• Aucun résultat trouvé

Online orientation distribution function reconstruction in constant solid angle and its application to motion detection in high angular resolution diffusion imaging

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Online orientation distribution function reconstruction in constant solid angle and its application to motion detection in high angular resolution diffusion imaging"

Copied!
13
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: inria-00432959

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00432959

Submitted on 17 Nov 2009

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Online orientation distribution function reconstruction in constant solid angle and its application to motion detection in high angular resolution diffusion imaging

Emmanuel Caruyer, Iman Aganj, Christophe Lenglet, Guillermo Sapiro, Rachid Deriche

To cite this version:

Emmanuel Caruyer, Iman Aganj, Christophe Lenglet, Guillermo Sapiro, Rachid Deriche. Online orientation distribution function reconstruction in constant solid angle and its application to motion detection in high angular resolution diffusion imaging. [Research Report] RR-7102, INRIA. 2009, pp.12. �inria-00432959�

(2)

a p p o r t

d e r e c h e r c h e

ISSN0249-6399ISRNINRIA/RR--7102--FR+ENG

INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE

Online orientation distribution function reconstruction in constant solid angle and its application to motion detection in high angular

resolution diffusion imaging

Emmanuel Caruyer — Iman Aganj — Christophe Lenglet — Guillermo Sapiro — Rachid Deriche

N° 7102

Novembre 2009

(3)
(4)

Centre de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis – Méditerranée 2004, route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex

Téléphone : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Télécopie : +33 4 92 38 77 65

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥

r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t s♦❧✐❞ ❛♥❣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣

❊♠♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❈❛r✉②❡r✱ ■♠❛♥ ❆❣❛♥❥ ✱ ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤❡ ▲❡♥❣❧❡t†‡

●✉✐❧❧❡r♠♦ ❙❛♣✐r♦ ✱ ❘❛❝❤✐❞ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡

❚❤è♠❡ ✿ ❚❤è♠❡ ❇■❖ ✲ ❙②stè♠❡s ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐q✉❡s

➱q✉✐♣❡✲Pr♦❥❡t ❖❞②ssé❡

❘❛♣♣♦rt ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡ ♥➦ ✼✶✵✷ ✖ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r❡ ✷✵✵✾ ✖ ✾ ♣❛❣❡s

❆❜str❛❝t✿ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❖❉❋✮ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❝♦♥✲

str✉❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✭◗❇■✮ t♦ ♠❛♣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐♥tr❛✈♦①❡❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢

✇❛t❡r ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥✳ ❆s ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❧❛r❣❡ ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r r❡s♦❧✉✲

t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✭❍❆❘❉■✮✱ ❢❛st ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❤❛✈❡ r❡❝❡♥t❧② ❜❡❡♥

♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✱ ❛s ❛♥ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝②✳ ❚❤✉s t❤❡ ❛❝✲

q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ st♦♣♣❡❞ ♦r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✳ ❲❡ ❛❞❛♣t t❤❡s❡ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡

❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦rr❡❝t ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖❉❋ ✐♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t s♦❧✐❞

❛♥❣❧❡ ✭❈❙❆✮✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✉♣♦♥ t❤✐s r❡❝♦♥str✉❝✲

t✐♦♥✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ✜❜❡r ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥✱ ❛♥❞

♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ✈✐✈♦✳

❑❡②✲✇♦r❞s✿ ❖♥✲❧✐♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♠❛❣✲

✐♥❣ ✭❤❛r❞✐✮✱ q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✭q❜✐✮✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭♦❞❢✮✱ ♠♦t✐♦♥

❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✳

➱q✉✐♣❡✲Pr♦❥❡t ❖❞②ssé❡✱ ■◆❘■❆ ❙♦♣❤✐❛ ❆♥t✐♣♦❧✐s ▼é❞✐t❡rr❛♥é❡

❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ▼✐♥♥❡❛♣♦✲

❧✐s✱ ▼◆✱ ❯❙❆

❈❡♥t❡r ❢♦r ▼❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ▼✐♥♥❡❛♣♦❧✐s✱ ▼◆✱

❯❙❆

(5)

❘❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❧✐❣♥❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡

❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❞✬♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❛♥❣❧❡ s♦❧✐❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t

❡t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ à ❧❛ ❞ét❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞✉ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ❡♥

✐♠❛❣❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ à ❤❛✉t❡ rés♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❣✉❧❛✐r❡

❘és✉♠é ✿ ▲❛ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❞✬♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✭❖❉❋✮ ♣❡✉t êtr❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉✐t❡ à ♣❛rt✐r ❞✬✐♠❛❣❡r✐❡ ◗✲❜❛❧❧ ❡t ♣❡r♠❡t ❛❧♦rs ❞❡ ❝❛rt♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡r ❧❛

str✉❝t✉r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐té ❝éré❜r❛❧❡ ♣❛r tr❛❝t♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡ à ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡

