Building foundations on permafrost: Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T.

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Building foundations on permafrost: Mackenzie Valley, N.W.T.

Pihlainen, J. A.

Ser TAI N21,t2 |

a r . B

c . 2

BLffi

NATTONAL RESEARCH _{COUNCTL OF CANADA}

BUTLDING FOUNDATTONS _ON MACKENZ]E VALLEY

PERMAFROST; I { o W " r o

A Jolnt Contrlbutlon _{fnom tFre} D l n e c t o n a t e _{o f} - E n g l n " u * n * o " l o p m e n t C a n a d l a n Anmy, and the D l v l s l o n _{o f B u l . . l _ d l n g Research} T e e h n l e a l R e p o n t No, B

Dlvlslon

"r

EIilli"u Research

_{O t t a w a}

b y

J o h n A. plhlalnen

June I95l.

A F { , & ! . Y Z E D

-D B R N o , Z z

FOREWORD

P e r m a f n o s t i s s o lmportant a faetor i n n e l a t l o n t o b u i , - u d i n g l n t h e n o r t h o f Canada that the Dlvlsion o f B u t L d l n g R e s e a r c h h a s l o o k e d forward to studylng lt from the earrlest d a y s o f L t s w o r k " _{r t s e e m s c l e a r t h a t o n e o f t h e p r l n e i p a l d l n e e t l o n s i n} w h i e h t h e w o r k of the Dlvlsion q h o u L d p r o g r e s s ls tn eonneetlon w l t h t h e speeial bullding _{p r o b l e m s w h t c h exLst l-n the nor:th of} c a n a d a , m a n y o f w h l e h are lntimately a s s o e l a t e d w i t h t h e

e x l s t e n e e o f p e r e n n l a l l y _{f r o z e n g r o u n d t h r o u g h o u t mueh of thls} v a s t a r e a o

T h e D l v i s l o n t h e r e f o r e w e l c o m e d t h e o p p o r t u n l t y o f

a r r a n g i n g , _{e a r J - y i n t h e s u n m e r of Lj$o, Jointl-y wlth the} Dlree-t o r a Dlree-t e _{o f E n g l n e e r D o v e t o p m e n t of th6 canad.ian-Armrs a smalL} e x p e d l t l o n _{t o t h e M a e k e n z l e R l v e r v a r l e y " T h l s e x p 6 a r t i o n} l n l t i a t e d _{a s t u d y o f p e r m a f r o s t l n t h l s a r e a w l t h i p e c l a t} r e f e n e n e e t o f o u n d a t l o n s o f b u i l d l n g s l n s e t t l e m e n t l a l o n g t h a t g r e a t r l v e n o T h e D l v i s l o n w a s p a r t l c u l a r t y g J - a d t o b e a b t e t o s h a r e 1 n t h l s f u r t h e r e o - o p e r a t l v e v e n t u r e - w t t t r a b r a n e h o f t h e c a n a d l a n A r m y l n v l e w o f 1 t s m a n y c r o s e a s s o c l a t t o n s w l t h t h e D e p a n t m e n t o f Natlonal Defenc@ o

The _e:pedltlon was earried out by foun young lhorlo one, c a p t a l n J . D o w a J - k e r , R o y a l E n g i n e e r s , w a s a v t s i t o n l n c a n i d a from ttre Brltlsh Army, wi-th wLde experlenee j.n the North; he hae

slnce returned to England. Two othen members of the party were 2nd lLeutenants ln the Royal- Canad.Lan ilnglneers spending lirelr t h i r d _{v a e a t l o n f i r o m u n i v e r s l t y w o r k o n c " 0 . T o c o d u t y : e n a}

L l e u t e n a n t _{J o D o B l e a n e y w a s s t u d y l n g at eueenrs universlty, a n d} 2 n d L l e u t e n a n t _{J o N o G r e g g a l n w a s s t u d y l n g a t the unlverslti o f} S a s k a t c h s l v a n o

The f,ourth member of the panty was Mr" John A, pJ-hlalneno n o w a n A s s l s t a n t R e s e a r c h O f f i e e r w l t h t h e D l v l s l o n o f B u l r d l n g R e s e a r c h , w h o h a d had previous experienee in the nonth-eastern p a n t of canada. _{s l n e e h e w a s t h e o n l y one of the panty to be} c o n t l n u o u s r y _{e n g a g e d o n t h l s w o r k , rt felL on hlm to prepare the} r e p o r t s r e g a r d l n g t h e i n f o r m a t t o n e o l l e c t e d d u r J . n g t h a e i p e d i t l - o n o f h l s r e p o n t c o n s t l t u t e s _{t h e m a l - n r " e e o n d a n d h a s b e e n p r e - '} p a r e d b y Mr" Pthl-alnen jolntry f o r t h e D l v t s i o n a n d t h e D j . r e c -! _ o T " t e _ o f _ E n g l n e e r D e v e l o p r n e n t ( L t . - C o J - o C o E o B r o w n o D l r e e t o r ) . N o t o n l y d l d t h e D l n e c t o r a t e a s s i s t v e r y m a t e r l a L r y w i . t n t n e o r g a n l z a t l o n _{a n d p J - a n n l n g o f t h e expedltlon, b u t v a r l o u s o f f l e e r s} l n t h e D l r e c t o r a t e _{h a v e b e e n o f g r e a t a s s l s t a n c e t o M r " P l h l a l n e n} L n t h e p r e p a : r a t l o n of thls reporio

(r)

rt ls ttrenefone ln eveny s.ense a jolnt eontrlbutlon

fuom

t h e Dlvision and the Dlreetorate"

r t i " , of counse, only a

p r e l l m l n a n y statement slnce lt neeords the obgervations 6f

one sununer only"

_{rt ls hoped, lrotyevern that lt wltl prove of}

use and that those who examlne lt w1lI favour the Dlvlslon

*l_tF thelr pornments" crltl-clsms,

and suggestlons for future

p u b l l e a t l o n s

_{l n t h l s lmportant fle1d o}

Acknowredgement must also be made of the faet tb,at funds

f q n !8" tnansportatlon nequlrements of the expedltlon were

pnovided. thnough the Assoclate committee on solt and. snow

M e c h a n i c s of the Natl-onal'Reseanch councir"

f h l s c s m m l t t e e

l s eoncenned wlth arl aspeets of reseanch lnto the ter"ratn of

canada" ft ls therefore much concerned wl_th permafnost and.

w a s g r a d to aeslst flnanctally

_{w l t h thls pionler: efforto}

_.

0 t t a w a o

June , 1951"

R o b e n t F " Leggeto

D l n e c t o t o

(rr1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

P a r t f

I n t r o d . u e t l o n

T h e Investigations

o f LgS1

R e p o r t s

P a r t I I G e n e r a l O u t l l n e of permafrost O r l g l n _{a n d A g e of penmafnost} O c c u r r e n c e _{o f p e r m a f r o s t i n C a n a d a} Thenmal R6glme P e r m a f r o s t Surface Features

L o c a t l n g the Depth of the Aetlve Layer T h e E e s t r u c t l v e _{A c t l o n o f F ? o z e n S o l L s} C o n s t n u c t l o n _{t r l e t h o d s ln pspmsfrost}

\v _{P i l e s}

P a r t I I I _{T h e & i a c k e n z l o R l _ v e n Dtstnlct}

S e t t l e m e n t s o f t h e Maekenzie RLver Distrlct B u l l d l n g s _{l n t h e M a c k e n z i e R l v e r D l s t r l e t} T y p e s o f F o u n d a t l o n s Encountered E x a m p l e s of, Dlfferent _{T y p " s o f p e r m a f n o s t} F o u n d a t l o n s P l I e D r l v l n g _{P r o c e d u r e s} P l l e Driving a t Y e r l o w k n l f e P l 1 e D r l v l n g _{a t N o r m a n W e l _ l s}

Page_ No

_"

1

I

2

2

3

3

l+

l+

6

6

7

B

9

'1

10

1 1

t2

4

u

$

( 1 1 1 )

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONtsID

P a r t IV

C o n c r u d - o n s

G e n e n a l Conciuslons

Concruslons Regandlng Foundatd.

ons on Penmafnost

Part V

Recomnendatlons

Reeonmrcnded

Procedure s

C h a n t s for Construetlon Technlque and

F o u n d a t l o n Sclectlon

C o n c l u s t o n

R e f e r e n o e s

3 0

3 o

33

3 7

3 7

Appendlx A A p p e n d i x B Appendlx C S a m p 1 c o f a F l c t d $ c t t l c m e n t R e p o r t S a m p l e o f a F i e l d B u l l d l n g R o p o r t D e f i n l t l o n s

( rv1

BU]LDING FOUNDAT]OI\TS _{ON PERIVIAFROST;} NI-.ACKENZTE _{VALLEY N"W"TO}

b y

J o h n A . P l h l a i n e n

PART I T N T R O D U C T I O N

M o r e than one-haLf of the total area of canada may be eaL..!-ed t t T h e Northtf _{" T ' a r g e l - y u n i n h a b l t e d}

b u t p o s s 6 s s i n g many potential- :resources, t h e f u t t _{l r n p a c t o i r i s w e a l t h h a * y * i in be fert.}

) f t h l s v a s t p a r t o f C a n a d a ln

c o n s t r u c t l o n _{t e c h n t q u e s u s e d f o n} , n t f V frozen ground (permaf::ost )+*," ; R e s e a r e h h o p o d t h a t t h e n o t e s e o l _ _

begtnnJ.ng of thelr Northern

r o f p a r t l e u t a r s _{o n t h e d e s l g n r c o n _} ' e r y

b u i l _ d l n g ln Canadan E lfo::[h, i z e d t h a t t h e i n v e s t i g a t l o n s w o u L d

n o r t h e r n & F g B o

TrrE TNVESTTGATTONS _{OF Lg5o}

' : i Definltlons

f o r w o r d s marked Ln thls way wi.t-t be found ln Appendlx e o f t h i s R e p o r t .

