E
/
CN.14/
SNCD/ 47
14 October 1969C'OUNCIL ;g llgl
O r i g i n a l 2 E3TGLISHlllulllll
ECOJOMIC COlunviISsIOd FOR AFRICA A f r i c a Regional Conference on t h e
I n t e g r a t e d Approach t o Rural Gevelopinent Moshi (l'anzania), 13
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24 October1969
THE AGRICULTURAL Di3VZLOPIIENT CaVTRZ COIVCEPT By
Murray Lunan
A g i c u l t u r a l O r g a n i z a t i o n
S p e c i a l i s t , R u r a l I a s t i t u t i ~ ~ i s D i v i s l o n FAO, Rome
' , : .
INTRODUCTION '
. . . .
A t &e F i f t h ' FA0 Regional Conference f o r A f r i c a h e l d i n Kampala,
Uganda, i n ~ o v i i b e r ' 1 9 6 8 ; a pap&$ i a s . p r & s e n t e d by FA0 on " l n t e & t a d Rural I n s t i t u t i o n a l $evelopment f o r P r c v i d & Government S e r v i c e s t o A g r i c u l t u r e " . This p a p e r , , ~ r o u s e d c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t e r e s t and d i s c u s s i o n among t h e d e l e g a t e s and h a s l e d t o r e a u e s t s from s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s f o r a s s i s t a a c e i n s e t t i i z up
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i n t e g r a t e d rural development p r o j e c t s .
One of t h e ' m a j o r t o p i c s of t h i s paper was e n t i t l e d "The A 6 r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre
-
a s u g g e s t e d new approach". I n t h i s , t n e proposal was mads t o s e t up i n r u r a l ' a r e a s comprehensive a s r i c u l t u r a l development c e n t r e s which would be t h e f o c a l p o i n t of a g r i c u l t u r a l development i n t h e a r e a ..
JIt was suggested t o FA0 by 8CA t h a t t h e t o p i o of k r i c u l t u r a l Development Centres should be e l a b o r a t e d i n a paper f o r t h i s Conference and t h a t i t should e x p l o r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of widening t h e i r scope i n t o "Rural Development Centres"
This p o s s l b l e wider a p p l i c a t i o n was touched upon, b u t n o t followed up, i n t h e Kampala Conference paper.
I n t h i s paper I would l i k e t o d i s c u s s t h r e e t y p e s : o f development
o e n t r e s which d i f f e r and s e r v i c e s
provided8
. . . . .
i l a r t o t h e
, . s s e t up i n
Tanzania$"
( 2 ) t h e more ,comprehensive a g r i c u l t u r a l c e n t r e concept a s d e s c r i b e d
. .
a t t h e A f r i c a 'Regional Conference g
. . , .
( 3 ) ' t h e s t i l l niore ,comprehensive r u h l development c e n t r e concept a s m e n t i o n e d i n the' ' A f r i c a Regional Conference and on which ECA h a s asked Tor f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n .
It i s hoped t h a t t h i s b r i e f o u t l i n e w i l l be of i n t e r e s t t o d e l e g a t e s , who day Wish t o d e s c r i b e s i m i l a r developments i n t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e o r Who may wish t o draw f r o m e x p e r i e n c e elsewhere, i n developing suCh c e n t r e s i n t h e i r o m ' c o u n t r i e s .
, .
. .
11. TEE VETERIiVARY CmTB &JD XATuRlir, .. .,, .. RESOURCE CENTFS SCHXIiF: ITJ T&iZA;UA . , '
Although.+he :conoe&:of tbd: f a i $ l y @mp$eh6nsive and s o p h i s t i c a t e d
. . .
a g r i c u l t u r a l development c e n t r e
is
a r e c e n t one:9 as f a r a s I know, i n t h i s Region, a t t e m p t s have been bade w i t h some s u c c e s s on a s i m p l e r and s m a l l e r s c a l e i n p a s t y e a r s . Some 1 0 t o 15 y e a r s ago o u r h o s t country TanzaniaE/CN. 1 4 / ~ W ~ / 4 7
Page 2
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e s t a b l i s h e d 3 number of veteri'nary c e n t r e s mainly south of Lake V i c t o r i a and some of t h e s e were develoied t o i n o l u d e c r o p a i d animal husbandry and even f o r e s t r y and were known as " n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s oentres".. The concept was an e x c e l l e n t one
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such a c e n t r e can be the f o c a l p o i n t f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l developinent i n $pe a r e a , c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h . the farmers, form a valuable, l i n k be tween t h e .,farmers and a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h , and Government s e r v i c e s i n g e n e r a l , &d it can provide a c o m p a c t u n i t t o s u p p l y t h e v a r i o u s ~ . f a o i l i t i e s . a n d serv&es t h a t a r e needed by the farming community.. . . ~. , .
. . .. . . . & . ~ , . .
Where the staff was good'aii~.,the.,services w e l l organizeds t n e s e c e n t r e s became indeed l i k e t h e u r o v e r b i a l leaven i n a l u m ~ of dough and h a d a marked
I
e f f e c t o n . a g r i c u l t u r a 1 deveiopment i n . t h e i r v$ciil?ty. , 1t-was decided t h a t , i n o r d e r t o k e e p t n e s e c e n t r e s close. t o . t h e . , , r u r a l people and not j u s t a d j u n c t sI of; c e n t r a l government, they,. should be. f inariced by t h e l o c a l . a u t h o r i t i e s a
! , . This; I believe,, l e d t o . the c l o s u r e of ..&era1 of ' t h e s e c e n t r e s 9 as. continued f i n a n c i a l support could n o t be provided. The revenue of l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s f l u c t u a t e d w i t h t h ? , crops o t h a t i n bad y e a r s they could
o r t the c e n t p s . . ~. , , ..
e s e r v i c e s provided can, b d and v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e needs a r e a . The following l i s t of t h e ways i n w h i c h t h e c e n t r e can a c t as t h e f o c u s and s t i m u l a t o r of a & i o u l t u r a l development i n i t s
. neighbo.urhood: . . . .
. , . . . .:
( 1 ) ' Be t h e place irhei-6' t h e e k t e n s i o n s t a f f of a g r i c u l t u r e and animai h ~ s b a n d r y ~ a n i a a l h e a l t h , f o r e s t r y , e t c . can be c o n t a c t e d whe1i~tA:e- f a r m e r s need h e l p .%ad advice.. .(This should
&
mean t h a t the f i o 3 . d . s t a f f reinains sedentary, they & u s t . , t o u ~ t h e i r a r e a a s s i d u o u s l y ,but they can a r r a n g e days o r times when.they . . a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e c e n t r e ) .
(2) Be t h e p l a c e where t h e farmers can a e t t o g e t h e r i n f o r m a l l y t o h e a r t a l k s , have debates, l i s t e n t o r a d i o programmes, a t t e n d f i l m shows on m a t t e r s of i n t e r e s t and importance t o farmers. Farmers1 news- papers, a g r i c u l t u r a l m i n i s t r y and t r a d e pamphlets should be f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e .
