Evaluating the Safety Operations Procedures of an LPG Storage and Distribution Plant with STAMP

(1)

HAL Id: hal-01246497

https://hal-mines-paristech.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01246497

Submitted on 22 Dec 2015

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Evaluating the Safety Operations Procedures of an LPG Storage and Distribution Plant with STAMP

Dahlia Oueidat, Franck Guarnieri, Emmanuel Garbolino, Eric Rigaud

To cite this version:

Dahlia Oueidat, Franck Guarnieri, Emmanuel Garbolino, Eric Rigaud. Evaluating the Safety Opera- tions Procedures of an LPG Storage and Distribution Plant with STAMP. 3rd European STAMP Workshop, Oct 2015, Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp.83-92, �10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.507�. �hal- 01246497�

(2)

Procedia Engineering 128 ( 2015 ) 83 – 92 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of STAMP EU 2015 doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.507

ScienceDirect

UG(XURSHDQ67$03:RUNVKRS67$03(8

(YDOXDWLQJWKHVDIHW\RSHUDWLRQVSURFHGXUHVRIDQ/3*VWRUDJHDQG GLVWULEXWLRQSODQWZLWK67$03

'DKOLD2XHLGDW

^Ă͕Ύ

)UDQFN*XDUQLHUL

^Ă

(PPDQXHO*DUEROLQR

^Ă

(ULF5LJDXG

^Ă

ĂMINES ParisTech, Center for research on risks and crises-PSL Research University͕rue Claude Daunesse 06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

$EVWUDFW

6\VWHPWKLQNLQJFRQFHSWVDQGVLPXODWLRQWRROVDUHXVHGWRPRGHOWKHULVNSUHYHQWLRQSODQDQGRSHUDWLRQDOPRGHVGHVLJQHGWRHQIRUFH VDIHW\FRQVWUDLQWVDWD)UHQFKOLTXHILHGSHWUROHXPJDV/3*VWRUDJHDQGGLVWULEXWLRQIDFLOLW\,Q)UDQFHVXFKIDFLOLWLHVDUHFODVVLILHG DQGWKHVXEMHFWRIVSHFLDOOHJLVODWLRQDQGVDIHW\UHJXODWLRQV7KHLUVXSHUYLVLRQLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIDFRQWURODQGUHJXODWRU\ERG\

$WHFKQRORJLFDOULVNDQGSUHYHQWLRQSODQLVSURYLGHGZKHUHDOOWKHGDQJHURXVSKHQRPHQDOLNHO\WRRFFXULQDGGLWLRQWRWKHVDIHW\

FRQWUROPHDVXUHVDUHOLVWHGLQWKHVDIHW\UHSRUW6DIHW\LVWKHUHIRUHDGGUHVVHGWKURXJKUXOHVDQGFRQWUROPHFKDQLVPVHQVXUHWKDWWKH V\VWHPFRPSOLHVZLWKVDIHW\FRQVWUDLQWV7DNLQJWKLVIDFLOLW\DVDFDVHVWXG\ZHXVHWKH67$03WKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNWRJHWKHU ZLWK$Q\/RJLFVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUHWRPRGHOWHFKQLFDOHOHPHQWVDQGKXPDQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOEHKDYLRU:HVLPXODWHKRZWKH V\VWHP HYROYHV RYHU WLPH DQG WKH VWUDWHJLHV WKDW DUH GHSOR\HG LQ D ORVV RI FRQWURO VFHQDULR 7KH DLP LV WR DVVHVV ZKHWKHU WKH SUHVFULEHGVDIHW\SURJUDPFRYHUVDOORIWKHV\VWHP¶VSKDVHVQDPHO\RSHUDWLRQVDQGDXGLWV7KHUHVXOWVHQULFKRWKHUUHVHDUFKWKDW IRFXVHVRQWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIV\VWHPG\QDPLFVWRULVNDQDO\VLVDQGDFFLGHQWSUHYHQWLRQ

7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG

3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI67$03(8

<ĞǇǁŽƌĚƐ͗/3*67$03$Q\/RJLF6DIHW\

ΎŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐĂƵƚŚŽƌ͗dĞů͗͘нϯϯϰϵϯϵϱϳϱϳϱ ͲŵĂŝůĂĚĚƌĞƐƐ͗ĚĂŚůŝĂ͘ŽƵĞŝĚĂƚΛŵŝŶĞƐͲƉĂƌŝƐƚĞĐŚ͘Ĩƌ

Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of STAMP EU 2015

(3)