2

REi,OfiTS

To help in

c o n s t r : u c tlon, a short

I o u n d a t i o n s neport.

u n d e r s t a n d l n e t h e p r o b l e m s of northern foundation o u t l - i n e of ferrnafnost pneceaes the actual

PART TT

_{GENERAL OUTLINE OE PER]UAFROST}

r frozen ground, or

, s caused englneers much , f n v e s t l g a I i o n _{o f}

r a s s e l d o m camled out b e h a v l o u r of frozen

3

n a t i o n s ( m e a s u n e d ln , i e n c e d "

A j t h o u g h the known l.or" some ftme, | p t b y t h e R u s s i a n s " , i . c a n lnve stigatlons r e c i a l J _ y w i t h regand to , a n d s "

ORTGTN AND AGE OF PERi\{AFNOST

OCCIIRRENCE

_{OF PER}fAFAOST}

TN CANADA

'

'

v a r l a t i o n s ln cllmate, vegetatJ-on,

_{s o i l o t o p o g n a p h y , and}

g e o r o g y e arr nave marked e*eci; ;;";# penmafnosf

_{t h o u g h t is glven to ah;;"-numerous}

_{t " o r " , * "}

_{r f some}

f a e t o r s that affe

c o n r i n u a n c e o f p e n m a f n o s i " - i t wiii ;;;;;ly

_{o e s e e n t}

c a n a d a t s p e r m a f r o s b ;;;;-i"?-oniy

_{b e a c c o m p r r s h e d Dy}

s u r v e y s "

_{T h e s e surveys would}

" " - 6 a i " i J J " o r r "

p e r m a f ' o

c a t e g o r i e s a s suggest6a by Sumgln (3),

l - o

; : : * $ f f t

s m a I l areas where per:mafrosr is found only in peat

2 0

f ; : : ; " o f

p r e d o m l n a n t j - y unfrozen ground wlth islend.s

o f penma_

tlSiir"irifi*:T.lnantrv

rrozen ground

wlrh isrands or unrrozen

l + " Area s of continuous permafnos t

_"

^ Numbers in brackets

Some T h e s e r e c o r d s t e n t a t l v e a n d o b s e r v a t i o n s h a v e s e r v e d as s n o u l d be used h

-t r a v e b e e n -compiled by MaJor Sco-t-t Lynno DoE"Do a b a s i s f o r t h e m a p i n F r g " 3 whien is

o n r y a s a g u l d e "

THERIVIA,L REGIME

r e a s c a n b e s e p a r , a t e d t n t o two e lay€r" whicfr freezes and thaws w h l c h r e m a l n s continuousJ-y frozeno

p e n d e n t on var:ious factors, o f w h l . c h ,

o l J _ n w a t e r content, a n d t o p o g r a p h y

PERMAFBOST _{SIAFACE FEATURES}

o f b u l r d l n g s _{i n t e m p e r a t e z o n e s e t h e}

n d l n v e s ! _ i g a t i o n _{b e f o r e the buridlng}

s l z e d , _{U n l e s s t t i e l _ o e a t l o n o f the}

' A ' s a n a i d ln prlmary neeonnalssanee, the followlng surface f e a t u r e s u s u a l l y g i v e s b m e lnd:-catlon of subsurface condltrons (l+)

"

Thlek l\loss wLth Hummoc

V e g e t a t L o n

Tundra or Scrubb

Brush P o o n d r a l n a g e a n d a h l g h p e r m a f r o s t tabLe. S p n u c e o may bo Stunted

p e r m a f r o s t _{t a b i e h a s been}

o f t i m e t h a t a r e a h a s b e e n cteared,

P o o r d r a t n a g e u wet ground an. a high permafrost table" L a n d C l - e a r e d o f T r e e s a n d Ftoss Coven Dlsturbed

l o w e r e d ,

_ D e p e n d l n g o n t h e J - e n g t h s o l . i - u a n d d r a i n a g e c o n d t t l o n s ,

- 5

t r o u n d m a y o r m a y n o t c o n t l n u e t o s e t t r e

" I f c o n s t r u c t i o n i s p l a n n e d

o n t h i s t y p e o f a r e a , f u r t h e r investlgatlons are essential,

Plne and F1::

P e n m a f n o s t t a b r e i s r o w o A r e a 1 s u s u a l l y reasonably well-d r a l n e well-d . W l t L o w s V e r y 1 o w p e r m a f r o s t _{t a b i e w i t h p o s s i b l l l t y o f u n d e n g n o u n d} w a t e r " _{A r e a w h e r e f t e i d s o f s u r f a c e l e e m a y f o r m o} B 1 r c h a n d P o p l . a n L o w p e r m a f r o s t t a b i e o r n o p e r m a f r o s t , w l t h usually welI-d r a l n e welI-d g n o u n welI-d . A s p e n P o p j - a r W i l l _{n o t g r o w o n f r o z e n ground"} Topography V a l l q J r L o w l a n d s

A s ' p e r m a n e n t l y frozen ground 1s usuaJ-ly lmpenmeable,

ground.-w a t e r f l o ground.-w s above the permafrost, _{d o w n r l d g e s i n l o lbwlands wlrerc there}

1 s p o o r d r a i n a g e a n d t h e p o s s l . b r i r t y o f t c l n g e o n d i t l o n s . R l d g e s

U s u a l l y b e t t e r d r a l n e d , a t t h o u g h a s b u l l d l n g s l t e s t h e y m a y b e t o o e x p o s e d " _{N o r t h e n n s l o p e s being r:dtatlvety u n e i p o s e d t o t f t e sun} f r a v e h l g h e r p e n m a f r o s t tables. G r o u n d R e l _ l e f T h e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e g e n o r a l l y f o l l o w s t h e g r o u n d . r e l i e f . F l o o d P i a i n s . f t l a r g i n s o f r l v e r s a n d r a k e s c e n b e p o o r b u l l d l n g s l t e s a s ! n " y m a y h a v e l a r g e l a y e r s o f u n f r o z e n m a t e r r i l , T h e d a n [ e r h e r e i" f r o n f l o o d l n g _{a n d t h e iormation o f s u r f a c e i c e "} S o L l s G r a v e l s a n d C o a r s e S a n d s

f n d i c a t e _{p r o b a b J - e g o o d drainage and low permafrost teble"}

F i n e - G r a i n e d S o l l s

U s u a l l y a h l g h p e r m a f r o s t _{t a b l e a n d b e c a u s e o f thls poolr} d r a i n a g e r e s u l t s ,

A l t h o u g h rock can be b e f e . r - t unless t[awrng weakens R o c k f a v o u r a bie ( a ) ( b ) : b p e r m a n e n t l y frozen, l t s s t r u c t u r e , n o a n x i e t y s h o u l d d i v i d e d i n t o s t n e n g t h ln C..Limatc I n g e n e r a i n - t h e f o l l o w l n g c l - l m a t i c I o r t f r e exlstenee of perenniaily t o n g a n d c o l d w i n t e r with s h o r t a n d cool suJnmer wlth

c o n d i t i o n s a p p o a r to be

f r o z e n gnound:

s n o w ;

p r e e t p l t a t i o n "

6 A

r i t t l e

_ilght

LOCATING THE DEPTII OF TI{E ACTTVE I,AITER T h e d e o t h a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n _{o f .} f o r d e b e r m l n i n g t h i s o f t h e a e t l v e J-ayer a b u i l d i n g . _{T n e n e} b y t f r o d d l n g t r or

l s y"oy important ln the design

a r e t w o p n a c t l c a t field methods

o y auger boring"

be o f

Roddr.ng

_/4- or l/p-l-neh _{sharpened steel rod}

rir.j.gef tsortng

Ti{E DESTRUCTIVE ACTION OF FROZEN SOILS T h e d e s t n u c t l v e a c t i o n of

t w o b a s i c t y p e s : d e t r i m e n t a l _{f i : o s t} p e r m a f r o s t _{o n t h a w i n g .}

f r o z e n s o 1 1 s m a v a c t i o n , _{a n d f o s l}

7

T h e s e t w o d e s t r u c t l v e f e a t u r e s c a n o c e u r Y e r y o f t e n c o n t r l b u t e c o - o p e r a t i v e l y " B o t h a c t l o n s i n t h e d e s t g n s t a g e u -l n d i v -l d u a r -l y , b u t m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d D e t r l m e n t a l _{F r o s t A c t i o n} T n e d e t r l m e n i a i - e f f e c t s o f f r o s t a e t l o n may be dlffenentj-aj ' n e a v e , w h i c h l l f t s _{p l l e s o r s u r f a c e f o u n d a t i o n s , a n d settjement during} t h e f r o s t meltrng perlod when the subsoil may nave j-ittle or no bean-i n g s t r e n g t h "