( 3 ) I n . p l a c e s where these: farm s e r v i c e s a r e not s u p p l i e d by oo-
. ~ p e r a t ~ v e s , : o r t h e - p r i v a t e sect:or, the. o e n t r e s can s e r v e a s d i s - t r i b u t i n g p o i n t 6 f o r &pr.oved'seedp f e r t i l i z e r s ; i n s e c t i o i d e s , f u n g i c i d e s , a g r i o u l i u r a l t o o l s ' ( i n d u d i n & a s u p p l y 02 s p a r e p a r t s ) p r e f e r a b l y f o r payment i n oash, but perilaps on c r e d i t arra:igenlents with payment d e f e r r e d t i l l h a r v e s t time.
. . . .
. . .
(4)
Be t h e animal impr~ve~ilent' c e n t r e f o r the a r e a by providing s e l e c t e d b u l l s , rams, e t c . f o r study purposes; d i s t r i b r r t i o n . o f .:improved.c o c k e r e l s o r - day e r l i n g s , e t o .
. .
. .
Z/CN. l 4 / ~ JI ~ ~ / 4 7 Page 3
(5)
Be t h e c e n t r e f o r ,$;naI h e a l t h work f o r t h e a r e a , p r o v i d i n g simple v e t e r i n a r y remedies, f i r s t a i d and i n j e c t i o n s . . f o r ..various .,animal diseases.. (It i s p r o b a b l y n o t p o s s i b l e t o provide aq u a l i f i e d ~ e t e r i n t t 6 ~ ' s u r g e o h b u t one s h o u l d .visit t h e c e n t r e
. .
r e g u l a r l y
. . and . , . . jib on c a l l , = n . ?mergencies).
. . .
, / .
.
,. . , ., .
( 6 ) i'ro$de dem&s%Y+tioik p f k e f ' & i n improved farmi:ig p r a c t i c & s - s a y u s e of f e r t i l i e e i - g , ' , k a ~ l y ' w e & d i i i g , b e t t e r a n i d a l housing, p r e s e r v a -
t i o n of animal foddei.."&;id t h e l i k e . ' (It i s 'hot reoommended . t h a t t h e s e c e i l t r e s a c t a s ex@riment s % a t i o n s ) . . . .
.. , . . : .. :
(7) Maiiitain s m a l l n u r s e r i e s t o pro+de t h e ' f a r m e r s w i t h fruit t r e e s , c o f f e e s e e d l i n g s , te.a stumps, ,-. t i m b e r t r e e s e e d l i n g s $ as a r e r e q u i r e d
. . .
by t h e f a r m e r s . . . . . . .
r. . .
'It
i s very u & k e l y t h a t one^ ~ & ~ & i ? . irould u n d e r t a k e a l l t h e s e f u h c t i o n s-
t h e set-up
pf.
t h e c e n t r e must b e v e r y f l e x i b l ' e s o t h a t i t i s a d a p t a b l e t o t h e: ...
needs of t h e l o c a l f &imiilg c b d k i n i t y .
. . .
: The, s i z e a n d ' s c o p & , . ~ f , th6 c:entrg m u s t be a d a p t e d t o t h e ileeds and t o t h e money, s t a f f , l a n d ' a h d +&pm&$ ay$l%d.ble.
:
A t y p i c a l c e n t r e may c o n s i s t of..- 25 a c r e s of 1 a n d ; G i t h 'houg$ing. ai?ai?d:bffices f o r 'the a g r i . c u l t u r a 1 and t e r i n a r y f i e l d o f
f&fs
and ''&.t$eS''-~'fdff, s t o r a g e Sccomrnodation f o r - s e e d s , r t i l i z b r s,
e t c .,,:
ar&mal' . . . h.o,ks&, arid a meeting h a l l w i t h f a c i l r i t i e s f o r f i l m shows, r a d i o and l i b r a r y ; T h e " 1 a n d i s u$ed f o r dem n s 9 p a a d d ~ k s f o r, .
a n i m a l s and t r e e n u r s e r i e s and b u l k i n z o f seed.
The ' c e l l t r a s i n "i'flzsi?;r&-at a s u b - 3 i s t r l c ~ l e v e l , undertaki.% saxe of tine functioris. %rid f l 8 ? d ' s e r v i c e s . of t h e - A [ , r i c u l ~ u r a l - :.:inistry over a l i m i t e i . ~ a r e a . Depending on t h e i r f u n c t i o n s , t h e y were . r e s p o n s i b l e . t b . &he.- D i s t r i c t V e t e r i n a r y O f f i c e r o r A g r i c u l t u r a l O f f i c e r . For a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and t e c h n i c a l s u p p o r t , they:depe,nded on t h e d i s t r i c t . M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e s t a f f and
, .
t h e a e a r e s t a g r i c u l t u r a l r e k a r c h s t a t i o n ,
. . . . . .
. . . . ..;. .?. , .:> :!, ~,
...
-- .
The S t a f f i n g of t h e c e n t r e : .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . -
.~
, . . , , I n a simple . . c e n t r e , t h e , s t a f f c a n - b e v e r y l i m i t e d . F J ~ example;
. ,. ... . . . . . . . , .
.:
g r i o u l t u r a l F i e l d O f f i c . . .
t e r i i l a r y Fielci O f f i c e r
Workmen f o r st-ock k e e p i n g , f l e l d l a b o u r . . . . and . , s t a t i o n maintenance.
. . -. . .
. . , ' '
Waturally, a s t h 6 ' i ' u n c t i o n s i n c r e a s e , numbers of s t a f f must i n c r e a s e ;
. ( f o r example
,
a n u r s e r y man, a n i m a l . h u s b a n d r y . f i e l d o f f i c e r ),
b u t t h e s t a f f s h o u l d n o t be numerous n o r t h e f a c i l i t i e s e l a b o r a t e . . . .. , . .
. . , .
depending on many f a c t o r s
--
t h es t a n d a r d of b u i l d i n g s t h e s t h e c o s t of l a n d and s o on. The Piinistry of A g r i c u l t u r e
m
upply t h e s t a f f 'and running c o s t s i f s o m e Q t h e r agency, s u p p l i e s thq, . , . c a p i t a l c o s t . A c e n t r e may c o s t between, . "20,000 and $50,000 t o e s t a b l i s h . , which would make :i.t a n a t t r a c t i v e and wcrth- w h i l e p r o j e c t f o r s u p ~ o r t by- a b g a t e r a l o r m u l t i l a t e r a l a i d agency such a s
. FBtC or t h e S c a n d i ~ a y i a n a i d agencies. . .
hgain, t h e annual, running c o s t s vary enormously with t h e se.rvices provided,
...I If the s a l a r i e s - a n d o t h e r c o e t s of F i n i s t r y s t a f f a t t h e d e n t r e a r e covered by
. .
the normal Piinistry bu&et, t h e n o n d e o o v e r a b l e Costs of f i n i n g t h e c e n t r e need not be heavy
-
s a y $10,000. Each c e n t r e shoald have i n a d d i t i o n a: revolving fund f o r purchase: of seed, f e r t i l i z e r s , implements, e t c . , r e p l e n i s h e d from. s a l e s . t o t h e farmers. , ( I f s u c h s e r v i c e s a r e n o t a l r e a d y s u p p l i e d .. : by
co-operatives9 farmers
'
a s s o o i i t i o h s . . . .:
o r . ' t h e p r i v $ t e s e c t o r ) .. ~ , .