,QWURGXFWLRQ

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³6HYHVRHVWDEOLVKPHQWV´DUHVXEMHFWWR LQVSHFWLRQVE\UHJXODWRU\DQGFRQWURODXWKRULWLHV(XURSHDQPHPEHUVWDWHVKDYHDGRSWHGWKH6HYHVRJXLGHOLQHVLQWR WKHLUODZVUHJXODWLRQVDQGGHFUHHVDWQDWLRQDOOHYHODQGUHJXODWHGIDFLOLWLHVDUHFODVVLILHGLQWRYDULRXVWLHUV7KH)UHQFK UHJLPHLVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKH6HYHVRGLUHFWLYHVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWV>@

&ODVVLILHGLQVWDOODWLRQVInstallation Classée Pour la Protection de l’EnvironnementDUHVXEMHFWWRHQYLURQPHQWDO SURWHFWLRQPRQLWRULQJDQGDXWKRUL]DWLRQWRRSHUDWHLVJLYHQVXEMHFWWRDGHPRQVWUDWLRQRISXEOLFXWLOLW\autorisation avec servitude d’utilité publique,QVWDOODWLRQVVXFKDVUHILQHULHVFKHPLFDOIDFLOLWLHVDQGOLTXLGSHWUROHXPJDV/3*

VWRUDJHVLWHVDUHµXSSHUWLHU¶WKH6HYHVRHVWDEOLVKPHQWVDQGVDIHW\VWXGLHVDUHPDQGDWRU\7KHVHKLJKULVNLQVWDOODWLRQV IDOOXQGHUWKHUHPLWRIWKH)UHQFKODZRQWKH3UHYHQWLRQRI7HFKQRORJLFDODQG1DWXUDO5LVNVDQG&RPSHQVDWLRQ>@

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

1.1. Accidents related to LPG exploitation

7KHSULQFLSDOKD]DUGVDUHGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHSUHVHQFHRI/3*ZKLFKLVH[WUHPHO\IODPPDEOH/3*LVVWRUHGLQ OLTXLGIRUPDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGLQSUHVVXUL]HGUHVHUYRLUV'DLO\DFWLYLWLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK/3*VWRUDJHFRQFHUQ ORDGLQJDQGXQORDGLQJIURPPRELOHUDLODQGURDGWDQNVDQGLWVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQWKURXJKSLSHOLQHV>@

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

6LPLODUO\WKH$QDO\VLV5HVHDUFKDQG,QIRUPDWLRQRQ$FFLGHQWV$5,$GDWDEDVHRSHUDWHGE\WKH)UHQFK0LQLVWU\

RI(FRORJ\6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQWDQG(QHUJ\OLVWVDFFLGHQWVWKDWFRXOGKDYHDIIHFWHGSXEOLFKHDOWKRUVDIHW\

DJULFXOWXUHQDWXUHRUWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KHSULQFLSDOFDXVHRIWKHVHHYHQWVDUHLQGXVWULDORUDJULFXOWXUDOIDFLOLWLHVWKDW KDYHEHHQFODVVLILHGDVKD]DUGRXV$VHFRQGDU\FDXVHLVWKHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQRIKD]DUGRXVVXEVWDQFHVIROORZHGE\RWKHU UHOHYDQWHYHQWV7RJHWKHUWKHVHGDWDEDVHVOLVWRYHUDFFLGHQWVDQGLQFLGHQWVRIZKLFKDERXWRFFXUUHGLQ )UDQFH$FFLGHQWVLQRWKHUFRXQWULHVDUHLQFOXGHGHLWKHUEHFDXVHRIWKHVHULRXVQHVVRIWKHLUFRQVHTXHQFHVRUWKHLU YDOXHLQWHUPVRIIHHGEDFNIURPH[SHULHQFH7KH$5,$GDWDEDVHOLVWVDFFLGHQWVLQ)UDQFHOLQNHGWR/3*

(4)

85 Dahlia Oueidat et al. / Procedia Engineering 128 ( 2015 ) 83 – 92

7KHFDVHVWXG\

7KHFDVHVWXG\IRFXVHVRQDQLQGXVWULDO/3*VWRUDJHDQGGLVWULEXWLRQVLWHLQ)UDQFHFRYHULQJDQDUHDRIP 7KHVLWH¶VPDLQDFWLYLW\LVWRVWRUH/3*LQDQXQGHUJURXQGUHVHUYRLUZLWKDFDSDFLW\RIP/3*LVVXSSOLHGWRWKH VLWHE\URDGRUUDLOLQWDQNVZLWKDVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\RIWRQVZKLFKDUHXQORDGHGLQWRWKHXQGHUJURXQGUHVHUYRLU7KH /3*LQWKHUHVHUYRLULVORDGHGLQWRVPDOO±WRQV¶WDQNVWRVXSSO\KRXVHKROGVWKDWDUHQRWFRQQHFWHGWRWKHQDWLRQDO QHWZRUN7KHVLWHFDUULHVRXWORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQVLH/3*LVORDGHGLQWRVPDOOWDQNVDQG±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