❧✬✐♠❛❣❡r✐❡ ♣❛r rés♦♥❛♥❝❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✭■❘▼❞✮✳ P♦✉r ré♣♦♥❞r❡ ❡❢✲

✜❝❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❛✉① ♣r♦❜❧é♠❡s ❧✐és ❛✉ t❡♠♣s ❞✬❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡s séq✉❡♥❝❡s ❞✬✐♠❛❣❡s

■❘▼❞✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐èr❡♠❡♥t ❧♦♥❣ ♣♦✉r ❧✬✐♠❛❣❡r✐❡ à ❤❛✉t❡ rés♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❣✉❧❛✐r❡✱ ❞❡s

❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠❡s ❞✬❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡t ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❡♥ t❡♠♣s ré❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✬❖❉❋ ♦♥t été ré❝❡♠♠❡♥t ♣r♦♣♦sés✳ ❉❛♥s ❝❡ r❛♣♣♦rt ❞❡ r❡❝❤❡r❝❤❡✱ ♥♦✉s ❛❞❛♣t♦♥s ♥♦tr❡ ♣ré❝é✲

❞❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ s✉r ❧✬❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡♠♣s ré❡❧ ❞❡ ❧✬❖❉❋ ❛✉ ❝❛s ❞❡ ❧✬❖❉❋ ❝❛❧❝✉❧é❡

❡♥ ❛♥❣❧❡ s♦❧✐❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❡t ♦♥ ♠♦♥tr❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t t✐r❡r ♣r♦✜t ❞❡ ♥♦tr❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠❡

à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ♣♦✉r ❧✬❡st✐♠❡r ❡♥ t❡♠♣s✲ré❡❧ ❡t ❧✬✉t✐❧✐s❡r ♣♦✉r ❞é✲

t❡❝t❡r ❞✬é✈❡♥t✉❡❧s ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ♦♣érés ♣❛r ✉♥ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛✉ ❝♦✉rs ❞❡ ❧✬❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✳

▲✬❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠❡ ❞❡ ❞ét❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ❢❛✐t ♣❧❡✐♥ ✉s❛❣❡ ❞❡s rés✉❧t❛ts ✐♥t❡r✲

♠é❞✐❛✐r❡s ❢♦✉r♥✐s ♣❛r ❧❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬❖❉❋ ♣❛r ✜❧tr❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ❡t

♣❡r♠❡t ❞❡ ❞é❝✐❞❡r ❡♥ t❡♠♣s ré❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♥é❝❡ss✐té ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡r ♦✉ ❞❡ st♦♣♣❡r

❧✬❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❡♥ ❝♦✉rs✳ ❯♥❡ ❡①♣ér✐❡♥❝❡ ❛ été ♠❡♥é❡ ♣♦✉r t❡st❡r ❡t ✈❛❧✐❞❡r ❝❡tt❡

❛♣♣r♦❝❤❡✳ ◆♦✉s ♠♦♥tr♦♥s s✉r ♥♦s rés✉❧t❛ts q✉❡ ❧❡s ❝r♦✐s❡♠❡♥ts ❞❡ ❢❛✐s❝❡❛✉① ❞❡

✜❜r❡s s♦♥t ♠✐❡✉① ❞ét❡❝tés ♣❛r ❧✬❖❉❋ ❡♥ ❛♥❣❧❡ s♦❧✐❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✱ ❡t q✉❡ ❧✬❛♣♣r♦❝❤❡

♣r♦♣♦sé❡ ♣❡r♠❡t ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♠❡♥t ❞❡ ❜✐❡♥ ❞ét❡❝t❡r ❧❡ ♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t ♦♣éré ♣❛r ✉♥ ♣❛✲

t✐❡♥t✳ ❈❡tt❡ ❛♣♣r♦❝❤❡ ♦✛r❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✉✈❡❧❧❡s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❞❛♥s ❧✬❛♠é❧✐♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s

♣r♦t♦❝♦❧❡s ❞✬❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❞✬■❘▼ ❞❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥✳

▼♦ts✲❝❧és ✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡♠♣s✲ré❡❧✱ ✐♠❛❣❡r✐❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ à ❤❛✉t❡ rés♦❧✉t✐♦♥

❛♥❣✉❧❛✐r❡✱ ✐♠❛❣❡r✐❡ q✲❜❛❧❧✱ ❢♦♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❞✬♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡

♠♦✉✈❡♠❡♥t✱ ✜❧tr❛❣❡ ❞❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥✳

(6)

