الحياة الاجتماعية في ظل النظام الاشتراكي بالجزائر

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ﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ

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ﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡ

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ﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲ

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ﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺙ

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ﻲ

ﺔﻨﻴﻄﻨﺴﻗ ﻱﺭﻮﺘﻨﻣ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ

ﺭﺎــﺛﻵﺍ ﻭ ﺦـﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻢـﺴﻗ

ﻞــﻴﺠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺭ

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ﻲﻠـﺴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻢﻗﺮﻟﺍ

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ﻥﺍﻮــــﻨﻌﻟﺍ

ﻝﺍ

لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ

ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ

ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ

ﺎـﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ

(1978-1965)

ﺮﺻﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﻭ ﺚﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺘﺴﺟﺎﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ

ﻋﺇ

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ﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺪ

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ﺔ

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ﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ

ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟ

ﻉﻮﻳﺭﺩﻮﺑ ﺔﻨﻳﱪﺻ

ﻑﺎﺼﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺔﻨﳉ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ

:

ﻘﻠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺴﻻﺍ ﺏ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺩ . ﻲﻝﺎﻔﻜﺴ ﻡﻴﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﻨﻤ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺩ . ﻑﺎﺼﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﻭ ﺎﻓﺭﺸﻤ ﻤ ﺍﺭﺭﻘ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﻹﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ -ﺭﺍﺭﺩﺃ ﺩ . ﺏﻴﺎﺸ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻗ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ -ﺃ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ 8 ﻱﺎﻤ 45 ﺔﻤﻝﺎﻗ . ﺩ . ﺩﻴﻤﻴﻤﺤ ﺔﻨﻴﺴﺤ ﺓﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ – ﺃ ﺎﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺭﻅﺨﻝ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ -ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ

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2010

-2011

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ﻫﻹﺍ

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ﺀﺍﺪ

ﻟﺇ

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ﻰ

ﺰﻳﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﰊﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻐﻟﺍ ﻲﻣﺃ

ﲏﺑﺇﻭ ﻲﺟﻭﺯ

ﰐﻮﺧﺇﻭ ﰐﺍﻮﺧﺃ ﻞﻛ

ﻡﺎﲤﺇ ﻲﻗ ﻢﻫﺎﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ

ﻩﺬﻫ

ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ

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ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗﻭ ﺮﻜﺷ

ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﰲ ﱐﺪﻌﺴﻳ

ﻥﺃ

ﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﺃ

ﻱﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻞﻳﺰﳉﺍ ﻱﺮﻜﺸ

ﺭﻮﺘﻛﺪﻟﺍ

:

ﻑﺎﺼﻔﺻﻮﺑ ﱘﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ

ﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻓﺮﺸﻣ ،ﻪﺗﲑﺼﺑ ﺭﻮﻨﺑ ﱐﺮﺼﺑ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ

ﲏﻫﺫ ﰲ ﺓﺮﻜﻓ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺬﻨﻣ ﻞﻤ

ﺭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻯﺃﺭ ﱴﺣ

ﻡﺍﻭﺩ ﻪﻟ ﺔﻴﻨﻤﺘﻣ ،ﱄ ﻪﻣﺪﻗ ﺎﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻜﺸﻟﺎﺑ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﺓﺮﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺃ ﻪﻴﻟﺇ

ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻜﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﳜﺭﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺪﺻﻹﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺣﺎﺠﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺰﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺤﺼﻟﺍ

ﲑﺜﻜﻟﺍ ﺎﳍ ﺖﻓﺎﺿﺃﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﳌﺍ ﺕﺮﺛﺃ

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ﺇﻭ ﺺﻟﺎﳋﺍ ﻱﺮﻜﺸﺑ ﻡﺪﻘﺗﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ

ﻛﺪﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﱐﺎﻨﺘﻣ

ﺘ

ﺓﺭﻮ

:

ﺎﻤ ﲏﺗﻮﺣ ﻦﻳﺬﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﻨﻌﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻋﺩﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﺠﺸﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱐﺎﳎ ﺔﺑﻮﺑ

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ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ... ﺃ -ﺥ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺌﻴﺒ ـــ ﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺔ ــــ ل ... 01 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ... ... 02 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ... 12 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ... 17 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺎ ... 22 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ... 28 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﺘﺄﺸﻨ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻝﻭﻤ ... 29 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻭ ﻪﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ... 31 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ... 39 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ... ... 41 ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ... 49 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ... 58 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ... ... 59 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ... 67 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ... 72 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ .... ... 77 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺇ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻹﺍ ... 81 لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻹ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ... 82 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ... 88 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ... 95 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ... 105 ﺎﺨ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺘ ... 119 ﻕﺤﻼﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ... 124 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻴﻠﺒﻴﺒ ... ... 148 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺎﻬﻓ ... 155 ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ ... 166