] ' h e a v i n g d u e t o f r o s t a c t l o n i s n o t g r e a t a s _ s t h a t o f the water ln the voids turning to

' ?3iffi:'.;:"e3:":;'T3T36

_3"f";";;T;,

_*-;I::,

l e e l - e n s e s m a y g r o w , e o n s l s t l n g o f h o r l z o n t a l

l a y e r s o f soi-ld lcer_ vanyll8 ln thlckne-s up to a foot and 1n i""sttr from a n l n c h t o s e v e r a L f e e t ' I t c a n r e a d l l y _{b e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t s u e h i " n g e} v o l u m e c h a n g e s can exent ver2y large forces on foundattonso

A f u r t h e r e o m p l l c a t l o n _{a r l s e s w h e n the l-ce 1enses melt in the} s p r l n g o _{A s u p o r s a t u r a t e d s o 1 1 w l t h little o r n o b e a r l n g s t r : e n g t h - i s} p r o d u c e d by thls thawlng. T h e f o u n d a t l o n s _{t h e n s e t t r e}

"

T h e . s i g n s of frost heavtngt.. are flrst f e r t _{i n t h e f a L l a n d} t h e y m a y eontlnue all wlnter,. s e t t i l n g _{o f t h e f o u n d . a t i o n s is usually} e x p e r l e n c e d l n t n e s p r l n g " _{A t t i m e s t E e s p r i n g s e t t J - i n g}

" * " " " a r - i r p f a l I _{a n d w l n t e n heave wtlrr the result}

t h a t d o o n s a n d w i n d o w s j a m almost a l l y e a r .

L o s s o f S t n e n g t h ln permafrost on Thawi.ng

A s w o u l - d be expectedo the thawing of perennlalJ-y frozen g r o u n d , w h i c h l n a n u n f r o z e n eonditlon possesses adequate-beartnj s t r e n g t h , _{i s n o t s e r l o u s . H o w e v e r ,}

" o " " , l n t h i s f a v o u r a b l e s u b s o l L c o n d l t l o n _{i t s h o u l d b e r e m e m b e r e d i n a t o t h e r faetors must be consrdered"} F o r e x a m p i e , 1n tne case of a flne sandp - fi&s the rowening of the

p e r m a f n o s t t a b l e a r t e r e d . tne reJ-ative denslty of the^sand ind the post-t l o n o f post-t h e w a post-t e r post-t a b r e w l post-t h respeepost-t post-to post-th;-ir;;l;e*g

T h e . I o w e r i n g o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t _ t a b l e , _{w h e r e t h e b e a r l n g} s t r e n g t h o f t h e t h a w e d s o i l i s lowr.ls of l-mmediate eoncerno Even s l l t s , _{i n a f r o z e n s t a t e , h a v e n i g h b e a r i n g e a p a e l t i e s .} T h l s f a c t w i L l b o f o r e @ i o n e e v e r h a s n a d . t o b o r e o r e x c a V e t e t h l - s r o c k - l l k e _{f o n m o f s o i L " 0 n t h a w i n g , b e c a u s e o f t h e i r v e r y h l g h waten} 9 9 T t " t ! t _{( F l g} t h e y a r e o f t e n t n a n s f o r * " d ' i n t o s e m l - J - i q u l d o r r i q u i d s t a t e s " 5 ) ,

CONSTRUCT]ON I\MTHODS IN PERMAFROST

D a m a g e b y f r o s t a c t i o n i s n o t p e c u . . l l a r to Arctie ar6aso Con-s t r : u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e Con-s d e v i Con-s e d in.more temperate areaCon-s can be uCon-sed to c o m b a t t h i s d e s t n u c t i v e f e a t u r e . D e s c r i p t i o n s _{o f t h e s e t e e h n l q u e s j - L e}

I

b e y o n d t h e s c o p e o f t h i s r e p o r t a n d , t h e r e f o r e , w i l l n o t b e a t t e m p t e d " K e e p i n g i n m i n d t h a t t h e m a i n d i I ' f i c u t t i e s w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n o n p e r e n n i a l l y f i o z e n g r o u n d a r l s e i f t h i s s o l l t t r a w s a n d p r o d u c e s a n u n s t a O l e s u b s o i l - , t w o m e t h o d s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e s u g g e s t e d " Actlve Method':.' T h e a c t l v e m e t h o d o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i s o n e i n w h i e h t h e p e r m a -f r o s t i s r e m o v e d " T h l s m e t h o d I s u s u a l l y c a r r l e d o u t w h e n l s l - a n d s o f p e r m a f r o s t a r e e n e o u n t e r e d ( s p o r a d l o p e r m a f r o s t x - ) , t l r e p e r e n n t a l l y f * o " " . r g p o u n d i s v e r y t o w , o r w h e n i t h a s b e e n d e t e r m l n e d t f r a t t h e p e r m a f r 6 s t w 1 1 1 n o t f o r t o a g a l n l f r e m o v e d " E x c a v a t t o n c a n b e c a r r t e d b u t b y p l c k a n d s h o v e l , b Y d r a l n a g e a f t e r m e . L t i n g w l t h s t e a m , o r b y e x p o s i t r i , t o t h e s u n , O i a s l l n g , a n d b y h y d r a u l l e s t r i p p l n g f o r } a r g e a r e a g o Passlve IViethod':r T h e p a s s i v e m e t h o d o f c o n s t r u c t l o n i s o n e i n w h l c h t h e p e r e n -n l a l l y f r o z e n g r o u n d i s p r e s e r v e d b y n o t d l s t u r b i f g _{l h e t h e r m a l r 6 g l m e "} F o n e i a m p l e , t i t n e v e g e t a t l o n c o v e r 1 s r e m o v e d , ( 1 n a t h l s l s n o t r e -c o m m e n d e A ) r ' a n e q u i v a r e n t a m o u n t o f i n s u l a t l n g f i l l m u s t r e p l a c e l t o n t h e p o r m a f r o s t t a b f e w i t l b e l o w e r e d " f f a b u i l d i n g l s t o b e p l a c e d o n t h i s f i l 1 , t t r e n a n a d d i t i o n a l a m o u n t o f i n s u l a t i o n m u s t b e p l a c e d ' t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e h e a t w h i c h y t r i l l b e e r n i t t e d f r o m t h e b u l l d l n g " _ F o r s o m e e x a m p l e s o f t h e p a s s i v e m e t h o d o f c o n s t r u c t l o n 1 n b u l l d l n g f o u n d a -t l o n s s e e F l g " b " G e n e r a f l y l t w i l l b e n o t e d t n a t t h e a c t l v e m e t h o d i e n d s i t s e l f t o a r e a s o f n o n - e o n t i n u o u s p e r m a f r o s t . T h e p a s s l v e m e t h o d w o u l d b e u s e d i n a r e a s o f c o n t i n u o u s ' p e r * a f r o s t " T h e u l t i m a t e e l r o i e e o f e i t h e r m e t h o d w o u l d . s e e m t o d e p e n d u p o n : l - o 2 o

3 .

4.

5 "

A t h e e x t e n t o f t h e Permafrost; t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e t n a w e d p e r m a f r o s t ; t n e w a t e r o r l c e c o n t e n t o f t n e s o l l ; t h e g e n e r a l t o p o g r a p h l c a n d g e o l o g i c f e a t u r e s o f t h e l - o e a l i t y i t h e f y p u a n d h e a t l n g p a r t i e u l a r s o f t h e b u i l d i n g ; t h e e b b n o r u l c b a i a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c o s t o f e x c a v a t l o n a n d e o s t o f i n s u l a t l o n r e q u i r e d . P I L E S A t t h e p r e s e n t t l - m e , p i l e s a p p e a r t o b e t h e m o s t e c o n o m l c a l f o r m o f f o u n d . a t i o n f o r h e a v y s t r u c t u r e s i n a d v e r s e l o c a t i o n s s u c h a s l o w - 1 y i n g , p o o r l y d r a l n e d , i r m u s k e g r r a r o a s . A s w o u l - d b e e x p e c t e d , p l J - e e o n s t r u c t i o n t e c i r n i q u e s i n p e r m a f r o s t a r e a s d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e u s e d l n t e m p e r a t e z o n e s a n d s o a s r r o r t a c e o u n t o f p l a c i n g p i l e s l n p e r m a f r o s t f o l l o w s .

