Contents
One: Introduction ...9
From Eastern Expansion to 'Brexit': The EU fifteen years after Framing Europe...9
Main argument and aims of the research...10
Qualifying recent resistance to integration: What is anti-Europe? ...11
Popular press: The point of narrative access ...15
Brief overview of the thesis and contributions to the discipline...16
Two: State of the Art...19
Introduction: Origins of the EU Supranational Discourse and resistance to EU integration...19
Institutionalization of EU Discourse in the Common Market: From Interests to Identity ...20
Reasons behind initial inclusion of labor movement in the 1951 Treaty of Paris... 21
Entrenching the justification behind the character of common market integration... 23
The spillover of freedoms, institutions and integrative rationale into the Treaty of Rome . 25 The affection-creating rationale of common market integration ... 27
The creeping expansion of supranational competencies and the movement of persons .... 30
From common to single market: Justifying EU citizenship’s right of free movement ... 32
Free movement and national debates of ‘EU’ Issues: From identity to interests...37
Increased integration's interaction with national mediated debates and identities ... 37
On visible consequences of integration: Resistance despite a viable integrative rationale . 40 Post-2004: The national politicization of free movement opposes the EU's discourse...46
Conclusion...55
Three: Theoretical Framework...57
Introduction: Free Movement, the Discourse/Identity Clash, and National Medias ...57
The ‘Constraining Dissensus’ as a Clash between EU Discourse and National Identity...58
The sticky construction of national identities, versus the EU discourse on integration ... 59
The interest-based rationale of the EU discourse: An appeal for identity formation... 63
Identity's influence on interest perceptions and their reinforcement in public discourse .... 65
The activation of EU resistance through identity conceptions of national societies ... 69
Capturing the discourse/identity clash within the public discourse ... 72
Role of Deviance in Moral Panic and the Crisis-Conflict-Resolution Narrative of News ...77
The Crisis – From beginning a story to constructing an ongoing issue... 82
The Conflict – From driving the narrative of an event to defining the sides of the issue ... 85
The ‘Resolution’ – From ending a report to incitement of 'Moral Panic'?... 88
The 'Five W's and an H’: The Components of Storytelling within issue narrative...90
What to report and Why - national identity and the assessment of event newsworthiness 93 When an issue is reported and How - National identity and the sides of a story... 94
'Where' an event occurs and Who is responsible - National identity and amelioration of deviance 96 Conclusion...98
Framing Integration in News across National Contexts: Operationalization of the Study ...99
The selection of case-study methods and countries to be examined ... 100
The point of access: popular discourse and selection of low-quality news outlets ... 105
Role of the selected press outlets in their respective national public spheres ...110
Tabloidizing ‘Revolutionary Journalism’: Post-1989 developments in Polish media culture 110 Rituals of objectivity: Journalists as a purveyors of truth in Anglo-Saxon media culture... 114
Taking a stand on the meaning of Spanish nationalism: Media environment in Spain ... 116
Selection of timeframe, type of sources to be analyzed and methodology of the study...119
Methods to be used: Qualitative narrative-frame content analysis... 121
Overview of the data: Differences in amounts of 'deviance' in Poland, UK and Spain. ...133
Is free movement worth it? The narrative of deviance in Poland... 134
State-based immigration and inferior EU policy: The narrative of deviance in the UK ... 136
The contestability of Spanish nationalism: The narrative of deviance in Spain ... 139
Conclusion...141
Five: The Crisis...143
Introduction ...143
'What' was considered newsworthy: Valenced narratives in popular news across cases ...145
A 'nation' of unwilling inferiors: 'What' was flagged as newsworthy in the Polish press .. 146
Events related to EU integration as creating topics of inequality with the West... 148
Events related to integration as creating topic narratives of foreign-dictated policy... 151
Events related to integration as creating topics of free movement as emigration ... 152
The British 'Nation' as betters of Europe: Topics deviant from integration in UK press... 155
Events related to integration as creating threats of "sovereignty-sapping" 'dictation'... 158
Events related to integration as creating threats to British identity conception ... 160
Events related to integration as constructing threatening topics about immigration... 162
Spain as a nation? What constituted deviant topics in the popular Spanish press ... 166
Events related to integration as lauding the ideal of movement in a single market ... 168
Events related to integration as Eurozone governance and consequences of austerity .... 170
Events related to integration as promoting standards of national unity ... 173
