• Aucun résultat trouvé

Time-varying exponential stabilization of nonholonomic systems in power form

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Time-varying exponential stabilization of nonholonomic systems in power form"

Copied!
27
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Time-varying exponential stabilization of nonholonomic systems in power form Jean-Baptiste Pomet, Claude Samson. To cite this version: Jean-Baptiste Pomet, Claude Samson. Time-varying exponential stabilization of nonholonomic systems in power form. [Research Report] RR-2126, INRIA. 1993. �inria-00074546v2�. HAL Id: inria-00074546 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00074546v2 Submitted on 7 Aug 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Time-varying Exponential Stabilization of Nonholonomic Systems in Power Form Jean-Baptiste POMET , Claude SAMSON. N˚ 2126 De´cembre 1993. PROGRAMME 4. Robotique, image et vision. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche. 1993.

(3)

(4)    

(5)     !#"$ %&'( ) +* , . -))  / "102$  03 46578

(6) :9+

(7) ; <>=@?BACEDF?BGHIKJHL=NM)OPRQ+S TVU;W+XK?BY[Z\=^]$_P`]\Oa TbT c$dfehgLdjik)k)l(m n opehqrehsutwvyxzly{zt|ki}gLl(l~spVtw€t|eh‚ cƒdueh„Kl~s# f†[‡(o‰ˆ oŠi}‹@‹ŒeLdfsŽVl8duljzl~djjzlŠ‚ ‘F’”“’h• n –˜l— bl~k+qzdul “™h™hš n ’”“Ž‹ri}gLl€ F› œžbŸ¡ }¢@£hŸy¤z¥y¦z€Ksfl~k€Œt§‚6~i‚zeh‚@tw~i¨y‹Œe©[l~dBª«ehduk¬ri~yl\dfl¡bl~‚Vsf¨§¦pqrl~l‚8x €l(sfepkFeV”l~¨ suzl)­Vt§‚zlki}sutw lvyxri}sut§eL‚r€ e}ªŠ‚zeL‚zzeL¨§eh‚@ehk)t®!k)ljri}‚@tw~i¨\€¦@€sul~k€b¯ °‚²±³“bm@{“´hµ¶{ ·†\¨§ey€K­yl~¦i}‚r.·˜xzdudji~¦ri~yl rih˜suzl tw”l¡i!e}ª¸xr€t|‚zg)sf@l ‹zdfeL‹Œldfsft|l€(e}ª[zeLk)eh¹ gLl~‚zl~eLxr€p€¦@€sul~k€$sfeº”l~dut§ylŠl~»”‹reL‚zl~‚Vsftwi¨§¨|¦+€sjiqzt§¨|t§¼~t|‚zg6beh‚Vsft|‚”x@ehxr€\sft§kFl~¹½‹rl~dut§eV”t® ª«ll”qriL¾­@€¿ª«eLd$sf@tw€Àb¨wiL€f€žeª>€K¦z€Ksfl~k€b¯À·˜ehsut§Li}sul8qV¦ suztw€>©eLdf­Á{hsfzlp‹@dfl€Kl~‚”s2€suxr”¦ l»”sul~‚rz€Ši)beL‚”sudfeh¨2”l€Kt§gL‚˜k)l~suzeVÂ‹@dfl~Vt§eLxr€¨|¦Â‹@dfeh‹reÀlq”¦¥Vi}k€Keh‚sue)sfzlº”l~¹ €Kt§gL‚!eªÀ€x ¾+zehkFehghl‚zl~ehx €Äª«l~l”q ihj­z€E¯$ŐzlÆi}‹z‹@dfeyiL¾+zl~dulª«eh¨|¨§e©l  ih€suzlŠihV¹ Li‚”sÇi}ghl+e}ª¸¦”t|l~¨wVt§‚zg+€Kt§k)‹z¨|l i‚r”t§dulbsŽ€Ksjiqzt§¨|t§sK¦‹zdfeyeªÈ€b¯+ɉehkFehghl‚zl~t§sK¦V¹½dul~¨wisfl dul€x@¨§sj€‚@l~l”l!ª«eLdpsft§kFl~¹½Lidf¦Vt§‚zg6l~»”‹reL‚zl~‚Vsftwi¨>€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|¼i}sut§eL‚˜idfl6i}¨®€e+‹zdfeVtw”l¡B¯ ÊËÍÌ>ÎuÏ6Ќ ÑÀh¤ ‚zeL‚zzeL¨§eh‚@ehk)t®€¦@€sul~k€E{¾rit§‚zl¡ i}‚  ‹Œe©[l~džª«ehduk€b{sft|k)l~¹«Li}df¦Vt§‚@g €Ksjiqzt§¨|t§¼isft§eL‚>{”@ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€Š€¦@€sul~k€ ß>àáãâÁäBåEæ½çŠáãâ>èLéjæ½ê«ëãìpâ«í}èèLåbæ«ê½îuïŽð~ìŠñzâ½èæ«áãê$òzæ«åuó°îuô¶êŠõ¶òrö>÷$ø(åEê½áãåEùú[ûbüjý~û þ¶þþ òzòzæ«æ«åuåuó°ó°îKîKêÀê>ÿø(ÿ 2öÀ÷žñ Lhòzòzæ½æ«å å bEæÈæÈé é Š‰îBîÀý ü BEëîféjéjíhù ï~îÁé¾èé ꫉áãâ½â«ê«åbî ù ò”žå ⫉åEè}îKàê žá é â«åbáãùèæ«àá éá é |æáãùæ½á é |æ . .  . . .  . . 

(8).  . .  . . . . . . . ÒÔÓºÖ¶Õ ×KØ~Ù Ö\Õ žÚ ۧװܽÝjÞ.  .  . Unite´ de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex (France) Te´le´phone : (33) 93 65 77 77 – Te´le´copie : (33) 93 65 77 65.

(9) "$ %&02   ˜) \~  ƒ.02$ )N !

(10)    0:"102     0 , B-))  0 ".0 9+

(11) ;   !).    $ Š4  57Ž

(12) 9+

(13) ;

(14) ˔  Ë^  ¤ Bl¡€(€¦@€s l~ k)l€Š€eLxr€ª«eLdfk)lº~i}‚zeL‚ztwvyxzl+”t|sfl!"!#eh‚Vsl~— s@l — dzl~— ¹ El~k)k)lE‚”s\xzsut§¨|tw€Vl¡— €‹rehxzdÆk)eVl~— ¨|tw€ld¨§l¡€)l— vÍx i}sft|eh‚r€Š”l6€¦@€s l~ k)l€k l— ~i}‚@twvyxzl€$‚zeh‚@¹ @eh¨§eL‚zehkFl€b¯À–(i‚r€±³“Emr{“~´µ¶{2·}†\¨§eÀ­yl~¦l~s6·˜xzdudji~¦.eh‚Vs l~x^%¨ $ tw[l— l+& $ xzsut§¨|tw€ld(¨§l€ ‹@dfeh‹@dftl— szl— €p”l¡€‰€K¦z€Ks l~ k)l¡€zeLk)ehg l~ ‚zl€‹rehx@dŽ€¦V‚”supl~— sutw€ldŠ”l€pbeLk)ki}‚ ”l€‹ i}dŠdfl~¹ suehxzd& $ul~— sÇi}sŽEeh‚Vsft§‚Vxzl€E{Œ‹¸l~— dft|eV”twvyxzl€p‹ri}dŽdÇi}‹z‹rehdus6i}xsflk)‹r€b{ri}‹riqz¨§l€Ž”lº€sÇi}qzt|¹ ¨|tw€Kl~d iL€¦Vk)‹zsfeLsft®vÍxzlk)l~‚Vs(l~s l~»V‹reh‚zl~‚Vsft|l~¨§¨|l~k)lE‚”sÆ%¨ $ eLdft|ght§‚@l)‹rehxzdEl~sfsulb¨wiL€f€Kl˜Vl €K¦z€Ks l~ kFl€b¯L·˜ehsut§[l~— l‰‹ i}dpEl‰sudji~Li}t§¨È{h¨wiŽ‹zd@l¡— €l~‚Vsfll~— suxr”lƍl— bdut§s\xz‚zlŠl~»Vsfl~‚ €t§eL‚>{y‹rl~df¹ kFl~sfsÇi}‚Vs' $ ehq@sfl~‚zt|dŠ”l€dul~sfeLxzdj€p& $ul~— sjiszeLk)ehg l~ ‚zl€E{z& $ xz‚zlŽk l~— suzeV”lŽVl €K¦”‚Vsf( l €l ‹@dzl— Ál¡— ”l~k)k+l~‚Vs‹@dfeh‹reÀ”l~— l ‹rid ¥Vik€eL‚>&¯ )$ i}‹z‹@dfeVjzl twbtÀEeh‚r€Ktw[l~— d@l~— l6i!%¨ $ i~hi‚”sÇi}gLl VlEeh‚r”x@t§df*l iŠ ”l€>[l— k)eh‚r€KsfdÇi}sft|eh‚r€>Vl€Ksjiqzt§¨|t§s@l[— €Kt§k)‹z¨|l€zl~sÀ”t|dflbsul€b¯ Bl€>dzl— €Kxz¨§sÇi}sj€ iL€f€KeVbtl— +€ i‰ ¨®i‰‹zdueh‹zdut~l~— s@lp— & $ zehk)eLg2l~— ‚¸l~— t§s@l— vyxztz‹rl~duk)l~susfl~‚Vs>& $ul~— sjiqz¨§t|dž¨®i(€sÇi}qzt|¨§t®€fi}sut§eL‚ l»”‹reh‚@l~‚”sut§l~¨|¨§lŠzi‚r€¨§lƏ~iL€”lŽ€K¦z€Ks l~ kFl€$t§‚r€Ksji}sut§eL‚z‚ri}t|dfl€[€eL‚”sFl~— gyi¨§l~k)l‚”sžª«eLxzdf‚@tw€b¯ , ÐzŸbÎÇ£ -.Ë ¤ €K¦z€Ks l~ kFl€ ‚@eh‚z¹«zeh¨|eh‚zeLk)l€E{¸ª«eLdfk)0 l /jjri}t|‚pl~— 2l 1^l~3s /u‹Œe©[l~d)ª«ehdfk 1”{ dul~sfeLxzdj€Š& $ul~— sjist§‚ €sjisft|eh‚z‚rit§dul€b{r€K¦z€Ks l~ k)l¡€zeLk)ehg l~ ‚zl€.

