Progress towards ultrafast spintronics applications

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Submitted on 17 Jul 2020

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Progress towards ultrafast spintronics applications

Amal El-Ghazaly, J. Gorchon, Richard Wilson, Akshay Pattabi, Jeffrey Bokor

To cite this version:

Amal El-Ghazaly, J. Gorchon, Richard Wilson, Akshay Pattabi, Jeffrey Bokor. Progress towards ultrafast spintronics applications. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Elsevier, 2020, 502, pp.166478. �10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166478�. �hal-02901699�

Journal Pre-proofs

Progress Towards Ultrafast Spintronics Applications

Amal El-Ghazaly, Jon Gorchon, Richard B. Wilson, Akshay Pattabi, Jeffrey Bokor

PII: S0304-8853(19)32672-1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2020.166478

Reference: MAGMA 166478

To appear in: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Revised Date: 24 December 2019 Accepted Date: 17 January 2020

Please cite this article as: A. El-Ghazaly, J. Gorchon, R.B. Wilson, A. Pattabi, J. Bokor, Progress Towards Ultrafast Spintronics Applications, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2020), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jmmm.2020.166478

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

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S`BQ` iQ /`BpBM; mHi`7bi K;M2iBxiBQM brBi+?BM; 2H2+i`B+HHv- r2 }`bi +QMbB/2` i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M QTiB+H B``/BiBQM M/ 2H2+i`B+H biBKmH@ iBQMX AM b?Q`i- QTiB+H B``/BiBQM Q7 K;M2iB+ K2iHb KF2b 2H2+i`QMb ?QiX >Qi 2H2+i`QMb /`Bp2 mHi`7bi K;M2iB+ T?2MQK2M BM irQ rvbX 6B`bi- ?Qi 2H2+i`QMb /`Bp2  +QKTH2t +b+/2 Q7 2H2+i`QM@2H2+i`QM- 2H2+i`QM@T?QMQM- M/ 2H2+i`QM@K;MQM b+ii2`BM; T`Q+2bb2bX h?2b2 b+ii2`BM; T`Q+2bb2b `2bmHi BM ~Qrb Q7 2M2`;v M/ M;mH` KQK2MimK #2ir22M 2H2+i`QMB+- bTBM- M/ pB#`@ iBQMH /2;`22b@Q7@7`22/QK (R- 3- ed- e3)X a2+QM/- bTiBH ;`/B2Mib BM BMi2`MH 2M2`;v /`Bp2 i`MbTQ`i T?2MQK2M (eN- dy- dR- 88- dk- dj)X LmK2`Qmb i?2@ Q`2iB+H M/ 2tT2`BK2MiH bim/B2b ?p2 +`2/Bi2/ mHi`7bi bTBM@+m``2Mib b  F2v /`Bp2` Q7 mHi`7bi K;M2iB+ T?2MQK2M (eN- dy- 88- d9)X

PTiB+H B``/BiBQM Bb MQi i?2 QMHv K2i?Q/ +T#H2 Q7 ;2M2`iBM; ?Qi 2H2+@ i`QMb BM  K2iH- ?Qr2p2`X 1H2+i`B+H +m``2Mib /`Bp2M i 7`2[m2M+B2b Km+? HQr2` i?M i?Qb2 Q7 pBbB#H2 HB;?i +M HbQ ;2M2`i2  MQM2[mBHB#`BmK bii2X i `QQK i2KT2`im`2- ?Qr2p2`- r?2`2 2H2+i`QM@T?QMQM +QmTHBM; Bb [mBi2 bi`QM; (d8)- H`;2 }2H/b `2 M2+2bb`v iQ BM/m+2 MQM@2[mBHB#`BmKX

q2 +M 2biBKi2 i?2 2tT2+i2/ MQM2[mBHB#`BmK #2ir22M 2H2+i`QMb M/ T?QMQMb ∆Tep 7Q`  ;Bp2M }2H/@bi`2M;i? E #v 2[miBM; i?2 `i2 Q7 CQmH2