2.1. Legal and industrial context

,QWKHLQVWDOODWLRQDQGWKHRSHUDWRU¶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³$6´WRWKH³$´UHJLPH7KLVPHDQWWKDWWKHDXWKRUL]HGTXDQWLW\RI/3*KHOGE\

WKH VLWH ZDV OLPLWHG WR ± WRQV ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH WKLV FKDQJH LQ VWDWXV WKH FRPSDQ\ KDG WR RSWLPL]H /3*

XQORDGLQJE\LPSURYLQJWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWUXFNVHQWHULQJDQGOHDYLQJWKHVLWHEDVHGRQDQHHGVDVVHVVPHQW,WDOVR KDGWRGHFUHDVHWKHVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\RIWKHUHVHUYRLU&DOFXODWLRQVVKRZHGWKDWDGHFUHDVHLQFDSDFLW\ZKLFKZRXOG DOORZWKHFRPSDQ\WRFKDQJHUHJLPHFRXOGEHDFKLHYHGZLWKRXWDIIHFWLQJDFWLYLW\OHYHOVORDGV±XQORDGVGD\

*LYHQWKHVHUHDOOLIHFRQVWUDLQWVRXUPRGHOVDQGVLPXODWLRQVKDGWRHQVXUHWKDWWKHOHYHORIDFWLYLW\GLGQRWFKDQJH DQG WKDW WKH DPRXQW RI GDQJHURXV VXEVWDQFHV VWRUHG RQVLWH GLG QRW H[FHHG WRQV 2XU FRPSUHKHQVLYH PRGHO WKHUHIRUH LQFOXGHG WKH HOHPHQWV DQG SDUDPHWHUV IRXQG LQ D UHDOOLIH ULVN SUHYHQWLRQ DQDO\VLV PDLQWHQDQFH LQWHUYHQWLRQVHTXLSPHQWXVHZHDUDQGWHDUHWF

2.2. The sociotechnical control system

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

(5)

2.3. The facility

7KLVVHFWLRQGHVFULEHVWKHORJLVWLFVDQGGHVLJQRIWKH/3*VWRUDJHDQGGLVWULEXWLRQIDFLOLW\7KHLQVWDOODWLRQFRQVLVWV RIDQXQGHUJURXQGUHVHUYRLUZLWKDVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\RIP,WLVVXSSOLHGE\WDQNVORDGHGRQWRWUXFNVWKDWDFFHVV WKUHHVHOIVHUYLFHVWDWLRQVVXSHUYLVHGE\DQDWWHQGDQW7ZRVWDWLRQVDUHGHGLFDWHGWRORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQVDQGHDFKLV HTXLSSHGZLWKDQ/3*WUDQVIHUDUPZLWKDWZRLQFKHV¶GLDPHWHU7KHWKLUGVWDWLRQKDQGOHVERWKORDGLQJDQGXQORDGLQJ RSHUDWLRQVDQGLVHTXLSSHGZLWKDQ/3*WUDQVIHUDUPDQGDJDVWUDQVIHUDUPERWKWZRLQFKHVLQGLDPHWHU

/3*LVWUDQVIHUUHGYLDWZRSXPSVHDFKZLWKDIORZUDWHRIPKRXUDQGDFRPSUHVVRUZLWKDIORZUDWHRI PKRXU 7KH VWDWLRQ LV HTXLSSHG ZLWK D VHFRQG FRPSUHVVRU GHVLJQHG IRU SXUJLQJ 7KH IDFLOLW\ LQFOXGHV GHWHFWRUV FRXSOHGWRDQDODUPDSURWHFWLRQV\VWHPDQGGHGLFDWHGILUHILJKWLQJV\VWHPV7KHVLWHLVDOVRHTXLSSHGZLWKJDV DQGIODPHGHWHFWRUVGLVWULEXWHGWKURXJKRXWWKHLQVWDOODWLRQ)LJ)HHGEDFNIURPWKHVHGHWHFWRUVLVSURFHVVHGE\