- 9

Pile Theory

T n e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e l n p i l e c o n s t r u e t i o n o n p e r m a f r o s t i s t o

t h a w t h e g r o u n d w h e r e the pll-e ls to be driven, d r j - v e t h e p l l e , a n d t h e n

a l l o w , t h e p i l e s u f f l c l e n t t l m e t o t r f r e e z o i n r r o T h e p e r m a f n o s t t h e n

g r l p s t h e p l l e w j-th wnat ls known as tho rf adfreezJ-ngx- strengthrt, W h e n

t h e p 1 l e l s d r i v e n l n t o t h e thawed gnound, lt transfers a l o a d t o t h e

g r o u n d b y p o i n t bearlng. A s t h e p i l e f r e e z e s i n , t a e l o a d i s t r a n s f e r r e d p a r t l y b y p o i n t b e a r i n g a n d p h r t l y b y a d f r e e z l n g s t r e n g t h " W f i e n t h c p i l e l s c o m p l e t e l y f r o z e n l n , t h e l o a d 1 s t r a n s f e r r : e d b y a d f r e e z l n g s t r e n g t h " F r o s t H e a v l n g T h e u p w a r d f o r c e o n a p i l e d u e t o f r o s t L r e a v l n g ( s e e t f D e s t r u e -t i v e A c -t l o n o f F r o z e n S o i l - s r f p a g e N o " 6 ) u n d e r s e l e c -t c o n d l -t l o n s e a n b e v e r y g r e a t " S h o u l d t h e . a d f n e e z l n g s t n e n g t h a n d t h e l o a d i n g o n t h e p 1 J - e b e e x e e e d e d b y t h l s u p w a n d f o r c e , h e a v l n g o f t h e p i L e w 1 l l r e s u l - t " L o w e r l n g o f P e r m a f r o s t T a b l _ e N o n - f r e a v l n g s o 1 l s " - T n e l o w e r l n g o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e i n n o n -n e a v 1 f f i e -n e r a 1 1 y s e r 1 o u s i f t h e c h a -n g e 1 -n } e v e } 1 s -n o t t o o e x e e s s l v e " U n d e r s t a n d a b l y , _{t h e a d f r e e z L n g s t r e n g t t r w 1 1 1 b e l o w e r - e d b u t} l f t n e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e r e m a i n s a t t h e t o e o f t h e p l l e o t h e L o a d w i l l b e t r a n s f e r r e d b y p o l n t b e a r : t n g " f f t h e p i l e d o e s n o t p e n e t r a t e t h e p e r m a f r o s t _{t h e n t h e u s u a l c o n s l d e r a t i o n s o f i t p l l e f r j - c t l o n t r o r l o a d i n g} t e s t s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d " H e ? v l n g s o i l s " - T n e e f f e c t o f I o w e r l n g t h e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e t s d o u o l y i m p o r t a n t i n f r o s t - h e a v l n g s o l l e " A n i n c r e a s e l n t h e d e p t n o f t n e a c t i v e . L a y e r r e d u c e s t n e t o t a r a d f r e e z i n g s t r " e n g t h o f t n e p 1 l o . I n a d d l t i o n , _{l t 1 s q u l t e p r o b a b l e t n a t t h e f r o s t - h e a v r n g f o r c e o n t h e p i . J - o} l s i n c r e a s e d b e c a u s e o f t h e d e e p e r a c t l v e J _ a y e r "

PART I]I THE MACKENZIE RI1ER DISTRICT (5}

T h e t o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e i v i a e k e n z l e R l v e r $ y s t e r n , e o n s l d e r e d a s o r l g l n a t i n g a t t h e h e a d w a t e r s o f t h e F l n l a y R l v e r , 1 s 2 5 2 5 m l l - e s " I t s g r e a t d r a l n a g e b a s l n o c e u p l e s a n a r e a o f 6 8 2 1 0 0 0 s q u a r c m l - l e s o r a p p r o x l m a t e l y o n e - f l f t h o f t h e e n t l r e l a n d a r e a o f C a n a d a n e x e l u s l v e o f t h e A r e t l c I s l a n d s . 0 n t h e N o n t h ^ A m e r : l e a n c o n t l n e n t l t 1 e e x e e e d c d l n l e h g t h a n d d r a l n a g e a r e a o n l y b y t h e M l s s l s s l p p i _ Rlver:" I l o w e v e r , t h e n a m e f t M a c l r e n z i e R l v e r r t a p p l l e s o n l y t o t h a t p o r t l o n _{o f t h e M a e k e n z l e R i v e n S y s t e m e x t e n d l n g f r o m G r e a t S l a v e L a k c} t o t h e A n c t l c O c e a n , a d l s t a n e e o f o v e r 1 0 0 0 m l l e s o

,.":';:.H:'.::-'fr"::::',;:"::::"";::':"

fam.us,rlp

to tne del-ta of the Biackenzle Rlver Ln I7B9 to tlre' start of the Ftrst

1 0 t r a p p i n g " T h e f u r l n d u s t r y r e s u l t e d i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t r " a d i n g p o s t s a t a p p r o x l m a t e l y I ! 0 - m 1 l e i n t e r v a L s o n t h e M a e k e n z i e R i v e r . f h e f o l l o w i n g _{y e a r s h a v e b r o u g h t no drastlc e h a n g 6 s , T i m e h a s o n l y e n J - a r g e d} t h e s e t t l - e m e n t s w l t h the arrlval o f t h e m i s s i o n s , t l r e R o y a l C a n a d i a n M o u n t e d P o l l c e , _{t h e R o y a i C a n a d i a n C o r p s o f S l g n a r s a n d o f f i c l a i s o f} v a r i o u s F e d e r a l d e p a r t m e n t s , T h e o n l y s e t t l e m e n t o n t f i e l l i a c k e n z i e R i v e r a r e a w h i c h dld not d e v e l o p a s a result o f t h e f u r t r a d e i s N o r m a n ! i l e l . I s . I t l s a p l - a n t o f t h e I m p e r i a l 0 i l . . C o r n p a n y L l m l t e d , ( o i 1 w e 1 l s a n d r e f l n e r y ) o f S i c o n d W o r l d V [ a r "Canol't fame. Norman VIIells supplies the Mackenzie distrlet

w i t h p e t r o l e u m p r o d u c t s , _{a d e m a n d w h i c n i t can meet by summer operatl_on"}

P e r m a f r o s t D l s t r l b u t l o n

T h e a p p r o x l m a t e s o u t f i e r n r l m l t o f c o n t i n u o u s p e n m a f r o s t ts ln

t h e v i e i n i t y _{o f F o r t S l m p s o n ( F i g " 3 ). Permafrost was found in sponadlc}

t s l a n d s a t F o r t R e s o l u t i o n , _{H a y R l v e r a n d F o r t P r o v i d e n e e " F o r t S i m p s o n} h a s n o p e r m a f r o s t 1 n t h e o u i l d i n g a r e a , a l t h o u g h 2 0 y e a r s a g o lt occur-r e d c o n t i n u o u s l y a t a d e p t h o f I 8 l n c h e s . N o r t h o f F o r t S i m p s o n c o n -t l n u o u s p e r m a f r o s -t c a n b e e x p e c -t e d ,

BUILD]NGS IN THE MACI{ENZIE RIVER DTSTRICT

B u l l d l n g s _{1 n t h e s e t t l e m e n t s o f t h e M a c k e n z l e R l v e r d . l s t r i c t} d l v i d e t h e m s e l v s s i n t o f u n c t l o n a l _{g r o u p s - - l l u d s o n r s B a y C o m p a n y b u l l d *} l n g s , m i s s l o n b u l r d i n g s , e t e , p e r h a p s t h e m o s t s t r t k i n g eiampre of t h i s i s t n e r f c o m p o u n d r t a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e h r u d s o n r s B a y d o m p a n y r g o l d e r b u l l d l n g s . _{I n t h t s a r r a n g e m e n t t h e s t o r e r F € s l d e n c e a n d w a r e h o u s e s a r e} L o c a t e d o n t h e . . p e r i m e t e r o f a r e c t a n g u l a r f e n c e d - l n a r e a , _{e u l t e f r e} -q u e n t l y , _{t h i s t t b o x e d - t n t r a r e a i s t h e P o s t M a n a g e r r s v e g e t a b r e g a r : d e n ,}

T h e t t u d s o n t s B a y c . o m p a n y r s older type of bultdings ( 1 y f 6 ) are isually

t w o - s t o r e y f r a m e s t r u c t u r e s r e s t l n g o n m u d s i 1 1 s , T h e s e b u i l d l n g s a r e

s l o w l y b e l n g r e p . . t - a c e d by attractlvermodern ' r b u n g a t o w r r styJ"e nulldlngs

a n d t h e n c o m p o u n d r l a r r a n g e m e n t 1 s d i s a p p e a r l n g e - ( F 1 g _{" Z T i .}

B y f a r t n e l a r g e s t b u i l d l n g s l n t h e d l s t r L c t a r e t h o s e o f t h e

m i s s l o n s r -Angllcan and Roman Catholie" A p a r t f r o m t l r e c n u r c h o t h e

mlss l o n b u l l d l n g mlss m a y e o n mlss i mlss t o f a mlss c h o o J , h o mlss p l t a l p p € mlss l d e n e e a n d w a r e