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❍❆❘❉■

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ▼❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✭▼❘■✮ ✐s ❛ r❡❝❡♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s r❛♣✐❞❧② ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❛s ❛ ❤❡❧♣ ❢♦r ❞✐❛❣✲

♥♦s✐s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✳ ❇② ♠❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢

✇❛t❡r ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s✱ ✐t ❛❧❧♦✇s t♦ ✐♥❢❡r ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ t✐ss✉❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧

♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❲❤✐t❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✜❜❡r ❜✉♥❞❧❡s ❛r❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❡❧❧ s✉✐t❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳

❇② ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❖❉❋✮✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ✐♥✲

❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❉❡♥s✐t② ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭P❉❋✮✱ q✲❇❛❧❧ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣

✭◗❇■✮ ❬✶❪ ❝❛♥ r❡s♦❧✈❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐♥tr❛✈♦①❡❧ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❙♦ ❛s t♦ s♣❡❡❞ ✉♣ t❤❡ r❡✲

❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❉❋ ❤❛s ❢✉rt❤❡r ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❬✷❪✱

❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❧✐♥✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ✉s❡❞

❖❉❋ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝♦rr❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ P❉❋ ♦❢

❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❈♦♥st❛♥t ❙♦❧✐❞ ❆♥❣❧❡ ✭❈❙❆✮ ❬✸✱ ✹❪✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦✈❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② t♦✲

✇❛r❞s ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s t♦ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t t❤❡s❡

♠♦❞❡❧s✳

❆♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇✐❞❡s♣r❡❛❞ ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ▼❘■ ❜②

❝❧✐♥✐❝✐❛♥s r❡♠❛✐♥s ✐ts s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② t♦ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ♠♦t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ t♦ ❝♦♠✲

♣❡♥s❛t❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ♠♦t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ■♠❛❣❡s

✭❉❲■✮ ♣r✐♦r t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❬✺❪✳ ❆ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ✭♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✮ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦✲

r✐t❤♠ ❤❛s r❡❝❡♥t❧② ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❬✻✱ ✼❪✱ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡

❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✇❤❡♥❡✈❡r t❤❡ s❝❛♥ ✐s ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛

❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r ❛❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❡ ❡①t❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣r♦✲

♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✼❪✿ ✇❡ ❛❞❛♣t ✐t t♦ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋✱ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ t♦ ✉s❡

t❤✐s ❛s ❛ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦♦❧ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✳

■♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✱ ✇❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ s✉❜s❡✲

q✉❡♥t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥

t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥

s✐❣♥❛❧✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ✜❜❡r ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠

s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧ ❞❛t❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❖❉❋ t♦ t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋✱ ❛♥❞

r❡s✉❧ts ♦♥ ❤♦✇ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡❛❞✐❧② ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ✈✐✈♦ ✇✐t❤ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✹

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s✳

✷ ▼❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞s

✷✳✶ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❖❉❋ ✐♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t s♦❧✐❞ ❛♥❣❧❡

❚❤❡ ❖❉❋ ❤❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ◗❇■ ❛s ❬✶❪✿

ODForig.u) := 1 Z

Z

0

P(rˆu)dr 1

ZFRT{S(ˆu)} ✭✶✮

✇✐t❤P(rˆu)t❤❡ ✸❉ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭P❉❋✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❛t❡r ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s✱

S(ˆu) t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ u✱ˆ FRT t❤❡ ❋✉♥❦✲❘❛❞♦♥ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠

❬✶✱ ✽❪✱ ❛♥❞Z t❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞✳ Z ✐s r❡✲

q✉✐r❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡✱ ❜② ❧❛❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❏❛❝♦❜✐❛♥ ❢❛❝t♦rr2✱ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖❉❋

✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ P❉❋ ♦❢ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈❙❆ ✭s❡❡

❬✸✱ ✹❪✮✳ ■t ✇❛s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❬✸❪ t❤❛t✱ ❜② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❏❛❝♦❜✐❛♥ ❢❛❝t♦r✱ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✲

✐♥❣ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞✱ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✜❜❡r

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✶✵✷

(7)

❊✳ ❈❛r✉②❡r✱ ■✳ ❆❣❛♥❥✱ ❈✳ ▲❡♥❣❧❡t✱ ●✳ ❙❛♣✐r♦✱ ❘✳ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡

♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s✿

ODFCSAu) :=

Z 0

P(rˆu)r2dr

1 + 1

16π2FRT

2bln(−lnE(ˆu))

✇❤❡r❡ E(ˆu) := S(ˆu)/S0 ✇✐t❤ S0 t❤❡ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ 2b t❤❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✲

❇❡❧tr❛♠✐ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❧❡ss ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛❧❧② ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❢♦r✲