RQH RU PRUH FHQWUDOL]HG V\VWHPV 0RWRUL]HG YDOYHV DUH LQVWDOOHG RQ WKH SLSHOLQH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG FRXSOHG WR DQ LQWHUORFN V\VWHP WKDW SURYLGHV DGGLWLRQDO VDIHW\ PHDVXUHV 7KLV V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI D GHDFWLYDWLQJ SXPS DQG FRPSUHVVRUVDQGYDOYHVDXWRPDWLFDOO\ZKLFKFORVHZKHQKHDWJDVRUIODPHVDUHGHWHFWHG

,QRUGHUWRSURWHFWWUXFNGULYHUVWKHVWDWLRQLVHTXLSSHGZLWKDGHYLFHWKDWUHTXLUHVIURPWKHGULYHUWRSUHVVDEXWWRQ HYHU\VHFRQGVGXULQJWKHWLPHDOORFDWHGIRUORDGLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\±PLQXWHVRUXQORDGLQJDSSUR[LPDWHO\

±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

)LJ2YHUYLHZVRIWKH/3*SODQW

7KH67$03DSSURDFK

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

@7KHVWHSVLQ67$03DUHVHTXHQFHGDVIROORZV

• ,GHQWLI\ULVNVDQGKD]DUGVDWV\VWHPOHYHO

(6)

• (QIRUFHVDIHW\GLUHFWLYHVPHDVXUHVDQGSURFHGXUHVWRDYRLGWKUHDWV

• 0RGHOWKHVWDWLFFRQWUROVWUXFWXUHWRSUHYHQWRUPLWLJDWHWKHWKUHDWV

• $VVLJQFRQVWUDLQWVWRWKHV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVUHVSRQVLEOHIRULPSOHPHQWLQJWKRVHFRQVWUDLQWV

• 'HILQHWKHFRQWURODFWLRQVIRUWKHFRPSRQHQWVWKDWSUHYHQWRUPLWLJDWHWKHWKUHDWVDQGKD]DUGV

• &DSWXUHWKHEHKDYLRUDOG\QDPLFVZLWK6\VWHP'\QDPLFV0RGHOLQJ 3.1. STAMP applied to LPG distribution and storage facility

7KHFDVHVWXG\EHJDQZLWKDQHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHSODQW¶VVDIHW\UHSRUW:HLGHQWLILHGSRWHQWLDOKD]DUGVGHVFULEHGWKH VLWH¶V HQYLURQPHQW DQG LWV H[WHUQDO ERXQGDULHV UHYLHZHG DFFLGHQWV DQG LQFLGHQWV DQG PDGH D SUHOLPLQDU\ ULVN DVVHVVPHQW RI SRWHQWLDO DFFLGHQWV DQG DVVRFLDWHG KD]DUGV :H DOVR KLJKOLJKWHG KD]DUGV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKH VLWH¶V DFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHSUHYHQWLYHPHDVXUHVLPSOHPHQWHGWRHOLPLQDWHVRXUFHVRIULVNUHODWHGWR/3*PDQLSXODWLRQDQGWKH SODQW¶VRSHUDWLRQV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHVHPHDVXUHVZDVWRPLQLPL]HWKHSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWRIDQDFFLGHQWRQSURSHUW\

SHRSOHRUWKHHQYLURQPHQW7KHFDVHVWXG\VRXJKWWRHYDOXDWHWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRI67$03DVDWRROIRUWKHPDQDJHPHQW RI ORDGLQJ DQG XQORDGLQJ RSHUDWLRQV :H PRGHOHG D FRQWURO VWUXFWXUH IRU HDFK RI WKH V\VWHP¶V DFWRUV LQYROYHG LQ ORDGLQJRUXQORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQV7KHREMHFWLYHZDVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQV\VWHPFRPSRQHQWVDQG PDSVWUXFWXUHVUHODWHGWRWKHHQIRUFHPHQWRIVDIHW\GLUHFWLYHV

2XUDLPZDVWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHG\QDPLFEHKDYLRURIDQDJHQWRYHUWLPHE\LPSOHPHQWLQJD67$03EDVHGFRQWURO PDSSLQJPRGHOLQDVLPXODWLRQWRRO&RQWUROPDSSLQJLQ67$03FRQVLVWVRIUHSUHVHQWLQJFRQWUROUXOHVLHVDIHW\

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

7KH67$03PRGHOVLPXODWHGORDGLQJDQGXQORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQVDQGIRUHDFKWDVNWKHRSHUDWRUUHFHLYHGIHHGEDFN RQWKHV\VWHP¶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

)LJ&RQWUROVWUXFWXUH

(7)