(15) 

(16)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- .. “. ƒ$

(17)   N/; oplbl‚”s¿€sfx ”t§l€BeL‚Žk)ehqzt|¨§lÀdfeLqŒeLs$Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨yri~yl$qrl~l~‚Žxr€Kt§‚zgƀeL¹¶~i¨§¨|l1032546 7 &8 " # i‚rÂl¡vÍxzt|Li}¨§l‚”s   ! "!# €K¦z€Ksfl~k€sfe+k)eV”l¨>sfzlŽ­Vt§‚zl~ki}sft®;l¡vÍxrisft|eh‚r€pe}ª\Li¹ dut§eLxr€‚zeL‚zzeL¨§eh‚@ehk)t®;©pzll~¨§l yl~zt®b¨§l¡€b{y€Kl~l ± “ 9V{Všhšz{Vš :z{B“bm@{B“´z{”’L•hµzª«ehdpl~»@i}k)‹@¨§ly¯ ¶spt®€;‚ze© ©[l~¨§¨Á­”‚@e}©p‚sfris‰‚@eh‚zzeL¨§eL‚zehk)t®Ž€¦@€sflk€b{@i}¨§suzehx@gh.beL‚”sudfeh¨|¨wiqz¨§ly{@i}dul ‚@ehsŽ‹reht§‚Vsf¹È€sÇi}qzt|¨§t|¼i}qz¨|l qV¦˜k)l¡i}‚r€pe}ª;beh‚Vsft|‚”xzeLxr€;ª«l~l¡”qrihj<­ ;>=.?A@p©pzl~du1l ?1t®€‰sf@l €Ksjisfl6± šV{h’ :”{L’h’z{V“~µ¶¯Åzt®€žriL€žk)ehsut§Li}sul(sfzl¸€suxr”¦ eª¿i}¨§sul~df‚ i}sft|yl[€eh¨|xzsft|eh‚r€E{h€Kxrj iL€(‹zt§lEl~©ptw€Kl+beh‚Vsft|‚”xzeLxr€;ª«l~l¡”qrihj­Á{>ihC€ BrdǀsŽ‹zdfeL‹rey€l¡&qVE¦ D¨|eV¾.i‚r.·}†\¨wik)¹ dueV¾&± ’µ>t§‚.“~™ Fh™ ª«eLd(i ­”‚@t³ª«lŽl”gLly{ri}‚r€k)eyeLsfsft|k)l~¹«Li}df¦Vt§‚@g8ª«l~lVqrihj­B{@ihG€ B dj€s ‹@dfeh‹reÀl)qV¦)¥Vi}k€Keh‚± ’V“~µŒt|‚˜“™h™ : t§‚+sfzlŽih€lŠe}ª2iŽsfzdul~l~¹È”t§kFl~‚r€t|eh‚ri¨zxz‚zt®b¦@b¨§l~¹ sK¦V‹rlNyl~@twb¨|ly¯\Őzl.tw”li^eªF€k)eyeLsf sft§kFl~¹½Lidf¦Vt§‚zgª«l~l”q ihjH­ ;>=.?>IKJ@j{¸i}¨§suzehx@gh ¨|t§susf¨§l6l~»V‹z¨§eLt§sfl¡Âqrlbª«ehdul± ’V“bµ¶{Áki~¦)t§‚˜ªÈiLbsŽqŒl sudjiLbl˜qriL¾­Á{Œª«ehdÆeh‚zl~¹È”t|k)l~‚r€Kt§eh‚ i}¨ €K¦z€Ksfl~k€b{Bsue˜sf@l!©[ehdf­.e}ªŽ¥Ãeh‚Vsji}g.i‚r ¥yx €f€ki}‚z‚ ± )’ Fµt|‚ “)™ F:”{\i}‚  ibehkF‹z¨§l~¹ kFl~‚”sÇi}du¦ Eeh‚Vsfdft|qzxzsut§eh‚ qV¦ ¥yeL‚”sÇi}g#± ’L™hµ(t§‚ “~™ Fh™”M¯ L[i}dft|ehxr€”lyl~¨§eL‹zk)l~‚Vsj€ ri~yl ª«eL¨§¨|e}©[lB{hª«ehd[l~»@i}k)‹z¨|l6± ´V{Ímr{VšV“~µ¶{yt§‚)suzlŽ~iL€l(eªÀ‹zt§l¡bl~©ptw€Kl(Eeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€žª«l~l”qriL¾­Á{ i‚r±³“ FV{y’}mr{Úh’z{ FV{y’h´z{z“Emyµ¶{t§‚ suzlŠ~ih€Kl‰eª>sut§k)l~¹«Li}du¦”t|‚zgª«l~l”q ihj­B¯LŐzlŠ‹ŒeLsfl~‚Vsft®i}¹ ¨|t§sut§l€\e}ª\sut§k)l~¹«Li}du¦”t|‚zg8ª«l~l¡”qrihj­Á{zih€Ši ghl~‚zldji}¨À€Ksjiqzt§¨|t§¼isft§eL‚sfljz‚zt®vÍxzlÃ{͐ ih€Ši}¨w€Ke qrl~l‚^l~»V‹z¨§eLdflq”¦^†\eLdfeL‚ ± •”N{ 9µ\©pzel€Ksji}q@¨§tw€Kzlsfris+i}¨|k)ey€Ks i¨§¨[beL‚”sudfeh¨|¨wiqz¨§l €K¦z€Ksfl~k€i}dul6€sjiqzt§¨|t§¼iqz¨§lÆq”¦Eeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€sft|k)l~¹«‹Œldft§eVVtwª«l~l”qriL¾­Á¯ ‡(€ ‚zeLsflt§‚ ± ’”“L{’Lšhµ¶{\i}‚  €x@qr€lvyxzl~‚Vsf¨|¦^t§‚ €l~yldji}¨peLsfzld!dulbª«l~dfl‚rbl€E{žsf@l Eeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rbl6‹zdfeVtw”l˜qV¦€Kk)eyehsuNsut§k)l¹½‹rl~dut§eV”t®ª«l~lVqrihj­tw€(eh‚z¨|¦˜‹reh¨|¦”‚@ehk)t®i}¨ i‚r ‚zehs)l»”‹reh‚@l~‚”sutwi¨¶{\q”¦ beL‚”sudjih€Ks©pt§sf €Kehk)l”tw€ubeh‚Vsft|‚”x@ehxr€ ª«l~l”q ihj­z€± šV“~µ¶¯ ¶‚ ±³“Emr{“´hµ[·}†\¨§eÀ­yl~¦.i‚r^·˜xzdudji~¦‹zdfeL‹rey€l¡ sfexr€lÃ{¿ª«eLd ‚zeL‚zzeL¨§eh‚@ehk)t®!€K¦z€K¹ sul~k€\t§‚‹re}©[l~dª«ehduk{zEeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€;q@xzsp‚zeh‚@¹½¨|t§‹r€u¾zt|sf¼Žsft|k)l~¹«‹rl~dft|eV”twŠbeh‚Vsfdueh¨>¨®i¡©Š€ ©p@twj!ki­ylpsfzlb¨§eÀl”¹«¨§eyeL‹ylbsfeLNd Brl~¨w zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€b¯@ °‚Fsfzt®€~iL€ly{y¨§eVi}¨>€Ksji¹ q@t§¨§t®€fisft§eL‚Nt®€(lvÍx@t§Li}¨|l~‚”sŠsfegh¨|ehqri¨€Ksjiqzt§¨|t§¼isft§eL‚^i‚rNl~»V‹reh‚zl‚”sutwi}¨ƒbeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rblï Ɋe}©[l~yl~d{}suzl(€Ksjiqzt§¨|t§sK¦ i‚ri}¨|¦z€Ktw€$‹zdfeL‹rey€l¡!t§‚±³“Emz{r“~´hµrtw€À‚zehs[l~‚”sut§dul~¨§¦6beL‚rb¨§x €t§ylÃ{ Vl€‹zt|sflŽVl~k)eh‚ €sfdÇi}sut§ylƀt§k+xz¨®i}sft|eh‚+dfl€Kxz¨§sǀb¯@‡‰¨w€Kez{”suzl6beh‚ €sfduxrbsut§eh‚eª\iL”lvyxri}sul Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨\¨wi~©Š€ª«eLPd OŒ¹È”t|k)l~‚r€Kt§eh‚ i}¨\€K¦z€Ksfl~k€Ž”eyl¡€8‚zeLs €ll~k sfeqŒl€¦@€sflki}sutwh¯Á ¶‚ ± ’h•µ¶{\sfzl.€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|sK¦^‹zdfeyeª ª«eLdi^b¨®ih€f€+e}ª6l~»V‹ŒeL‚zl~‚Vsft®i}¨§¨|¦€sÇi}qzt|¨§t|¼~t§‚zg beL‚”sut§‚Vxzehxr€ sut§k)l¹½Li}du¦”t|‚zg˜ª«l~lVqrihj­z€ tw€+€t|k)‹z¨|l~d~{Àqzxzs)t®€!eh‚z¨|¦ght§yl‚ ª«ehdFsfzdul~l~¹È”t§k)l‚r€t|eh‚ri¨ €K¦z€Ksfl~k€b¯rŐzl+beL‚”sudft|qzxzsft|eh‚eªsuzl ‹zdul€l~‚VsŠ‹ri}‹rl~dŽtw€E{ŒeL‚NeL‚zl ri‚rB{Bsue‹@dfeh‹reÀl i €K¦z€Ksfl~ki}sft®©pi~¦+e}ª2”l~dut§Vt§‚zg@{hª«ehMd OŒ¹È”t|k)l~‚r€Kt§eh‚ i}¨Á€¦@€sul~k€$t§‚)‹re©ldª«ehduk{ViªÈi¹ kFt§¨§¦ eª[zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€ŠbeL‚”sut§‚Vxzehxr€psft|k)l~¹«Li}df¦Vt§‚@g8ª«l~lVqrihj­)¨wi~©Š€E{zsfzlº€sjiqzt§¨|t§¼~t|‚zg ‹@dfeh‹rl~dusft|l€(e}ªŠ©pzt®¾ i}dul)lih€Kt§¨|¦˜‹zdue}yl¡B{Ài}‚rB{>eL‚^sfzlFehsf@l~dŽri}‚rÁ{žsfel€sÇi}qz¨|tw€K /.

(18) ’  4#7E47 8 

(19)  #  @‹ dfeh‹rl~du¨§¦suzl!@ehk)eLghl~t|s¦V¹«dfl~¨®i}sfl¡Âdfl¡€xz¨|sj€(‚zl~lVlÂª«ehdŽsft|k)l~¹«Li}df¦Vt§‚@g)l~»V‹ŒeL‚zl~‚Vsft®i}¨ €Ksjiqzt§¨|t§¼isft§eL‚>¯  - !  *y+

(20) ; 0  653Ž

(21) *y+

(22) ; 0 !   +%& 

(23) +%!0 ¶s)t®€!‚ze©7©l~¨|¨‰­V‚ze©p‚ ± šh’V{p)š :V{p’h•hµÆsfris~{qV¦ i}‚#ih”lvyxrisfl =½¨|eV~i}¨ @+jri}‚zgLlNeª EeyehdjVt§‚risfl€E{}suzl\­”t|‚zl~kisftw>lvyxri}sut§eL‚r€Be}ªrLidft§eLxr€>‚zeh‚z@eh¨§eL‚zehkFtw$©pzl~l~¨|l‰k)eLqzt§¨|l duehqrehsǀb{2€xrj^iL€(xz‚ztwE¦zb¨|l~¹«s¦V‹rl i‚rNi}df¹«¨§t|­yl yl~zt®b¨§l€p©pt§suehd6©pt§sf@ehxzsŽsfdÇi}t|¨§l~dǀb{ i}‚ qrl©pdut§sfsul~‚ t|‚ suzl˜‚zeLdfki¨ =½eLd~i}‚@eh‚zt®~i}¨ @8ª«eLdfk e}ª6i 032546 7 &8  # ¯\‡ sK©[eh¹«t§‚z‹zx@sŠ€¦@€sflk©pt§su˜i+€t|‚zgh¨|lŽjri}t|‚ ih€psfzl(ª«ehduk  ?   ?  !.  . ? ". ¯¯ ¯¯ . . Őzt®€;l¡vÍxrisft|eh‚ki~¦+i}¨®€e+qŒl6©pdft|sfsfl‚/ ?. . ©pt|sfsfzlŽylEsfehd B l~¨wz€ 0 Ši}‚r 05 . 6?. 6 . ,,. ?#" ;  ?#$ ; . . ?& %' ?# (*)  ?# (. + ,,. ; . ,, ,, ,,-. ; !. .. ¶’. ; 102 =.?A@43 ; !102! =.?A@. = @. 0 !. 3 ? " 6 ? 3 #? $76 ? 39888:3 ;? ( ?#6 <( )  = > 6 ! 6 " 6 @. ‰‚ ”l~dpsf@lª«eL¨§¨|e}©pt|‚zg gh¨|ehqri¨À¾ i}‚zgLl e}ªƒbeyeLdj”t|‚ri}sul€ ?. f“. = @. ? " ;  ,, ,, , ?#(%;  ,,,. 05!  6. 6 ?;(. ¶š. = @.