Events related to free movement and funding as (not) providing net-benefit... 175
Lamenting the threat of emigration: 'Why' free movement made the news in Poland...179
Free movement as menial employment: Emigration as a crisis of exploitation... 183
Crisis as caused by 'un-equal' treatment of the national in-group... 185
Disgust over 'threatening' EU migrants: 'Why' free movement made the news in UK ...187
Happy accidents & national crises: 'Why' articles related un-negatively to free movement 189 EU regulations as relevant to allowing migration of threatening 'others' ... 191
Crisis-events justified as threatening for their evidence of benefits tourism ... 192
EU free movement justified as causing representative instances of migrant crime ... 193
Free movement as an opportunity in light of the financial crisis... 199
Clash between the EU and Member States: Salient but not threatening... 201
Conclusion...202
Six: The Conflict...205
Introduction ...205
Painful reminders of underdevelopment: 'When' free movement made the news in Poland ...208
EU movements rights: A consolation to deviant underdevelopment ... 209
Migration as occurring amid a continued threat of inequality with the West ... 211
Emigration contextualized against economic woe: Where is the EU? ... 215
Brussels jams the floodgates wide: 'When' free movement made the news in Britain ...217
Free movement: Less relevant to the contextualization of conflict... 218
The' threat' of new immigration in plausible context of migrations ... 220
The EU as negatively encouraging instances of 'benefits tourism'... 222
The context of further integrative measures as allowing for migrant crime... 224
In the EU we are all one nation: 'When' free movement made the news in Spain...226
Free movement as positive to a nation of Europeanized Spaniards?... 227
The context of free movement: Creation of uncertainty for the national in-group... 228
A lack of solidarity ties: Barriers to migration as self-evidently unreasonable ... 230
Unfortunate abandonment: 'How' actions portrayed free movement in Polish news ...233
Conflict as national action against negative Western perceptions & realities... 235
Western/EU actions as threatening to the national in-group ... 237
Senseless Dictates: 'How' actions related to free movement were portrayed in UK news ...240
'How' UK national actions conflicted EU-created threats... 241
EU actions: A facilitator of the entry of 'threatening' out-group members ... 244
Union integrative actions: Senseless given portrayal of migrants’ motives... 246
Only wanting to 'win some': 'How' movement-related acts were portrayed in Spanish news ...247
Presence of EU discourse as a positive action in the Spanish press... 248
The continued presence of identity in influencing perceptions of actions for the in-group 250 Conclusion...253
Seven: The Resolution...255
Introduction ...255
An East united in oppression: 'Where' free movement occurred in the Polish press. ...258
Continued emigration from Poland as resolution in an amorphous European space ... 259
The single market as place of ongoing unchallenged threats to movement rights ... 260
The role of preexisting identity conception in according interest to other national groups 262 On a continent of deviant unity: 'Where' free movement occurred in the UK press...264
'Where' free movement occurs in the UK's interest: A lack of European affection ... 265
The EU's single space for movement as facilitating non-resolution of mass-migration .... 267
The EU's single space for movement, benefits tourism and resistance to EU integration . 270
The EU's single movement space and benefit to UK: The EU discourse contravened? ... 271
Towards unity in discord: 'Where' free movement occurred in the Spanish press...274
'Europe' as a space 'Where' integration costs the national in-group... 275
The EU discourse: Promoting Spain as a unified national space ... 276
The EU single market as an imperfect space for movement ... 279
The East, defenders against 'oppression': 'Who' was responsible for resolution in Poland...282
Elite European 'movers' as being betrayers of the nation ... 283
Nationals in an undeveloped country: 'Who' exhibits continued deviance ... 284
National actors: 'Who' is responsible for resolution... 286
The in-group as defenders of sovereignty: 'Who' was responsible for solving deviance in UK ...288
The impotence of national leaders in the face of continued deviant integration ... 289
Panic & the discourse/identity clash: 'Who' was responsible for disintegration... 291
The Spaniards, united in Europe: 'Who' was responsible for solving deviance in Spain ...293
The EU as resolving deviance through single market integration ... 295
EU leaders as unable to forestall the continued threat of disintegration ... 296
Normalization of continued conflict amongst national actors as resolution ... 298
Conclusion...301
Eight Conclusion ...304
Overview of thesis & contributions of the study in light of discourse/identity clash ...304
Summary of the thesis and main findings... 304
Theoretical and empirical contributions to the academic debate ... 309
Normative implications of the study's findings for EU integration ...312
The need for further research...314