3.2. Control structure: a sensor installed on the underground reservoir

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

)LJ6LPXODWLRQRIUHVHUYRLUOHYHOGHWHFWRU

67$03LPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ$Q\/RJLFVRIWZDUH

,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHSUHVHQWWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRI67$03LQWRWKHVLPXODWLRQWRRO:HDVVXPHWKDWWKHFRQWUROOHGSURFHVV LVDQ/3*SODQWDQGWKDWDKXPDQFRQWUROOHUFDUULHVRXWFRQWURODFWLRQV&RQWURODFWLRQVFRQVLVWRIFRPPDQGVH[HFXWHG E\WKHRSHUDWRURQWKHSK\VLFDOLQVWDOODWLRQ$Q\/RJLFVRIWZDUHZDVXVHGWRVLPXODWHHDFKVHTXHQFHRIFRQWURODFWLRQV ZKLOHIHHGEDFNDOORZHGWKHRSHUDWRUWRXSGDWHWKHSURFHVVPRGHODQGFRQWURODOJRULWKP7KLVDSSURDFKDOORZHGXVWR XQGHUVWDQGWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHV\VWHPRYHUWLPH

4.1. AnyLogic software

$Q\/RJLF LV D PXOWLPHWKRG VLPXODWLRQ±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

&KRXUDTXL>@XVHGWKHWRROWRVLPXODWHWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHHPHUJHQF\SODQLPSRVHGRQDFKORULQHVWULSSLQJSODQWLQ 0DUVHLOOH )UDQFH )HQJ &KDR DQG+XL>@XVHG WKH WRRO WR PRGHO DJDV HPHUJHQF\ GLVSDWFK V\VWHP LQ DQXUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW

(8)

,QWKLVFDVHWKHPRGHOVLPXODWHGWKHEHKDYLRURYHUWLPHRIDMRLQWHPHUJHQF\FRPPDQGV\VWHPIRUDQXUEDQJDV HPHUJHQF\FRPPDQGFHQWHUDQGRWKHUGHSDUWPHQWV7KHV\VWHPSURYLGHGFRPPXQLFDWLRQGHFLVLRQPDNLQJFRPPDQG DQGHPHUJHQF\GLVSDWFKIXQFWLRQV,WZDVFDSDEOHRIUDSLGO\GUDZLQJXSWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHHPHUJHQF\SODQDQGZDV ZLGHO\XVHGLQVLPXODWLRQH[HUFLVHV:HXVHGDFRPELQDWLRQRI67$03DQG$Q\/RJLFVRIWZDUHWRPRGHOVLPXODWH WKHDFWLRQVRIRSHUDWRUVDWWKHVLWHDQGGHWHFWSRVVLEOHGHYLDWLRQV,QWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHWKH'LVFUHWH(YHQW'(

SDUDGLJP PDGH LW SRVVLEOH WR VLPXODWH WKH PRYHPHQWV RI D WUXFN WKDW LV VWRSSHG E\ DQ RSHUDWRU ZKR FDUULHV RXW LGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGFRQWUROSURFHGXUHV$IWHUWKHVHFKHFNVWKHWUXFNHQWHUVWKHVLWHDQGUHDFKHVWKH/3*WUDQVIHUVWDWLRQ 8QORDGLQJZDVVLPXODWHGIRUDWRQWDQNZKLOHDORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQZDVVLPXODWHGIRUD±WRQV¶WDQN

4.2. Modelling and simulating operator control actions

$PXOWLPHWKRGSDUDGLJPZDVXVHGWRPRGHOXQORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQV7KUHHDSSURDFKHV6\VWHP'\QDPLFV6'

$JHQW0RGHO$0DQG'LVFUHWH(YHQW'(VLPXODWLRQVUHSUHVHQWHGWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIRSHUDWRUVRYHUWLPH6' VLPXODWHG/3*WUDQVIHUVWRIURPWKHUHVHUYRLUDQGWDQNV7KH$0VLPXODWLRQUHSUHVHQWHGWKHGULYHU¶VOHYHORIWUDLQLQJ DQGRSHUDWLRQDOFRPSHWHQFH7KLVPRGHODOVRVKRZHGWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIUHVRXUFHVWDQNVDWWHQGDQWVDQGXQORDGLQJ VWDWLRQV 7KH '( VLPXODWHG WKH PRYHPHQWV RI PRELOH DJHQWV LH GULYHUV WUXFNV DQG DWWHQGDQWV DQG WUDQVIHU SURFHGXUHV 7KH ILUVW VLPXODWHG SURFHGXUH ZDV WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI GULYHUV DQG WDQNV DW WKH VLWH HQWUDQFH DQG WKH JUDQWLQJ RI DQ DXWKRUL]DWLRQ WR SHUIRUP WKH WUDQVIHU 7KLV SURFHGXUH WDNHV ± PLQXWHV DQG YHULILHV WKH IROORZLQJ SRLQWV