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ﺔـﻤﺩﻘﻤ

ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﺩﺎﻘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻤﻴﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻗﻷﺍ ، ﻭ ﻨﺒﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺎ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻘﺒﻁﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺘﻠﻔﻨﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻭ ، ﺕﺒﺭﺎﻀﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﻭ لﻭﺤ ﺕﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻠﺸﻓ . ﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺎﻨﺒﺘ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺤ ﻫ ﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭ ﻥ ﻭ ﻪﻗﺎﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻻ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﻌﺠﺭ ﺎﻴﻨﻁﻭﻭ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﺇ ﺎﺜﺍﺭﺘ ﺕﺩﻜﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻀ ﻱﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻊ ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﺡﻼﺴ ﻲﻬﻓ، ﻩﺩﻴﻴﺘ ﻊﻤﺯﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ لﺎﻤﺃ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ . ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ﻭ ﻥﺃ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻫﺫ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺕﻠﺨ ﻥﻭﺭﻗ ﻭ ﺔﻠﻴﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻠﺜﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ . ﻥﺇ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ لﻤﺸﻴ ﺙﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﺎﺒﻤ : لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻨﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺸ ، ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ، ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺽﺍﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ، ﻭﻬﻓ ﻱﺃ لﻤﻬﻴ ﻻ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ،ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻺﻝ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺭﻀﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺩﺤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻻ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺴ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻋﻭ لﻴﺩﺒﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ لﻅﺘ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﻲﺸ ﻭ ﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺒ ﺭﻴ ﺍ ﻴﺭﺴﻝ ﻊ . ﻴﺒﻁﺘﻓ ﻕ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﺘﻤ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻑﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤﺘﻝ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ . ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ : ﻙﺸﻻ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻔﻴﻜ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝ ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ،لﻤﺍﻭﻋ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻥﻋ ﺎﺠﺘﺎﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻬﺘﺠﺭﺩ ﺕﻨ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻠﻌﺠ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻭ،ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﻴ ﻴﺤﻝﺍ ـ ﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎ ـ ﻲﻓ ﺔ لﻅ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ -ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ -) 1978-1965 ( ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ، : ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻥﺇ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﻲﻋﻭﻝﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊ ﻭ ﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲ ﻕﻤﻌﺘﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻲﺘﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺕﺩﺠﻭ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ،ﻪﺘﺎﻘﺒﻁﻭ ﻪﺤﺌﺍﺭﺸﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﺒ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻪﺘﻭﺤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤ ،لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ لﺎﺤﺒ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﺠ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﻫ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻲﻨﻁﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﻗﻭ ﺯﻤﺭﻜ ﻪﺒ ﻪﺒﺎﺠﻋﺇﻭ ﺕﺩﺭﺃ ﻥﺇ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺃ ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﺍﻭﺘﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻭﻝ ﺔﻁﺎﻤﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻋ ﻡﺎﺜﻠﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ .

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ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ : ﺀﺍﺭﻵﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻭﺤ ﺕﺒﺭﺎﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻭ ﻑﻴﺨﻤ لﻜﺸﺒ ، ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺽﻴﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺽﻴﻘﻨﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﺅﻴ ﻥﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ ﻭ ﻤﺘﺤ ﻩﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻴﻠﺨﺘﻝ ﺔﻴ ﺃ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻑﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ، ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﻪﻨﺍ ﺭﻘﻓﺃ ﺀﺎﻴﻨﻏﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻉﺎﺠﺃ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ . ﻭ لﻭﺎﺤﺄﺴ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﻀﻭﺘ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺍ ،ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺩﻘﻋ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻓﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﻤﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻴﺘﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ لﻌﻝ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻝ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺓﺀﺎﺴﻹﺍ ﻪﻝ ، ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻠﺨﺍﺩﺒ ﺕﺩﻝﻭ ﻲ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻬﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﺄﺴ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ . ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ : ﺯﻜﺘﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻓ ﺔﻝﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ لﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ، ﺕﺍﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻘﻓﺍﻭﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻝﺎﻘﺘ ﻭ ، ﻡﻴﻗ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺌ ﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻭ ، ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﻡﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﻌﻨ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﻫ ﺍﺀﻭﺴ ﻭ ﺘ ؟ ﺍﺩﻴﻘﻌ ﻲﺘﺎﻴﻓﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻘﺒﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻋ ﻲﻫ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ لﻫﻭ ﺎﺒﺭﻭﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺨﺩﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺃ ؟ ﺱﻴﺌ لﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻭﻘﻝ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ : ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﺇ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻏ ﻻﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺭﺸ ﻻ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺎﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﻋ ؟ ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻲﻫﺎﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻁﻴﻁﺨﺘﺒ ﺍﻭﻤﺎﻗ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺭﻬﺴ ؟ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺏﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺭﺘﺴ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ : ﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﺘﻤﻴ ـ ﻥ " 1965 -1978 ﻡ " ﻫﻭ ـ ﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫ ﺓﺭﺨﺍﺯ ﻡﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ، ﻭﻤﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻙﺍﺫﻨﺁ ﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀ ، ﻭ لﺜﻤﻷﺍ لﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺭﻜﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻠﻝ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ . ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ : ﻌﺒﺘﺃ ﺕ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻲ ﺎﻬﻴﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ لﺜﻤ : -ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﺭﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻭﺭﻜ ﺎﻬﺒﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﻨﺼﺘ ، ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺎﻓ لﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻤﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻻﺇ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ لﺎﻤﻜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ، ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﻑﺼﻭﻜ ﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺒﻗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺌﻴﺒ . ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻠﻴﻠ :ﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻜ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ ﻩﺭﻜﻓ ، ﻭ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝ ﺕﺭﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ،ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﺤﻜ

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ﻭ ﺕﺍﺫﻝﺎﺒ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻭ ، ؟ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻭ لﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺭ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻨﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻁ ﺏﻌﺸ ﺡﺍﺭﺠﻝ ﺎﻤﺴﻠﺒ ، ﻘﻤﻋ ﻪﺤﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺎ ؟ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ : ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻋﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﻪﺒﺎﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺠﻭﺃ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ ﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺨﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺒﻁ ﺎﻤ ﻭ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ . ﺍ ﺎﻨﻨﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻨﻫﻭ ﻝ لﻭﻘ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺸﺘ ﺎ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﻜﺒ ﺍ ﺎﻨﻤ ﺘﻝ ﺤ لﻴﻠ ﻭ لﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺓﺩﻴﻔﻤ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ : ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺸﻻ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻭﻠﺨﻴ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﻻ ﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺈ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ . ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺴﺭﺍﺩ ﺔ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺍﻭ ﻬﺠ ﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺏﺎﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻲﻨ ، ﻲﻓ ﻕﻴﻗﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺔﻁﺎﺤﻹﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﻜﺒ ﺎﺨ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼ ﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻴ ﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺍﺭﺼ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻭ ﻼﺜﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ : ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻘﻠﺘ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻕﻠﻐﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﺩﺤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻤﻴﺴﻻ ؟ﻪﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻕﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ . ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ ﻓ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺤﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﻔﺨﻴ ﻼ ﻔﺸﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻵﺍ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺃﺭﻁ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﺠﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﻏ ﻲ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺠ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻋ لﻜﺎﺸﻤ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺩﻴ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺭﺜﺃ ﺓ ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻴﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻑﻌﻀﺘ ﺕﺩﺎﻜ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﺠ ﺱﻭﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺢﺘﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ . ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺨﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ، ﻰﻐﺘﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻘﻓﻭ ﻥﺎﻓ ﻭ ﺕﻘﻔﺨﺃ ﻥﺇ ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻨﺒﻝ ﻑﻴﻀﺄﺴ ﻲﻨﻨﺃ ﻲﺒﺴﺤﻓ . ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻭ ﻪﻌﺠﺍﺭﻤ : ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻻﺎﺼﺘﺍ لﺼﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺴﺭﺩ ﺘ ،ﺎﻬ ﻭ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻻﻭﺃ ﺃﺩﺒﻨﻝ . ﻻﻭﺃ : ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ : ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺘ ﺎﻬ : ﺃ ﺱﻠﺒﺍﺭﻁ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ 1962 ﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻘﻌﻨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺱﻠﺒﺍﺭﻁ 27 ﻭ ﻱﺎﻤ 04 ﺠ ﻥﺍﻭ 1962 ﻭ ﺭﻀﺤ ﻩ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻗ ) ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺔﺘﻗﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺨ ﻥﺒ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﺎﻜﺭﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺁﺭﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ( ﻭ ، ﺩﻗ ﻱﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ لﻭﺤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺇ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ .

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ﺏ - ﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺭ 1963 ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻤ 1964 ﻭ ﻥﺍﺫﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻥﺍﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﺎﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ . ﺕ - ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺨ . ﺙ - ﻋ ﻲﻝﻭﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻁﻝ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼﻝ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻥ ، لﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺭﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻭﻬﻓ ﻪﺒﺘﺎﻜ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻕﺭﻁﺘ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻔﻠﺨﻝﺍ ﻴ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻹﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻋ ﺱﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ . ﺝ -ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﻭ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻜﺫ ، ﺩ ﻪﻔﻝﺃ . ﺭﻭﻤﻴﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻤ ، ﻥﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻤﺎﻴﺃ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻪﻝ ﺍﺭﺎﺸﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ . ﺡ -ﺩ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼﻝ ﻥﻁﻭﻠﻝﻭ ﷲ . ﺭﻭﻤﻴﻤﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﺤﻤ ، ﺀﺎﺠ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺎﻜﻴﺭﺎﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﺴﺭﺒ ﺎﻤﻋﺩﻤ ﻑﻝﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺭﻤﺘﻝ ﺏﺘﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫﺒ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﻭﺃ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜﺘﻤ ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻜ ﺡﻭﺭﻁﻤﻝﺍ . ﺥ -ﻭ ﺏﺎﺘﻜ

ORIENTATIONS POLITIQUES DE L’ALGERIE (Analyse des discours du président Boumediene « 1965-1970 ») ﻱﺭﻤﻌﻤ ﺔﻔﻠﺨ ﻪﺒﺤﺎﺼﻝ ، ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺨﻝ ﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ 1970-1965) ( ﺓﻭﻼﻋ ﻕﻴﺜﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ لﺜﻤ : ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ 76 ﻕﺎﺜﻴﻤ ، 76 . ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ، لﺎﺜﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻜﺫﺍ : -ﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ لﺠﺭ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﺩ ﺭﻤﻁﻤ ﺩﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺓ ﻭ ، ﻲﻓ ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ، ﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺴﺃ ﺎﺒﻭﻠ ﺎﻁﺴﺒﻤ ﻼﻬﺴ ، ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ . -ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺒ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻠﻝ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠ . -ﺭﻴﻌﺸﻝﺍﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﻌﺴ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ . ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺼﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝ : ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ، ﺩ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜ . ﺼﻭﺒ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻑﺎﺼﻔ

-La STRATEGIE DE BOUMEDIENE : Pole Palta

ﺎﻤﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻬﻓ : ﻲﻠﺴﺭﻤ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﺍ " : ﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻤﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔ " ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ، ﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﺏﻁﺨﻝ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ 1978-1965 _ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭ لﺎﺼﺘﻻﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ -ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ . -ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ : ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ،ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺵﻴﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺌﺍﺭﺠﻝﺍ : ،ﺩﻫﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ .

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ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ : ﺔﻝﺎﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﺘ – ﺓﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ -ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻭ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ ﻭ ﻕﺤﻼﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻴﻠﺒﻴﺒ ﻭ ﺱﺭﺎﻬﻓ . لﺼﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒ . ﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻ ﻭ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ ﺎﻬﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴ ﻊﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻜﻔﻝ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ : ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻗﺭﻁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺩﻬﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺭﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺩﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ 8 ﻱﺎﻤ 45 ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ لﻜ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻕﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻋﺭﺼﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺤﻭﺘﻔﻤ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺢﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻨﺍﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺼﺒ ﺕﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻝ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻔﻠﺨ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻷﺍ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺩﻗ ﻡﺩﺨﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘ لﻼﺨ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻤﻋ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﺠﻝﺎﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻫﻷﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻐﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺤﻠﺼﻤ ﺫﺇ ﻥﻋ ﺽﺨﻤﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺕﺯﻴﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﺭﻭﻷﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻲﻓ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻕﻠﺨ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﻗﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻁﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻭ لﻔﻜﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻋﻭﻨﺘﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺇ ﻥ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﺤ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺩﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺎﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻭﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺙ ﺩﻭﺴﻷﺍ : ﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺽﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻜﺭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺼﺒ ﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴ ﺭﻜﺫﻨ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤﺒ ﺕﺤﻀ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻬﺸ ﻥﻭﻴﻠﻤ ﻑﺼﻨ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﻬﺸ ﻁﻭﻘﺴ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻨﺒﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺨ ﻥﻤ . ﻭ ﺕﻻﺎﺤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻊﺒﺘ لﻴﻤﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﺼﺤﺘ ﻻ ﻭ ﻡﺘﻴﻝﺍ . ﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻊﺒ : ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺜﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻬﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺘﻨﻜﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺭﻗ ﺙﻠﺜﻭ ﻥﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ، ﻝﺎﻓ ﺘ ﺭﻴﻘﻔ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﻥﺎﻴﺩﺅﻴ ﻊﻴﻭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﻤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ، ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﻨﺎﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻪﻓﺭﺼﻴ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ .

