such as bdump, cdump, and udump, where you had to go to manually seek out the necessary trace file and error files during troubleshooting. The ADR uses standard methods to store diagnostic data not only for the Oracle database but also for other Oracle products. The diagnostic data is then read by special automatic diagnostic tools to provide a quick turnaround time for troubleshooting problems related to various Oracle products. Under the ADR, you have the different directories such as cdump, alert, and so on. The alert log that you’re used to viewing in the vi editor on Unix is now an XML-based file. You can read this file using the new adrci command-line tool. We discuss the ADR in detail in Chapter 2. If you choose to use the ADR, you must give the Oracle Universal Installer a directory location for the ADR base. To consolidate diagnostic data, Oracle recommends you choose the same ADR base for all Oracle products.. ■Note If ORACLE_BASE is not set, warnings will appear in the alert log. Although ORACLE_BASE is a recommended environment variable, this variable will become a requirement in future releases.. By default, the ADR’s base directory for storing diagnostic data is set to the Oracle base location. However, you can set an alternate location for the ADR by setting a value for the new initialization parameter diagnostic_dest. The ADR directory has the name $ORACLE_BASE/diag and contains several subdirectories, the most important of which is the rdbms directory. In the rdbms directory, diagnostic files are organized by database name and instance name. For example, for a database with the database name orcl and an instance name of orcl1, the trace files, including the alert log in the traditional text format, are located in the following directory (the Oracle base is /u01/app/oracle): /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl1/diag As this directory structure indicates, you can store the diagnostic data for multiple databases (as well as other Oracle products) under the same ADR base. For more on ADR, please see Chapter 2, which discusses the new fault diagnosability infrastructure.. Changes in the Install Options There are several important install option changes for Oracle Database 11g, as summarized here: • The Oracle Configuration Manager, which gathers configuration information pertaining to the software stored in the Oracle home directories, is integrated with the Oracle Universal Installer as an optional component. • The Oracle Data Mining option is selected by default with the Enterprise Edition installation and is installed automatically when you run the catproc.sql script after creating the database.. www.it-ebooks.info. 3.
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