♠✉❧❛ ♦❜✈✐❛t❡s t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ♣♦st✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦r

❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ s❤❛r♣❡♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡q✲s❤❡❧❧s ✐♥

❬✾❪✳❆ r♦❜✉st ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❖❉❋ ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✷✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✶❪✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s❡s ❛ ❧❡❛st sq✉❛r❡ ❡rr♦r s❝❤❡♠❡ t♦ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧

❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ✭❙❍✮ ❜❛s✐s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡s t❤❡ ❋❘❚ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞

❤❛s ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❡♥ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✸❪ t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋✱ ✇❤❡r❡ln(−lnE(ˆu))✱

✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢S(ˆu)✱ ✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❍ ❜❛s✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❋❘❚ ❛♥❞2b ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs

❛r❡ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❬✷❪ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛✲

t✐♦♥ t❡r♠ ♣r♦✈❡♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛✳

❲❤✐❧❡ t❤✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ♦✤✐♥❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲

t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖❉❋s✱ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ♣s❡✉❞♦✲✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② t♦♦ ❡①✲

♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ❢♦r r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧♠♦st ❛ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❖❉❋s ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❍❆❘❉■

s❝❛♥✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ✐♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❖❉❋ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❡①♣❡❝t ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡❧② t❤❛t t❤❡

♥❡✇ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛s t♦

♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛t❡ r❡✲s♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❬✶✷❪✱ ✐s

❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s✐♠♣❧❡st ❛♥s✇❡r ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❝❛s❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❞❡s✐r❡ t♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡

t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❜②

♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♣t✐♠✉♠ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ❡❛❝❤ st❡♣ t♦ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ✐t ♦♥ t❤❡ ✢②✳ ❆ ♣❛r✲

t✐❝✉❧❛r ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✻❪ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧❧②

❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ◗❇■ ❖❉❋s t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥

❬✷❪✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦rs ♦❢ ❬✼❪ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ s✉❜✲♦♣t✐♠❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❬✻❪ ❛♥❞ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞

❛ ♥❡✇ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧✐t②

♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✳

■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛s ✐♥ ❬✼❪✱ ②❡t t❤✐s t✐♠❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡

❈❙❆ ❖❉❋s ❬✸❪ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛❣❛✐♥ ❞♦♥❡ ❜② ❙❍ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡

❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧✱ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐ts❡❧❢✿

ln(−lnE(ˆu))

R

X

j=1

ˆ cjYju),

✇❤❡r❡ {Yj, j = 1, . . . , R} ✐s t❤❡ l✲t❤ ♦r❞❡r ❙❍ ❜❛s✐s ❢♦r r❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝

❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t s♣❤❡r❡ ❬✷❪✱R= (l+1)(l+2)/2✐s t❤❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜❛s✐s✱

❛♥❞ˆc= (ˆcj)j=1, ..., R t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ✈❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts✳ ❆♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧

❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥tscˆ❧❡ts ✉s r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ ❛t ❡❛❝❤ st❡♣✱

✐♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✇❛② ❛s ❞♦♥❡ ♦✤✐♥❡ ✐♥ ❬✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s

❛r❡✿

ˆ

c0 = E[c0]

P˜0 = E[(ccˆ0)(cˆc0)T] P0 = ( ˜P01+λL)1

gk = Pk1XTk(XkPk1XTk +σk2)1 Pk = (IgkXk)Pk1

ˆ

ck = ˆck1+gk(ykXkˆck1)

■◆❘■❆

(8)

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❍❆❘❉■

✇❤❡r❡yk = ln(−lnE(ˆuk))✐s t❤❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥uˆkXk ✐s t❤❡k✲t❤ r♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❍ ♠❛tr✐①X✱ ✇❤❡r❡ Xk,j =Yjuk)✳ Pk

❛♥❞gk ❛r❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♠❛tr✐① ❛♥❞ ❣❛✐♥✱ ❛♥❞

σ2k ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛t ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ k✳ ❋♦r ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ♦♥

t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ ✈❡❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✱ ✇❡ ❦✐♥❞❧② r❡❢❡r t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r t♦ ❬✼❪✳

❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❙❍ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛s✿

ˆ cj=

1

2π j= 1

1(−1)lj2 12××34××......××(l(ljj+1)2)cˆj j >1

✇❤❡r❡ lj ✐s t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ j✲t❤ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❙❍ ❜❛s✐s

✭s❡❡ ❬✷✱ ✸❪ ❢♦r ❞❡t❛✐❧s✮✳ ❲❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ t❤❛t ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡

s❛♠❡ ❖❉❋ ❛s ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❜② ♦✛✲❧✐♥❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳

✷✳✷ ▼♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✶ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝ts t❤❡ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝s

❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ˆc t♦ ❜❡st ✜t t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ln(−ln(E))✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ 2 ♥♦r♠✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛ ❢❡✇

✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ˆck1✐s st❛❜❧❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ♣r❡❞✐❝t ✇✐t❤ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② t❤❡

♥❡①t s✐❣♥❛❧ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡yk

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐❢ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ♠♦✈❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❛♥♥❡r✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞

✐♠❛❣❡s ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❜❡ r❡❣✐st❡r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✐①❡❧s ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t

♠❛t❝❤ ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ❆♥ ❛❜♥♦r♠❛❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r

♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞

❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ♠♦t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤✐s q✉❛♥t✐t② ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦r t♦ ✇❛r♥ t❤❡ s❝❛♥♥❡r ♦♣❡r❛t♦r t♦ st♦♣ t❤❡ s❝❛♥ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s t❤❡ ♥❡①t

❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛r❞❧② ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥✱

✇❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ǫk=ykXkcˆk1 ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✈♦①❡❧✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡

t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ sq✉❛r❡❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♠❛s❦❡❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳

◆❡①t✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✈✐✈♦ ✜❜❡r ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛s

✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳

✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts

✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦♥ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛t❛

❲❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✜❜❡r ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ❜② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ t✇♦

❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧s✿

E(ˆu) =1 2

euˆTD1ˆu+euˆTD2uˆ

✭✷✮

✇❤❡r❡ D1 ✐s ❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♠❛tr✐① ✇✐t❤ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❡♥tr✐❡s (9,2,2) ❛♥❞ D2 ✐s D1

r♦t❛t❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ y✲❛①✐s✱ ♦♥❝❡ ❜②60 ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t✐♠❡ ❜②90✳ ❆ss✉♠✐♥❣ ❛♥

❛♣♣❛r❡♥t ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✭❆❉❈✮ ♦❢0.7×103♠♠2✴s ✭t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐✈✐t② ✐♥

❜r❛✐♥ ♣❛r❡♥❝❤②♠❛✮✱ t❤❡s❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ ❛b✲✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ✹✽✵✵ s✴♠♠2

❚❤❡ ❖❉❋s ✇❡r❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ♦r❞❡r ❙❍ ❜❛s✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ✸✵ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳

❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶ ❢♦r ❈❙❆ ◗❇■✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦r ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ◗❇■ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞

❜② ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✲❇❡❧tr❛♠✐ s❤❛r♣❡♥✐♥❣ ✭Iα∇2b ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✱ s❡❡ ❬✶✸❪✮✱ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r α= 0.15❝❤♦s❡♥ t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❈❙❆ ◗❇■ ✇❛s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❬✸❪ t♦

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✶✵✷

(9)

❊✳ ❈❛r✉②❡r✱ ■✳ ❆❣❛♥❥✱ ❈✳ ▲❡♥❣❧❡t✱ ●✳ ❙❛♣✐r♦✱ ❘✳ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡

(a)

(b)

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✿ ■♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧❧② r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❖❉❋s ❢r♦♠ s②♥t❤❡t✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ✇✐t❤ ✜❜❡r ❝r♦ss✐♥❣s

♦❢ ✭❛✮60❛♥❞ ✭❜✮90✱ ❢♦r ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✶ t♦ ✸✵ ✭❧❡❢t t♦ r✐❣❤t✮✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ✭t♦♣✮ ❈❙❆ ◗❇■✱ ❛♥❞

✭❜♦tt♦♠✮ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ◗❇■ ✇✐t❤ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✲❇❡❧tr❛♠✐ s❤❛r♣❡♥✐♥❣✳

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✿ ❈♦r♦♥❛❧ s❧✐❝❡✿ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋✱ ❛❢t❡r ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✶✵✵ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✳ ❚❤❡

❖❉❋s ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ t❡♥s♦r ❋r❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆♥✐s♦tr♦♣② ♠❛♣✳

r❡s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ✜❜❡r ❝r♦ss✐♥❣s st❛rt✐♥❣ ❛t ❛ s♠❛❧❧❡r ❛♥❣❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧

◗❇■✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶ t❤❛t t❤❡60 ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ✐s ❜❡tt❡r r❡s♦❧✈❡❞

❜② t❤❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ ❛t ♠♦st ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ 90 ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ✐s r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞

❡q✉❛❧❧② ✇❡❧❧ ❜② ❜♦t❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞

t❤❛t ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡s s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❢❛st❡r ✇❤❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❖❉❋ ✭r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s s♠❛❧❧❡r ❜② ✵✳✵✵✶ ❢♦r

❝r♦ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❣❧❡s ❧❡ss t❤❛♥50✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❢♦r ❧❛r❣❡r ❛♥❣❧❡s✮✳