(24) š. 

(25)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- ..  . ? . " . . ! . ?;(. ¯¯. + ,, ,, ,, ,,-. ?#(*)  3 ?  ?#(. ½m. = @. 6“  ,,,, , (    (<) ! = 6“@  ?  ? !  . t|sptw€€Kt§k)‹@¨§lŠsfe yl~dut³ª«¦ sf i}spsf@l8‹@ dfl~Vt§eLxr€p¾ i}t§‚@l)€¦@€sul~k tw€t§sǀl~¨ ª>lvyxzt|hi¨§l~‚Vs sue!suzl(ª«eh¨|¨§e©pt§‚zg ª«eLdfk{V~i¨§¨|l !)" # {Vt§‚VsfdfeVVxrbl!t|‚ ± šh’hµ  % . % ) ! =  @  ?  ?;(<)5% !. ¯¯.   !  "  %  ( . tȯ ly¯.  . ©pt|sf/. + ,,. ; . ¯¯. ¯¯. ,,. ,,. ; !. ,, ,,. ; ! ,-. , %) ! %

(26) ) !   ; ! ,, ,,  (*) ! ; ! , .

(27) (<) !  . ;  05 = @43 ; ! 05! = @. . (. . %) !. ¶´. = @. ¶•. = @. = 9)@ ^’ @ 6 6 % ¶‚±³“FhµÈ{yi €¦@€sul~kisftw\k)l~suzeVB{yqrih€Kl!eL‚ B¦Vi}‹zx@‚ze)i‚r >ih€ui}¨|¨§l(sul¾@‚ztwvyxzl€E{ t®€‰ght|yl~‚˜sue”l€t|gh‚.€Kk)eyehsuNsut§k)l~¹«‹rl~dft|eV”twŽ€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|¼~t§‚@g)beL‚”sudfeL¨$¨wi~©Š€;ª«eLd Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨§¹ ¨®i}qz¨|l6€¦@€sflk€©pt|sfzeLxzs(Vdft³ª«spkFl~l~sft|‚zg6i!El~dfsÇi}t§ ‚ Bt|l DdÇihj­yl~spEeh‚r”t|sft|eh‚ ±³#“ Fz{r‡(€¹ €K xzk)‹zsut§eL‚“bµÈ{z©pztwj! tw€zl~dulŽ€fi(*sf ) t®€! Brlqrl~i}x €lŽsfzlŽdÇi}‚z­e}ª 02 I 05! I± 02 I 02! µ.IjiL 05! I888 IjiL 02! tw€plvyxri}¨Àsfe Ož¯Á °‚sfzlº~ih€Kl ©pzldfl eL‚zl+~i‚ B ‚r €K¦z€Ksfl~k beyeLdj”t|‚ri}sul€ ª«ehd+©pzt®¾ 05 tw€+iNbeyeLdj”t|‚ri}sulylbsuehd Brl~¨®B{$sf@lÂkFl~¹ suzeVN¦Vt§l~¨®z€(i‚ri}¨|¦”sutw l~»V‹zdfl¡€f€t|eh‚r€(eªpsf@l)beL‚”sudfeL¨$¨wi~©Š €b¯Àɉl‚rbly{rt§s(t®€(‚ri}suxzdji¨sfe ¨|eyeh­!ª«eLdŠbeyehdǍ”t§‚ i}sfl¡€ =  I888#I (@žª«eLdp©pztwj 02   ¯@Őztw€\ght§yl¡€sf@lŽ¾ i}‚zgLl8eª EeyehdjVt§‚risfl€ =½m @©pzt®¾Fsfdji‚r€°ª«eLdfk€suzl6¾ i}t§‚)ª«eLdfkt|‚”sue sfzlŽ‹re©l~dª«eLdfk¯. 02 . 6. 6 9=. 05! . %  ! = .

(28) m.  4#7E47 8 

(29)  # . ¶ ‚ ± šh’µ¶{>i‚zehsuzl~dº€l~s(eªÆ€sÇi}qzt|¨§t§¼t§‚zg)sut§k)l¹½‹rl~dut§eV”t®8Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨\¨wi~©Š€‰ª«ehd6€¦@€sul~k€ t|‚˜‹re©l~dpª«ehduk{z©pt§sui)€Ksjiqzt§¨|t§sK¦i}‚ i}¨§¦@€t®€;dul~¨§¦Vt§‚@g!xz‹reL‚ -7& ! 47 6 " 8ºsuljz¹ ‚@twvyxzl€b{Ltw€\beh‚ €twVl~dflÁ¯yŐztw€[i}¨|dfliL”¦ t§¨|¨§xr€Ksfdjisfl€ÀsfzlpªÈihbs[sfris\sfzl~dul(idflŠk!x@¨§sft|‹z¨§l ©¸i~¦z€eª[”l€Kt§gh‚@t§‚zg+i‚r˜i‚ri}¨|¦z€Kt§‚zgF€sÇi}qzt|¨§t§¼t§‚zg6sft§kFl~¹½Lidf¦Vt§‚zg(ª«l~lVqrihj­z€E¯ ¶‚ sf@l‹zdul€l~‚VsÀ‹ri}‹rl~d{h©l[‹zdfeL‹ŒeÀlÆiŽ€¦@€sflki}sutw$©pi~¦Že}ª¿”l€Kt§gL‚zt§‚zg€sjiqzt§¨|t§¼~t|‚zg Eeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€‰sft|k)l~¹«Li}df¦Vt§‚@g ª«l~l”qriL¾­@€b{r©pt§susfzl ‹@dfeh‹rl~dusft|l€‰e}ª¸zehkFehghl‚zl~t§sK¦i‚r l»”‹reh‚@l~‚”sutwi¨Àbeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rblŽqrl~t|‚zg!eLqzsjit§‚zl¡˜ih€Æi ‹ridfsutwbxz¨®i}dŠ~iL€ly¯ Dpih€KlÂeL‚ B¦Vi¹ ‹@xz‚zei‚ri}¨|¦z€Ktw€(beLk)‹z¨|l~k)l~‚ysul!qV¦ >ih€ui}¨|¨§l $ €‰t§‚VLi}dft®i}‚rEl ‹zdut§‚rbt|‹z¨§lÃ{zsfzl k)lsfzeV sÇi}­yl€pxz‹sfzl6sfljz‚zt®vÍxzl¡€xr€KlÂqV¦¥Vi}k€Keh‚t§‚€l~yldji}¨>eª[ztw€pidfsft®b¨§l¡€pi}‚r˜¦Vt§l~¨®z€ €Kt§k)‹@¨§lƏbeh‚Vsfdueh¨>l~»V‹zdfl¡€f€t|eh‚r€E¯    !+  >: !  8  ! 02$ %^}'( ) ¶‚6sfzt®€ž€Klbsft|eh‚>{Li¡ª«sul~dÀdfl~i¨§¨|t§‚zgpqzdut§l  ¦8suzlki}t§‚6”-l Br‚zt§sut§eL‚r€žEeh‚rbldf‚zt|‚zg‰@ehk)eLghl~¹ ‚@l~t§sK¦y{E©ll»”sul~‚rŽi‰dfl¡€xz¨|sBª«dfehk ± “h“~µysfeÆsft§kFl~¹½Lidf¦Vt§‚zg[ylbsfeLAd Brl~¨®z€b{sfzt®€Bl~»Vsfl~‚r€Kt§eL‚ qrl~t|‚zg+€t|k)‹z¨|!t Brl qV¦i}dughxzk)l‚”sǀsji­yl~‚)ª«dfeLk:±³“™hµ¶¯ –‰-l Br‚zly{”ª«eL d  :”{rsf@l Vt§¨wisft|eh‚)eL‹Œldji}sueh d

(30) qV¦ 

(31) )=  I888 I (@ . . =  I888-I (@ 8. =.F @. ©pt|sf % :”{zsf@l /u©l~t|ghVs 1 iL€f€eVEtwi}sul˜©pt§susfzl ysfbeyeLdj”t|‚ri}suly¯ Dl~t|‚zg+qŒeLxz‚r˜sue)”l¡i}¨À©pt§sfª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚r€‰Vl~‹rl~‚r”t|‚zg)‚zeLs‰eL‚z¨§¦eh‚suzl €Ksjisfl Li¹ dutwiqz¨§l€ =  I888 I (@ q@xzs)i¨w€KeNeL‚ sf@l˜sft|k)l)t|‚r”l~» JE{$©l˜ki¡¦ iÁlEs!sueNsut§k)li @ehk)eLghl~‚zlt§sK¦ ©l~t|ghVs    :+i}‚r”l Br‚zlŽsuzl /fl~»Vsfl~‚ ”l 1 ”t|¨wisft§eL/‚  

(32) = J-I  I888 I (@  = J-I  I ! I888-I  (@ 8 =¶™ @ ( opl~i¨§¨rsfrispi8ª«xz‚ bsft|eh ‚  ª«dfeLk  "!# sf$e  tw€€ui}t®!sfe6qŒPl 2#&% -7  ('   " 8 )%  +*)©pt|sfdfl€K‹rlbspsfe+sf@lªÈik)t§¨|¦ e}ªƒ”t§¨®i}sut§eh‚ + €

(33)  tª  =(

(34)  = J-I -I888#I ( @ @  ,- = J-I  I888 I ( @ 8 =f“ :@ i‚r.i!sft|k)l~¹«hidf¦Vt§‚zg+ylbsuehd Brl~¨®˜tw€(€ui}tw˜sueqŒl @ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€‰eªŠ”lghdfl$l .^©pt§su dul€‹rlEs!sue^sfzlªÈi}k)t|¨§¦^eª6”t|¨wi}sut§eL‚r/€

(35)  t³ª6i‚r eh‚z¨|¦ t ªŽt§sÇ1€ 0½su beyeLdj”t|‚ri}sultw€)i @ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€ª«xz‚ bsft|eh‚e}ª[Vl~ghdul~2l   33.${Vt¶¯ lï =f“h“ @ 0  =(

(36)  = J I  I888-I ( @ @  54 76 0  = J-I  I888 I ( @MI.