The s i t i n q ; of t h e c e n t r e 1s important. Obviously, i t should be s i t e d i n a concentrated farming community with $ood communioations t o v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e a r e a . It should h a w good communications with t h e c h i e f c e n t r e of t h e province o r d i s t r i o t where s p e c i a l i s t s can be c o n s u l t e d and goods and s e r v i c e s obtained. It should be n e a r an urban oommunity o r market town s o t h a t i t i s Convenient f o r t h e farmers and s o t h a t a m e n i t i e s such as schools, c l i n l c s and shops a r e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e staff.
In g e n e r a l , t h e s e c e n t r e s provide u s e f u l bases from which many of t h e e x t e n s i o n and f i e l d s e r v i c e s needed f o r a ~ r i c u l t u r a l development a r e urovided t o t h e farming community.
III. TEE A G R I C U L ~ DEVELOPMENT C ~ T R E
The & r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre concept as p u t f c m a r d a t t h e Africa Regional Confereace a t Kampala envisaged a much-wider range o f a c t i v i t i e s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s than were attempted a t t h e V e t e r i n a r y ' C e n t r e s a i d i t a t u r a l Resouroes C e n t r e s e&t.&ished i n . Tanzania. These proposed c e n t r e s a r e indeed t h e b a s e f r o m which a l l f i e l d l e v e l s e r v i c e s r e q u i r e d by t h e farming community i n a s u b - d i s t r i c t o r a r e a a r e undertaken aad a r e much wider i n scope and of a h i g h e r l e v e l of technology t h a n t h e Tanganian examples described. I n a d d i t i o n t o the f u n c t i o n s described above, t h e c e n t r e can provider
( 1 ) Facilities f o r t r a i n m g farmers: These may be merely f a c i l i t i e s f o r dav courses a t t h e Centre f o r farmers and t h e i r wives t o h e a r t a l k s "
of a g r i o u l t u r a l developments
,
s e e f i l m s on a g r i c u l t u r a l s u b j e c t s , h o l d d e b a t e s , have f i e l d - d a y s . t o e x p l a i n t h e .demonstrati,oiis i n oropand animal husbaiidry. - A l t e r n a t i v e l y . , t h e r e c p u l d be a fuL$y-fledged Farmer Training Centre with f a c i l i t i e s f o r courses f o r women and r u r a l youth. There a r e many advantabes i n t h i s , a s t h e s t a f f , f a c i l i t i e s and demonstrations a t t h e Centre can be u t i l i z e d i n t h e farmer t r a i n i n g .
E / c N . ~ ~ / s M c D / ~ ~ Page
5
'( 2 ) F a c i l i t i e s f o r pre-servioe a?d ,i?-service t r a i n i n g o f technic-
The accommodaticn..and f a c i l i t i e s a t t h e Centre c a n , b e u t i l i z e d f o r running s h o r t s e m i n a r s o r g r a c t i c a l c o u r s e s f o r t e c h n i c a l s t a f f of . . v a r i o u s k i n d s a.g., a g r i c u l t u r a l and v e t e r i n a r y f i e l d . s t a f f , co-
o p e r a t i v e s t a f f , e t c . This c a n s u p p l e m e n t t h e normal t r a i n i n g g i v e n a t a g r i c u l t u r a l and co-operative t r a i n i n g c e n t r e s a t n a t i o n a l o r . p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l s .
f e r t i l i z e r s , i n s e c t i c i d e s , farm t o o l s , improved breeds of p o u l t r y and other,,inpgW:ne.eded b y t h e farmer..(provided . t h a t .~
:.
t h e r e , i s : n o t& a l r e a d y adequate p r o v i s i o n of: .these :from o t h e r sources).. P r e f e r a b l y 9 t h e : farmers would pay c a s h . f o x t h e s e suppliesg b u t , as.. so of*en hapens, t h e farmer may n o t have t h e . readf money : a v a i l a b l e till: h a r v e s t
time
..
. It i s t h e r e f o r e convenient to.. have,,.
a t t h e Centre a branch of a cc-operative c r e d i t agency o r f a r m e r s ' c r e d i t union open on c e r t a i n days of t h e vueek, when f a r m e r s c a n o b t a i n c r e d i t f c r . t h e purchase of t h e i r farm requirements. 'Tkis' . provides t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e farmers . t p d e p o s i t money when i t ..is a v a i l a b l e i n o r d e r t o .;:have s e c u r i t y and e a r n i n t e r e s t .
. . .
Marketing: processinglI t . would be convenient t o have the. . ~ ... :
produce markets a t o r n e a r t h e c e n t r e and t o have some primary prccesbing f a c i l i t i e s f o r c l e a n i n g , packing, f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s ' o r . e x p o r t , probably by .cc-ope.ratives., This would provide. t h e o p p o r t u n i t y : f o r f a r m e r s to:. k i n d f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n of f a r
inputs.. . , . . .
. , : .
F a c i l i t i e s f o r a co-operative o f f i c e , f o r meetings of oo-operative s o c i e t i e s and f o r courses and. seminars . . . . . f o r c c - o p e r a t i v e s o c i e t y :.
... .. . ,. . . L ~ . . . , . , .,. . . , . . , .. . . . . .
s t a f f .
i i u r s e r i e s f o r f r u i t t r e e s , improved seed and p l a n t i n g materzal of many crops can be provided a t t h e Centre. The c e n t r e s can
s a r v e a s bulking c e n t r e s f o r s e e d s u p p l i e d by t h e r e s e a r c h s t a t i o n s . Demonstrations ,.can be given of i r r i g a t i o n p r a c t i c e s , drainage
systems, s o i l and ~ w a k e r c o n s e r v a t i o n measures, farm planning management, a s w e l l a s demonstrations of t h e 1 m p r c v e d : v a r i e t i :and b e t t e r farm p r a c t i o e s .
, . , , . , ,
Stock improvement: Apart frcm--the p r o v i s i o n of s t u d b u l l s , h o r s e s , rams, e t c . , t h e c e n t r e can be t h e base f o r an a r t i f i c i a l insemina- t i o n scheme covering a wide a r e a round t h e c e n t r e .
., . . . .
F a c i l i t i e s f o r teaching and demcnstratici?.:of animal d r a u g h t e t r a c t o r s 9 farm implements and machinery. A workshop f o r t h e maintenance and r e p a i r of farm t o o l s and machinery and a supply
of s p a r e p a r t s a r e - v a l u a b l e branches of an & r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre.
r'
. . : (1Q.) . . P % c i l i t i e s .
.far
.fis.herie.s developrnent: :: The ..Centre can provide'-~ f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e development br i n l a n d f i s h e r i e s by the demonstration of s u i t a b l e - f i h - p o n d s and f i s h : h u s b a i i d r y . . . . . methods a ~ l d ' b y t h e provis%on of f i s h f i n g e r l i n g s t o s t o c k t h e
. f a r m e r s ' fish-ponds. a n d by s h o r t c o u r s e s i n f i s h e r i e s work.