-f t o u s e s . ' T h e y h a v e been constructed m a l n l y o f l o e . a l m a t e r l a l s a n d w l t h

n a t i v e h e l p "

A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e e n e a r l - y every settlement n a s a R o y a l

C a n a d i a n C o r p s o f S i g n a l s S t a t l o n " _{F o r t h e p a s t f e w y e a r s f r a m e b u i l d} -l n g s w -l t h c o n c r e t e basements have been bu-l-l-t for marr-led personne..Lo T h e e a r l l e s t _{o f t h e s e u w l t h n o m o d l f i c a t l o n s} f o r p e r m a f r o s t , _{h a v e s h o w e d} c o n s l d e r a b r e f a 1 I u r e s . T h e r a t e s t b u l l d i n g s t r a v e b e e n m o d i f l e d s l l g h t l y b u t l t i s t o o e a n l y t o s a y i f t h e y a r e s u e c e s s f u l " T h e m o s t s t n l k l n g b u l l d l n g s t h a t t h e C a n a d l a n G o v e r n m e n t i s e o n s t r u c t l n g _{a r e t h e f n d i a n D a y S c h o o l s " T h e s e a r e t w o - s t o r e y , f l a t} -r o o f e d f -r a m e s t -r u c t u -r e s , u s u a l l y w i t h s h o r t e o n e r e t e p i e r s o r - e o n c r e t e

1 1

b L o c k s f o r f o u n d a t l o n s ( f f g , 2 9 ) _{" T h e I n d . l a n D a y S c h o o l s c o n s l s t o f} o n e , t w o o r f o u r crassrooms dependlng on the poputatlon of the

s e t t l e m e n t . W e l 1 s , f i a s l t s ? f n a t l v e r l a r e a " v l s l t t h e s e t t l e m e n t s d u r l n g p e r m a n e n t sfielters b u t m e r e l y T h e s h a c k s o f t h e resldent E v e r y s e t t l e m e n t , e x c e p t N o r m a n T f r e m e j o n i t y o f t h e t r a n s l e n t f n d l a n s w r l o the sunner montrrs, do not botfrer to bu1ld p l t c t r t n e l r t e n t s c l o s e t o t h e s e t t l e m e n t , n a t l v e s w e r e n o t i n v e s t i g a t e d .

TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS ENCOUNTERED

E x c e p t f o n s t e e J - p t p e piles at Norman Wells, the differ:ent t y p e s o f f o u n d a t i o n s u s e d f o r s t r u c t u r e s _{i n t h e & l a c k e n z l e R l v e r} dls-t r l c dls-t a r e n o t p e c u l l a r _{t o a n y o n e s e t t L e m e n t . P e r t l n e n t s t a t j - s t l c s o n}

t h e f o u n d a t i o n _{t y p e s a r e g i v e n ln Table f, and examples of the dlffenent}

f o u n d a t l o n s _{f o l l o w a g e n e r a r d l s c u s s i o n o i T a b r e r .}

I t i s l n t e r e s t i n g _{t o n o t e t h a t m o r e t h a n half of all foundatlon}

t y p e s s h o w s o m e failures. _{T h l s . e m p h a s J , z e s t h e need for further s t u d y .}

T h e n e e d , r r o w e v e r , ls fon design alta and not constnuctlon t e c h n l q u e s

o r n e w t y p e s of foundatlonso

TABI,E I

PEBTTNENT ft{ACIGNZIE RIVER DISfRICT PERMAFROST

" _{FOI'NDATIONS STATISTICS} M u d s i l l s P 1 l e s Wooden S t e e l P l p e C o n c n e t e O o n c r e t e w a I l f o o t l n g s T i m b e n p a d s T l m b e r p o s t e S h o r t c o n c n e t e p l e r s C o n c r e t e p a d s

I

I

I

Type of Foundatlon Number _{No Apparent Apparent MaJor Fallure Due to}

f n v e s t l g a t e d F a l l u n e

76

16

3

L?

0

L2

9

U

0

1

3u

?

4

U

1

5

H

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t l +

3 0

4

9

I

] 0

5

7

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T h e p r e d o m l n a n t type of foundatlon fon the distrlct _{l s t h e} t l m b e n m u d s i l l o _{H o w e v e r , a s T a b L e r l n d i e a t e s , t n e - r n e q u e n c y w t t h} w h i c h l-t appears should not be taken as an endorsement of lts effectlve-n e s s " _{T h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e o f t n e m u d s l t l is that lt ls a cheap and easy} t y p e o f f o u n d a t l o n _{t o c d n s t r u c t " r t i s , t h e r e f o r e ,} f a v o u r e d by the m l s s l o n s , _{b y i n d l v l d u a l - b u l l d e r s a n d f o r g e n e r a t l y} c h e a p e r t y p e s of e o n s t r u c t l o n , _{s u c h a s u / a r e h o u s e s , w h e r e c o s t a n d ease of construetlon} a r e o f p r l m e lmportance, -\-\ Ptle s t h a t . p i l e s _ f o n m , _{f o r t h e p r e s e n t t l m e , o n e o f} r f : : o s t f o u n d a t l o n _{t y p e s " . e t t n o u g n fabie i}

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C o n c r e t e W a l l F o o t l n g s

B u l l d l n g s _{w l t h c o n c r e t e basements and ooncr,ete warl footings} a r e g e n e r a l - l y those occupied. by the Royal canaaran- corps or SJ.gnals and P v s o m e G o v e r n m e n t offlclaLs. r t w l l i _{b e n o t e d from Table J that mol"e}

t h a n o n e - h a l - f of these bulldlngs nave

" r r o r r , a p p a r e n t fallures" T h l s l s m a l n l y d u e to the fact tnat _{- o n l y m l n o r m o d l f i c i t l o n s f o r p e n m a f r o s t} c o n d l t l o n s _{r r a v e b e e n carnled olri"}

T r r e d e s l g n s w e n e adapted from s t a n d a r d d e s l g n s u s e d e r s e w h e r e in Canada.

Other Foundatlon Types

T l n b e n _{- p a d s , t l m b e r p o s t s , s f r o r t c o n e r e t e plers and eoncreto} p a d s formed the foundatlons roi" approximatery 2! pe::'cent of the build-_{i n g s l n v e s t i g a t e d .}

T h e l r u s e i s n b t p e c u l i a r _{t o a n y a g e n c y b u l J - d l n g} ln the Nortfi.

- L 3

T l m b o r M u d s i l l _ Foundatlons ,bjxampl-e I

, B u i i - d l n g . - Akravik power Company powerfrour*,

_{g } p k ,}

_{N o W " T .}

s o l r " _ _{D a r k b r o w n stlt wltrr a hlgh motsture eontento} F e r m a f r o s t e n c o u i f f i d a p p r o x i m a t e l y _{o n e f o o t o d r o w ground iever"} T h e s l t e is l-ow-l y i n g a n d f i a s a g r a s s y coven" r f l o o r _{w l t h 1 6 i n c h e s of sawdust} T h e n e w p o r t l o n _{o f i h e P o w e r n o u s e is identl-car to the oldo}

e x c e p t that four B-lnen dl3T?ten rogs are used. fon the s1r1s" Tfie fJ-gor: l n t h i s s e c t l o n o f t h e b u i r d i n g is iiain concrete lB lncfres deep on a 4 - t o l - l n c r r r a y e r o f p a c k e d s a w d u s t .

T h e . e n g i n e - b e d s , _{l n t h e o t d p o r t l o n o h a v e s e p a r a t e foundatlons} f r o m t h e building. _{T t t e y a r e on a sawdust pacf<ed cnib of tlmbens (ro uy} L z i n c h e s ) ' _{T h e - e n g i n e i i n t h e n e w s e c t i o n w111 rest on the concrete} f l o o r *

F o n d e t a i t s _{o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n s l n t h e n e w a n d ord pontton of} t h e b u i r d i n g a s w e l r a s d e t a i l s of the engine bed, see Flg. T ,

.blxample 2 B u l l d l n E . - _{B i s h o p r s R e s l d e n c e , A l l s a i n t s i v l i s s l o n ( A n g l l c a n ) ,}

AkrgffiTlfTr.

s o i l ' - _{D a r k b r o w n s i l t w i t h a h l g h mol-sture content" p e r m a f r o s t} enco-uiffied _{at approximatery} 3 feet u --l- 'rvrp uur s uvrru s o m e d o o r s i s n e p o r t e d . T h e r e a r e no t h e c r l b b e d e n g l n e b e d s l n t o o p e r a t i o n " s i g n s o f s e t t l e m e n t l n t h e b u i l d l n g except for whieh sertr-ed rf z-J"ncn unlformly _{#rren first} put

l b

-PILE DRIV]NG PROCEDTAES

A s w o u l d be expected, no set rules can be glven for: pi_J.e

d r i v l n g _{p r o c e d u r e s ln permarroit. r t l s h o p e d t h a t l r r u forlowing}

d e s c r l p t l o n s _{o f p i l o d r l v l n g a t Y e l l o w k n l f e a n d N o r m a n W e j - l s wlLf}

h e l p p r o s p e c t l v e b u i l d e r s _{l n p . t - a n n i n g t n e i r o w n p r o c e d . u r e s o}

PII,E DRIVING AT YELLOWKI{IF'E

r l v l n g _{p r o c e d u r e used at the Glant}

I o b t a i n e d b y l n s p e c t i o n a n d c o n

-D r . J " -D o B a t e m a n ) . D e v e l o p e d f r o m

u n l q u e n 1 t l t l u s t r a t e s a d m l r a b l y

b e e a r r i e d o u t , i o e o , u n d e r s t a n d . l n g

b a s l - c p e r m a f r o s t _{c o n c e p t s a n d a p p l y l n g them to tocar eond.ttlons and}

m a t e r i a L s .