(37) ´ ©p@l~dfl 0  €sÇi}‚r@€¸ª«eLd‰suzl20½sfbeLk)‹reh‚zl~‚Vspe}ª2sf@l8yl¡bsfeLd Brl~¨w 0 ¯‰ehsul8suri}sƀt|‚rbl suzl”t|¨wisft§eL‚ ”eyl€ ‚zeLs+ihbs eL‚ JŽsuzl)zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~t|s¦eªŽi˜sut§k)l¹½Li}du¦”t|‚zg)ª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚ =«dfl€K‹>¯\ylbsfeLd B l~¨w @ºtw€ lvÍx@t§Li}¨|l~‚”s+sfe sfzlzeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~t|sK¦^e}ª6sf@l.behdudfl€K‹ŒeL‚r”t|‚zg sut§k)l¹½t|‚”Li}dutwi‚”sžª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚r€M=½dul€‹>¯VylbsuehdNBrl~¨®z€3@2ehqzsÇi}t§‚@l!qV¦ Br»Vt§‚@g sft|k)ly{}ª«eLdpi‚”¦ Li¨§xzlŽe}ªƒsft§kFly¯ ¥yx@‹z‹rey€lFsfris 0 t®€Ži@ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€ŽylbsfeLdCBrl~¨®1©pt|sf ”l~gLdfl~l .i}‚r tw€ i @ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€ª«xz‚ bsft|eh‚e}ª[Vl~ghdul~l2*B{”©pt|sfdfl€K‹rlbspsfe+sf@l €ui}k)l”t§¨®i}sft|eh‚>{Vsfzl/‚   0 tw€pi zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€ylbsuehd B l~¨w)e}ªƒ”l~gLdfl~2 l * 33.${ + ,=f“~’ @    tw€pi zehkFehghl‚zl~ehx €ª«xz‚rbsut§eh‚eª[”l~gLdfl~2l *B{ ,  Ftw€pi zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚e}ª”l~ghdul~2 l * 33.$¯ . ©pt|sfŽdfl¡€‹rlbsÁsfepsf@lEeh‚r€Ktw”l~dul(”t|¨wisft§eL‚>)¯ =Èo;l¡~i}¨|¨hsf i}s   A= J-I @    = J-I @ 0 = J-I @ t®€sfzl Bt|l Vl~dft|hisft|yl(e}ª i¨§eh‚@g 0 @j¯ †\eL‚r€t®”l~d ‚@e}©Rsuzl+ylbsfeLd Brl~¨w@€ 0  i}‚r 0 ! ih€u€eVbt®i}sulN©pt§su^sf@l)€K¦z€Ksfl~k t|‚ ‹re©ldª«ehdfk =¶´ @¸i}‚ Âght|yl~‚)qVE¦ = 9@j¯r ¶sptw€l¡ih€¦Fsfe+yl~dft ª«¦ sfris 02 t®€zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€ eªÆ”l~gLdfl~l    ©pt§suNdul€‹rlbsŽsuei}‚V¦ beh‚r€Ktw”ldfl.”t§¨®i}sut§eh‚¿{>i}‚r^suri}s6sfzl+ylbsuehd B l~¨w 05! tw€eL‚z¨§¦Fzehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€©pt|sfdfl¡€‹rlbspsue)”t|¨wisft§eL‚r€p€x ¾sf i}s   %   ! 3H=’ @   ª«ehd   ’ =f“~š @ Őzl6”lghdfll8eª\zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~t|s¦ eª 05! tw€suzl~‚   ! ¯rŐzl~dulbª«ehdul  05 tw€pi zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€pylbsfeLd Brl¨w)e}ªƒ”l~gLdfl~l    {. =f“bm @ 05! tw€pi zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€pylbsfeLd Brl¨w)e}ªƒ”l~gLdfl~l   ! ¯ ©pt|sf dul€‹rlbsÀsfeŽsuzlªÈik)t§¨|¦(e}ª¿”t|¨wi}sut§eL‚r€$€fisft®€°ª«¦Vt§‚zPg =u“~š @j¯y ¶‚ suzlŠ€l¡vÍxzl¨¶{~eh‚@¨§¦ €Kxrj Vt§¨wisft|eh‚r€\©pt§¨§¨rqrlŽbeL‚r€t®”l~dulB{y©pt§su   i}‚ /  ! ­yl~‹zs[iL€p”l~ghdul~l€\e}ª>ª«dfll”ehk ©pzt®¾ V e‚@ehsŽ‚zl~l˜sueqŒlF€‹rlE!t BrlisŽsfzt®€8€Ksjighly ¯ Šehsfl+ze©lyl~d‰suri}sŽeL‚z¨§¦sfzl+djisft§e )  dfl¡i}¨§¨|¦ki}susfl~dǀ‰€Kt§‚rblÃ{ŒqV¦ijri‚zghl eªLidftwiqz¨§l eL‚ Á{Bt§s(t®€‰E¨§lid(sfri s   ~i‚ qrlŽ‚zeLdfki¨§t§¼l)i}‚ Â€Kl~sŠlvÍx i}¨Bsue!eL‚zlŽ©pt§suzehxzsÆi}‚V¦)¨|ey€f€pe}ª2ghl‚zl~dji¨§t|s¦Ã¯ ¥yx@‹z‹rey€l suri}spsuzl €K¦z€Ksfl~k t§‚@‹zxzsjM€ ; ‰i‚r ; !Ši}dul iL€f€Kt§gh‚@lÂsue!qrl €Kehk)lŠª«xz‚rb¹ sut§eL‚r€že}ª i}‚  Jb{~‹rl~dut§eV”t®©pt§su dfl¡€‹rlbsÀsfe(sut§k)lÃ{bsf@l~‚ suzlylEsfeh>d Brl~¨® iL€f€eVEtwi}sul ©pt|sf suzl(E¨§ey€Kl”¹«¨§eyeL‹)€K¦z€Ksfl~k tw€$sfzlpsut§k)l¹½Li}du¦”t|‚zgŠylbsfeLd Brl~¨®P ;  0  3 ; ! 0 !~{yi‚r suzl6b¨§eÀlV¹½¨|eyeh‹˜l¡vÍxrisft|eh‚tw€suzlŽehdjVt§‚ridf¦”t Ál~dul~‚Vsftwi¨rlvÍx i}sft|eh‚   ;  = J I @ 05 = @43 ; ! = J-I @ 02! = J-I @ 8 =f“~´ @ Őzl(ª«eL¨§¨§e©pt|‚zg ‹zdueh‹rey€Kt§sut§eh‚ =«sfzl6€l¡beh‚r+‹ri}duspe}ª2t§spiLbsfx i}¨§¨|¦ @2tw€[i}‚l~»Vsfl~‚r€Kt§eL‚ sue!sut§k)l¹½Li}du¦”t|‚zg6€¦@€sul~k€eª[i dfl¡€xz¨|sŠ€sjisflt§‚ ±³“L“bµ =«¨§l~k)kFiŽ’”¯|“ @j¯ 

(38)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- ..

(39) •.  4#7E47 8 

(40)  # . Ž Ð\Ќԟ«Ð.  ' *2  2545 ;  = J-I @ 47 8M; ! = J-I @ 4  0 7& 6 7 ' (' *%6  2    &0@   47 816 7 756  &  86 ! 37&.6 4

(41)   N6  2    &0@   J   !-6 86 0 N6  2  !-6 8 H:  4758  2545 = J-I?A@ ;  = J-I @ 6  2#&% -7  ('5  " 8 )%    . = @ = J-I?A@ ; -! = J-I @ 6  2#&% -7  ('5  " 8 )%   !I  2 -7  2 0 *2 &85  2 &0@  &8 6  2#&% 37  ('   " 8 )%  2! & '  2 !!#  6 "  2  -6 %6 7 6 /   04   4* # % 5 6 04    4

(42)  +"! "  2 37 6  6 $%  

(43) 4  3#<. 7 37&. 6 4    4

(44)  N6  2    &0@ %   2  86 45 6 7 6 7  2  2-7 24 2545 2 !  #6   $ H: 4758%1 H:  '032  2545& %4 7%147#   '  6 7 = J3@  "  2  0 *2 &855  2   !#(' = = J@K@ * $,+ .) -  = = : @K@ = 9@. f“~•. >2 ! . ). ) 6 2.  2#&% -7  (' 7 !# %6&37/

(45)  ' . ) = @. %6  2<; H: . 01. . (. f“. ). . f“. % 687 9: %  32 52 4 4. = F@. ‰eLsfl)suri}s suzll~»V‹ŒeL‚zl~‚Vsft®i}¨dÇi}sul)e}ªbeh‚Vyl~dughl~‚rEl!eª(suzl€eh¨|xzsft|eh‚r€ sue¼~l~duez{ gLt§yl~‚+qV¦=%r{V”eyl€‚zeLsŠ”l~‹rl~‚r!eL‚sfzl(Li¨§xzlŽisfsudft§q@xzsfl+sfe>;B{V©pzt§¨|l‰suzlŽbeL‚r€sÇi}‚Vs $ ki~¦F”l~‹rl~‚r)eh‚?;B¯ Ž Ð>AÐ @ ¤¿Åzl8ªÈiLbs‰suri}sŠsf@l E¨§ey€Kl”¹«¨§eyeL‹˜ylbsuehd Brl¨w)tw€pzehkFehghl‚zl~ehx €e}ª[”lghdfll ¼l~dfet®€ i}‚ehqV”t|ehxr€ Eeh‚r€KlvÍx@l~‚rbl)e1ª =f“• @Ç{ =f“bm @ i‚rH =f“’ @j¯[Őzl~‚¿{$ihbehdǍ”t§‚zg.sfe suzlc$dfeL‹rey€t|sft|eh‚ meª(suzl‡‰‹@‹Œl‚r”t§»Á{>©pztwj^t®€ i€¨|t§gL”s6ghl~‚zldji}¨|t§¼isft|eh‚^eª+± “~™”{ Ő@l~ehdul~k ’}µ¶{L¨§eV~i¨z€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|¼i}sut§eL‚ e}ªÁsfzl[ehdut§ght|‚ t§k)‹@¨§t§l¡€Œsf@ll~»Vtw€Ksfl~‚rEleªÀi‰‹reÀt§sut§yl B¦Vi‹zxz‚zeª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚ B= J-I @j{BzeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€8eªÆ”l~gLdfl~l+eh‚zlÃ{ÄeªÆb¨wiL€fD€ CFE l~»zEl~‹zs is H:V{rbeh‚Vsft|‚”x@ehxr€l~yldf¦V©pzl~dfl =Ôª«duehk c$dfeh‹reÀt§sut§eL‚˜mz{zsuzl(ª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚)tw€eL‚z¨§¦)eª E¨wih€uG€ C  l~yl~du¦”©pzldfl6”xzl sueÂt|sj€(Vl~ghdul~l e}ª[zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~t|s¦jzey€Kl~‚lvyxri}¨2sfe)eL‚z)l @j{ i‚r˜€KxrjÂsuri}s B = J-I @ . B. 6 J = J-I @ 3 6 B. (. . .  6. 6 ? B = ;  = J-I @ 0   = @ 3 ; ! = J I @ 0 !  = J-I @IH :. .   N ON. J

(46) ?L K :. =f“~™@       N ON tw€. ‰e©Ž{r€Kt§‚rbl ki~¦ qrl Vt§l~©[l)ih€   M  3   BRi‚r˜€Kt§‚rbl i+zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€ŠylbsfeLdGB l~¨we}ª¸”l~gLdfl~l ¼~ldfez{reh‚@l+”l”xrEl€¸ª«duehk =f“~’@Šsfris  BR  tw€.