. , . . . . . .
(11) F a c i l i t i e s f o r f o r e s t r y development:, The C e n t r e can provide
f a c i l i t i e s f o r f o r e s t r y development i n t h e a r e a , by demonstrations of. t r e e p l a n t i n g .and c a r e andthe the^. pro,visio.n, :of seedli.ng$. and
p l a n t i . n g m a t e r i a 1 and by s h o r t c o u r s e s i n f o r e s t r y work,
, , . . . . ,:
F a c i l i t i e s f o r meetings, conferences and c o u r s e s run by f a r m e r s ' a s s o o i a t o n s , d i s t r i c t c o u n c i l s , women's rural i n s t i t u t e s . ,
4H
c l u b s , youth groups and o t h e r r u k a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d s o c i e t i e s . Such b o d i e s can be encouraged t o s e t up t h e i r h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r t h e . , .a r e a i n o n n e a r t h e A , r i c u l t u r a l Xlevelopment Centre . . . .
.,
' . '. : . . . . ~ .
These a r e samples of f u n c t i o n s which t h e Centre oan perform. ik one Centre . w i l l undertake a l l t h e s e f u n c t i o n s
-
t h e y must be f i t t e d t o t h e n 3 neeas and a s p i r a t i c n s o f t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l community.The widening of t h e f u n c t i o n s t o i n c l u d e n o n - a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s l e a d s n a t u r a l l y 'to the.' r u r a l development centre.. which:..is. :disc.uss.ed. :below:.
. . . . ~ ,
' The' Cenhre i s ribt merely t h e base f o r p r o v i d i n g t h e s e r v i c e s and i n p u t s n e c e s s a r y f o r ' a g r i c u l t u r a l development, b u t - i t i s t h e . base f o r o r g a n i z i n g , co-c'rdinating and s t i m u l a t i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l - development w i t h i n its a r e a of
i n f l u e n c e . It h a s a v i t a l r o l e t o p l a y i n a g r i c u l t u r a l devel.opment and sbould have a d e f i n i t e p l a c e i n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l development p l a n of t h e Region.
: . , . . ... :
. . . .
The n e e d f o r A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centres
The A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre i s a p r a c t i c a l method of s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e r u r a l i n s t i t u t i o n s and s e r v i c e s whose weakness i s a m a j o r o b s t a o l e t o
f u t u r e p r o g r e s s i n : t h e hegion of A f r i c a South of t h e Sahara, a t l e a s t i n some . a r e a s d f a l l c o u n t r i e s a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n the domestic..focd s e c t o r .
The Kampala paper d e s c r i b e s how n e i t h e r t h e t h i n l y s p r e a d . s e r v i o e s p r o v i d e d b y t h e M i n i s t r i e s of A g r i c u l t u r e and Co-operatives working on a l i m i t e d budget, n o r t h e i n t e n s i v e v e r t i c a l l y contl-clled development of one o r two c r o p s a s promoted by Boards and Corporations have proved s a t i s f a c t o r y from t h e small f a r m e r s ' p o i n t of view. Tne f a i l u r e t o co-ordinate t h e
v a r i o u s programmes reaching t h e f i e l d - l e v e l , c o u p l e d w t t h theten$.e_ency.
o f t e n t o s p r e a d a v a i l a b l e s e r v i c e s too t h i n l y , h a s l e d t o .the g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n r h e r e t h e average farm producer does n o t have a c c e s s e i t h e r t o t h e p r o p e r combination o r t h e q u a l i t y of i n s t i t u t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s . which he. .mus:t have t o i n c r e a s e h i s production and income a s ..
. . .
r a p i d l y a s t h e nee'ds of h i s ~ o . m n t r y d i c t a t e . . . . ... . .- . . . . ..
. . ' :,. 1
. . . ...
Since widespread e s t a b l i s h m e n t of i n t e n s i v e , co-ordinated snd high q u a l i t y a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e l d i n s t i t u t i o n s aii&"services i s s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t e d by l i m i t a t i o n s i n organizaiP'iona1 c a p a c i t y , t r a i n e d manpower $id f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s , t h e i m m ~ i a t g - ' p r o b l e m f o r ' c k t r i e s i s t h a t of s e t t i n g p r i o r i t i e s
.
on t h e a c t i o n s t h e y must t a k e - t . ~ f i l l ~ ' s h c . r t - r u n needs as w e l l a s c o n s t r u c t i n g a. sound framework' o f f i e l d i n s t i " t u t i o n * f o r t h e i r long-range needs.. . .. . ..
, . . ~ . . . . . . . .
. Two. p r i n c i p l e s come f o r b e f b l l y , i n t o c o n f l i c t i n a t t e m p t i & t o s e t t h e s e p r i o r i t i e s . - P o l i t i c a l ' n e c e s s l t y and s o c i a l j u s t i c e both demand t h a t i f
: a g r i c u l t u r a l s e r v i c e s a r e t o be' p r o i r i a e d . a t
a l l 4
they should ,be ,given e q u a l l y. : .,to a l l :farm producers. A g a i n s t : t h i s ' ; h o w e k r , i f any farmer is t o be f u r n i s h e d with an e f f e c t i v e f i e l d s e r v i c e s programme, i t must be i n an
' n t e n s i v e and c.?mplementary. enough - f g m s o . th a t t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c i i i t i e s , n d i t i o n s ' a n d s e r v i c e s he r e q u i r e s t o iilcrease production and'income a r e
f a c t p r o G i d e d ' t o him. T h e s o l u t i o n t o t h i s d i l e m m a f o r many c o u n t r i e s of t h e Region i n the ' r e c e n t p a s t h a s been t o devote t h e main b u l k o f g o W r ~ e n t a ? r e s o u r c e s f o r p r o v i d i n g a g r i c q l t u r a 1 . f i e l d s e r v i c e s t o a very l i m i t e d group O f f a 9 6 which produce crops and a n i m a l s - f o r e x p o r t . In a sense t h i s was and i s the ' i o g i o a l short-run s o l u t . i o n because of t h e Region's c r y i n g need f o r . f a r e i g n exchange ea-rnings, . ....
hi$
.- sa&,ution, however, k i l l no-t s e r v e f o rmu&
$oi&er bGc+bse %f -'~a riiiing demakd f cs a g s i c u l t u r a l f ie;l se2vi.ces by t h e m&y&Ik
.. of farmers who grow domestic ,foo&:. .. . . . . . . . . , -. products. %%.s. ~ ~ g i o n -mustbegin t o b u i l d toward a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e l d s e r v i o e s which s e r v e a l l farmers w i t h t h e minimum combination of f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s r e q u i r e d t o i n o r e a s e production.
. I . . . . . .
, . . .
The A g r i c u l t u r a l Development d e h t k p r o v i d e s a p r a c t i c a b l e method by which a wide v a r i e t y of a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e l d serrrice necessary. f o r development can be provided t b
the-&il
co&,u&ty.:.. , .