S o l l

P e n m a f r o s t a t the Giant Ye..l-towknlfe property occurs ln islands a n d 1 s not eonstant 1n upper or lower 11m1t. In row-iying moss-eovered

a r e a s r the permafrost _{t a b - L e i s p r a c t i c a l l y r l g h t u n d e n t h e m o s s while}

i - n a r e a s w h e r e the sunface has been cl-eared the acblve layen may be f r o m 2 t o l a f e e t d e e p " t t B e d - r o e k i s e x p o s e d over JO per cent of the p r o p e r t y u t h e n e m a l n d e r b e l n g covered uy eletstoceie ind recent deposLts

t h a t a r e u p t o a t l - e a s t r 1 o i e e t t h l c k r - o o o " _{E x t e n d l n g t n r o u g n t h i}

p r o p e r t y n _{s e v e r a l f e e t _ of graveJ-s and sandsu as lnd.lcaf,ed by i' Laog"}

n u m b e r o f d l a m o n d drlLl h o l e s , _{i - t e u p o n t h e b e d r o c k ; and th6se deplstts}

a r e q v e r l a l n _{b y t h l n J - y s t r a t l f l e d l a e u s t r i n e c J - a y s t t - ( b ) .}

Work Prlor to ptle D:rlving

' ? h e n e v e r i t w a s p o s s i b l e n c o n s t r u e t l o n w a s o n p e d - r o c k . H o w e v e r , f u n e t l o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s d i e t a t e d _{t h a t s o m e o f t h e O u i J - d i n g s} b e e o n s t r u c t e d _{o n p e r m a n e n t l y frozen cIay"} A f t e r t h e s l t e o f a b u i l d l n g w a s c h o s e n , s m a L r boxes (ap-p r o x i m a t e l y _{2 f e e t} P y a , f e e t b y 1 f o o f , d e e p ) w e r e b u l l t a t t h e p r b p o s e d ] o c a t l o n _{o f e v 9 T y p t l e} l p i g . 9 ) " T h e b u t r - d l n g a r e a w a s t h e n b a c k f i l l e d

w l t h r r m l n e - * l r q 5 t ' - f111, (waite rock f)r"om mlnln[ operations)" r n t h j . s

w a Y p t h e buildlng _{a r e a w a s l - e v e l l e d in additlon t o p r o t e c i f n g t h e m o s s}

c o v e r f n o m the traeks of the erawler tnactorso

c l l e s w e r e d r i v e n w a s a e c o m p l l s h e d s t e r o w l t h a l / [ - f n e r r ( a p p r o i i m a t e l y ) y p r o p p e d 1n plaee and aften thnee

-ry-P l l e p n e p a r a t L o n and Drivlng

PTLE DRIVING 4,T NORMAN IIELLS T h e l n f o r m a t i o n _{o n p l 1 e drlving a t N o r m a n} f n o m a p a p e r by R, A. Hur"io"xu entit.j_ed ,fper:mafrogt r y T : _{o n the staff} a n a s u p p r e m g n t e $ by rnspection and conversatlon

o f t h e rmp6r1al 0i1 company Llnlted.u at S o t l I p r e d o m l n a n t l y _{a f l n e f r o z e n slllt} W e l - l s r r a s obtalned at Norman iffeJ-l_s" w i t h s e v e r a r m e m b e r s Norman We.L1e _"

16

W o r k P r l o r t o P i l e D r l v 1 n g

" S t e a m j e t t l n g _{p t N o r m a n W e l l s w a s e a r r i e d o u t w l - t h a l/\-to}

l - i n e h p l p e a b o u t one foot shorter than the desired deptho A s t e a m p r e s

-s u r e o f l t l t o B t l p , -s o i o o r g r e a t e r i -s r e p o n t e d t o -s e e m m o -s t -s a t l -s f a c t o r y " l l / i t h r e s p e c t t o s t e a m j e t t i n g o H e m s t o c k m a k e s s o m e l n t e r e s t l n g p r a c t l e a l n o t e s :

l - . I f t h e g r o u n d h a s d r y l a y e r s - s o m e w a t e r : w l t h t h e s t e a m w 1 1 1 s p e e d j e t t i n g ;

2 o H o i e s m a y b e l e f t _{u p t o I weeks 1n surnmer before dnlvlng p1Les}

b u t l n f r e e z l n g w e a t h e r s h o u l d n o t b e l e f t m o r e t h a n a w e e k ; 3 , E x c e p t l n c o a r s e g r a v e l o s p e c i a l b l t s s n g o e h L s e l b t t s d i d n o t s p e e d j e t t l n g ; J + " U n d e r f a v o u r a b l e e o n d i t l o n s e o n e m a n c a n s t e a m j e t u p t o t w e n t y -f i v e l b - f o o t h o l e s 1 n a n B - t r o u r d a y ; 5 . B e s t r e s u l t s a r e o b t a l n e d w l r e n a h o l e l s j e t t e d j u s t b 1 g e n o u g h t o t a k e t h e p l l e " W l t h e x p e r i - e n a e o n d l f f e r e n t g r o u n d t y p e s a n d e a r e l n j e t t l n g , t h i s m a y b e e a s l l y a c c o r n p l l s h e d "

Mater.ials and Equlpment

Wooden PIJ-e s T h e f l n s t p l 1 e e o n s t r u c t i o n a t N o r m a n l 0 e J - I s u s e d n a t l v e s p r u c e b e e a u s e o f h l g h s h l p p l n g c o s t s o n lmported tlmben. T h e p L l e s w e r e f r o m 7 t o 1 0 l n c h e s a t t h e b u t t a n d s o m e h a d a s p h a l t - t r e a t e d c o l l a r s t o h e l p p r e v e n t f r o s t h e a v i n g " f f t n e p l l e s w e r e d r l v e n d e e p e n o u g h ( t Z t o L 5 f e e t ) n o e v l d e n c e o f h e a v i n g o w t t h o r w i t h o u t c o l l a n s , w a s r e p o r t e d l n 1 9 4 8 . E x a m i n a t l o n o f s o m e p i f e s d u r l n g t h e s u n u n e n o t ' l - Q l o d i d , h o w e v e r , r e v e a l h e a v i n g l n a f e w . T h i s s e e m s t o f u r t h e r t h e p r o o f t h a t a l o w e n l n g o f t h e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e i s o c e u r r l n g " ( S e e r r s o j - I t t S e c t l o n o f P i l e D r l v l n g a t N o r m a n W e I I s p a g e L5), S t e e l P 1 1 e s B e e a u s e o f t h e a v a i l a b l l i t y o f s c r a p p t p e o s t e e l p i l e s h a v o b e e n u s e d e x c l u s i v e l y s i n c e L 9 4 7 , T h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e f r e e o f c h a r g e , a n d a r e m o r e e a s i l y h a n d l e d a n d d r i v e n t h a n w o o d e n p l l e s . I n a d d i t i o n u t h e y m a y b e q u l c k t r y l e n g t h e n e d , c u t o r e a p p e d b y w e l d l n g a s w e J . l a s b e l n g s l i . g n t r y f t e x i b J - e a s t o p o s l t i - o n a f t e r d r l v i n g o T o h e r p p r e v e n t

t r e a v i n g , c o l l a r s _{I f / 2 i n c h e s larger than the diameter of the pipe are}

w o l d e d o r s c r e w e d t o t h e b a s e o f t h e p l } e . T n e r e n a s b e e n s o m e s p e c u J - a t l o n o n t h e e f f e c t s o f i n c r e a s e d h e a t f l - o w i n s t e e l p i l e s l n t o t h e p e r m a f r o s t " H e m s t o c k m e a s u r e d t h i s e f f e c t _{a t N o r m a n F i e j - l s i n} ' I 9 4 f . F o r w o o d e n p l 1 e s , t h e p e r m a f n o s t l e v e . i -w a s l o -w e r e d b y I i n c h a n d f o r s t e e l p l I e s , I lnches. T h e w o o d e n p l r e s s u p p o r t e d a n u n h e a t e d b u l l d l n g , t h e s t e e l p l J . e s u a w a t e r t a n k " A s s u s p e c t e d , b h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f tne heat flow down a p1Ie are negllgible f o r o r d l n a r y c o n d l t i o n s s i n c e t h e J - o w e r l n g o f t n e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e b y a f e w i n c h e s i s o f n o c o n s e q u e n c g o

- r'l

D r l v l n g

A t N o r m a n w e r r s , H e m s t o c k f'ound. that a rignt f a s t - d r o p .

n a m m e r o u t f l t , m o u n t e d o n a smal_L crawier-type _{t n a c f , o r w a s m o s t} * i p m e r i t , p l 1 e s c o u l d be quickJ-y r t h e m a c n i n e c o u l d move falrly ; e e r p l t e s w e r e d n i v e n t o a d e p t h , r g d r r v e n f r o m . 1 2 to r! feet, b u t t _ / 1 n 9 . u V o o d e n P i j - e F o u n d a t l o n s

Example 3

, a ! ^ - _ P u i l d l n g " - D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t ri{ess Hat1, Kltcner:u and Food

S t o r e s , H a _ y R i t e n , N W T .