(47) 

(48)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- .. 9. i zehkFehghl‚zl~ehx €8sft|k)l~¹«Li}df¦Vt§‚@g)‹rl~dft|eV”tw ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚.©pt§su^sfzl€fi}kFl+”l~ghdul~liL€ B ¯ ¶s[tw€sfVxr€eª\”lghdfll8eL‚zly¯ duehksuzl~duly{”t|stw€‚@ehsƍ”tbxz¨|ssue l€sÇi}qz¨|tw€KÂsuri}sŠsf@l~dfl idflŽsK©e ‹rey€Kt§sut§ylŽ‚”x@k!qrl~dǀ $  i‚r $ ! €KxrjÂsuri}s =¶)’ :@ $  B= J-I @ *  BP = J-I @ * $ ! BP= J I @ J  K : ¶‚r”llB{\sfzlª«xz‚rbsut§eh‚ MM 

(49)

(50)   tw€+©l~¨|¨Š”l Br‚zl¡ i}‚r €Ksfdft®bsf¨|¦^‹rey€Kt§sft|yli~©pi~¦ ª«duehk  :”{2i}‚rt§s6tw€8@ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€ eªŽ”lghdfll)¼~l~duez¯$Ő@l~dflbª«eLdfly{Àt§s6sji}­yl¡€8sf@l €ui}k)lFhi¨§xzlis = J-I @Ži}‚  i}s

(51)  = J-I @Šª«ehd+i¨§ ¨  :.€e.sfris eh‚zlki~¦.dfl€Ksfdft®bs @tw€pi}susfl~‚Vsft|eh‚sfe 

(52) (<)  {z©pzldfl

(53) (<)  tw€suzlŽxz‚zt|sp€‹@zl~dfl6iL€f€eVEtwi}sulÂ©pt|sfsf@l /uzehkFehghl‚zl~ehx € ‚zeLdfk 1 ”l B ‚zlNqVH ¦ =f#“ F @ǯ·˜eLdfl~eyl~d{Äsut§k)l¹½‹rl~dut§eV”t®bt§sK¦i¨§¨|e}©Š€ eL‚zl sfebeh‚r€Ktw”ld‰suri}s(sut§k)) lÆ ¨§t§yl¡€(*eh) ‚. sfzlºbehk)‹ ihbsŠ€Kl~s  "  Ž{Œt|‚r€sulih˜eª  ¯Š‚sf@lŽbehkF‹rihbs[€Kl~s !

(54) {Vsfzl6€Kk)eyehsui}‚r€Ksfdft®bsf¨|¦ ‹rey€t|sft|yl‰ª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚  MM  dfl¡ihjzl€t|sj€\k)t§‚zt|k xzk{h”l‚zehsul)ih€ $  {zi‚r)t§sǀki»”t|k!xzk{L”l~‚zeLsfl)iL€ $ ! = qreLsf˜‚Vxzk+qrl~dj€\qŒlt§‚zg+€Ksfdft®bsf¨|¦!‹reÀt§sut§yly¯ D¦ xr€Kt§‚zg6sfzl€fi}kFlŠi}dfgLxzk)l~‚Vsj€E{heh‚@lŽ€ze©Š€suri}s[sfzl~dul(idfl(‹reÀt§sut§ylp‚Vxzk+qŒldj€ $ " i}‚r $ $Ž€KxrjÂsuri}s $ " ) = @ * B1= J-I @ * $ $ ) = @ J  K : =¶’”“ @   )   ‰e©Ž{Œª«duehk =¶)’ :@1 B * L$  Bº{>i}‚ 1su”xr€  BP= J-I = J@K@ * BP= :I =.:@K@+  { i¨§eL‚zg)i‚”¦€¦@€ sflk ) $ã€[ €eh¨|xzsft|eh‚>¯ zduehk =Ȓ”“ @Ç{zeh‚zl6sfzl‚ÂeLqzsjit§‚r€  ‚ =f“ 9)@$©pt|sf? $> $ $ $ " i‚r  ) = =.:@K@Ç{Í©p@twj!t®€ƒsuzlŠdfl~¨®i}sft|eh< ) = = J@K@ *  + %  $  ¯ /( !00 !*  (r6

(55) 1 02$ %^}'8 /Š$

(56) )    85 0 *y!

(57) 0$02$  07 653Ž

(58) :*y!

(59) p .l6”l€ubdft|qŒlŽt|‚Âsuztw€Š€l¡bsft|eh‚i ©pi~¦e}ªƒ”l€Kt§gh‚@t§‚zg+sft|k)l~¹«hidf¦Vt§‚zgº€sÇi}qzt|¨§t§¼t§‚zgŽª«l~l”¹ q ihj­z€E¯(–‰l~‹rl~‚ ”t§‚zg eL‚ sfzljzeLtwbl^eª€Kehk)l ”l€Kt§gL‚ ‹ i}djik)l~sul~dj€E{;eL‚zlehqzsÇi}t|‚r€ Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨>¨wi~©Š€p©pztwji}dul l~t|sfzldp€kFeyehsf¿{zehdŠzehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€pi‚rÂeL‚z¨§¦beh‚Vsft|‚”xzeLxr€b{ ©pt|sf)l»”‹reh‚@l~‚”sutwi¨rbeh‚Vyl~dughl~‚rEl‰eªÀsfzlƏb¨§eÀlV¹½¨|eyeh‹€K¦z€Ksfl~k $ €$€eL¨§xzsut§eL‚r€sfe6¼~l~dfeŽt|‚ suzlŽ¨wisfsfldŠ~ih€Kly¯ Őzt®€$tw€$iŽs©[eh¹È€sul~‹+i}‹z‹@dfeyiL¾¿¯”Ő@Gl Brdǀs[€sul~‹Fbeh‚r€Ktw€Ksj€$t§‚ ¨|eyeh­Vt§‚zg6i}s\suzl O “ Vt§k)l~‚ €t§eL‚ri}¨[sft|k)l~¹«hidf¦Vt§‚zg€¦@€sul~k ehqzsÇi}t§‚@l qV¦Nª«ehdughl~susft|‚zgNsuzl B dj€s+lvyxri}sut§eL‚.

(60)  4#7E47 8 

(61)  #  F. t|‚ =È´ @+i‚r beh‚ €twVl~dft|‚zg  ih€Fi =½gLt§yl~‚A@(ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚ e}ª6sft|k)ly¯LÆtwi.i B¦Vi‹zxz‚zeV¹ ¨|t§­ylŠi‚ri}¨|¦z€Ktw€b{@i beh‚Vsfdueh¨; ! =  = J@I ! I888 I (@[~i}‹ i}qz¨|l(e}ª2€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|¼~t§‚@g sf@l(dflVxrbl €K¦z€Ksfl~k ©pzl~‚  = J@6tw€ l~‚rVe}©[l ©pt|sf €ehkFl‹@dfeh‹rl~dusft|l€b{$t®€ suzl~‚ Vl~dft|ylB¯$Ő@l €KlbeL‚r€sfl‹beh‚ €tw€Ksj€t|‚”l~sul~dfk)t|‚zt§‚@g;  t§‚ehdǍ”l~dsue k)l~l~s\suzl€lƋzdfeL‹Œldfsft|l€i‚r i¨w€Ke!l~‚ €xzdul(sfzl6beL‚”yldfghl‚rbl(eª  sfe+¼~l~dfe@¯zŐzt®€pi}‹z‹@dfeyiL¾tw€qriL€t®~i}¨|¨§¦+sfzlŽeh‚@l x €l)t§‚ ± ’”“~µ¶{¿± ’mhµ¶{À± ’h•µ¶¯ Bl~sŠxr€su”xr€‹@dfeVbl~l¡˜i}‚ ÂEeh‚r€Ktw”l~dŠi‚”¦)ª«xz‚ bsft|eh ‚  = ! I888-I (@¸€xrjsfris  < ( )  i‚rÂeª\E¨wih€u€ C ! eL‚  (*)    :  I + ,, tw€pEeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€¨|¦”t Ál~dul~‚Vsftwiqz¨§lŠeh‚    =.?A@ H: ª«ehMd ?  K :I   = : @  : i‚r ,,   = ?A@ K : ª«ehd ?/ K : ptw€‹@dfeh‹rl~d¯ . =¶’h’ @ =«q” ¦ '   !Bt§s$t®€ƒkFli}‚Vs$sf i}s\sfzlŠ‹zdul~t§kighlpeªÀiŽbehkF‹rihbsƒ€l~s\tw€\beLk)‹riLbs~{htȯ ly¯sf@l €Kl~s  ? = ?A@  $  tw€qrehx@‚r”l)ª«ehdÆi}¨§¨ $ H:@j¯ ¶s t®€ b¨|li}d6 sfris  t®€8‚zeL‚z¹«t§‚rbdulih€Kt§‚zgi}¨|eh‚zg.sfzl€eh¨|xzsft|eh‚r€Žt³ª ; ! tw€6¾@ey€l‚ €Kxrj˜sf i}s ; !  * :”{r‚ze+ki}susfl~dpze© ; ptw€Š¾@ey€l‚>¯BŐ@tw€pki~¦!qrl iL¾@t§l~ylÁ{ ª«eLdpl~»@i}k)‹z¨|ly{yq”¦Fsji}­Vt§‚@#g    ; !   ! €Kt§gL‚ =    @    =¶’hš @ 2 2 ©pt|sf 

(62) H:+i}‚r ! :”¯ ¶dfdul€‹rlEsft§yl[e}ª¿sfzlpqrl~ri~Vt§eLdeª  =ȏbeh‚ €twVl~dfl+ih€\i‰ª«xz‚rEsft§eL‚!eª>sut§k)ly{~gLeyl~df¹ ‚@l(q”¦ ;  @Ç{~sfzt®€>beh‚Vsfdueh¨Vghxridji}‚Vsfll€ÄqreLxz‚r”lV‚zl€f€Àe}ª = ! I888-I (@¿i}‚rŽl~yl~‚Vsfxri¨§¨§¦ Eeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rblŠsfe+¼~l~due ©pzl~‚  = J@\tw€[€xzt|sji}q@¨§¦jzey€Kl~‚>¯@ÅÄe+sfzt®€‹zxzdu‹ŒeÀly{zeL‚zlŽki~¦ sudf¦)sue)Vl~sfl~duk)t§‚@l(i beL‚”sut§‚Vxzehx €¸ª«l~l¡”qrihj­ ;  =½©p@twjÂ ih€psfe+qŒlŽsut§k)lƍ”l~‹rl~‚rVl~‚”s €Kt§‚rEl Eeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€‹zxzdul~¹¶€Ksjisfl8ª«ll”qriL¾­@€p~i}‚@‚zehsƀsÇi}qzt|¨§t§¼l(sfzl6beLk)‹z¨|l~sflƀ¦@€sul~k @ ©p@twj ­yll~‹r€  qrehxz‚ ”lB{\ki}­yl¡€ t§s+beL‚”yl~dughlsfe.¼~l~duez{\i‚r ‹zdueV”xrbl¡€)i  = J3@ ©p@twj˜i}xr€Kl€ = ! I888 I (@sue!gLe!sue!¼l~dfe@¯r‡€t|k)‹z¨|l(jzeht®bly{@i}k)eL‚zg!eLsfzld‰‹rey€u€t|¹ q@t§¨§t|sft|l€b{ytw€  ’ AJ 8 ;      3  =  = ! I888#I (@ @¸€t|‚ =¶’}m @  ©pt|sf  H:V¯ Ž Ð \Ќ ÔŸ «Ð  ( 47# "' 7 0@ 6 7  #45.6  "6 7%  " 4758 47#0 7& 6 7 ' ('  &4 "' 7 0@ 6 7 '032  2545 <6   "04*1C  7! µ :I3H@ I. =¶’h´@ A=)@  :. . : I.