, . ,
I n f o m e r t i m e s t h e c e n t r e s of a g r i c u l t u r a l development were t h e p ~ o v i a c e and the d i s t r i c t . The d i s t r i c t w a s however f r e q u e n t l y too' l a r g e and included t o o many farmers t o permit c l o s e c o a t a c t between Government a g r i c u l t u r a l
s e r v i c e s aad the f a r m e r s . . Some M i n i s t r i e s of A g r i c u l t u r e . have t r i c d t o approach c l o s e r t o t h e farm& by 'supplement&ig t h e d i s t r i c t c e n t r e s by s u b - d i s t r i c t
o r socio-economic coinmunity c e n t r e s and i t i s a t t h i s l e v e l t b a t t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l development c e n t r e s can s e r v e t h e i r purpose.
. ,
Some E n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e a c t i v i t i e s . m u s t remain a t h i g h e r than sub- d i s t r i c t l e v e l ; ' f o r example, r e s e a r c h and t h e uore ' s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n i c a l e x p e r t i s e , and t h e r e inust remain a c l o s e coniiexion between t h e p r o v i n c i a l and d i s t r i c t A g r i c u l t u r a l M i n i s t r y r e p r e ~ e ~ i t a t i v e s aad t h e i k counterpart's i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t h e o t h e r M i n i s t r i e s . However, s o m e . . a c t i v i t i e s of the M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e and a s s o c i a t e d M i n i s t r i e s a r e e f f e c t i v e only i f under-
taken c l o s e t o t h e farmers. The A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre provides t h e means t o make such close c o a t a c t aiid e f f e c t i v e n e s s f e a s i b l e . It must be
s t r e s s e d t h a t a c t i o n must ta:;e p l a c e simultaneously a t a l l l e v e l s , if p r o g r e s s is t o be made. An a g r i c u l t u r a l develosinent c e n t r e can, f o r i i i s t a a c e , make l i t t l e p r o g r e s s if the d i s t r i c t a g r i c u l t u r a l s t a f f i s i n e p t a i d l e t h a r g i c .
E/CN . l 4 / ~ ~ ~ ~ / 4 7
'
Page 8One mundane b u t n e v e r t h e l e s s i m p o r t a n t . f e a t u r e of t h e A g r i c u l t u r e Development Centre-?+., t h a t i s must, prqvide. t h e s t a f f with acdeptzilile l i v i n g and working c o n d i t i o n s i n orde,r t o a t t r a c t i n d r e t a i n staff of t h e r e q u i r e d ca1:ibre. M o s t . - ~ : ' i . ,of u s have exp,erien.ce .,of :the: d i f f i c u l t i e s i n r e c m i t i n g -and
:
. . r e t a i n i n g ' good s t a f f i f houqii=' and working conditio:is are u n s a . t i s f a c t o r y . :It i s mireasonable %o expect s k i l l e d . $ r o f e s s i o n a l and t e c h n i c a l personneland t h e i r f a m i l i e s t o l i v e i n uncomfortable and i n s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s . k t t h e c e n t r e , . t h e houses and o f f i c e s can be of .the standard: Locally. accepted
. .
a s ' s a t i s f a c t o r y a n d t h e , ~ i n i s t r y . f i e l . d s t a , f f can
l i v e
and work a s &;team i n s t e a d o f b e f n g : s ' c a t t e r e d i n . whatevera
b t a i n . This'
- i n i t s e l f meansl b e t t e r . . h e a l t h , b e t t e r wo.... . s t a f f .
..
The A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Cent he I f i n i s t r y f i e l d . , w b r k e r s n e a r e r t o t c u e i t a b l e l i v i n g and-working c o n d i t i o
. .
The Centre a l s o bririgs t h e a g r i c l t u r a l off i c e s t o g e t h e r s o *hat
a
:farmerh a s n o t visit many s c a t t e r e d o f f i c e s : t @ obtainIthe lielp and s d r v i c e s h e n e e d s .
, . .. . .
. , . ,
. . . : , .
Last .-- but n o t l e a s t , the: Cent= % r i n g s a g r i c k l t u r a l s t a f f t o g e t h e r , s o
~ t a f f i n ~ of t h e C e n t r e , . ' . . . .
, . .
The A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre needs a b i g g e r and b e t t e r - q u a l i f i e d s t a f f than t h e small c e n t r e s , d e s c r i b e d
in.
t h e first p a r t of t h e . paper.. . . . . . ,
, ., ~.
, ..
' . It w i l l be neces'saiy t o h a v e a l e a d e r
.&
& o r d i n a t o r t o mzpervise and d i r e c t t h e work of t h e Centre. ~ e ' w o u l d p r e f e r a b l y ' be a graduate i n a g r i c u l t u r e with a wide experience i n many of t h e f i e l d s covered by t h e C e n t r e ~ a n d . . of. - p r o v e n l e a d e r s h i p a b i l i t y . . .
.'
. . . j . ;;. : . , .. . !
, . . . . , ' .
It w i l l be nebessary ..: . ,.. .. .
.
,. t o have q u a l i f i e d people:.of a t l e a s t diplomas t a n d a r d ' i n charge. of each o f t h e main a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e 8 Centre, f o r example:
. .I , ~ . . ,
. .. . . , . . .. . . . . . .
( 1 ) A g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n o f f i o e r
( 2 ) Animal h e a l t h o f f i c e r . ~
. . , . .
. , . , : : , :
;'
.
(3) Animal husbandry o f f i c e r ( i f t h i s . , . f i e l d 1s n o t c o v e r e d under ~ ' . a g r i c u l t u r a l e x t e n s i o n ) , , - , , . .( 4 ) Co-operative o f f i c e r
(5) & & c u l t u r a l c r e d i 5 ,o:ff . , ice;
(6 ) A g r i c u l t u r a l t r a i
( 7 )
F i s h e r i e s offi.cer . .(8)' F o r e s t r y o f f i c e r , . . .
. , . . . .
( 9 ) BIarketing o f f i c e r
P l u s nurserymen, f i e l d l a b o u r e r s , s t a t i o n handsg o f f i c e s t a f f , and store-keeper.
.
The s t a f f s h o u l d be a s h i g h l y q u a l i f i e d and experienced as is r e q u i r e d t o d o , t h e necessary jobs w e l l . P r a c t i c a l a b i l i t y and expkrience a r e more valuable than academic q u a l i f i o a t i b n s . The s t a f f w i l l have t h e support of more s e n i o r o r more s p e c i a l i s e d o f f i c e r s i n t h e D i s t r i o t and P r o v i n c i a l
Centres, the R e s e a r c h and Experiment S t a t i o n s and t r a i n i n g c e n t r e s i n t h e neighbourhood.
~ r ~ a n i z a t l o n and Nanagement of ' t h e Centre
. . . ,
The Veteri~nary Centras an& iTatural Resources Centres
i n
Tanzania were c l e a r l y u n i t s of t h e . I Q n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e oespoiisible t o t h e M i n i s t e r. t h r o u g h the.norma1 channels a t D i s t r i c t and P r o v i n c i a l l e v e l s . . If a g r c c u l t u r a l , animal husbandry and v e t e r i n a r y work come under d i f f e r e n t departments o f t h e M i n i s t r y , then some arrangements must be made t o determilie t h e p l a c e of t h e Centre i a the Government s t r u c t u r e .