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ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﻴ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ : ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﻩﺩﻝﻭﻤ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺸﻨ ﻪ ﺩﻼﻴﻤﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﻭ ﺓﺄﺸﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ لﺤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻉﺭﻋﺭﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻭ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝ ﻩﺯﺎﻴﺘﺠﺎﺒ ﺍﺩﺒ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ لﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻩﺭﺜﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻨﺴﻘﺒ ﺓﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴ ، ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺩﺎﻐﻴﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﻨﻭﺘ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻊﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺴ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻅﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻨﻭﺘﻴﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻗ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ، ﺇ ﻪﺘﻠﺤﺭ لﺼﺍﻭ ﻡﺜ ﻰﻝ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ ﻕﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺯﻷﺍ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﻗﺎﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ 1955 ﻭ ، ﻑﻴﻜ ﻥﺃ ﻪﺘﻌﻨﺼ ﺩﻗ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻋﺎﻨﺼ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺼ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺭﺤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . ﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻊﺒ : ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﺩﺤﺘ ﺕﺜ ﻪﻴﻓ ، ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻉﺎﻁﻘﻨﺍ ﻼﺒ ﺩﻋﺎﺼﺘﻴ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻅ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻭ ﻁﻴﺴﺒ ﻱﺩﻨﺠ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺒ ﺩﻋﺎﺼﺘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﺩﺌﺎﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺠﻝ ﺱﺴﺅﻤ ﻴ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺵ ، ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﻸﻝ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﺒﻗ . ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻱﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺘﻝﺍ 19 ﻥﺍﻭﺠ 1965 ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ لﻭﺼﻭﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻅﺎﻔﺘﺤﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺴ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭﺒ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ : ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻉﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺒﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻝ ﻪﻔﻠﺨ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﺠﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ، ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻭ ؟ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺒ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺫﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺙﺭﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﺒ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻠﻝ لﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻬﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺎﻬﻘﺘﺎﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﻤﺤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺒ ﺀﺎﻨ ﻭ ﺩﻴﻴﺸﺘﻝﺍ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﺩﻌﻴ ﺔﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻴﻝﺃ لﻜ ﻥﺎﺸ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺎﺸ ﺍﺩﺠ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻋﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﻬﺠﻤ ﺕﺴﺭﻜ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺓﺭﺒﺘ ﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻁﻘ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻁﻋﺃ ﻯﻭﺼﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ .

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ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺭﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻪﻔﻠﺨ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻀﺭﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺥﺍﻭﻜﺃ ﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﻥﻜﺴ ﻥﻋ لﺌﺍﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﺼﻗ ،ﻡﺭﺘﺤﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺏﺠﺒ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﻡﻌﻨﻴ ﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻉ ﻪﻀﺭﺃ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﺴﻤﻝﺍ . لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ : ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻀﻴ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻤ : ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘ ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺭﻫﺎﺴﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﺤ ﻑﻴﻜ ﺔﻤﻫﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺴﺘ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻭ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺀﺎﺨﻹﺍ ﻭ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻁﺎﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻜ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ . ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ : ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭ ﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺍﺭﺯﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ : ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻝﺍ . ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ

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لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻹﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻹﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ . ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ .

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ﺎﻨﺘﺄﺴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻭ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻠﻜﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻓﺎﻅﺘﺒ " ﻱﺭﺍﻭﻫ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ " ﺒ ﺕﻤﻫﺎﺴﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺄﺸﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺩﻘ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻜﻔﻝ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻊﻤ .

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ

ﻴﺘﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺝﺭﻌﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺕﺎﻨ ﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺯﻴﻜﺭ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥ ﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻤﻭﺒ لﻔﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺄﺸﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻤﺜ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ 1930 ﺍﻭﻠﺨﺩﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺼﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺩﻬﻋ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺜﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻬﻝﻼﺘﺤﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨ ﻡ ﻡﻫﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺓﻭﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﻤﻏ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻠﻅﻴﺴ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﻘﺘﻌﻤ ﻭﻫﺯﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﺘﻼﻏ ﻊﻓﺭﻭ ﺩﺒﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﻭﻜﺘﻓﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻡﻬﻨﺃﻭ ،ﺓﻭﻨﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺍﻭﻤﺤﺘﻗﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻡﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻴﻨﻠﻌﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﺏﺭﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺸ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻭﺩﺎﻋﺃ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺒﺴﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﻭﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺒ ﻥﻭﺒﺭﻀﻴ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻼﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜﻭ ﺔﻤﻌﻨﺒ ﺎﻨﺍﺭﻔﻜ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻴﺭﺒﺘﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺎﺤﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺩﺤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ) 1 ( . ﺒﻫ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺕ ﻴﺭ ﺎ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻋﺭﺸﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﺡ ﺡﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ لﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻷﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﺯﺍﺭﺒﺇ ﻁﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻤ ﻊ ﺩﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺍﻭﺭ ﺃ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﻨﻔﺘﻴ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻤﻬﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺤﺘ ﻪﺘﻌﺸﺃ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻔﻁﺇﻭ ،ﻕﻴﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺩﻴﺩﻤﺘ ﺩﺼﻗ ﻡﺴﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻤﺍﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇﻭ ﺭﺌﺎﻤﻀﻝﺍﻭ . ﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﻡﺴﺍ لﻤﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻹﺍ ﺭﺩﺠﺘ ﺎﻤ لﻭﺃﻭ ﻴ ﻡﻭﻠﺒ ﻪ ) * ( ) 1 ( ﷲﺍ ﺩﻌﺴ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺒﺃ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ 1930 -1945 ، ﺝ 3 ﺩﻬﻌﻤ ،ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﻘﺜﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻼﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ : 1975 ﺹ ، 14 . ) * ( ﻡﻭﻠﺒ ﻥﻭﻴﻝ : ﺔﻨﺴ ﺩﻝﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ لﺠﺭﻭ ﺏﺘﺎﻜ 1872 ﻭﺘﻭ ﺭﻤﻋ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ 78 ﺱﻴﺭﻭﺠ ﻥﺎﺠ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒ ،ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﺘﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺱﺃﺭﺘ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 1936 -1973 ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﺌﺭﻝ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﻋﺩ ، ﺔﻨﺴ 1938 ﺔﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﺕﺎﻔﻝﺅﻤ ﻙﺭﺘ ،ﺓﺯﻴﺠﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻔﻝ ﻥﻜﻝ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻓﻭ . ﺭﻅﻨﺍ / ﻱﺭﻴﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ . ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻁ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 1 – ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺙﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ : 1984 ﺹ 25 .