(63) 

(64)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- .. ™.  2 0 7&%   4  "2  "#% 

(65) 4   4* # %5 6 04    4

(66) 6 6 2   2   6 %6 7 " 2    #  " . Ž Ð>AÐ @+¤ Àt§dj€Ks~{rt§s(t®€‰‹zdue}yl¡Âsf i}s6i}¨|¨žsuzl+€¦@€sul~k $ã€p€Keh¨|xzsft|eh‚r€Ži}dul qrehxz‚rVl1x@‚zt§¹ ª«eLdfk)¨|¦˜©pt|sf^dul€‹rlbs6sfet|‚zt§sutwi}¨[beL‚r”t|sft§eL‚r€b¯ÀŐzt®€ t§‚^suxzdf‚ t§k)‹z¨|t§l€psf i}s sf@l€eL¹ ¨|xzsft|eh‚r€ l»”t®€s eyl~d± : I@3 H@j¯\Őzl¦i}duli}¨®€e.xz‚zt®vÍxzlt|‚ Vt§l©`eªŽsfzldul~ghxz¨®i}dut§sK¦ Eeh‚r”t|sft|eh‚r€t|k)‹rey€l¡x@‹ŒeL‚˜suzl(ª«xz‚rbsut§eh‚ €  i}‚r Á¯ ŐzlŽqrehx@‚r”l”‚@l€f€‰eª$suzl6€¦@€sul~k $ã€[€eL¨§xzsut§eh‚ €‰beLk)l€$ª«dfehk sfris  = ! = J3@ I888-I (= J@K@6tw€ ‚zeh‚z‚@l~gyisft§yli}‚r ‚@eh‚zt|‚rbdfl¡ih€t|‚zgz¯[ ¶s tw€ sfVxr€ qŒeLxz‚r”l¡B¯ Ő@tw€!t|k)‹z¨§t|l€b{žª«duehk =¶’h’ @j{suri}s = ! = J@I888 I ( = J@K@ t®€!xz‚zt ª«ehduk)¨§¦qrehxz‚ ”lB{pi‚r €Kt§‚rEl =¶’h•@       3  =  = ! = J@ I888-I ( = J3@&@F€t§‚ ’  AJ t®€$sfzlŠlvyxri}sut§eh‚+e}ª2iŽÉ‰x@df©pt§su¼ =ȀsÇi}qz¨|)l @À¨§t§‚@li}d\€K¦z€Ksfl~kR‹r!l~ dusfxzduqrl qV¦ sf@l(iLz”t§sut§yl x@‚zt³ª«eLdfk)¨|¦pqŒeLxz‚r”l¡8sfldfk A=  = ! = J3@ I888-I (= J@K@K@̀t§‚   {  = J@ztw€>i¨w€Ke‰xz‚@t³ª«ehduk)¨§¦ qreL xz‚r”lÁ¯$·˜ehdul~eyl~d  = ! = J@I888I (5= J@K@ƏbeL‚”yldfghl¡€‰sfe€ehkFl!¨|t§k)t|sphi¨§xzlÃ{ži‚r =  = J3@ I888-I ( = J@K@j{ÁqŒlt§‚zg)x@‚zt³ª«eLdfk)¨|¦beh‚Vsft|‚”x@ehxr€‰©pt|sfdul€‹rlbsÆsfe JE{Œsul~‚rz€(sfe ¼l~dfe@¯ .l!suzl~‚i‹z‹z¨|¦ >iÍ¥Vi¨§¨§l $ã€8t|‚”Lidftwi‚rbl ‹zdut§‚rEt§‹z¨|l ª«ehd sut§k)l¹½t|‚”Li}dutwi‚”sƀ¦@€sul~k€ ± “~šV{zŐzl~eL dfl~k ’µ¶¯@Őztw€[~i}‚)qrlŽVeh‚zl(qV¦ t§‚ behdu‹ŒeLdjisft§‚@g sft§kFlpt§‚)suzl(€K¦z€Ksfl~k €sÇi}sul yl¡bsfeLPd = J “ @j¯> ¶‚ ”eht|‚zg€e@{žisŽ¨§liL€sŽeh‚zl+e}ª¸sfzl+€KsjisflFbehk)‹reL‚zl~‚VsjP€ =½suzl sft|k)l EeyehdjVt§‚risf)l @rt®€Bxz‚”qreLxz‚r”l6€eŠsfris>t§sÁki~¦(€Kl~l~k sfris >ih€fi¨§¨|l $ã€B‹zdut§‚rEt§‹z¨|l\”eyl€B‚zeLs i‹z‹z¨|¦ t§‚6sfzt®€$~iL€ly¯yŐ@tw€$”t Exz¨§sK¦(t®€ž‹zdfl¡€l~‚Vsf¨|¦(eyl~djbeLk)l(t§‚6sfzlª«eL¨§¨|e}©pt|‚zg(©¸i¡¦  €Kt§‚rEl(sfzlÆsft§kFl~¹¶Vl~‹rl~‚r”l~‚ blptw€\‹Œldft§eVVtwh{Vt§st®€‹rey€f€Kt§qz¨|lŽsfe dfl‹z¨wiLbl(i¨§¨ÁeV~bxzdul~‚rbl€ eª JBt|‚ suzl[beh‚Vsfdueh¨V¨wi~©Š€b{i‚r sfVxr€Bt§‚6sfzl[b¨|ey€Kl”¹«¨§eyeh‹ yl¡bsfeLAd Brl~¨wÁ{bqV¦8suzl /ji‚zgh¨|2l 1  ©pzt®¾¨§t§yl¡€t§‚   =È ’   @   i}‚r˜t®€;su”x €;‚risfxzdÇi}¨|¨§¦qrehxz‚rVlB¯>Őzt®€‰tw€pt§‚ªÈihbs l¡vÍxzt|Li}¨§l‚”spsue!t|‚rbehdu‹rehdjisft|‚zg  0.O !   i}‚r    !

(67)    t§‚sfzlº€sÇi}sfl yl¡bsfeLd~{”t|‚r€sulih˜eª JE¯ ‰e©Ž{”qV¦ >ih€fi¨§¨|l $ã€\‹zdft|‚rbt§‹@¨§ly{y€Kt§‚rEl(i¨§¨Bsuzl(sudji}„KlEsfehdut§l€ =  = J@ I  = J@I888 I ( = J@K@ idflqrehx@‚r”lB{Ši‚r¬€Kt§‚rElsfzl˜ª«xz‚ bsft|eh‚  = ! I888-I (@F”lbdulih€Kl€)i¨§eh‚@g suzl€Kl sudji}„Kl¡bsfeLdft§l¡€b{Vi}¨|¨À€eh¨|xzsft|eh‚r €pEeh‚Vyl~dfgLl(sfe suzlŽ€lsŠbeh‚r€Ktw€Ksft§‚@g e}ª2sfzl(dul~xz‚zt|eh‚e}ª2sf@l sudji}„Kl¡bsfeLdft§l¡€ƒª«ehdŠ©pzt®¾  =  I888-I ( @\t®€tw”l‚”sutw~i¨§¨§¦ ¼l~dfe@¯  †\eL‚r€t®”l~d €KxrjiÂsudji}„KlEsfehdu¦ =  = J@I  = J3@ I888-I (= J@K@j¯$¥yt|‚rbl  t®€ ; !     { i‚r ; ! t®€$ght§yl‚ q”¦ =Ȓhš @Ç{ ; ! t®€$tw”l~‚Vsft®~i}¨|¨§¦Ž¼~l~dueŽeh‚+sfzt®€sfdÇi}„Klbsuehdu¦y¯yŐzl~dulbª«ehduly{ht|‚ Vt§l© eªpsuzl)€K¦z€Ksfl~k $〉lvyxrisft§eL‚rP€ =¶´ @j{ ! = J@I888 I  ( = J@Æi}dul)beL‚r€sÇi}‚Vs~¯  tw€Æi}¨w€Ke Eeh‚r€Ksji}‚Vs(eL‚sfzlºbeh‚r€Ktw”ldflsfdji„KlbsfeLdf¦y{r€Kt§‚rEl   :”'¯ Bl~ s Ž”l‚zehsul t§sǀ‰Li}¨|xzly¯.

(68) #“ :  4#7E47 8 

(69)  #  D¦Ft§‚Vsfl~gLdji}sut§eL‚)e}ªM=Ȓh•@j{  = J@\tw€ght|yl~‚)qV¦  ’ AJ   )  =¶’ 9@  = J@  bey-€ =  3 @ 3 +  ©p@l~dfl(suzlƏbeh‚r€Ksji‚”s {){Vi}‚  ^”l~‹rl~‚ !eh‚  =@\i‚r  = : @Ç{”i‚r ²t®€lvyxri¨Bsfe ¼l~ dfe6t³ª2i}‚ eL‚z¨§¦+t³ª  = (@  :V {”t¶¯ ly¯yt³ª2i‚r)eh‚z¨|¦!t ª  t®€t§sǀl~¨ ª>lvyxri¨Bsfe ¼l~dfe@¯ ‰e©Ž{   : tw€lvyxzt§Li¨§l~‚Vssue     :V{zt¶¯ lï %) ! (  =   ’ @ 6 %   : I =¶)’ F@ % ! 6 ©p@twj>{ͪ«duehk =Ȓ 9)@Ç{Œt|k)‹z¨|t§l€  ( bey-€ = !  3

(70)  @3  + )  % ) !   6  = ! I888I (@  : =¶’h™ @ % =  ’ @ % ! 6  ©p@l~dfl\i¨§¨ysuzl\beyl bt|l~‚”sǀ     7 idfl[beL‚r€sÇi}‚Vs~{~€Kt§‚rElsuzl~¦Æ”l~‹rl~‚r(eL‚z¨§¦Šeh‚ ! I888I (V¯ ½ª   :V{ŒsuzlŽdfl~¨®i}sft|eh‚r€ =¶’L• @ÈK¹ =Ȓ 9)@¸t§k)‹z¨|¦ sfris  i}‚   =  @pidflŽlvyxri}¨ sueŽ¼~l~dfei}‚rB{hª«duehk =Ȓh´ @j{ysfris  H:V¯”ÉŠl~‚rbly{~ª«dfeLk =Ȓh’ @Ç{ %  :V{ =  ’ I888 I O @j¯ ½ª2l~t§suzl~d eLd t®!€ ‚zeh‚z¼l~dfe@{zsfzl()ª«xz ‚rE%sf)t§eL! ‚r€ <%(= J@ J> bey€ =   3