. ..
. . . . This can 'be. s o l v e d by making t h e c e n t r e r e s o p o n s i b l e t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . o f t h e M i n i s t r y -who : i s i n charge of a11 m i n i s t r y s t a f f s a c t i v i t y i n t h e
d i s t r i c t (as opposed t o : d e p a r t m e n t a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ) . ....
The same would apply t o t h e wider a g r i c u l t u r a l c e n t r e s d e s c r i b e d in t h i s s e c t i o n . . I f a g r i c u l t u r e , animal b e a l t h .and aiimal husbandry a r e t h e r e s - . .
' p o n s i b i l i t y of more t h a n one m i n i s t r y ' o r i f : t h e Centre i n c l u d e s , o t h e r f u n c t i o n s .which, involve s e v e r a l M i n i s t r i e s , then s p e o i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a l ahrangements
must be made which w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .
. . . , . .. . . .
i f i t h i n t h e Centre, t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n can be f a i r l y straight-forwardwith ap o v e r a l l co-ordinator t o whom t h e s e n i o r member of e a o h . u z l i t i s r e s p o n s i b l e .
. Apart from t h e t e c h i n i c a l u n i t s , t h e r e should be: ail a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and fiinanoial u n i t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o f f i c e s and s t o r e s , equipment, budget a n d f i n a i l b e ' and s t a f f m a t t e r s . This should i n c l u d e a s t a t i o n manager r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e
. . upkeep o f t h e s t a t i o n and farm and i n cha s i d e .labour. . .
, , , .
There should be an a d v i s o r y committee t o a d v i s e t h e oo;ordinator. This should inolude r e p r e s e n t a t i o n from l o c a l l e a d e r s p f a r m e w ' a s s o c i a t i o n s and co-operatives, and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of government and q u a s i governiment
w g a n i z a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d with a g r i c u l t u r a l dzvelopment. In'. t h i s way, t h e
. n e e d s and a s p i r a t i o n s . of t h e farmers a r e known t o t h e co-ordinator s o t h a t
, . ~ t h e work of t h e Centre can be planned accordingly. . .
Fi.iancing of t h e Centre
The Centre may be fiiianoed under t h e r e g u l a r o r development budget of t h e M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e , o r t h e M l n i s t r y may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s t a f f c o s t s and some o t h e r body such a s a ountry Council o r D i s t r i o t Council may provide t h e l a n d , f i n a n c e t h e b u i l d i n g , and pay f o r running c o s t s . It i s p o s s i b l e t h a t such c e n t r e s may be attractive p r o ~ e c t s £ o r b i l a t e r a l o r m u l t i l a t e r a l
X/CN .l4/~iii ~ ~ / 4 7 Page 1 0
,. . d .. f i n a n c i a l , s u p p o r t , a s , t h e y axe of i ' a i r l y l i m i t e d c o s t (say $50,000) and
could have a d e c i s i v e impact on!in&easing. a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t g : and improving t h e ' l e v e l of i i v i n g . i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s . It would. be h i g h l y ' , ' . ' desi.rab1.e if ~ a way c o u l d be found of. inducing f a r m e r s t o make a ' findxicia1 c o n t r i b u t i o n , however s m a l l , t o . t h e c e n t r e . . This. h a s been . f o u a d very . - e f f e c t i v e i n t h e Cornilla Development Centre i n 8ast r a k i s t a n i i ~ encouraging t h e a t t i t u d e among fariners t h a t t h i s i s
our
development c e n t r e ,. . . . .. .
. ~ . .~ ,
The A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre i s i n t e n d e d t o f a c i l i t a t e and make m o r e e f f e c t i v e M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e - f i e l d work and t o supplement d i s t r i c t w o r k b y work a t s u b - d i s t r i 0 t l e v e l . The Centre p r o v i d e s a b a & g i v i & t h e
- . , s t a f f acceptable. p l a c e s to l i v e and vork, p r o v i d i a g mea
.. . . . i r working a s
a team and making-themmore r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e f a r , . , .
. . . ~ . . . ~
1 ~ l t h o u g h t h e c e n t r e p k i d e s a p l a c e where f i e l d s t a f I ' dan be c o n s u l t e d
1
by t h e f a r r n e r s , i t does n o t mean t h a t t h e s t a f f i s s e d e n t a r y . The s t a f f must, ~ . qontiilue t o t o u r i n t h e v i l l a g e s a n d 2 a r m s and a e e t t h e 2armers on t h e i r own
:&
ground. Furthermore,..uader each. u n i t of t h e C e n t r e t h e r e . w i l l be a . c a d $ e of1
j u n i o r f i e l d workers i n t h e r u r a l - a r e a s m a i n t a i n i n g c o a t s ' c t Eetween the-':'!I farmers and t h e Centre. The f a r m e r s a r e encouxa.i;ed t o visit t h e Centre jl
I
1 I
1
1
i
r e g u l a r l y , ailcl t o r e s a r d t h e s t a f f t h e r e a s t h e i . P g u i d e s ' and t e a c h e r s . For . . t h i s r e a s o n , it i:s d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h e Centre has n o p a r t t o p l a y ; e i t h e r i n
. , enforcement of a g r i c u l t u r a l :regul;iti.ons .or i m t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f .farmers
'
. . , , d e b t s ( o t h e r t h a n t h e normal work of::.the c r e d i t . p r o v i s i o n a t , t h e Centre.).
. . . ,
.
t . .Under t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre set-up, t h e r e w i l l be l e s s
. . l i k e l i h o o d of b r a n c h e s ~ o f t h e M i a i s t r y worKing independently and even a t
.
c r o s s purposes. . -The .farmer is l e s s l i k e l y , t n e r e f o r e , t o - b P c o i l f u s e d by - n ~ q i e r o u s , somet.imes. cobranch. . r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
11 The c e n t r e . can s e r v e a a b l e . medium
!i and programmes f o r a& lopment, whether i t i s t o grow more
, m i k l e t o r improve t h e q u a l i t y of ' c o p r a o r produce b e t t e r h
t r a c t o r ploughing. , ~.
1
!I
i
. . 8
1: Further.,loreg . t h e Centre c a n perform a v a l u a b l e f u n c t i
1
I
i 1
!
~
I
f a r m e r s ' n e e d s a n d . a s p i r a t i o n s -kno-vm t o r e s e a r c h ~ i o r k e r s ~
makers who a r e i n a p o a i t i o n t o t a ~ e - a c t i o n t o meet tklese needs and a s p i r a t i o n s . The paper p r e p a r e d i o r t h e Kampala Coaference ~ g ~ e ~ l i l $ : o . .som.e .,deta&
concerning t h e s t r a t e g y which may be adopted i n a k i v e n country t o e s t a b l i s h a s y s t e m of a g r i c u l t u r a l c e n t r e s . . T h i s , of c o u r s e ; c a n b e - a d a p t e d o r
modified according t o t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s p t e m and t h e a g r 2 c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s
i n t h e country concerned.. , , . . .
. . ,.:. . . '
.. .
. ~ , . .. .
1 ; . . . . ,
! !