✸✳✷ ■♥ ✈✐✈♦ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥

❆ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✷✵✵ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ s❝❤❡♠❡

♦❢ ❬✼❪ ✇❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❙✐❡♠❡♥s ✸❚ s❝❛♥♥❡r ❛t t❤❡ ❈❡♥t❡r ❢♦r ▼❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❘❡s✲

♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ t♦ s❝❛♥ ❛ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ✈♦❧✉♥t❡❡r✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ✇❛s ❛s❦❡❞ t♦ t✐❧t ❤✐s ❤❡❛❞ ❛❢t❡r ❛❜♦✉t ✽✵ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥

✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s ✇❡r❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞✳ ❆ ♣✐❧♦t s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❛❝✲

q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✭s❡❡ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✮✳

■◆❘■❆

(10)

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❍❆❘❉■

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✸✿ ❆①✐❛❧ s❧✐❝❡s ♦❢ t✇♦ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s✿ ✭❧❡❢t✮ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ✭r✐❣❤t✮ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥

♦❝❝✉rr❡❞✳

50 100 150

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

1.4 Average Squared Prediction Error 200 dirs, Regular 200 dirs, With motion

❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ sq✉❛r❡❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♠♦✲

t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✇❛s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡❧② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ ✭❜✉t ♥♦t ❝♦rr❡❝t❡❞✮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r✐❣✐❞

r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉r❡❞✳

❲❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❙❧✐❝❡r✸ r✐❣✐❞ r❡❣✐str❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲

t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t 20 ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ③✲❛①✐s✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♠❛❧❧

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆①✐❛❧ ✈✐❡✇s ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✸✳

❚❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r ♦❢ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✶ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❙❍ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♦❢

t❤❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❧♦❣❛r✐t❤♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r λ= 0.006✳

❚❤❡ ✈♦①❡❧✲✇✐s❡ sq✉❛r❡❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ✇❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛t ❡❛❝❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✇❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✳

■♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✹✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤

❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ♣✐❧♦t ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ✜t ❣❡ts ❜❡tt❡r ❛s ♥❡✇ ♠❡❛✲

s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s✱ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❖♥ t❤❡

❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s✉❞❞❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐✲

♠❡♥t✱ ❛t ❛ ♣♦✐♥t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❡①❛❝t❧② t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✭✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✽✵✮✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✶✵✷

(11)

❊✳ ❈❛r✉②❡r✱ ■✳ ❆❣❛♥❥✱ ❈✳ ▲❡♥❣❧❡t✱ ●✳ ❙❛♣✐r♦✱ ❘✳ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡

✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❡ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ t❤❡

♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝♦rr❡❝t ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋❀ ♦✉r ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ t♦

❞❡t❡❝t ❝r♦ss✐♥❣s ✐♥ ✇❤✐t❡ ♠❛tt❡r ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✲

❝❡ss ❜❡②♦♥❞ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❖❉❋✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧s♦ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❧♦❝❛❧

❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② s✉❜❥❡❝t✬s ♠♦t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t

♠♦t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥t ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡rr♦r

✐s r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳ ❲❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❡s❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♣r♦✈✐❞❡

t❤❡ ❝❧✐♥✐❝✐❛♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r ◗❇■ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢♦r ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♦r ♣❛t✐❡♥ts ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② s✉st❛✐♥✐♥❣

♣r♦❧♦♥❣❡❞ s❝❛♥♥✐♥❣ s❡ss✐♦♥s✳

❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ st❡♣ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡s❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t

♦❢ ❛ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t✐♦♥ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✳ ❘❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡

♠♦❞❡❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧s♦ ♦♣❡♥s t❤❡ ✇❛② ❢♦r ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ♣♦st✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣

♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s s❝❛❧❛r ✐♥❞❡① ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ✜❜❡r tr❛❝t♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡

❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r✳

❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts

❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ♣❛rt❧② s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ▼❘■ ✭❈❉✲

▼❘■✮ ■◆❘■❆ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t❡ ❚❡❛♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✱ ◆■❍ ✭P✹✶ ❘❘✵✵✽✵✼✾✱ P✸✵◆❙✵✺✼✵✾✶✱

❘✵✶ ❊❇✵✵✼✽✶✸✮✱ ❖◆❘✱ ◆●❆✱ ◆❙❋✱ ❉❆❘P❆✱ ❆❘❖✳ ❲❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦

❘②❛♥ ▼✉❡t③❡❧ ❢♦r ❤❡❧♣✐♥❣ ✉s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❍❆❘❉■ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛t ❈▼❘❘✱

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ▼✐♥♥❡❛♣♦❧✐s✳

❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

❬✶❪ ❉✳ ❙✳ ❚✉❝❤✳ ◗✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❣♥✳ ❘❡s♦♥✳ ▼❡❞✳✱ ✺✷✭✻✮✿✶✸✺✽✕✶✸✼✷✱ ✷✵✵✹✳