• 7KHGULYHULVDOORZHGWRRSHUDWHDQGKDVIROORZHGWKHWUDLQLQJUHODWHGWRVDIHW\DQGSUHYHQWLRQRIWKHULVNV LQKHUHQWLQKDQGOLQJ/3*

• 7KHWDQNKDVEHHQDXWKRUL]HGDQGLVFRPSOLDQWZLWKWKHSUHVFULSWLRQVRIWKH(XURSHDQ$JUHHPHQW&RQFHUQLQJ WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&DUULDJHRI'DQJHURXV*RRGVE\5RDG$'5>@

• 7KHWDQNFRPSOLDQFHZLWKUHJXODWRU\FRQWUROVDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHYHKLFOHDUHFKHFNHG

• 7KHWUDQVDFWLRQKDVEHHQDXWKRUL]HGDQGTXRWDVDUHUHVSHFWHG

,IDOORIWKHVHSRLQWVDUHYDOLGDWHGDQXQORDGLQJDXWKRUL]DWLRQLVLVVXHGDQGWKHGULYHUPRYHVWRWKHWUDQVIHUVWDWLRQ 2WKHUZLVH WKH GULYHU LV GLUHFWHG WR WKH H[LW ,Q WHUPV RI VDIHW\ LW LV FUXFLDO WR FKHFN WKDW ZKDW HQWHUV WKH V\VWHP FRPSOLHV ZLWK VWDQGDUGV DQG OHJLVODWLRQ 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKLV LV QRW D VXIILFLHQW FRQGLWLRQ WR HQVXUH WKDW WKH WUDQVIHU RSHUDWLRQZLOOEHXQHYHQWIXO$VVXPLQJWKDWDOORIWKHDERYHFRQGLWLRQVKDYHEHHQPHWWKHIROORZLQJVFHQDULRVFDQ RFFXU

• ,IWKHGULYHULVWUDLQHGDQGH[SHULHQFHGWKH\XQGHUWDNHWKHWUDQVIHURSHUDWLRQWKHPVHOYHV

• ,IWKHGULYHULVWUDLQHGEXWLQH[SHULHQFHGWKHDWWHQGDQWVXSHUYLVHVWKHP

• ,IWKHGULYHULVXQWUDLQHGWKHDWWHQGDQWXQGHUWDNHVWKHRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHGULYHUZDWFKHV

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

7KHPXOWLDJHQWV\VWHPFDQGLIIHUHQWLDWHGULYHUVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUOHYHORIWUDLQLQJWKHGULYHUVFDQEHOLQNHGWRD V\VWHPRIGLVFUHWHHYHQWVWKDWVLPXODWHWKHPRYHPHQWVRIWUXFNVRQWKHVLWH7KHOLQNEHWZHHQWKHWZRSDUDGLJPVLV JHQHUDWHGE\DQµ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ¶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

(9)

4.3. Model development

7KHVROXWLRQVDSSOLHGE\WKHVLWHZHUHPRGHOOHGE\FRPELQLQJWKHVHWKUHHSDUDGLJPV6''(0$7KHVLWHLV WKHVDPHLQDOOVFHQDULRVZKLOHDUHOD\RIWDQNVLVXQORDGHG

Simulation of the LPG transfer procedure

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¶VWDQNFKHFNWKDWFRQQHFWLRQVDUHVHDOHGRSHQWKHYDOYHVRQWKHORDGLQJDUPVWDUWWKHSXPSDQG SUHVVWKHFKDUJLQJEXWWRQIRUORDGLQJ)LQDOO\WKHORDGHGZHLJKWLVGLVSOD\HG7KHORDGLQJSURFHGXUHHQGVZKHQWKH VHWSRLQWLVUHDFKHGDQGDQDXWRPDWLFVKXWGRZQLVLQLWLDWHG9DOYHVFORVHDQGSXPSLQJVWRSVWKLVPDUNVWKHEHJLQQLQJ RI WKH GLVFRQQHFWLRQ SKDVH 7KH RSHUDWRU FORVHV WKH WDQN¶V LQWHUQDO YDOYH DQG WKH YDOYH RQ WKH ORDGLQJ DUP DQG GLVFRQQHFWVRWKHUGHYLFHV

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

)LJ6'$0DQG'(VLPXODWLRQSDUDGLJPV

(10)