I quote from. t h e Kampala paper,, "Even thouah tine approach d e s c r i b e d i n d i c a t e s ' p r o m i s e of h i g h l y f a v o u r a b l e r e t u r n s on investment, i s i t t o o
expensive i n terms of b o t h f i n a n c i a l a n d t r a i n e d persorinel requirements f o r c o u n t r i e s of t h i s Region t o a f f o r d ? The answer t o t h i s i s no, i f it i s i n s t a l l e d by s t a g e s . I t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t x g r i o u l t u r a l Development
: Centre be b u i l t u p i n d i s t r i c t s o r r e g i o n s of h i g h e s t a g r i o u l t u r a l p o t e n t i a l f i r s t and t h e n g r a d u a l l y be s p r e a d t o a l l o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s . I n t h i s way t h e p r e v a i l i n g approach ~f p r o v i s i o n of f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s f o r a & r i o u l t u r a l development would continue a t t h e p r e s e n t o r s l i g h t l y i i l c r e a s e d l e v e l u n t i l completely r e p l a c e d by t h i s more compmhensive system. This r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of a d m i a i s t r a t i o i i of a g r i -
cuYture would i n v o l v e changes e x t e n d i n g from t h e c e n t r a l t o t h e f i e l d l e v e l and Woula i n v o l v e s t e p roughly a s follows:
. . . . . . .
( a ) A m i n i s t e r i a l l e v e l p o l i o y committee would be e s t a b l i s h e d
. . .
. , . t o f o r m u l a t e p o l i c y , mobilize r e s o u r c e s and e s t a b l i s h broad
, .
' g u i d e l i n e s f o r i n t e r - m i n i s t e r i a l and inter-agency co-operation
.
.i n impielnenting the' new programme. The M i n i s t e r with primary r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l deve.lopm.ent, normally t h e N i n i s t e r of A g r i c u l t u r e , would c h a i r t h e committee and assume
a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r implementation of t h e programme.
, .
, . , . . . .
i n i s t e r i n c h a r g e . . o f . t h e programme would a p p o i n t a s e n i o r a d & i i i i s t r a t o r t o e x e c u t e ' t h e programme.
. ~ , . , .
( c ) The M i n i s t e r i n charge would a s s i g n s e n i o r p e r s o n a e l from each of t h e v a r i o u s f i e l d s e r v i c e s iilvolved i n o p e r a t i n g an Agri-
a 1 Development Centre, such a s a g r i o u l t u r a l e x t e n s + o n ...
a t i v e s t o ooiiij?i?ise a s e c r $ t a r i a t ; . t o . . . assist, t h e - . .
o r . . . i.n impl&ei?ti& t h e prograinme. . . . : . . . ... . . . . . .
. . . .
o j e c t a r e % T e ~ u a l t o s u b - d i s t r i c t ' & ... A ... &qra.l' ' , .., , . community a r e a ) , r e p r e ~ e a t a t i v e oY a l a r g e segment of t h e
n a t i o n ' s a g r i c u l t u r e and e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e t o f a r m e r s w i t h i n t h e a r e a , would be s e l e c t e d f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e f i r s t A g r i c u l t u r a l Development Centre and p i l o t a r e a .
( e ) The Co-ordinator r o r t h e Centre a ~ i d surrounding p i l o t a r e a would be a p p o i n t e d and g i v e n s t a f f t o e s t a b l i s h t h e minimum package of f i e l d l e v e l s e r v i o e s a s i d f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e p r o j e c t a r e a .
( f ) Within two o r t h r e e y e a r s , farmers i n t h e p i l o t a r e a should be a d o p t i n g improved p r a c t i c e s 9 and i n c r e a s e d product on and income should be forthcoming. Once a f a i r number of f a r m e r s i n t h e p i l o t a r e a have made u s e of t h e f a c i l i t i e s of t h e Centre
E/CN . l 4 / ~ ! ~ C ~ / 4 7 Page 1 2
. .
t o in c r e a s e t h e i r ' incomes a i d t h e p r o j e c t i s g e n e r a l l y o p e r a t i n g smoothly, 'teams t o s t a f r seco!ld,, t h i r d a n d f o u r t h p r o j e c t a r e a may . be . . brought i n f o r t r a i & g . '
. . . . . ~ I
. . . , . .
. I
. . . .If a country i s . l a r g e 2 f S c e s s i t a t i n g d i v i s i ~ i i n t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e
: number of p r o j e c t a r e a s , t h e r e may.. be a n e e d f o r o4e o r .more. . of t h e s e a r e a s t o e n t t h e one i n i t i a l l y e s t q b l i s h e d as a
t r a i n i n g . f a c i l i t y . , I ~. . ~ . . . , :
. .
. . I . ~' . .
O a c e thk a i l o t 'and g a r e a s ' a r e fuiictioX& p n o o t h l y i .:.
.: . ~ . :
-
. . ' expansion t o o t h e ay t a k e p l a c e a t a r a t e $etermine,d ,;by t h e a v a i l a b i l i t j . of t r a i n e d a g r i c u l t u r a l maiiBower and ' f i i a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s . A t t h i s s t a g e a g r i c u l t u r a l s t a f f who hqve been employed i n p r o v i d i n g a minimum of s e r v i c e s throughout t h e po,untry a r e
withdrawn from t h e i r former, ayeas and e v a l u a t e d a s t o s u i t a b i l i t y
, . :.. ,:/. , ...
f o r
usel
?%' t h e new programme. , Those: who; a r e found ' s u i t a b l e a r e. .,., : . . .
g i v e n on-the-job t r a i n i n g iS;,'one -of!::Ae. p r o j e c t t r a l n l n g 1 .
.
a r e a s ... :
:. . 1 .
'.' (i) - Frorn t h e ecbnolnic p o i n t . of'';&, t h e aSeas t o be cgvered f i r s t I
I ::, .
' b y t h e new approach should b e z t h o s e k i t h t h e g r e a t e s t p r o d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l . s o a s 1 t o f a c i l i t a t e accuinulation of i - e s o u r c e s for
. .
expanding 'the a p p r b a c h ' a i r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e , : T'hdne may, however, be c a s e s w h e r e ' p o l i t i o a l and/or s o c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s d i c t a t e t h e
E/CN .14/s,+- cn/47 Page 1 3
. . . IV. T H ~ ~ ~ ~ R U R A L D E V E L O P ~ N T
c ~ m m
: . . , . .
# . . . . . . , ,
, , .,. . . . .
. ,
n the: FA0 p a p e r , a t t h e K&pala c o n f e r e n c e t h e
t h a t . th e Agricultus.al..Devehpment Centre c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d ' b r i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a l a r g e r and. more comprehensive Rufal Development c e n t r e which d e a l s w i t h a l l a s p e c t s r o f ~ . x u r a l d e v e l d p m e n t i n &idition t o a g r i c u l t b e and
. , :. . ,
c l o s e l y a l l i e d s u b j e c t s .
.