?2iBM; iQ 2M2`;v i`Mb72` #2ir22M i?2 HiiB+2- gep∆Tep ≈ σE

2X >2`2- g ep Bb

i?2 2H2+i`QM@T?QMQM 2M2`;v i`Mb72` +Q2{+B2Mi- M/ σ Bb i?2 2H2+i`B+H +QM@ /m+iBpBivX Pm` bim/v Q7 HH QTiB+H brBi+?BM; Q7 :/62*Q rBi? TB+Qb2+QM/ QTiB+H TmHb2b bm;;2bib i?i mHi`7bi brBi+?BM; `2[mB`2b ?2iBM; bm{+B2Mi iQ /`Bp2 2H2+i`QMb iQ i2KT2`im`2b ∼ Ryy E ?B;?2` i?M i?2 HiiB+2 (kR)- b22 6B;X j#X hvTB+H pHm2b 7Q` 2H2+i`B+H +QM/m+iBpBiv M/ 2H2+i`QM@T?QMQM +Qm@ THBM; BM  K;M2iB+ i?BM }HK `2 σ ≈ 106

S/m M/ gep ≈ 10 18

W m−3 X

h?2`27Q`2-  bBKTH2 #+F@Q7@i?2@2Mp2HQT2 +H+mHiBQM bm;;2bib  }2H/ bi`2M;i? QM i?2 Q`/2` Q7 107

V /m TTHB2/ 7Q` i2M TB+Qb2+QM/b rBHH /`Bp2  K;M2iB+ K2iH BMiQ  MQM2[mBHB#`BmK bii2 +QKT`#H2 iQ i?2 QM2 +mb2/ #v B``/B@ iBQM #v  i2M@TB+Qb2+QM/ QTiB+H TmHb2X am+? }2H/ bi`2M;i?b `2 +?B2p#H2 BM KB+`Q2H2+i`QMB+ /2pB+2b- r?2`2 bKHH /BK2MbBQMb KF2 H`;2 }2H/ bi`2M;i? TQbbB#H2X

hQ /2KQMbi`i2 i?2 #BHBiv Q7 TB+Qb2+QM/ 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2b iQ /`Bp2 mH@ i`7bi /vMKB+b BM :/62*Q- r2 7#`B+i2/ i?BM K;M2iB+ K2iH }HKb BMiQ +QTHM` bi`BT HBM2b rBi? BMi2;`i2/ T?QiQ+QM/m+iBp2 mbiQM brBi+?2b (Rj- R9)X 6QHHQrBM; B``/BiBQM rBi? M mHi`7bi Hb2` TmHb2- i?2 T?QiQ+QM/m+iBp2 mb@ iQM brBi+?2b ;2M2`i2 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2b rBi? /m`iBQMb `M;BM; 7`QK R@Ry TB@ +Qb2+QM/bX h?2 TmHb2 /m`iBQM /2T2M/b QM  MmK#2` Q7 7+iQ`b- BM+Hm/BM; i?2 b2KB+QM/m+iQ` +``B2` `2+QK#BMiBQM `i2- i?2 /2bB;M Q7 i?2 mbiQM brBi+?-i?2 2H2+i`B+H +T+BiM+2 Q7 brBi+?-i?2 brBi+?- M/ brBi+?-i?2 /m`iBQM Q7 brBi+?-i?2 Hb2` TmHb2X AM Qm` 7#`B+i2/ bi`m+im`2b- i?2 bi`BT HBM2 Bb iT2`2/ /QrM 7`QK  8y µK rB/i? iQ 8 µK rB/i? iQ BM+`2b2 i?2 }2H/ K;MBim/2X  9 µK HQM; b2+iBQM Q7 i?2 8 µK rB/2 bi`BT@HBM2 Bb K/2 7`QK  MMQb+H2 K;M2iB+ }HKX q?2M i?2 TB+Qb2+QM/ 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2b Tbb i?`Qm;? i?2 K;M2iB+ }HK b2+iBQM Q7 i?2 bi`BT@HBM2- ?B;? 2H2+i`B+H +m``2Mi /2MbBiB2b `2bmHi BM ?mM/`2/b Q7 TB+Q@CQmH2b Q7 2M2`;v #2BM; /2TQbBi2/ BMiQ i?2 2H2+i`QMb Q7 i?2 K;M2iB+ K2iH (Rj- R9)X