Process control simulation model

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

:HDOVRVLPXODWHGDVFHQDULRZKHUHLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGDXWKRUL]DWLRQSURFHGXUHVDUHQRWSURSHUO\IROORZHGDQGWKH RSHUDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGLQGHJUDGHGFRQGLWLRQV,QWKLVVFHQDULRDQXQLGHQWLILHGGULYHUDFFHVVHVWKHWUDQVIHUVWDWLRQ

&RQVHTXHQWO\LQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVWKHGULYHU¶VOHYHORIWUDLQLQJDQGWDQNHUFRPSOLDQFHPD\EHPLVVLQJZKLFKPD\

OHDGWRLQDSSURSULDWHFRQWURODFWLRQV$QRWKHUVFHQDULRWDNHVLQWRDFFRXQWWLPHFRQVWUDLQWVIRUXQORDGLQJRSHUDWLRQV RSHUDWRUVDUHH[SHFWHGWRWDNH±PLQXWHVWRORDGDQG±PLQXWHVWRXQORDG+RZHYHUPLVWDNHVFDQDGGVHYHUDO H[WUDPLQXWHVZKLFKPD\OHDGDJHQWVWRUXVKWKHH[HFXWLRQRIWKHSURFHGXUHZLWKLQWKHVFKHGXOHGWLPH$ODFNRI UHVRXUFHVFDQEHPRGHOOHGE\DWUDQVIHUVWDWLRQWKDWLVRXWRIVHUYLFHHJIRUPDLQWHQDQFHRUUHSDLURUWKHDEVHQFH RIDQDWWHQGDQW7KLVFDQOHDGWRERWKDODFNRILQIRUPDWLRQHJQRWDOOGULYHUVFDQEHLGHQWLILHGDQGDODFNRIWLPH HJGULYHUVIHHOWKDWWKH\PXVWRSHUDWHPRUHTXLFNO\ZKHQWKHUHLVRQO\RQHVWDWLRQDYDLODEOH

&RQFOXVLRQ

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

ZLWKWKHVDIHW\UHSRUW¶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

5HIHUHQFHV

>@-&DPERQ)*XDUQLHUL-*URHQHZHJ7RZDUGVDQHZWRROIRUPHDVXULQJ6DIHW\0DQDJHPHQW6\VWHPVSHUIRUPDQFHLQ(+ROOQDJHO(

5LJDXG(GV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH6HFRQG5HVLOLHQFH(QJLQHHULQJ6\PSRVLXP3UHVVHV'HV0LQHV3DULV

>@5)/RLQGXMXLOOHWUHODWLYHjODSUpYHQWLRQGHVULVTXHVWHFKQRORJLTXHVHWQDWXUHOVHWjODUpSDUDWLRQGHVGRPPDJHV-25)

>@ = 1 3LQWDULþ $VVHVVPHQW RI WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI DFFLGHQW VFHQDULRV LQYROYLQJ GDQJHURXV VXEVWDQFHV 3URFHVV 6DIHW\ DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO 3URWHFWLRQ

>@7$EEDVL6$EEDVL7KHERLOLQJOLTXLGH[SDQGLQJYDSRXUH[SORVLRQ%/(9(0HFKDQLVPFRQVHTXHQFHDVVHVVPHQWPDQDJHPHQW-RXUQDORI +D]DUGRXV0DWHULDOV

>@=1LYROLDQLWRX0.RQVWDQGLQLGRX&0LFKDOLV6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLVRIPDMRUDFFLGHQWVLQSHWURFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\QRWLILHGWRWKHPDMRUDFFLGHQW UHSRUWLQJV\VWHP0$56-RXUQDORI+D]DUGRXV0DWHULDOV±

>@%+HPPDWLDQ%$EGROKDPLG]DGHK5'DUEUD-&DVDO7KHVLJQLILFDQFHRIGRPLQRHIIHFWLQFKHPLFDODFFLGHQWV-RXUQDORI/RVV3UHYHQWLRQ LQWKH3URFHVV,QGXVWULHV

>@1*/HYHVRQ(QJLQHHULQJ$6DIHU:RUOG6\VWHPV7KLQNLQJ$SSOLHGWR6DIHW\0,73UHVV&DPEULGJH0$

>@1/HYHVRQ$6\VWHPV7KLQNLQJ$SSURDFKWR/HDGLQJ,QGLFDWRUVLQWKH3HWURFKHPLFDO,QGXVWU\(6':RUNLQJ3DSHU6HULHV0,7%RVWRQ

>@$7RUJDXWHQ&ODVVLI\LQJDQG'HILQLQJ2SHUDWLRQDODQG2UJDQL]DWLRQDO$VSHFWVRI%DUULHUVIRUWKH2IIVKRUH2LODQG*DV,QGXVWU\0DVWHU 7KHVLV1RUZHJLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\7URQGKHLP1RUZD\