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ﺕﻴﻝﻭﻴﻓﻭ ) ** ( ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻠﻝ ﺕﻴﻭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺤ ﻩﺎﻀﺘﻘﻤﺒ ﺢﻨﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ 2000 ﻭ 2500 ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻻ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺹﺨﺸ ﻑﻝﺃ ) 1 ( . ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﺤ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍ ﺹﺘﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ،ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻲﻤﻨﻬﺠ ﻁﻁﺨﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻪﻗﻭﻘﺤ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻌﺒﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻭﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﺍﻭﻨﻭﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻜﻔﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ . ﻥﺈﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻅﺤ ﻥﺴﺤﻝﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺍﻭﻨﻁﻔﺘﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ لﻜ لﺩﺒﻭ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﺤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻡﻬﺒ ﻯﺩﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ، ﻕﺭﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺒﺤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻘﺒﻴﻝ ﻡﻬﻌﺴﻭ ﻲﻓ . ﻪﻴﺒﺤﺎﺼ ﻡﺎﻏﺭﺇ ﻥﺍﻭ ﻡﻬﻝ ﺍﺭﺼﻨ ﺕﻴﻝﻭﻴﻓ ﻡﻭﻠﺒ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺽﻓﺭ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﻨﻅﻴ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﻴﻔﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻁﻭﻠﻝ ﺢﻤﺴ ﺫﺇ ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﺱﻜﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺩﺒﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻹ ﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻬﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉ ﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ، ﺎ ﻙﻼﻬﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺸ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ لﺎﺼﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﻭﺭﻜﻔﻴ ﺍﻭﺤﺍﺭ ﻡﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﻭ ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻫ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻁﻘﻓ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤ ﺎﻬﻝ لﺼﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺎﻬﻠﻜ ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﻜﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻤﺃ ﻻ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺕﺒﺜ ﺩﻗ ﻲﻋﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻤ ﻬﻨﻓﺩ ﺏﺠﻭ ﺔﻤﺜ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺎ ﻤ ﺎ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ) 2 ( . ﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺼﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻋﻭﻨ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻥﺇﻭ ﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻝﺎﻌﻝ ﺎ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻤﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺯﺒ ﻙﺎﺴﻤﻹﺍ ﺔ ﺕﺭﺩﺼﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒ ﻡﻭﻴ ﺍﺩﺤﻭﻤ 10 ﻱﺭﻔﻴﻓ 1943 ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻝﺍ ﻼﺼ ﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺤ ﺔﻠﺠﻌ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺔﻠﺠﺅﻤ ) 3 ( . ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻴﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻕﺤ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻭﻫ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﻪﻘﺒﻁﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﺩﺤﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺈﺒ ﺔﻔﻌﻀﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺼﻹﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺒ ﺩﻭﺯﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺩﺩﺤ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﺤﻼ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﻤﻭ : ) ** ( ﻲﻓ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﻝﺭﺘﺸﻹﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻤﺘﻨﻴ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤﺎﻋ ﺎﻤﻜﺎﺤ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﺕﻴﻝﻭﻴﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﻭﻤ ﻪﻤﺴﺍ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ﺔﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﻭ ﺥﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺩﻬﻁﻀﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺕﻴﻝﻭﻴﻓﻭ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺭﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺼﺭﺤﻭ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻯﺭﻜﺫﻝ ﻪﺘﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺒﺭﺠﺘ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﺜﻤﻤ ﺩﺭﺎﻁﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺩﻬﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺩﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻫﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﺨ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ، ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻪﺘﻨﻴﻋ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ 1936 ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺅﺸﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﺼﺘﺨﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﻲﻓ . ﺭﻅﻨﺍ / ﺹ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﷲﺍ ﺩﻌﺴ ﻡﺴﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺒﺃ 16 ) 1 ( ﻱﺭﻴﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : لﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻁ ، 1 ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺙﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، : 1984 ﺹ ﺹ ، 24 -25 ) 2 ( ﻱﺭﻴﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ ﺹ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝ 25 -26 . ) 3 ( ﻥﺎﻨﻗ لﺎﻤﺠ : ،ﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ،ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ لﺎﺼﺘﻼﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ : 1994 ﺹ ، 240 .