S o 1 1 . - - A . p p e a n s to De a sand.y grey c1ay. P e r m a f r o s t r s f o u n d . at

approffiid'teIy- _{b feet be.r.ow grounh lur?ace,,}

C o n s t r u c t i o n H l s l g l I " - _{C o n s E r u c t i o n o n t h e b u l r d i n g s i t e b e g a n} q u r r n g Efie sprrng of 194d. Tne area nad oeen ciear"ed of tnees and b r u s h f o r b y e a r s " _{f t d i d , h o w e v e r , n e e d s o m e r e v e l l i n g a n d n o a t t e m p t} w a s m a d e t o p r o t e c t t n e m o s s c o v e r i n t h e s e p l a c e s " _{n u F r n g . J , r r r " , i ; [ 6 ;} t n e p i l e h o l e s 1 n t h e 5-to b-foot active rayer were made witn

an-B-l n c h p o s t - h o an-B-l e a u g e r " S t e a m j e t t i n g _{i n p e r f r a f r o s t w a s c a r r l - e d . t o a d e p t h} o f a p p r o x i m a t e r y r l f e e t " T h e p i r e l t j - r n e h _{d i a m e t e r a t b u t t ) w e n e}

d r l v e n b u t t - e n d d o w n a n d w e r e s p a c e d a t b f e e t on cenures wittt tne rows o f ' p l l e s _{a t 1 0 f e e t o n c e n t r e s " T h e p l l e s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h a w o o d}

p r e s e r v a t l v e _{( ' r u s m o s e r r / and had one iayer of tarpaper wound around them}

a t g n o u n d l - e v e r ' _{N o g r e a s e w a s u s e d " S o m e o f t h e - d i f f i c u t t l e s a n c o u n t e r e d} i n t h e p i l e d r i v i n g w e r e a s f o l l o w s :

s o _{s o m e o f t h e p l l - e s " p o p p e d u p t t ( i " e " f r o a t e d l . T h e s e w e r c r e} -d r i _ v e n w i t h a n extra number of brows;

b o K e e p l n g t h e p i r e s r n l i n e w h e n d n l v l n g w a s d i f f l c u r t a t t t m e s o

F r e q u e n t i y a i n a c t o r _{h a d t o b e u s e d . t o p u f l and keep the p1les}

i n a l i g n m e n t "

A n u n u s u a . . L t' e a t u r e of this oulrdlng ls the froon. T w o p r e

-f a o r l c a t e d _{s e q t l o n s o f . 2 - b y o - l - n c n Jolsis ana 1-incn tongue and g"oooe}

f l o o r i n g h a v e _{P e e n r a l d a t r i g n t a n g i d s . t i o t h s e c t i o n s h a v e Z i n c n e s} o f r o c k w o o r l n s u l a t l o n . F o r f u l r d e t a i r s s e e F i g . ! 3 ,

Example 4

B u l l d l n p . - _{H e a t i n g B u l t - d i n g of lndian Day School Teachenage, Hay}

Rtverffi

S o i L ' - P r e d o m i n a n t - t - y a o l u e i s n s l l - t y c r a y w i t n l a y e r s of t'1ne

brown-ETd varylng _{from i to b feet.} Permafrost is found. approxlmately

B f g " ! . b e I o w _{g r o u n A s u r f a c e a n d o c c u r s i n s p o r a d i c l s t a n d s i n the} v l c l n i t y o f t h e b u l J _ d i n g .

1 B

C o n s t n u c t l o n I I l s t o n y " - H o l e s f o u n f e e t d e e p w e r e e x c a v a t e d e t e a c h p 1 I e o f 1 9 l r 7 o S t e a r n j e t t i n g a n d p 1 } e d r 1 v J - n g w e r e l a r r l e 6 o u t l n F e b r u a r y , 1 9 4 8 o T h e b u l l d i n g w a s e o m p l e t e d a n d o c e u p l e d ln November, 191+8 o F o u n d a t l o n s , - W o o d e n p i l e s , t o e d i a m e t e r I i n c h e s , w e r e u s e - d a n d

drlveilffiFfritl-flrst, Tha length of plle ln permafrost was left rough

w h 1 l e t h e p o r t l o n o f t h e p i l e t ; t h e a c t l v e l a y e r : w a s g r e a s e d a n d e n c l o s e d w l t h t a n p a i e n , ( n o n a i l s w e r e u s e d ) " Two feet of gravel were plaeed up to

the ground.- l1ne and the space between the ground and the double eoncrete f l o o i w e s f l 1 l e d w t t h p e a t ( f f g s , 1 ! a n d 1 5 ) . T h e c h l m n e y f o r t h e f o r c e d w a r m a l r f u r n a c e l s s u p p o r t e d 6 y a s p e c l a l p l l e ". There ls no appanent s e t t l e m e n t " A s k e t c h s e e t l o n l s s h o w n l n F l g . 1 4 " C o n c n e t e P l i e F o u n d a t l o n s Exampl-e 5 B u l f d l n g . - F o u n - C l a s s r o o m I n d l a n D a y S c h o o l , H a y R i v e r , N . W o T o S o l l - . - P n e d o m l n a n t l y a g r e y s l l t y c l a y , o c c a s l o n a l l y w l t h lone sand. A t t h l f f i l l d l n g s l t e , p e r m a f n o s t - t s e n e o u n t e r e d a p p r o x l m a t e l y I f e e t b e l o w t h e g n o u n d s u r f a c e . ' I t o c c u r s i - n s p o r e d l e l s l a n d s l n t h e v l c l n l t y o f t h e b u l r d l n g , C o n s t r u c t l o n H l s t o r Y . - T w e l v e t r t o p s o n g D e e e m b e r , s p r l n g o f 1 9 4 7 o S t e a m Jettlng and dr: A t w o - f o o t g r a v e l m e t f 1 1 1 w a s p l a c e d f l n l s h e d a n d o c c u p l e d . b y N o v e m b e r , I 9 i F o u n d a t l o 4 s o - T w e l v e l n c h e s s q u a r e p r e e a s t n e l n f o r c e d e o n c n e t e p l 1 e s ,

28 feE=FTi'iffie used. Ttre ptles were east ln a vertleal- posltlon"

Ground was Eteam thawed to roughly the deslred dlameten and depth and the

p l l e s d r l v e n t o n e f u s a l " T h e r e l i a Z - t a o t , a i r s p a e e b e t w e e n t h e g r o u n d a n d f l o o n w h t e h l s c o m p l e t e t y s k l r t e d w l t h r e m o v e b J e s h u t t e r s o T h e f l o o n h a s a l . r - l n c h c o n c n e t e l f a U ( p f u s 2 l n c f r e s o f e l n d e r c o n e r e t e f o n h e a t l n g r o o m ) w l t h t h e u s u a l f r a m e f L o o r o n l t . A L t f i o u g h t h e s p e c l f l c a t l o n s c a l l e d f a n 2 l n e h e s o f n o e k w o o l , o n l y I l n c h w a s l n s t a l l e d . W h e n t h e s h u t t e r s w e r e r e m o v e d d u n l n g t h e - w l n t e r o f l . 9 4 9 * 5 0 , t h e g r o u n d f l o o r w a s s o c o l d t h s t e v e n w i t h h e a t l n g l t e o u l d n o t b e o e c u p t e d . A s k e t c h o f t h e f o u n d a t l o n s a n d f l o o r l s i h o w n l n F l g ' 1 8 . P l p e P l I e F o u n d a t l o n s p l l e _{f o u n d a t l o n s o f s t e e l p l p e w e r e e n e o u n t e r : e d o n l y a t t h e} I m p e r l a l O t I R e f l n e r y a t N o r m n n W e l L s o N o r m a n W e I I s l s n o t a t y p t e a l r l v e r s e t t l e m e n t o A e e n t n e l h e a t l n g s y s t e m l s u s e d a n d s t e a m l s e a r n l e d t h r o u g h s t e e m p l p e s l n u t l r l d o n s _{t o t h e b u l l d l n g s o _ -The steam plpes are} b r o u g [ t l n t o l f r 6 b u l l d i n g a n d d l s t r l b u t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n t r o o m s u n d e n

the floor:o The sklntlng e:round the bulldlng and the heat from the steam

p l p e s h e l p t o k e e p t h e i l o o n s w e r m b u t a l s o t r a s a m a r k e d e f f e c t o n t h e i h e r r a l e q u l l l b r i u m o T e m p e n a t u r e s u n d e r h e a t e d b u l I d l n g s d u r i n g t h e w l n t e r : w e r e f , o u n d t o r a n g e f n o m 5 0 t o 6 l o F . ' : * R e g a r d l n g p l p e p l 1 e s u H e m s t o c k n e m a n k s , t t s o f a n n o n e d r l v e n L $ t a e t o r m o r e h a v e h e a v e d o r , ; - Conversatlon wlth ldr. Angr:s Sherwood, Norman EIe11s, IIoW'T"