(71)  @  3 +  i}dfl+¨§t|‚zlidf¨§¦t|‚r”l~‹rl~‚rVl~‚”s€esfris suzlbeL‚r€sÇi}‚Vs beyl bt|l~‚Vsj€    7 t§H‚ =Ȓh™ @(k+xr€sŽi¨§¨[qŒlFlvÍx i}¨\sfe¼~l~dfe@¯ duehk =¶’L’ @j{ suztw€pigyit§‚˜t|k)‹z¨|t§l€ % H:V{ =   ’ I888# IO @[i‚r   :”¯ ɉl‚rbly{ri¨§¨\€Keh¨§x@sft§eL‚r€;ª«eLd8©p@twj    tw€‰t®”l~‚Vsft®~i}¨|¨§¦)¼~ldfeidfl+beL‚”sÇi}t§‚@lÂt|‚ suzl[€l~s2”l B ‚zl(q”¦ ! :I888I (  :V¯ duehk >iÍ¥Íi}¨§¨|l $ã€Bt|‚”Lidftwi‚rbl\‹zdut§‚rbt|‹z¨§lÃ{¾suztw€ t|k)‹z¨|t§l€rsfris\i}¨|¨”sudji}„KlEsfehdut§l€>Eeh‚Vyl~dfgLlsue(sf@tw€$€Kl~s~¯Åzldflbª«eLdfly{~ª«ehd\i‚”¦Žsudji}„KlEsfehdu¦y{ % = J@ =   ’ I888#IO @ƒi}‚r = J@Àsfl~‚r+sfe ¼~l~duez{Vi}‚ Â€Ke+”eyl+ € A= = J@K@j¯V ¶‚)Vt§l~© eª =Ȓh• @j{zsf@tw€pt§‚sfxzdu‚t§k)‹z¨|t§l€Àsfris = J@$sul~‚rz€psfe ¼~ldfez¯. Å zt®€$€sÇi}qzt|¨§t|¼i}sut§eh‚Ždul€xz¨|sžt®€Äsudfxzl\ª«ehd\i‚”¦  i}‚ 1 k)ll~sft|‚zgsuzlpiL€f€x@k)‹zsft|eh‚r€ =Ȓh’@pi‚r =Ȓh´ @[dfl¡€‹rlbsut§yl~¨|¦y¯ ¶‚+‹ri}dusftwExz¨wid~{yt³ª !t®€\”t Ál~dul~‚”sutwiqz¨§lpl~yldf¦V©pzl~dfl¸i}‚r

(72) 1t®€jzey€Kl~‚!¨®i}dughl~d\sf i}‚ eL‚zl =½ehd

(73) > “N©pt§su  qrl~t|‚zgsK©ptwbl.”t Ál~dfl~‚Vsft®i}qz¨|l˜l~yldf¦V©pzl~dfl@j{\sfzl~‚ sf@l eLqzsjit§‚zl¡sut§k)l¹½Li}du¦”t|‚zg Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨w€pidfl6”t Ál~dul~‚Vsftwiqz¨§lÆl~yl~df¦V©pzl~duly¯.

(74) L“ “ ‡‰‚@ehsf@l~dp‹rey€f€Kt§qzt|¨§t|s¦Ã{ÍkFehsft|Li}sfl¡!q”¦Fc$dfeL‹ŒeÀt|sft§eL‚“h{@beh‚r€Ktw€Ksj€pt§‚jzeyey€Kt§‚zg+sf@l ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚r€  i}‚r €e+sf i}s  tw€zeLk)ehgLl~‚z l~eLxr€e}ª”l~ghdul~l  ! 3 =.O ^’ @   I + ,,A=)@       = )@\©pt|sf   K : I =¶)š :@ ,,

(75)  3!  2 ! 2 8 . ¶‚)suztw€\~iL€ly{yeh‚@l(lih€Kt§¨|¦ yl~dftBrl€$sfrissuzl(Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨B¨®i¡©Š€ ;  i}‚  ; ! beL‚r€t®”l~dfl¡ ‹@dfl~Vt§eLxr€¨|¦ idflŠzehkFehghl‚zl~ehx €že}ªÄ”l~ghdul~l  i}‚ 1 ! dul€‹rlbsut§yl~¨|¦y{€eŽsuri}s\c$dueh‹rey€Kt§¹ sut§eL‚“(i‹z‹z¨§t|l€b¯ ‰eLsfl(suri}sÁ{zi}‚ su”x € ;  {@~i}‚z‚@ehsqrlŽVt Ál~dfl‚”sutwi}q@¨§lŠl~yl~df¦V©pzl~dul Vxzl)sfesuzl)dÇi}sft|e   ©pztwj^t®€ €ki}¨§¨|l~dŽsfri‚eh‚zl)t|‚^sf@tw€ ~iL€ly¯2Őzl)dfl¡€xz¨|s tw€ €Kxzk)kidft|¼~l t§‚suzl(ª«eh¨§¨|e©pt§‚zg ‹zdueh‹rey€Kt§sut§eh‚  Ž Ð \Ќ ÔŸ «Ð   "  47 8  #45 6  "( "47 8   "/ 2 -7  2 M0 7&   4 %6&-7 

(76)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- .. . .

(77)    "2   " P # 4

(78) .   2 * 6 %6 7#%  

(79) 4    # 7 37&.6 4     4

(80)   N6  2    &0 %  2  0  7 # 6 8 ! & 8 "#4#P6    " 86  45. 6 7 

(81)  6 7  2   2-7 2  "  2  6 7 '46  / " . Å>e!t|¨§¨|xr€sudji}sul(sf@tw€dfl¡€xz¨|s~{zeh‚@l8ki¡¦Ã{ê«eLd‰l»zik)‹z¨§lÃ{y¾@eyey€l  .  = ! I888-I ( @ . (. % !. %5%. % 6  7  6 2 2 @. . ¶š”“. = @. ©pt|sf %5% H: =  ’I888IO>@[i}‚r  ! 3 =.O ^’ ¯  tw€\sfzl~‚+zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€eª\”lghdfll6i}‚r)Eeh‚Vsft§‚VxzeLxr€¨|¦+”t Ál~dul~‚”sutwiqz¨§ly¯ ‰‚@l i¨w€Ke!riL€;t|‚sfzt®€p~ih€Kl  . (. % ) !  0 5O= %-@ %  ) 6   7 6 2 2. ¶šh’ ˆ$»V‹z¨§t®bt§s[l~»”‹@dfl€u€t§eL‚r€ª«ehdM;  i}‚r<; ! idflŽsfzl‚ÂeLqzsjit§‚zl¡ª«dfeLk =¶’m@¸i}‚r =¶’Lš @j¯ .l(ri~ylƀt§k+xz¨®i}sfl¡ sfzt®€€eL¨§xzsut§eL‚!ª«ehd¸i8ª«ehxzdu¹¶”t|k)l~‚r€Kt§eL‚ri}¨

(82) =.O  m@[€K¦z€Ksfl~kRt|‚ ‹re©ldª«ehduk`dul~‹zdul€l~‚Vsft|‚zgŽsfzlŠ­Vt§‚zl~ki}sft®~€žeª2i ~idf¹«¨§t§­ylŠyl~zt®b¨§lïhŐzt®€€Kt§k+xz¨wisft§eL‚ su”x €Bt§¨§¨|xr€sudjisfl€rsfzl\‹rey€u€t§q@t§¨§t|sK¦‰eªzl~»V‹reh‚zl‚”sutwi}¨|¨§¦Š€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|¼~t§‚@gp€x ¾6iyl~zt®b¨§l2i}qreLxzs i Vl€t|dfl)Eeh‚BrgLxzdjisft|eh‚˜qV¦+k)li}‚ €e}ªƒi beL‚”sut§‚Vxzehxr€sut§k)l¹½Li}du¦”t|‚zg(ª«l~l”q ihj­B¯ .l jzeÀl      !  “ I²• I =¶šhš @ .   .  % ! !. 3H= . %5%. ’@   =  ’. @ . = @.

(83) “’.  4#7E47 8 

(84)  # . ©pzt®¾¦Vt§l~¨®z€@ . . = @ .  = @ . i‚rÂsuzl6beh‚Vsfdueh¨w€. ;   ; ! . % ! ! !% ! !. •. 3 % " " " 3 % $ $! 3 !%2 " 2

(85) = " @ " !  3 % $ $  !. š €t§gL‚.    3     !  0 5O=  . = @.  = @K@      = @ 2 2. ¶š}m @ =. ¶‚sfzl6€Kt§k+xz¨wisft§eL‚>{ysfzlŽgÃi}t§‚ €‰idfl  + ,%&!' :&8 ´   : 8m % "  “ : $   š =¶šh´@ , % $  5“ 8 1 ´ !.“ : !  : 8§“ . opl~i¨§¨Bsuri}sŠsf@l €Ksjisfl6behkF‹ŒeL‚zl~‚Vsj€ ?  i}‚r ? ! eª\sf@l8l¡vÍxzt|Li}¨§l‚”s ª«eLxzdf¹È”t|k)l~‚r€Kt§eh‚ i}¨[¾ i}t§‚@lN€K¦z€Ksfl~k:ki~¦‹zV¦z€Ktw~i¨§¨|¦˜qrl)t§‚Vsfldf‹zdul~sfl.ih€ suzl~idf¹ sul€t®i}‚.beyeLdj”t|‚ri}sul€(e}ª[sf@l yl~ztwE¨§l $ €‹reht|‚”s(¨|eV~i}suli}sŽk)t®”¹È”tw€Ksji}‚ blŽe}ª[sfzl duli}d ©p@l~l~¨w€ =¶€Kl~lF± š :hµ¶{zehdÆt§‚i k)eLdflŽghl~‚@l~dji¨Äª«dÇi}k)l~©[ehdu­.± ’L•}µ¶{zª«ehdŠl~»@i}k)‹@¨§)l @ǯz ¶‚˜Vt§l~© eª[sfzl+jri}‚@ghl+e}ª¸beyehdǍ” t§‚ i}! sfl¡€ =«m @Ç{Bsfzl¡€l+~idfsfl¡€twi‚.beyehdǍ”t§‚ i}sfl¡€8idfl+sfVxr€‰gLt§yl~‚ qV¦  i}‚r $   " 3 !  ! dfl€K‹rlbsft|yl~¨§¦Ã¯yŐzlŽyl~zt®b¨§l $ €žehdut§l~‚Vsjisft|eh‚i}‚zgL¨§l  tw€ gLt§yl~‚qVL¦ %3J % O= ? " @=  % J %O

(86) =  " 3  ! @&@j>{ ; ! tw€(suzl yl~¨§eVEt§sK¦e}ªpsuzl ª«dfeL‚”s €KsfN l~ ldft§‚@g©pzl~l~¨Ši‚zgh¨|ly{i‚r suzl˜ylztwb¨|l $ã€(sudji}‚ €¨wisft|eh‚ri¨(yl~¨§eVEt§sK ¦ ^tw€ lvyxri}¨Šsfe ¯.

(87) 

(88)  6€ze©Š€žsuzlpyl~zt®b¨§l $ã€>~idfsfl¡€twi‚ k)ehsut§eL‚>{bª«dfeLksf@lpt§‚zt|sftwi¨zEeh ‚ BrgLxzdjisft|eh‚ = ?  :”{  “L{   : @\sfe+sf@l8gLeyi¨$beL‚ BrgLxzdjisft§eL‚ = ?     : @ǯ  €Kze©Š€‰sf@l Eeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rblŠe}ª\suzlŽyl~zt®b¨§l $ €$beyeLdj”t|‚ri}sul€;sue!¼l~dfe@¯  ˜€Kze©Š€‰sf@l Eeh‚VsfdfeL¨>t§‚z‹@xzsj€ ;  i}‚r ; ! yldj€x €sft§kFly¯ žt|‚ri}¨|¨§¦y{ €ze©Š€sf@l(¨§t|‚zli}d¸”lbdulih€Kt§‚zgŽeª   = ) = @&@$©pzt®¾)t|¨§¨|xr€sudji}sul€ suzlŽl~»V‹ŒeL‚zl~‚Vsft®i}¨>Eeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rbl(eª ) = @\sfe ¼l~dfe@¯ › >!#" = =Ȉƒ»Vtw€Ksfl~‚ bl‰eªÀzehkFehghl‚zl~ehx € B¦Vi}‹@xz‚ze ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚r€$ª«ehd¸ih€¦Vk)‹zsuehsutw~i¨§¨§¦º€sÇi}qz¨|l @ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€sut§k)l~¹«Li}du¦”t|‚zg €K¦z€Ksfl~k€@.