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-ﻻﻭﺃ : ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇﻭ ﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﺎﻜﺴ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﻻﺍ . ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜ : ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇﻭ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ . ﺎﺜﻝﺎﺜ : ﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺢﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺔﻐﻠﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻ . -ﻌﺒﺍﺭ ﺎ : ﻥﻴﺘﻐﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻔﺤﺼﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ . ﺎﺴﻤﺎﺨ : ﻥﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﺎﻔﻁﻸﻝ ﻲﻨﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ . -ﺎﺴﺩﺎﺴ : ﻴﺭﺤ ﺎﻜﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻥ ﻴﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ لﺼﻓ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﻥ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻹﺍ . -ﺎﻌﺒﺎﺴ : ﺸﺍ ﻡﻫﺩﻼﺒ ﻡﻜﺤ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻓﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﻓ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻙﺍﺭ . -ﺎﻨﻤﺎﺜ : ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻠﻘﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺡﺍﺭﺴ ﻕﻼﻁﺇ ) 1 ( . ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺩﺭ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺫﺇ ،ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﺒ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺎﺤ " ﻭﺭﺘﺎﻜ " " CATROUX " ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺔ ﺎﻬﻨﺍﻭﻷ ) 2 ( ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ " لﻭﻐﻴﺩ لﺭﺎﺸ " " Charles de Gaulle " لﻴﻓﺯﺍﺭﺒﺒ ﺡﺭﺼ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﻔﻨﺎﺠ ﺭﻬﺸ ﻲﻓ 1944 ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﻡﻜﺤﺘ ﻥﻷ ﺓﺭﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻌﺸﻝﺍ لﻴﻫﺄﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻥﺎﺒ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺩﻴﻓ ﻱﺩﺎﺤﺘﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ) 3 ( ﺭﻤﺃ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻡﺜ 07 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1944 ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻨﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺤ ﺢﻨﻤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺩﻗ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺤﻴﺭﺸﻝ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻲﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ 000 61 ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻨﻠﻋﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ . ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻸﻝ ﺎﻨﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻥﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻜﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺯﺠﻭﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻭﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻓ ﺩﻗ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻱﺃ ﺀﻼﺠﺒ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ، ﺓﺯﺭﺎﺒ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺠ ، ﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺯﺎﺠﻤ 08 ﻱﺎﻤ 1945 ﻻﺇ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻝ ﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻲ ﻡﺎﻴﻷﺍ . لﻔﺘﺤﻴ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒﻓ ﺸﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﻌﻓﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﺕﻤﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻌﺸ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕ ﻊﻓﺭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺍﻭﻝﺄﺒ ، ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺃ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨﺒ لﺎﻔﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺤﺒ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﺫﺘ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﻘ ) 4 ( . ﻭ ﺔﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﺜﺇ ﻡﺍﺩﻁﺼﻻﺍ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻱﺎﻤ ﻥﻤﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﻑﻴﻁﺴ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺒ ﻗﻼﻁﺈ ﻪ ﺹﺎﺼﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ لﺎﻌﺸ ﺏﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﻤﺤﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ : Paris , Edition de minuit , 1954 -1914 La naissance du nationalisme Algérien : André Noushi ) 1 ( 1962 P136

(2)_{André Noushi : OP-Cit p. 136}

(3)_{IBID . P 138} ) 4 ( ﻲﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤﻭ ﻁﻴﺭﺸ ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺁﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻁ ، 1 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤ ، . ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻗ : 1965 ﺹ 225 .

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ﻭ ﺩﺭﺄﻓ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻴ ﺍ ﻼﻴﺘﻗ ﻩ ، ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺠﻔﻨﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻠﺒﻗﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠ ﺕ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺭﻌﻤ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺭﻓ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺠﺎﻫ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻡﺘﺄﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺡﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻘﻨﺍ ﻭ ﻭﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻤ ﻥ ﺩﺠﻴ ﻡﻝﻭ ،ﻥﻭﻴﻨﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﻉﺎﻓﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺍﻭﺭﺜﻋ ﺡﻼﺴ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﻡﻝﻭ ﻴ ﺭﺼﺘﻘ ﻭ لﺘﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺁﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻤﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺩﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺘﻤﺍ لﺒ ،ﺎﻫﺩﺤﻭ ﻑﻴﻁﺴ ﺔﻨﻴﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻴﻭﺍﻭﺩﻭ ﻯﺭﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﺍﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻁﺍﺭﺨﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻴﺤﺍﻭﻨﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ، ،ﺎﻫﺯﺍﻭﺤﺃﻭ ﺔﻝﺍﺯﻤ ﺞﻓﻭ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ،ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺎﺴﺄﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﺭﺯﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﺸﺍﻭ ﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻤﻴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻴﺘﻏﺍﻭ ﺽﺒﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﻝﺈﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺸﻴﻠﻤ ﺕﻠﻜﺸ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺩﺤ ﻰﻠ ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺩﺎﺒﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﻭ ﺔﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺔﻤﺭﺍﺩﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺎﻬﺸﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻔﺴﺃﻭ 45000 ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺎﻴﺘﻗﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻴ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﻋﺇﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺸﺘﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﻻﻵﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﻋ ) 1 ( . ﺔﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﺴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺍﺭﺼﺇ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺍﺯ ﺔﻴﺸﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺼﺒﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ) 2 ( . ﻭ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﻓ ﻡﺴﺭ ﺩﻗ ) * ( ﺭﺯﺎﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺒﻁﻨﺍ 08 ﻱﺎﻤ 1945 ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺒ ) 3 ( " ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻝ ﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺏﻬﺘﻠﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺭ ﻭ ﺘﺘ ﻘ ﻌﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻗﺎﻋ ﺎﺴﺎﻤﺤ ﺩ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻊﻠﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﺯ " ، ﺎﻤﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺭﺠ ﺭﺌﺎﺼﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺎﻗ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎﻫﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ 175 ﺓﺭﺯﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺠﻤ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻠﻜﺘﺘ ) 4 ( : » ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺭﺤﺘﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭ ﺩﺎﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻑﻴﻁﺴ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻤﻝﺎﻗ ﻭ ﺔﻁﺍﺭﺨ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺘﻓﻼﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﺯﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﻭﺩﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﺒ ﺊﺠﻭﻓ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﻥﺩﻤ ﻭ ﺕﺴﻴﺩ ﻭ ،ﺹﺎﺼﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﻭﻠﻤﺎﺤ ﺩﺼﺤ ﻌﺒ ﻥﺍﺭﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻠﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﺩ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺼﺤﺘ ﻥﻴ ،ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻼﺒ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﻘﻠﺤ ) 1 ( ﻱﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﻡﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ 1830 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻰﺘﺤ 1954 ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﺙﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ، ﻗ ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، : 1985 ، ﺹ ﺹ 219 -220 . ) 2 ( ﺱﻭﻜﺭﻓ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ : ﻴﻴﻘﻴﻨﻴﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻬﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺝﻭﺭﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ) 814 ﻕ . ﻡ 1962 ( ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺔﺒﺎﻨﻋ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ، : 2003 : ﺹ 241 . ) * ( ﺕﺎﺤﺭﻓ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ) 1899 ﻡ -1985 ﻡ : ( ،ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺓﺭﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ لﺠﻴﺠﺒ ﺩﻝﻭ ﻕﺤﺘﻝﺃ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻁﻨﺴﻘﺒ ﺎﻴﺭﻭﻝﺎﻜﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺸ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝﺎﺒ ) 1921 -1923 ( ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﺩﻓ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻙﺭﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺨﺩ ،ﺔﻤﺼﺎﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻝﺩﻴﺼ ﺹﺼﺨﺘ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻊﺒﺎﺘ ، ﺔﻨﺴ ﺕﺴﺴﺄﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ 1927 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺴﺃ ،ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺩ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ 1944 ﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺔﻴﺭ ﻡﻭﻴ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺒﻘﻝﺍ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻘﻝﺃ ،ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﻤﻀ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ 31 ﻱﺎﻤ 1945 ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﺘﺒ 08 ﻱﺎﻤ 1945 ﺔﻨﺴ ، 1946 ﻥﺍﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻻﺇ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻠﻝ ﻡﻅﻨﻴ ﻡﻝ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻠﻝ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻹﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺎﺒﺯﺤ ﺱﺴﺃ 1955 ﺍ ﻪﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ لﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ، ﻱﺭﻜﺴﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝ ﺭﻅﻨﺍ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﺎﺒﺇ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻠﻝ / ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻑﺎﺼﻔﺼﻭﺒ ﻡﻴﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﺭﺸﻋ ﻊﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻼﻋﺃ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺝ ، 2 ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻤ ﻥﻴﻋ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﻯﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، : 2004 ﺹ ﺹ 206 – 213 ) 3 ( ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﻓ : ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻝ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻭﺜﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ ، : ﻥﻭﺩ ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻤﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﻀﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ ،لﺎﺤﺭ ﺭﻜﺒﻭﺒﺍ ﺹ ،ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ 253 . ) 4 ( ﻕﻴﺩﺼﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﻔﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺴﺅﻤﻝﺍ ، : 1999 ﺹ ﺹ ، 29 -30