1 9

-s e t t l - e d u n d e r n o r m a l condltlon-s, _{a n d e x a m i n a t l o n o f f o u n d a t l o n s e r e c t e d .} { o " t w o y e a r s i n d l c a t e t n a t t h e y s h o u l d b e s a t l s f a c t o r y . t f E x a m l n a t i o n

during _{tne sunmer of L950 showed that the effects of towering tne perma:}

f r o s t _{t a b i e w e r e b e i n g f e l t .} !.jxample b

C e m e s t o @_f!_glg.- AI1 b bulldlngs are supported Oy J4-incrr stecl p i p e f f i m a t 1 o n p a t t e n n i s ' ' s a u c e n - S h a p e d , t " w i t h t h e w a I 1 s

b e i n g , o n t h e a v e r a g e , 2 inches hlgher tnan the mlddlc of the floor"

Example 7

F l r o H a 1 1 " - U t i l l d o r e n t e r s e a s t

w a I l , _{B u l ] d l n g n a s s e t t L e d I l n c h e s}

along-ea-FtEh,

Exampl-o I

P o s t O f f l c e a n d C a n t e e n o - T h e

b u i l - d i n g l n g h a s s e t t l e d a n d e n t e r s t h e w e s t w a r l oa b o u t 2 L / 2 i n e h e s . u t l - I l d o n _{r u n s a r o n g t h e s l d e o f t h e} T n e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e n o f t h e b u l l d

-B l o c k t t A t t l - i v l n g q u a r t e n s . - _{T h e s e r r a v e n a d t o b e Jacked and blocked} a)

"

----o l n c f l e s l n p l a c e s " Example 10

L a u n d r y . - _{T n e s o u t h slde where heavy machlnery ls 1nstal1ed. has} s e t t l e d _{a s m u c h a s 1 0 l n c f i e s .}

Example 11

R e f l n e n y . - f n b u i l d i n g s _{w i t h h e a r r y m a c h l n e n y , t h e f o u n d a t l - o n s} sup-p o r t l n g _{t h e f J - o o r a n d m a c f r i n e r y a n e separate" f n t h l s b u l r d l n g , t f i e} p u m p b a s e s a r e o n 4-inch steel- pltes driven l.lg to lb feet. T h ; - f l o o n

j o i s t s _{a r e 1 1 - i n c n s t e e J - p l p e l 0 - t n c h e s o n c e n t r e s , w i t h e o r r u g a t e d} g a l v a n i z e d i r o n s n e e t s o n t h e j o i s t s a n d a 3- to [-incfr concrete floor" T h e f l - o o n l s s u p p o r t e d b y [-incfr steel- pipe pi]es, T h e f L o o r t r a s s e t -t i e d i n p l a c e s u p -t o 2 i n c h e s b u -t -t n i s d o e s n o -t a f f e c -t t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e p u m p s o

^EixampIe l2

B o i l - e r h o u s e . - T n l s b u l l d i n g _{f i o u s e s I I o c o m o t i v e - t y p e b o l J - e r s ,}

pumps-E?@ffi-Eors _{o Again the ooilers leave separate ibunaatlons from}

t h e f l o o r s y s t e m ' T r r e f o u n d a t l o n a n d f t o o r c o n s t r u c t l o n l s s l m l l a r t o ! n " R e f i n e r y e x c e p t t h a t t f r e b o i l e r b a s e p i l e s a r e Z - i n c n s t e e l p l p e . T h e s e t t l e m e n t i n t h e b u l r d i n g 1 s c o n s l d e r a b r e o T r r e m a i n c a u s e o f - t f r l e

i s t h a t n o p r o v i s l o n h a s b e e n m a d e f o r d n a l n a g e o f b o l t e r w a s h w a t e r . I t s l m p l y d r a i n s u n d e r the bul.l-dlng" h i e a s u r e m e n t s o f s e t t l e m e n t f r o m A p r 1 l 1 1 t o S e p t e m b e r 5, 1950, showed a maxlmum settlement of b inches

f o r t h e p e r i m e t e r o f t h e b u i l d l n g _{a n d a m a x L m u m o f 5 incnes for the} f l o o r ( F i g . 1 9 ) _"

2 0

-C o n c n e t e W a I l - F o o t l n g s

Example 13

B u i l d 1 ! 9 . -

_{D e p a r t m e n t of Transpont Fanlry euartens, Hay R1ver,}

N.

W;:n--S o 1 1 , - S a n d y g r e y e l a y "

_{P e n m a f n o s t encountered at lr feet"}

C o n s t r u c t l g L H l s t o r y . - _{T h e 6 - 1 n c h c o v e n l 4 g o f u a o s s w a s s t r l p p e d f r o m} t r l e t l , r g 4 7 , a n d e x e a v a t 1 o n o f t h e b a s e m e n t f o 1 1 o w e d

I n M a y o f t t r e s a m e y e a r , _{P e r m a f r o s t w a s encountered at lr feet and aften} 9 l a p s e o f a m o n t h , t h e p e r m a f r o s t t a b l e r e c e d e d L l / 2 t o 2 f e e t . T t r l s l a y e n w a s r e m o v e d and replaced wlth gravel o '

F o u n d a t l o n s . - T h e f o u n d a t l o n s _{f o n t h e b u l I d . l n g s a r e concrete well}

footTfif3?Fffihes _{wlde dnd 10 lnches deep. nven] 3 feet, a eoncrete}

p l e r - w e s p o u r e ^ d t o t h e p e r m a f n o s t r e v e l , a d l s t a n e e - o f I l/2 to 2 feeto F o r d e t a l l s o f t h e f o u n d a t l o n s , s e e F l g . 2 g . T h e r e a r e n o ' s l g n s o f

s e t t l e m e n t _{o n t h e b e s e n x e n t f L o o r or walts but lt shout-d be noded that} t w l e o t h e a m o u n t of relnforclng _{s t e e L a s c a r l e d f o n 1n the deslgn *as} u s e d l n t h e baeement wal Is"

Exampte lb

B u l 1 d l n E . - _{R o y e l C a n a d l a n C o n p s o f $ t g n a l s R a d l o S t a t l o n u H a y R l v e n o}

N " v[.T

.-S o 1 1 " - .-S i l t y f l n e s a n d . P e r m a f r o s t 1 s e n c o u n t e n e d a p p n o x l m a t e l y

5 feEETelow the ground gunface o

C o n s t r u c t l o n H l s t o r y a n d F o u n d a t l - o n s . - E x c a v a t l o n o f t h e b a s e m e n t

u e g a _{o n g t r t - - i o ; ; - i f o o t l n t h t c k n e s s )}

w a s p l a c e d . a t the bottom of the excavattonl f h e c o n c n e t e w a I 1 f o o t l n g s w e r e 1 8 l n c h e s wlde and 12 lnches deepo A 5-1nch concrete floon and a

$ - l n c h c o n c r e t e w a l l - w e r e p l a c e d f o r t f r e U a s e m e n t , T h e r e l s n o r e i n f o r c l n g s t e e l l n t h e w a l I f o o t i n g s , b a s e m e n t f l o o r _{o r w a l 1 s o T h e} b u l r d l n g _{w a s c o m p l e t e d 1 n D e c e m b e r r-1947.} O n e m o n t h a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n , t h e f l r s t c r a c k s a p p e a n e d o n t h e b a s e m e n t w a 1 1 s a n d f l o o r s . _{S e t t l e m e n t a c c e l e r a t e d O u n i n g t h e s p r l n g} ? f l q l + g t o s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t t h e b a s e m e n t f l o o r p r a c t l c a r - l y

d l s i n t e g n a t e d _{a n d t h e e r a c k s on the basement wal1s nanged in slze from} h a l r l - l n e t o 2 i . n e h e s .

' _{. 4 , o n e - f o o t}

l a y e r o f s a n d a n d g r a v e l w a s p l a c e d on the floor; s e v e n c o n c r e t e p l e n s r one foot square anO 5 feet toiig, were plaeed ln lfre m i d d l e o f t h e f l o o r where settl-ement had been most pionounced, and a

n e w 7 - l n c h t h l c k c o n e r e t e f l o o n w a s p l a c e d o _{I n J u n e , I 9 5 Q , e r a c k s w e r e} n o t e d l n t h l s f ] . o o r o

I n U l a r c h ' 1 9 4 8 c 8 D a t t e m p t w a s m a d e t o : : e p a l r t h e l a n g e b a s e -m e n t w a l l - e n a c k s by excavatlng the backfll"r on the whrls and patdhlng w l t h t a r a n d tarpaper" _{T h l s a t t e m p t w a s a p p a r e n t i y n o t s u c c e l s f u l a s}