❬✷❪ ▼✳ ❉❡s❝♦t❡❛✉①✱ ❊✳ ❆♥❣❡❧✐♥♦✱ ❙✳ ❋✐t③❣✐❜❜♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡✳ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞✱

❢❛st✱ ❛♥❞ r♦❜✉st ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❣♥✳ ❘❡s✳ ▼❡❞✳✱ ✺✽✭✸✮✿✹✾✼✕✺✶✵✱

✷✵✵✼✳

❬✸❪ ■✳ ❆❣❛♥❥✱ ❈✳ ▲❡♥❣❧❡t✱ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❙❛♣✐r♦✳ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ s♦❧✐❞ ❛♥❣❧❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✻t❤ ■❊❊❊ ■❙❇■✱ ❇♦st♦♥✱

▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✱ ❯❙❆✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✹❪ ❆✳ ❚r✐stá♥✲❱❡❣❛✱ ❈✳✲❋✳ ❲❡st✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❙✳ ❆❥❛✲❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③✳ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜❜❡r

♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❞❡♥s✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥

✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ◆❡✉r♦■♠❛❣❡✱ ✹✼✭✷✮✿✻✸✽✕✻✺✵✱ ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✺❪ ●✳ ❑✳ ❘♦❤❞❡✱ ❆✳ ❙✳ ❇❛r♥❡tt✱ P✳ ❏✳ ❇❛ss❡r✱ ❙✳ ▼❛r❡♥❝♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ P✐❡r✲

♣❛♦❧✐✳ ❈♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐st♦rt✐♦♥

✐♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥✲✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ▼❘■✳ ▼❛❣♥✳ ❘❡s♦♥✳ ▼❡❞✳✱ ✺✶✭✶✮✿✶✵✸✕✶✶✹✱ ❏❛♥✉❛r②

✷✵✵✹✳

❬✻❪ ❈✳ P♦✉♣♦♥✱ ❆✳ ❘♦❝❤❡✱ ❏✳ ❉✉❜♦✐s✱ ❏✳✲❋✳ ▼❛♥❣✐♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❋✳ P♦✉♣♦♥✳ ❘❡❛❧✲

t✐♠❡ ▼❘ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ t❡♥s♦r ❛♥❞ q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ✉s✐♥❣ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣✳ ▼❡❞✳

■♠❛❣❡ ❆♥❛❧✳✱ ✶✷✭✺✮✿✺✷✼✕✺✸✹✱ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐ss✉❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✶✵t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧

❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▼■❈❈❆■ ✷✵✵✼✳

■◆❘■❆

(12)

❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❈❙❆ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❍❆❘❉■

❬✼❪ ❘✳ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡✱ ❏✳ ❈❛❧❞❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ▼✳ ❉❡s❝♦t❡❛✉①✳ ❖♣t✐♠❛❧ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣

✉s✐♥❣ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s❡ts✳ ▼❡❞✳

■♠❛❣❡ ❆♥❛❧✳✱ ✶✸✭✹✮✿✺✻✹✕✺✼✾✱ ❆✉❣✉st ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✽❪ P✳ ❋✉♥❦✳ Ü❜❡r ❡✐♥❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐s❝❤❡ ❆♥✇❡♥❞✉♥❣ ❞❡r ❆❜❡❧s❝❤❡♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧❣❧❡✲

✐❝❤✉♥❣✳ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐s❝❤❡ ❆♥♥❛❧❡♥✱ ✶✭✼✼✮✿✶✷✾✕✶✸✺✱ ✶✾✶✺✳

❬✾❪ ■✳ ❆❣❛♥❥✱ ❈✳ ▲❡♥❣❧❡t✱ ●✳ ❙❛♣✐r♦✱ ❊✳ ❨❛❝♦✉❜✱ ❑✳ ❯❣✉r❜✐❧✱ ❛♥❞ ◆✳ ❍❛r❡❧✳

▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ q✲s❤❡❧❧ ❖❉❋ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ q✲❜❛❧❧ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ■♥ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢

t❤❡ ✶✷t❤ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▼■❈❈❆■✱ ♣❛❣❡s ✹✷✸✕✹✸✶✱ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱

❯❑✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✾✳

❬✶✵❪ ❆✳ ❲✳ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥✳ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✜❜❡r ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ❤✐❣❤

❛♥❣✉❧❛r r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❣♥✳ ❘❡s♦♥✳ ▼❡❞✳✱ ✺✹✭✺✮✿✶✶✾✹✕✶✷✵✻✱

◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✺✳

❬✶✶❪ ❈✳ P✳ ❍❡ss✱ P✳ ▼✉❦❤❡r❥❡❡✱ ❊✳ ❚✳ ❍❛♥✱ ❉✳ ❳✉✱ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ❇✳ ❱✐❣♥❡r♦♥✳ ◗✲❜❛❧❧ r❡✲

❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉❧t✐♠♦❞❛❧ ✜❜❡r ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝

❜❛s✐s✳ ▼❛❣♥✳ ❘❡s♦♥✳ ▼❡❞✳✱ ✺✻✭✶✮✿✶✵✹✕✶✶✼✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✻✳

❬✶✷❪ ❘✳ ❊✳ ❑❛❧♠❛♥✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✜❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳

❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❇❛s✐❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✱ ✽✷✭✶✮✿✸✺✕✹✺✱ ✶✾✻✵✳

❬✶✸❪ ▼✳ ❉❡s❝♦t❡❛✉①✱ ❊✳ ❆♥❣❡❧✐♥♦✱ ❙✳ ❋✐t③❣✐❜❜♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❘✳ ❉❡r✐❝❤❡✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛♥❞

r❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❖❉❋ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ r❡❝♦✈❡r ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ✜❜❡rs ✐♥ q✲❜❛❧❧

✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❘❡♣♦rt ✺✼✻✽✱ ■◆❘■❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✳

❘❘ ♥➦ ✼✶✵✷

(13)

Centre de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis – Méditerranée 2004, route des Lucioles - BP 93 - 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France)

Centre de recherche INRIA Bordeaux – Sud Ouest : Domaine Universitaire - 351, cours de la Libération - 33405 Talence Cedex Centre de recherche INRIA Grenoble – Rhône-Alpes : 655, avenue de l’Europe - 38334 Montbonnot Saint-Ismier Centre de recherche INRIA Lille – Nord Europe : Parc Scientifique de la Haute Borne - 40, avenue Halley - 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq

Centre de recherche INRIA Nancy – Grand Est : LORIA, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois - Campus scientifique 615, rue du Jardin Botanique - BP 101 - 54602 Villers-lès-Nancy Cedex

Centre de recherche INRIA Paris – Rocquencourt : Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt - BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex Centre de recherche INRIA Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique : IRISA, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu - 35042 Rennes Cedex Centre de recherche INRIA Saclay – Île-de-France : Parc Orsay Université - ZAC des Vignes : 4, rue Jacques Monod - 91893 Orsay Cedex

Éditeur

INRIA - Domaine de Voluceau - Rocquencourt, BP 105 - 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex (France)

❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐♥r✐❛✳❢r ISSN 0249-6399

Références

Documents relatifs

حلاصإ ىلع زكر رىاط خيشلا نأ وى و ويف ةجيتن مىأ لىإ يثبح ةتماخ في تصلَخ امك يسايسلا و يعامتجلاا حلاصلإا قيقتح في ةيلمعلا هذى ةيهملأ ميلعتلا و ةيبترلا بيلاسأ ,

In Chapter 3 , we explore the hardware architecture developed for simulating Spiking Neural Networks and propose an approach fitting dynamic sensors to be used with Precise

Par exemple, elle peut transformer de manière sûre un int en double, mais elle peut aussi effectuer des opérations intrinsèquement dan- gereuses comme la conversion d’un void*

نﺎﻓرﻋو رﻜﺸ ،ﻪﺘﻤﺤر باوﺒأ ﺢﺘﻔﺒ ﺎﻴﻠﻋ مﻌﻨأ يذﻝا ﷲا دﻤﺤأو رﻜﺸأ ﻲﻌﺴﻝا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻝ ﻪﻘﻴﻓوﺘ ﻰﻠﻋو ،ﻪﻨﻤ ةدازﺘﺴﻻاو مﻠﻌﻝا بﻠط ﺔﻤﻌﻨ ءارو .مﻴرﻜﻝا ﻪﻝوﺴر ﻰﻠﻋ مﻬﻠﻝا

(3) ( 1 ) ءاجو يف رارقلا يسنرفلا ون زوجي لامعتسا ليجستلا يتوصلا وفصوب لايلد يف تابثلإا كلذو يف تلااحلا يتلا لا اييف طرتشي نوناقلا ةيمكشلا

mRNA expression level (A); and protein expression level (B) of TNF-α, normalized to the corresponding level expression of housekeeping gene β-Actin, in differentiated SH-SY5Y

The present study is the first in a series of projects designed to evaluate the nutritional value of algal biomass produced from four freshwater species isolated in Northern

resolution. 6.25: Simulated absorption of the THEDEX bolometer... 6.26: Simulated reflectivity of the THEDEX FPA surface. 6.27: Comparison between simulated and measured