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لﺒﺎﻨﻘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻤﺤﻤ ﻭ ﻥﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺩﺘ ﺭﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻯﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻱﻭﺴﺘ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺙﺜﺠﺒ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ... ﻰﺘﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻜﻬﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﺒﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻠﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺩﻗ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﻨﻠﻝ لﻴﺨ ... « . ﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺍ ﻕﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻤﻠﺴ ﺕﺃﺩﺒ ﺩﻗ ﺭﻜﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﻔﻝﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﻴ ﺔ ﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺃ ، ﻡﻬﺘﺤﺭﻓ ﻥﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝ ﺔﻴﺸﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺼﺘﻨﺎﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺯﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ، لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺇ ، ﺃ ﻻ ﻥ ﺕﻝﻭﺤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻭﻔﻨ ﻲﻓ لﻌﺸﺃ ﺏﻴﻬﻝ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻔﺴﻌﺘﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﺠﻭﻤ ﺭﻭﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘ ،ﺏﻀﻐﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺓ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻉﺎﻓﺩ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﻔﻨﺃ ﺍﻭﺩﺠﻭ ﻡﻬﻨﻷ ،لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺄﻴﻬﻤ ﻻ ) 1 ( . ﻴﺸﻴﻠﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻓ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﻋ ﺔﻠﻴﻁ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺴﻨﻹﺍ ﻕﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﻴﺭﺠﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﺭﻤﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎ ﺭﻔﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺍﺭﻔﺤ ﺃ ﻥ لﻤﻜﺘﺴﻴ ﻁﻨﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺎﻫﺩﺤﺃ ﻁﻘﺴﻴﻝ ﺹﺎﺼﺭﻝﺍ ﻕﻠ ﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺭﺍﻭﻴ ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁ ﻥﻭﺭﺸﻋ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻴﻓ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋ ﻡ ﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻴﺄﺒ ﻡﻫﺭﺒﻗ ﺍﻭﺭﻔﺤﻴ ﻥﺃ لﺒﻗ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﺍﻭﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻫ ﺔﻴﻌﻓﺩﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺯﻴﺯﻌﺘﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﺸﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺘ ﺀﺎﻤﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﻫﺯﺘ ﺡﺍﻭﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﺩﻬﺘ ﺕﻭﻴﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﻙﺩﺘ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺘ ﺽﺍﺭﻋﻷﺍﻭ ﻕ ﻙﻬﺘﻨ ... ) 2 ( ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ، ﺎﻴﺤﺃ ﺕﺭﻜﻨﺃﻭ ﻲﺠﺎﻤﺩﻹﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺕﻠﺜﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻓ ﺎﻨ ل ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﻓ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ، ﻝﻭ ﻥﻜ ﻱﺎﻤ ﻥﻤﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺯﺎﺠﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺀﻼﻤﺯ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﻌﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻫﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ 1945 ﺘﻨﺎﻜ ﺎ ﻪﻝﺎﻗ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻴﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺘﻜ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻬﻅﻴﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻨﻗ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺎﻤﺴﺎﺤ ﺎﻔﻁﻌﻨﻤ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ : ) 3 ( » ﻭ ﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻲﺴﻔﻨ ﺹﺨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨ ﺔﻔﺼﺒ ﺕﻴﻀﻗ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻨﻭﻤﺴﻴ " ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ " ،ﻕﻭﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻤﻜﺘ ﺏﺠﻴ لﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ ﺩﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺕﺴﻴﻠﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ... ﻰﺤﻀﻝﺍ ﻕﻨﻭﺭ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺱﻤﺸﻝﺍ ﺡﻭﻀﻭ ﺔﻌﺼﺎﻨ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺭﻜﻨﺃ ﻲﻝﺎﻤ « ﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﻴ ﺭﻴ ﺍﺩﺠ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻁﻨﺘ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺒﻗ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺏﺭﺎﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜ -لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ -ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺽﻗﺎﻨﺘﺘ ﺎﻌﻴﻤﺠ ) 4 ( . ﺙﺩﺍﻭﺤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ 08 ﻌﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻱﺎﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﻱﺭﺠﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﻅﻘﻴﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﺔ ﻻﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﺩﺃ ﺩﻗ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻬﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﻨ ﺍﻨ ﺩ ﻑﻘﺴ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻱﻭﺄﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺭﺎﺜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻤﺴﺭ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﺤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻓ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ 14 ﻱﺎﻤ 1945 ﻙﻠﺘ ﻥﺎﻴﻌﻠﻝ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺴ ﺔﺤﻓﺎﻜﻤﻝ ﻥﻭﻋﺩﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤ ﻲﻠﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻀﻗﺎﻨﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺌﺎ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﺭ ﺍ ﺍ ﻉﺎﺠﺭﺘﺴﻻ ﻱﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻰﻝﺇﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷ ﺴﻝ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒ ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺼﺘﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻋ ﻥﻤ ﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﺒﻋ ﻴ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻠﻀﻔﻴ ﻥﻴﺫﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ . ) 1 ( ﻱﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻁﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 221 -222 ) 2 ( ﺕﻴﻠﺒﺎﺘ ﻲﻠﻋ : ﺢﺒﺍﺫﻤ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻡﺌﺍﺭﺠ ﻥﻤ 08 ﻱﺎﻤ 1945 ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ لﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘﻭ 1954 ، ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺄﺘﻭ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺃ ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ،ﻲﻓﺭﻗ ﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻤ ،ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ لﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺇ ، : 1994 ﺹ ﺹ 19 -20 ) 3 ( ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺤﺭﻓ : ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺹ 248 . ) 4 ( ﺍﺭﻭﺘﺴ ﻥﻴﻤﺎﻴ ﻥﺒ : ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﺌﺍﺭ ﺝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺼﻤ 1898 – 1974 ، ﺔﻤﺠﺭﺘ : ،ﻲﻀﺎﻤ ﻰﻔﻁﺼﻤﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻋ ﻕﺩﺎﺼ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ : 1989 ﺹ ، 285