AM 6B;X 8- r2 b?Qr mHi`7bi brBi+?BM; Q7  h U8 MKVf:/jy62ej*Qd Uky

MKVfSi U8 MKV }HK BM `2bTQMb2 iQ N Tb 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2b- HH Q7 i?2 bK2 +m`@ `2Mi TQH`BivX h?2 :/62*Q }HK TQbb2bb2b T2`T2M/B+mH` K;M2iB+ MBbQi`QTv- +Q2`+BpBiv Q7 3y P2- MBbQi`QTv-M/ MBbQi`QTv- +QKT2MbMBbQi`QTv-iBQM i2KT2`MBbQi`QTv-im`2 Q7 ∼kdy EX 6B;m`2 8 b?Qrb JPE1 KB+`Q;`T?b Q7 i?2 :/62*Q BM `2bTQMb2 iQ  b2[m2M+2 Q7 N@Tb 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2bX 7i2` 2+? 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2- i?2 K;M2iBxiBQM iQ;;H2 brBi+?2b iQ i?2 QTTQbBi2 /B`2+iBQM b T`2pBQmbHv Q#b2`p2/ rBi? QTiB+H TmHb2bX hQ /2i2`KBM2 i?2 bT22/ Q7 i?2 brBi+?BM;- r2 T2`7Q`K2/ iBK2@`2bQHp2/ JPE1 K2bm`2K2Mib Q7 i?2 /vMKB+bX 7i2` B``/BiBM; i?2 mbiQM brBi+? rBi? M QTiB+H TmKT TmHb2- M 2H2+i`B+H +m``2Mi TmHb2 Bb ;2M2`i2/ 7`QK i?2 brBi+? M/ T`QT;i2/ /QrM i?2 i`MbKBbbBQM HBM2X q2 i?2M K2bm`2 i?2 JPE1 bB;MH 7`QK i?2 :/62*Q }HK rBi?  iBK2@/2Hv2/ QTiB+H T`Q#2 TmHb2-b22 6B;X 8X _2p2`bH Q7 i?2 K;M2iBxiBQM /B`2+iBQM Q++m`b QM  Ry Tb iBK2@ b+H2 U/2}M2/ #v i?2 x2`Q@TQBMi +`QbbBM; Q7 i?2 K;M2iBxiBQMV- bBKBH` iQ i?2 /m`iBQM Q7 i?2 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2X 6QHHQrBM; `2p2`bH- i?2 62*Q K;M2iBxiBQM `2+Qp2`b `TB/Hv iQr`/  M2r 2[mBHB#`BmK bii2 BM i?2 QTTQbBi2 /B`2+iBQMX Ai `2+?2b dyW Q7 bim`iBQM rBi?BM Dmbi jy TbX b ?2i /Bzmb2b Qmi Q7 i?2 K2iH }HK- i?2 K;M2iBxiBQM `2+?2b bim`iBQM- BX2X +QKTH2i2 `2p2`bH- QM  R Mb iBK2b+H2X

AM //BiBQM iQ mHi`7bi ?2iBM;- i?2 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2b rBHH BM/m+2 /vMKB+b pB M Q2`bi2/ }2H/ M/ bTBM@Q`#Bi@iQ`[m2b 7`QK i?2 Si M/ h Hv2`bX h?2 bbQ+Bi2/ Q2`bi2/ }2H/ Bb QM i?2 Q`/2` Q7 ∼dy Kh- Km+? iQQ bKHH iQ +mb2 brBi+?BM; rBi?BM Ry TbX aBKBH`Hv- i?2 bTBM@Q`#Bi iQ`[m2b T`Q/m+2/ `2 HbQ iQQ bKHH iQ +mb2 mHi`7bi brBi+?BM;X J+`Q@bTBM +H+mHiBQMb #b2/ QM i?2