. , T h i s . i d e a . w a s noti::deveEoped i n t h e p a p e r &,d t h e suggestion w a s made i n &CA t h a t t h i s idea:.&ould be developed'ft&ther'. T h i s I d o w i t h some d i f f i d e n o e a s ' i t : is : l g e t t i n g Beyond my f i e l d of e x p e r i e n c e , b u t , I put ..forward. some i d e a s i n t h e :hope t h a t th'ey w i l l b e developed a+ e n r i c h e dby ,contr~butionsfrom..b~ther: d e l e g a t e s , ' from my o,blleagues i n t h e
.sis?dr.,'
.... . ., . , @ g e n c i e s of t h e Unitedi.Natiolls and by M r . Riby Y i l l i a i s . , ' t h e D i r e c t o r
of t h e XCA Human pment Division, who
' , .
. . , .
A g r i c u l t u r . ~ . ~ C e m t r e s , t h e f u n c t i o n f l e x i b l e and adapted t o l o c a l need
( i n ' a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e f u n Q t i Q n s mentioned fo* the' Agricultural: Development Centre) f a c i l i t i e s i
: , . .
, . ..
, . . .
, .
,.! (.'I ) r u r a l be& .
. : 'L'. " . ' . ,, , . .:, : . , ~ . .
m r l y tY & y & . ' s & + @ - ( ~ i n o l u d i n g f mily , 1
. ~ . . . , ,
.,.,.~ ,..::. .. ; , ; < , j ;:,, . ,
,
).Pan
. . . - , '
: .:
. .
-
'!. .
,. . , . :
. .
. . .
( 6 ) l a d r e f o r . .
~ . . .. ..
(7
) i n f ormat i o . ,. . ., , .. .
The R u r a l . ~ e v e l can b e . a n a t u p d
~ g r i c u l t u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t Centre, as t h e r e i s n o h a r d a& f a s t dem
between a g r i c u l t u r e a n d j o t h e r r u r a l a c t i v i t . i e s . S i m i l a f l y , a r u r a l develop- ment c e n t r e may r e s u l t from t h e e x p a n s i o n . o f a v i l l a g e polytechnic.
Its growth must follow t h e n e e d s and a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e r u r d people.
. . . . : . , ,
The s r g a i z a t i o n of a Rural Development Centre
The wider we make t h e f u n c t i o n s and , s e r v i c e s j ' t h e m o r e M i n i s t r i e s atid quasi-government o r g a n i z a t i o n s become,involved. S i m i l & y , t h
range,, o f f u n o t i 0 . n ~ i n v o l v e s t h e : . i i n t e s e s t s l ' e s p o n s i b i l i t i e :s &f United Nations w e n o i e s o t h e r .tSlan FAO. Thus both w i t h i n and out tlie country t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l a s p e c t s become more complex.
. . . . . . . . ,
E/CN . l 4 / ~ w ~ ~ / 4 7 Page 1 4
One suggestion i s t o m a k e r u r a l development p r o j e c t s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h e M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e ( a s i s done i n one country of t h e ~ e g i o n ) on t h e grounds t h a t a g r i c u l t u r e i s predominant.
i n
the r u r a l a r e a s . . T h i s m$ 'be e f f e c t i v e i n t h e short-run b u t , i f s u c h . p r . o j e c t s p r o l i f e r a t e , then. .
t h & ' ~ i ~ i s t r ~
d f
Agricultuye becomes more . A d m o ~ & g o w e r f u l in r u r a l a r e a s a t ' the e x p e n s e : o f o t h e r M i n i s t r i e s an$ t h e r e i s , b q m d t o b e resentment. . .
and l a c k ' of 'co-operation. . . . , . :
Another suggestion i s t o s e t up a new M i n i s t r y of ~ u r a l . D e y e l o p m e n t . T h i s t o o h a s its'drawbacks aa. i t would be a oomp.endi.m M i n i s t r y - o f numerous d i v e r s e i & e r e s t s , i.t. woul'd ;id* t h e gap t h a t a l r e a d y ex is*^. between. town and c ~ u n t r y ; ' i t ; w o u l d c ' u t $ c r o s s : , t , h e d i s c i p l i n e s of many o t h e r M i n i s t r i e s and so c a u s e confusion and , o p p o s ~ t i o n . . . . T h i s h a s b e e n t r i e d .;in s e v e r a l , .
c o u n t r i e s i n . & s i a , ~ f o r . . example, and t o my knowledge has..never been. s u c c e s s f u l .
. . , . . >.
. . . . . .
.
The s u g g e s t i & made i n ' t h s Kampala paper e t h e Centres r e s p o n s i b l e t o a Council o r Committee of M i n i s t e r s with t h e Minister, of A g r i c u l t u r e a s Chairman. T h i s could be a n e f f e c t i v e method prbvided.t h a t t h e r e . . i s good-will . between, . , . . t.& v a r i o u s M i n i s t r i e . s r , i g h t from M i n i s t e r down t o f i . e l d G . o ~ k e r ~ , l e v e l . . The.;,problem l i e s n o t sw@uch
i n
achieving . ,?gr&meh
on '4:
ac.tion. , . pro&qmel, .,.but. on p u t t i n g : t h i s : i n t o . e f f e c t ., , . .
I n a r e c e n t mission of F A O ' ~ ~ ' SZDA ( t h e Swedish Aid o r g a n i z a t i o n ) t o Kenya t h i s problem of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r an i n t e g r a t e d development p r o j e c t i n v o l v i n g many m i n i s t r i e s w a s d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h with t h e Kenya a u t h o r i t i e s . .The cbnclusibfi reached f r o ' m t h e s e d d u r j s i o n s (which has s t i l l t o be r a t i f i e d by t h e ~ o v e r n m e n t ) t h a t t h e most s u i t a b l e person
t o co-ordinate such m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o j e c t s , ln..t.& s i t u a t i o n p e r t a i n i n g t o Kenya, i s t o make t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commissibner r e s $ o n s i b l e f o r i n t e g r a t e d
, ,
r u r a l development p r o j e c t s i n his. Provinoe.
T h i s t a k e s advantage of t h e e x i s t i n g s i t u a t i o n i n ~ e n y a , where t h e P r o d r n c i a l Commissioner i s acknowled~ed a s . t h e l e a d e r and co-ordinator
of t h e v a r i o u s M i n i s t r y a c t i v i t i e s i n h i s Province, he h a s d i r e c t a c c e s s t o a l l M i n i s t r e s - a n d i g d i r e o t l y r e s p o n s i b l e . t o . t h e P r i m e i X i n i s t e r f s Office.
Therefore, m + i n + him t h e r pro jects:(which would l n ~ l u a p p l i c a t i o n . o f , . . . t h e poweTs The co-ordinator, . , . . of a Rur t o t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commiss D i s t r i c t i n Which t h e Cen
T h e , a d v i s o r y . c o u n c i l or:commit$ee o f t h e Co-ordinator wduld, of course, have t o include represen$&,ion f r o m a l l . t h e major f i e l d s covered a t ' t h e c e n t r e ? , inc1u&ng ~ ; + l t h , Education, Community Dev63oprnent9 Public Works', i n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e .mentioned f o r t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Centre. Furtherdore, a wider r e p r e s e n t a t i o n from t h e : r u r a l oommunity i s r e q u i r e d so t h a t . a comprehensive pogr&me can be worked out l e a d i n g t o a balanced development of t h e r u r a l community.