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ﺩﺎﻓﺃ ﺩﻗ ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺇ ﻤﻌﺘ ﺕﺤﺍﺭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ل ﻴﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺸﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ، ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻹ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺴﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺠﻭﺃ ،لﻼﻐﺘﺴﻻ ﺢﺒﺸ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﺠ ﻠ ﺱ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﺩﺎﺼﻴ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻴ 20 ﺔﻨﺴ ﺭﺒﻤﺘﺒﺴ 1947 ﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤﻭ ، ﻥﺈﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻝ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺒ ،ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺒ ﺕﺄﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﺴﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺤﻤﻝ ﺎﺼﺨﻠﻤﻭ ﺎﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻊﻗﻭ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ،ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ " لﻭﻴﺭﻭﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﺎﻓ " ) * ( ﺸﻴ ﺘ لﻤ ﺏﺍﻭﺒﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﺴ ﻭ ﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺨﻨﻝﺍ لﻀﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﺌﺎﻘﺒﺇ ﺭﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺏﻏﺭﺘ ) 1 ( . ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻝﺎﺒﻓ ﺙﺩﺤ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻡﻬﻔﻨ ﺎﻨﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﺌﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﺇ ﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻨ ﺹ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺈﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺴ ﺔﻠﺠﻌﺘ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻕﻠﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ) 2 ( . ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍﻭ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻻ ،ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺼ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻻ ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻨﺃﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺎﻴﻨﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ،ﺎﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻥﻭﺘﺴﻭ ﺎﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻥﻭﺘﺴ ﻪﻴﻓ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﺎﺴﻠﺠﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺄﺸ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﻭﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 9 ﺏﺍﻭﻨﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻤﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﻴﻼﻤ ﻲﻝﺍﻭﺤ ﻥﻭﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ 850.000 ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﺎﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤ . ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻥﻴﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻴﻘﺒﻴﺴ ﺩﺎﺒﻌﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻴﻓﺭﺤ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻡﺘﻭﻝﻭ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﻥﻴﻴﺒﻭﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﺴﻨﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴ ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 3 ( . ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻤ ﺕﻐﻝﺃ ﺩﺍﻭﻤ ﻥﻤﻀﺘ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﺜﻭ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻴﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻪﻨﺍ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻑﺼﻭ ﻼﻌﻓ ﻕﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻝﻭ " ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺦﺴﻤﻝﺍ " ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﻠﻁﺃ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ " ﻥﻭﺴﻨﻭﺠ ﺱﻴﺴﻨﺭﻓ " Francis Jhonson " ﻭ ﺕﻴﻝﻭﻜ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯ " Colette " ﺎﻤﻬﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻲﻓ " ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ " ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ﻥﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﺤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﺴ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ، ﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻥﻠﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ " ﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﻱ " ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻋﻭ ﺔﺌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ) 120 ( ﻘﻤ ﺍﻭﻀﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺴ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺔﺌﺎﻤﻨﺎﻤﺜ ﻥﻋ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻠﻗﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺓﺍﻭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﺴﻤﺨﻭ ﻑﻝﺃ ) 850.000 ( ﺔﻤﺴﻨ ) * ( لﻭﻴﺭﻭﺍ ﻥﺎﺴﻨﺎﻓ ﺩﻴﺴﻝﺍ : ﺔﻨﺴ ﺩﻝﻭ 1884 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﻓﻭﺘﻭ 1966 ،ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺭﻐﻴ ﻥﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺎﻬﺴﺭﺎﻤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻤﺎﺤﻤﻝﺎﺒ لﻐﺘﺸﺍ ، ﺸﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﺯﻭ ﻥﻴﻋ ،ﺏﻫﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘ ﻝ ﺍ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻡﻭﻠﺒ ﻥﻭﻴﻝ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻤﻠ 1936 ﻨﺴ لﺩﻌﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻴﺯﻭ ﻡﺜ ، ﻲﺘ 1937 / 1938 ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴ ، ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻠﻝ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻡﺜ ،ﺎﻤﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻠﻝﻭ ﻥﻴﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺴﻠﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺏﺨﺘﻨﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺭﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺭﻔ ﺔﻨﺴ 1947 ﺔﻨﺴ ﻰﻝﺇ 1954 . ﺭﻅﻨﺍ / ﺭﻴﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻱ ، ﺹ 30 . ) 1 ( ﻱﺭﻴﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺹ ﺹ 27 -30 ) 2 ( ﻥﺎﻨﻗ لﺎﻤﺠ : ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 218 ) 3 ( ﻱﺭﻴﺒﺯﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 31