(11)

>@6-&DUOVRQ8QGHUVWDQGLQJ*RYHUQPHQWDQG5DLOURDG6WUDWHJ\IRU&UXGH2LO7UDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ1RUWK$PHULFD0DVWHU7KHVLV0,7%RVWRQ

>@+$OWDEEDNK0$O.D]LPL60XUUD\.*UDQWKDP67$03±+ROLVWLFV\VWHPVDIHW\DSSURDFKRUMXVWDQRWKHUULVNPRGHO"-RXUQDORI/RVV 3UHYHQWLRQLQWKH3URFHVV,QGXVWULHV±

>@ ) +RHO 0RGHOLQJ 3URFHVV /HDNV 2IIVKRUH 8VLQJ 67$03 DQG 673$ 0DVWHU 7KHVLV 1RUZHJLDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\

7URQGKHLP1RUZD\

>@6-RKQVHQ$Q,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI5HVLOLHQFHLQ&RPSOH[6RFLR7HFKQLFDO6\VWHPVWR,PSURYH6DIHW\DQG&RQWLQXLW\LQ,QWHJUDWHG2SHUDWLRQV 3K'7KHVLV1RUZHJLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\7URQGKHLP

>@1/HYHVRQ*6WHSKDQRSRXORV$V\VWHPWKHRUHWLFFRQWUROLQVSLUHGYLHZDQGDSSURDFKWRSURFHVVVDIHW\$,&K(-RXUQDO

>@ % 7HQJ $VVHVVLQJ 5LVN DQG 3UHYHQW $FFLGHQWV LQ &RPSOH[ 6\VWHP 0DVWHU 7KHVLV 1RUZHJLDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\

7URQGKHLP

>@-/\QHLV*5LFKDUGVRQ&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJV7KHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRIWKH6\VWHP'\QDPLFV6RFLHW\:DVKLQJWRQ

>@ - 6DPDGL 'HYHORSPHQW RI D 6\VWHPLF 5LVN 0DQDJHPHQW $SSURDFK IRU &2 &DSWXUH 7UDQVSRUW DQG 6WRUDJH 3URMHFWV O¶eFROH QDWLRQDOH VXSpULHXUHGHVPLQHVGH3DULV3DULV

>@56\YHUWVHQ0RGHOLQJWKH'HHSZDWHU+RUL]RQ%ORZRXW8VLQJ67$030DVWHU7KHVLV1RUZHJLDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\

7URQGKHLP

>@37KDPPRQJNRO7KH6\VWHP7KHRUHWLF$FFLGHQWDO$QDO\VLVRID&UXGH8QLW5HILQHU\)LUH,QFLGHQW0DVWHU7KHVLV0,7%RVWRQ

>@$Q\/RJLF>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZDQ\ORJLFFRP

>@<4LDQ:<DKXL%DVHGRQDJHQWWHFKQRORJ\RIJDVSLSHOLQHOHDNDJHXUJHQWUHSDLULQJVLPXODWLRQH[HUFLVHVDQGSUDFWLFDOFRXQWHUPHDVXUH DQDO\VLV7KHWK&KLQHVH&RQWURODQG'HFLVLRQ&RQIHUHQFH&KDQJVKD

>@-0HUFDQWLQL5/RVFKPDQQ(&KRXUDTXL0RGpOLVDWLRQHW6LPXODWLRQGXQV\VWqPHjULVTXHVPXOWLSOHVVXLYDQWXQHDSSURFKHFRJQLWLYH

&RQIHUHQFHRI$VVRFLDWLRQ)UDQoDLVHSRXUO,QWHOOLJHQFH$UWLILFLHOOH/DYDO

>@:;)HQJ/&KDR:<+XL7KHFLW\JDVHPHUJHQF\GLVSDWFKLQJVWUDWHJ\EDVHGRQPXOWLDJHQW7KHWK&KLQHVH&RQWURODQG'HFLVLRQ

&RQIHUHQFH&KDQJVKD

>@81(&($'5>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZXQHFHRUJILOHDGPLQ'$0WUDQVGDQJHUSXEOLDGUDGU$'5HB:(%SGI

>@$5,$>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZDULDGHYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOHJRXYIU

>@0$56>2QOLQH@$YDLODEOHKWWSVHPDUVMUFHFHXURSDHX