6B;m`2 8, lHi`7bi brBi+?BM; Q7 :/62*Q rBi? i2M TB+Qb2+QM/ 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2bX UV a+?2KiB+ Q7 i?2 2H2+i`B+H brBi+?BM; 2tT2`BK2MiX h?2 T?QiQbrBi+? Bb BHHmKBMi2/ rBi? Hb2` TmHb2b r?BH2 #2BM; #Bb2/ rBi?  /+ bQm`+2X U#V J;M2iBxiBQM /vMKB+b Q7 :/62*Q Bb KQMBiQ`2/ rBi? iBK2@`2bQHp2/ JPE1X qBi? 2MQm;? 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2 KTHBim/2- i?2 :/62*Q K;M2iBxiBQM brBi+?2b BM Ry TbX U+V JPE1 BK;2b Q7 i?2 :/62*Q *Sa b2+iBQM 7i2` b2[m2MiBH N@Tb 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2 2t+BiiBQMX 7i2` 2+? 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2- i?2 K;M2iBx@ iBQM Q7 :/62*Q iQ;;H2bX u2HHQr M/ #Hm2 /b?2/ HBM2b BM/B+i2 ;QH/ *Sa M/ :/62*Q b2+iBQMb- `2bT2+iBp2HvX a+H2 #`b- 8 KKX U+V hBK2@`2bQHp2/ /vMKB+b 7i2` 2t+BiiBQM rBi? /Bz2`2Mi +m``2Mi /2MbBiB2bX /Ti2/ 7`QK (R9)X Ü h?2 mi?Q`b- bQK2 `B;?ib `2@ b2`p2/c 2t+HmbBp2 HB+2Mb22 K2`B+M bbQ+BiBQM 7Q` i?2 /pM+2K2Mi Q7 a+B2M+2X .Bb@ i`B#mi2/ mM/2`  *`2iBp2 *QKKQMb ii`B#miBQM LQM*QKK2`+BH GB+2Mb2 9Xy U** "u@L*V ?iiT,ff+`2iBp2+QKKQMbXQ`;fHB+2Mb2bf#v@M+f9Xyf

GM/m@GB7b?Bix@:BH#2`i 2[miBQM bm;;2bi i?2 +?M;2 BM i?2 Qmi@Q7@THM2 K;@ M2iBxiBQM 7`QK bTBM@Q`#Bi iQ`[m2 rBHH #2 H2bb i?M RyW 7Q` i?2 }2H/ bi`2M;i?b Q7 E ∼ 107

V /m BM Qm` 2tT2`BK2Mib (R9)X

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9X hQr`/b _2HBbiB+ TTHB+iBQMb

h?2 #BHBiv iQ i`B;;2` mHi`7bi K;M2iBxiBQM brBi+?BM; mbBM; 2H2+i`B+H +m``2Mi TmHb2b +M ?p2 i`2K2M/Qmb BKT+i QM BMi2;`i2/ 2H2+i`QMB+ M/ bTBMi`QMB+ /2pB+2bX h?2 T`2pBQmb b2+iBQM /2b+`B#2/ ?Qr r2 2tT2`BK2MiHHv /2KQMbi`i2/ brBi+?BM; #v TB+Qb2+QM/ 2H2+i`B+H TmHb2b i?i r2 ;2M2`i2/ QTiB+HHv 7`QK QTiQ2H2+i`QMB+ brBi+?2bX >Qr2p2`- i?Bb ivT2 Q7 +m``2Mi TmHb2 ;2M2`iBQM Bb MQi M2+2bb`vX AMbi2/- TB+Qb2+QM/ +m``2Mi TmHb2b +M #2 2b@ BHv ;2M2`i2/ #v iQ/vǶb +QKTH2K2Mi`v K2iH@QtB/2 b2KB+QM/miQ` U*JPaV i`MbBbiQ` MQ/2b (3y)X h?mb- r2 +M MQr +QM+2Bp2 Q7 BMi2;`iBM; mHi`7bi bTBMi`QMB+b ;Bp2M i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 /`BpBM; mHi`7bi 2H2+i`B+H brBi+?BM; Q7 K;M2iBxiBQM mbBM; +QMp2MiBQMH *JPa i2+?MQHQ;vX

"27Q`2 +QKTH2i2 BMi2;`iBQM Q7 mHi`7bi bTBMi`QMB+b Kv #2 TQbbB#H2-  72r +?HH2M;2b `2KBM iQ #2 Qp2`+QK2X 6B`bi- b /Bb+mbb2/ T`2pBQmbHv- M BM@ i2;`i2/ /2pB+2 rQmH/ `2[mB`2 M 2H2+i`B+H `2/QmiX h?2`27Q`2- BM //BiBQM iQ