(89) “ š ŐzlŠ‹zxzdu‹rey€lÆe}ªÀsf@tw€\i}‹z‹rl~‚ ”t§» t®€ƒsue l~»Vsfl‚r sfe6zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€$‹rl~dut§eV”t®;sut§k)l~¹ Lidf¦Vt§‚zgŽ€K¦z€Ksfl~k€>i‰sfzlehdflk qV¦ opey€Kt§l~d¸±³“™”{hsuzl~eLdfl~k ’}µÈ{}t|sj€Kl~¨³ª i(ghl~‚zldji}¨|t§¼isft|eh‚ eª ipsf@l~ehdul~k q”¦ŽÉÆi}z‚± ™}µÈ{€sÇi}sft|‚zg(suri}s2i(beL‚”sut§‚Vxzehxr€B@ehk)eLghl~‚zlehxr€>sft|k)l~¹«t§‚Vhidft®i}‚Vs yl¡bsfeLd Brl~¨®)©pt§sfi x@‚ztwvyxzl(gL¨§ehq i}¨§¨|¦ih€K¦”kF‹zsfeLsftwi}¨§¨|¦)€Ksjiqz¨§lŽlvyxzt§¨|t§qzdut§xzk iL”k)t|sj€ izehkFehghl‚zl~ehx € B¦Vi‹zxz‚zeª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚>¯ÀŐztw€(dfl¡€xz¨|s8t®€(sfzlEehdfl+e}ª¸sfzlFl~»”‹reL‚zl~‚z¹ sutwi¨Vbeh‚Vyl~dfgLl~‚rbl2‹zdfeL‹ŒldfsK¦6ih€f€KeVbtwisfl ©pt|sf6ih€K¦”kF‹zsfeLsftwi}¨§¨|¦(€Ksjiqz¨§l[zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€ yl¡bsfeLd Brl~¨®z€e}ª”l~ghdul~lŽ¼~l~due =¶€Kl~lŽsfzlŽ‹zdueye}ª[e}ªƒc$dfeL‹ŒeÀt|sft§eL‚“ @ǯ Ž Ð \Ќ ÔŸ «Ð    ' *2  2545 ?  : 6  47 4*.#  5.6 04    4

(90)   ' 6 6&

(91) -6 ' # " ?   1= J-I?A@MI =¶šh• @ 

(92)   ! #"%$& (')*"+,- ..  6  2  C  =5 ! % 2#&% 3 7  ('   " 8 )% A2 - 7  "M47#

(93) 4 " '7 0.6  7 BP= J I ?@ .  ( &I  ( @L

(94) 36 7%   !-6 86 0I1= J 3  I?A@  = J I ?@ " 47 8  +* N6  2    &0@ %  2  86 45 6 7/

(95)  8  7 &8 6 7  " . : %47 8147# 6 7  )%  ; '02 2545O; H 

(96)   7   2   #6   256 0324#45 6 &  '.  B  C = ! ( I& @=C E = !  (   :  I& @ #  B 6    ! 6 86 0 ' BP= J 3I I?A@  1 B = J-I?A@ &  B 6  2 #&% -7  ('5  " 8 )%  

(97) %6  2    &0 % 2  86 45 6 7/

(98)  ' . B1=

(99) = J-I?A@K@. .  P B = J-I?A@. ¶š. = 9@.  BP= J-I:@  :" 4  J5 B= J-I?A@ H:" ? K < : 47 8 B 6  '   ! N6  2    & 0@ %P?  " 4 3$/  2  21  " ?  ' 032  2545  B = J-I?A@ * $ " 45  &4* 7 MJ 6< 

(100) ('758 &8 "  & BP = J-I?A@   M = J-I?A@43  (   M 0 (5= J-I?A@ H : J

(101) ?L K : . .    . rË͟¡£  AÐ @<ž Ð>AÐ @ ¤ÀŐzl eh‚@¨§¦Vt Ál~dfl‚rblŽ©pt§su ±³“~™V{Œsuzl~eLdfl~k ’}µÀtw€‰suzl ‹rl~dut§eV”t® sut§k)l¹¶”l‹Œl‚r”l~‚rEl e}ªÆqrehsu7i‚r B ¯ .l)ki~¦ghe.i}¨|eh‚zgsuzl€ui}k)l+¨§t|‚zl€Žih€ t|‚ ± “~™µ  ¹ ?(€t|‚zg˜zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~t|sK¦.i}‚r( ^‹rl~dft|eV”twEt§sK¦y{>¨§eV~i¨p€Ksji}q@t§¨§t|sK¦Neª ?   = J-I?A@‰t|k)‹z¨|t§l€ /ǀsudfeh‚@g€sÇi}qzt|¨§t§sK¦ 18eL‚  =¶€t|k)t§¨®i}d\sfe±³“™”{z‹zdueh‹rey€Kt§sut§eh‚ “bµ @j¯ ¹ŠÅ@l!‚zl»”sŽ€Ksfl~‹ beL‚r€t®€sj€(t|‚Nxr€Kt§‚zgi)sf@l~ehdul~k ª«dfeLk ±³“ :µ$t§‚.ehdǍ”l~dŽsfel~»Vzt|qzt§sŽi €Kk)eyehsu˜‚zeL‚˜zeLk)ehgLl~‚zl~eLxr€ B¦Vi}‹@xz‚ze)ª«xz‚rbsut§eh‚¿¯r‡(bsfx i}¨§¨|¦y{”suzl6~ih€KlŽe}ª\‹rl~dut§eV”t® sut§k)l¹¶”l‹Œl‚r”l~‚rEl!t®€!beL‚r€t®”l~dul^t§‚ ± “ :V{suzl~ehdul~k 9µ¶¯\Őzlª«xz‚rbsut§eh‚ BP= J I ?@6€Ke.

(102) E“ m  4#7E47 8 

(103)  #  eLqzsjit§‚zl¡ ih€Ài}¨§¨Lsfzl\‹zdueh‹rl~dusft§l¡€Œe}ª sfzlžª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚ BP= J-I?A@r”l€ubdft|qrl‰t§‚6c$dfeL‹rey€t|sft|eh‚ m@{zl~»@bl~‹zs\ª«ehdŠzehk)eLghl~‚@l~t§sK¦+i}‚ Âsf i}sŠt§sptw€ C E l~yl~df¦V©pzl~duly¯ ¹ Š‚zl(ki~¦ suzl~‚)‹zdueVbl~l+©pt§sfFsfzlŽEeh‚r€Ksfdfx bsft|eh‚)eª\iŽzehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚ B ª«duehk sfzl ‚zeL‚z¹«zehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€‰ª«xz‚ bsft|eh‚ B+{Áih€Ž”eh‚@l!t|‚ ±³“~™V{B‹zdueh‹rey€Kt§sft|eh‚ ’}µÈ¯>Őztw€ Eeh‚r€Ksfdfx bsft|eh‚+tw€$sfzlpª«eh¨|¨§e©pt§‚@gz¯ Bl~s % C EP= I& @2qrl(iŽ‚zeh‚rVlbdfl¡ih€t|‚zg(ª«xz‚rbsut§eL‚ eL‚  {Ábeh‚r€Ksji‚”sŽi‚rlvÍx i}¨Àsfe :!eL‚ =    I~“bµÈ{Bi‚rbeh‚ €sji‚”s6i‚r˜lvyxri}¨Àsfe“6eh‚ ± ’ I@3 H@ǯ B tw€sf@l~‚”l Br‚zl¡qV¦  , E “ %C=B =5

(104) = J-I?A@K@@V t ª ? K :   ,   B= J-I?A@' =¶)š F@ : t ª ? : Š‚zlFlih€Kt§¨§¦yldf!t B l€‰sf i}s B7t®€(sft§kFl~¹½‹rl~dut§eV”t® ©pt§su^sfzlF€fik)l+‹Œldft§eViL€ B7i‚r suri}sÆt§sŠtw€pzehk)eLghl~‚@l~ehxr€Š©pt§sf”l~gLdfl~l

(105) =½qV¦i)jri}‚zgLl e}ª[t§‚Vsflghdjisft|eh‚˜Lidftwiqz¨§l @j¯ Ő@lŠ€xzqr€Klvyxzl~‚Vs\i}dughxzk)l‚”sǀÄgLt§yl~‚6q”¦ºo;eÀt§ld$sfe(‹@dfeylzt®€žsf@l~ehdul~kdul~ki}t|‚Žhi¨§t® ©p@l~‚ B tw€(sft|k)l~¹«‹rl~dft|eV”twh¯ÁŐzl ªÈihbsŽsuri}s BP= J-I?A@Štw€(xr€Kxri}¨|¨§¦‚zeLs ”t Ál~dfl~‚Vsft®i}qz¨|l kFehdflÆsfri=‚ ;)sft|k)l€\i}s ?  :”{z©pt|sf ; H 

(106) &7

(107)  {Vqrih€Ktw~i¨§¨§¦behk)l¡€2ª«duehk7sf i}spsf@l ª«x@‚rbsft|eh‚ =    =

(108) :”{  :”{

(109) !‚zeLsŽt§‚   @Ç{B©pzt®¾t®€‰zehkFehghl‚zl~ ehx €eª Vl~ghdul~l

(110) ©pt§sf dfl€K‹Œl¡bs sue˜sf@l”t§¨®i}sut§eh‚

(111)  = )@    y{>tw€Žeh‚z¨|¦NeªŽb¨®ih€u€ C ©pt§su <H

(112) y¯ 8*yŽ

(113) [º./Š 0 ±³“Eµ D(¯2& $㇊‚r”d@l¡— i}¹ ‰eyl~¨¶ { 6¯ DpiL€sft|‚>

(114) { 6¯†[ik)‹zt§eL‚>{$·˜eVVl~¨§t|‚zgi‚r²†\eL‚”sudfeh¨peª Šeh‚zzeL¨§eL‚zehk)t®  zl~l¨§l.o;eLqrehsj€E{  

(115) 7 " 7+

Références

Documents relatifs

Notes de lecture : ”Walter Benjamin, Moscou, Mille et une nuits, collection La ville entière, 1999” et ”Jean-Luc Nancy, La Ville au loin, Mille et une nuits, collection La

loppé, tandis que le kilométrage des lignes ferroviaires ouvertes au trafic fret se réduisait, ainsi, et beaucoup plus fortement encore, que le nombre de points d'accès (gares et

A partir des mêmes données de l’ OCDE , en appliquant la même spécification aux biens et aux services, Ceglowski [2006] obtient des coefficients plus élevés pour le PIB dans

Le document du MOFCOM précise ici le rôle de l’ACGP (planification préliminaire et coordination des grands projets guinéens ; contrôle de la qualité des projets) puis présente

antennal segment, body length of about 2–3 mm, uniformly dark brown scutellum, one pair of strong prescutellar setae, left ventral epandrial lobe with a row of about 18 teeth on

Dans le cadre de ce travail, l'analogie est d'ordre méthodologique : par « comme si », nous indiquons que nous avons soumis des programmes informatiques à des méthodes d'analyses

Ces métadiscours ainsi définis comme ayant pour seuls objets les codes linguistiques et leurs fonctionnements, leurs représentations aussi, souvent en termes de normes sociales,

La démarche de la présente étude a consisté, à partir de l’observation d’une même syllabe dans divers contextes, à relever les variations de quatre paramètres