6B;m`2 e, hBK2@`2bQHp2/ JPE1 K2bm`2K2Mib Q7 mHi`7bi /2K;M2iBxiBQM Q7  *QfSi KmHiBHv2` }HKX 6QHHQrBM; B``/BiBQM rBi?  kX8 Tb QTiB+H TmHb2 i?2 K;M2iBxiBQM /2@ +`2b2b #v RW M/ i?2M `2+Qp2`b [mB+FHv iQ  M2r 2[mBHB#`BmK i M 2H2pi2/ i2KT2`im`2 rBi?  K;M2iBxiBQM yX8W HQr2` i?M i?i #27Q`2 i?2 2t+BiiBQMX Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?2 bK2 KQmMi Q7 2M2`;v /2TQbBi2/ 2H2+i`B+HHv `2bmHib BM  Km+? bKHH2` T2F /2K;M2iBxiBQMX q2 +`2/Bi i?2 /Bz2`2Mi /vMKB+b iQ /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2 MmK#2` M/ p2`;2 2M2`;v Q7 BMB@ iBHHv 2t+Bi2/ /Bbi`B#miBQM- BHHmbi`i2/ QM i?2 `B;?iX /Ti2/ 7`QK /i BM _27X (Rj)

i`B;;2`BM; i?2 K;M2iBxiBQM brBi+?BM; Ui?2 Ǵr`Bi2Ǵ QT2`iBQMV 2H2+i`B+HHv-M mHi`7bi /2pB+2 +QmH/ mb2  K;M2iB+ imMM2H DmM+iBQM UJhCV iQ Ǵ`2/Ǵ i?2 K;M2iBxiBQM bii2 BM i?2 7Q`K Q7  `2bBbiM+2X >Qr2p2`- JhCb K/2 rBi? 72``BK;M2iB+ :/62*Q ?p2 TQQ` imMM2HBM; K;M2iQ`2bBbiM+2 +QKT`2/ iQ imMM2H DmM+iBQMb K/2 7`QK KQ`2 +QMp2MiBQMH 72``QK;M2iB+ Ki2`BHb (8e)X a2+QM/- 2M2`;v M/ /2MbBiv `2[mB`2K2Mib /2KM/ i?i Mv BMi2;`i2/ mHi`@ 7bi /2pB+2b #2 b+H2/ /QrM iQ MMQK2i2` bBx2bX PMHv i i?2b2 /BK2MbBQMb +M i?2 brBi+?BM; 2M2`;v #2 `2bQM#Hv bQm`+2/ #v M BMi2;`i2/ +B`+mBiX aKHH2` /2pB+2b HbQ HHQr KQ`2 Q7 i?2K iQ #2 BM+Q`TQ`i2/ BMiQ  ;Bp2M `2X h?mb- BM M 2zQ`i iQ BMi2;`i2 mHi`7bi bTBMi`QMB+b- r2 Kmbi /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` i?2 T?vbB+b Q7 mHi`7bi brBi+?BM; b+H2b /QrM iQ MMQK2i2` /BK2M@ bBQMbX 6BMHHv- +QKTH2i2 BMi2;`iBQM rBHH HBF2Hv `2[mB`2 i?2 BM+Q`TQ`iBQM Q7 ``2@2`i? i`MbBiBQM@K2iH HHQvb BMiQ /2pB+2b rBi?  KQ`2 +QKTH2t Ki2`BH bi+F i?i BMi2`7+2b rBi? i`MbBbiQ`@H2p2H +B`+mBi`vX AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- r2 /2iBH 2tT2`BK2Mib i?i //`2bb i?2 }`bi irQ +?HH2M;2bX q2 b?Qr i?i mHi`7bi brBi+?BM; Q7 :/62*Q rBHH HbQ /`Bp2 i?2 `2p2`bH Q7 M /D+2Mi 2t+?M;2 +QmTH2/ 72``QK;M2iB+ Hv2`X q2 i?2M b?Qr mHi`7bi brBi+?BM; Q7 Tii2`M2/ :/*Q /Qib rBi? MMQK2i2`@b+H2 /BK2i2`bX

9XRX 62``QK;M2i bBM;H2 b?Qi >A@Pa

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