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MAKIBEFO. A film by Alexander Abela. based on William Shakespeare s Macbeth

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MAKIBEFO

A film by AlexAnder AbelA

based on William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

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MAKIbeFO

A film by Alexander Abela based on William Shakespeare’s Macbeth

Malagasy and English | 73 minutes | black & white | PAL 4:3 (1:1,66) Director, producer,

script and cinematography: Alexander Abela

Production: Blue Eye Films

Sound: Jeppe Jungersen

Editor: Douglas Bryson

Original music: Bien Rasoanan Tenaina & Donald

Cast: Martin (Makibefo)

Noeliny (Valy Makibefo) Gilbert Laumord (The narrator) Randina Arthur (Bakoua) Jean-Félix (Danikany) Boniface (Kidoure) Jean-Noël (Makidofy)

Bien Rasoanan Tenaina (Malikomy) Victor (The witch doctor)

and the people of Faux-Cap, Madagascar

Subtitles: Swantje Hartmann (Español)

Philipp Hinz (Deutsch)

Miguel Ramalhete Gomes (Português)

“In a land washed by the ocean, a tribe of people lived in sight of sands and crashing waves. Their king was a noble king, who gave his people peace and harmony. And amongst his subjects many were good and true. But none more so than Makibefo. Indeed, it was the king who entrusted Makibefo to capture a fugitive and bring him back to the village. On the way, Makibefo, in the company of a trusted friend, met a witch doctor, who told him that though the king was merciful he was also weak. He prophesied that a time would come, as surely as the tides, when peace and harmony would no longer sweeten the lives of the peo- ple. The witch doctor looked deep into the eyes of Makibefo and saw that the gods had singled him out as a future leader. Makibefo’s wife, too, had understood the ancient symbol: Her husband had been blessed by the gods. She exhorts him to overthrow the king. Makibefo recognised the truth in his wife’s words. But he knew too that once he had committed the ultimate treachery, there would be no turning back. The blood that they would wash from their hands would not so easily be washed from their souls.”

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After months of trying in vain to con- vince television editors to commission one of his projects, Alexander Abela together with sound designer Jeppe Jungersen finally arrived in Madagas- car in October 1998 to shoot Abela’s first feature film, Makibefo.

For his début Alexander Abela decided to break away from the conventions contemporary filmmakers take for granted. Instead, he chose to work un- der similar conditions as those of the early silent film period and concen- trate entirely on the language of pic- tures. The challenge ahead therefore was to capture the essence of a play such as Macbeth not through Shake- speare’s dialogues but through the film’s imagery.

As location for this project Abela chose Faux-Cap, an isolated community of Antandroy fishermen at the southern- most tip of the island. It was to these

people – most of whom had never seen a film before, let alone a television – that Alexander suggested devising Makibefo: The tale of a man’s quest for power through bloody ambition.

With limited technical resources the team would embrace William Shake- speare’s famous ‘Scottish play’ and incorporate it into the Antandroy’s very own cultural history.

Abela’s film displays an acute aware- ness for the actor’s aural culture and the rituals which structure and moti- vate this unique adaptation of Shake- speare’s Macbeth. For instance, when Makibefo returns to his wife after Ki- doure has been murdered Valy Mak- ibefo is shown helping him to wash the sand off his body with water from a calabash. Cautious not to waste any liquid, the silence of the scene gives the impressions of a carefully choreographed ritual. The ritualised

the hIstOry OF MAKIbeFO

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obsequies following the death of Danikany on the other hand are above all scenes involv- ing aural performances, of songs and dances. Nota- bly, Makibefo sets most of its key scenes pre- cisely against such cer- emonies, like the sacrifice of a zebu ox, as well as sym- bolically charged artefacts.

Above all, the familiar story of Macbeth is not merely retold through the film’s images: it is even incorporated in the soundtrack. Unbeknownst to an audience unfamiliar with the actors’ language, Macbeth is thus appro- priated into the Antan- droy’s aural history in the form of song akin

to oral traditions. As a consequence, Makibefo is transformed into a mythical figure in his own right. With his film Abela therefore has re- turned not only to the

origins of cinema, but also to the origins of storytelling in general.

As Daniel Rosenthal has highlighted, Makibefo is

“a film of intense visual and aural contrasts: black skin against clear skies, pristine white sand and robes; the soothing back- ground of waves lapping the

shore juxtaposed against the awful sound of metal tearing flesh.”

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dIe geschIchte vOn MAKIbeFO

Die Geschichte von Makibefo begann im Oktober 1998. Nachdem er über mehrere Monate hinweg vergeblich ver- sucht hatte, Fernsehredakteure dazu zu bewegen sein Filmdebüt zu unter- stützen, beschloss der Autodidakt Alexander Abela schließlich seinen ersten Langspielfilm unabhängig und ohne die finanzielle Rückendeckung durch einen Fernsehsender zu produ- zieren. So brachen Abela und sein dä- nischer Toningenieur Jeppe Jungersen mit lediglich 350 Kilogramm Filmma- terial von Madagaskars Hauptstadt An- tananarivo zur Südküste der Insel auf.

Für dieses Filmprojekt hatte sich Abela gegen all jene Konventionen entschie- den, die zeitgenössische Filmemacher als gegeben hinnehmen. Stattdessen plante er mit diesem Film zu den Ur- sprüngen des Kinos zurückzukehren und unter möglichst ähnlichen Bedin- gungen zu arbeiten wie die Filmpio- niere der Stummfilmzeit. Die Aufgabe

bestand deshalb darin, sich bei ihrer Macbeth-Verfilmung nicht auf Shake- speares Sprache sondern vor allem auf die Sprache der Bilder selbst zu konzentrieren. Als Location für dieses Projekt hatte Abela das Dorf Faux-Cap ausgewählt, eine abgeschiedene Sied- lung der Volksgruppe der Antandroy.

Diesen Fischern und Bauern, von de- nen die meisten noch nie einen Fern- seher oder Kinofilm gesehen hatten, schlug Abela vor, an seinem Projekt mitzuwirken: Makibefo, die tragische Geschichte vom Aufstieg und Fall ei- nes Mannes auf seinem blutigen Weg zur Macht. Mit ihren eingeschränkten technischen Mitteln adaptierten das Team aus Laienschauspielern und Filmemachern gemeinsam William Shakespeares berühmte schottische Tragödie und machte sie so schließ- lich zu einem Teil der Geschichte der Antandroy.

Abelas Film präsentiert ein starkes Bewusstsein für die mündliche Kultur und die Rituale seiner madagassischen Schauspieler. Wenn zum Beispiel Ma- kibefo nach dem Mord an Kidoure zu seiner Frau zurückkehrt, zeigt der Film in einer Sequenz von beeindruckender Intimität, wie Valy Makibefo schwei- gend den allgegenwärtigen feinen Dünensand vom Körper ihres Mannes abwäscht. Der Versuch keinen Tropfen Wasser zu verschwenden, erinnert an ein vorsichtig choreografiertes Ritual.

Die Totenfeier für den verstorbenen König Danikany hingegen ist von Ge- sang, Tänzen und ritualisierten Kämp- fen geprägt. So wird Shakespeares Geschichte nicht nur in den Bildern selbst erzählt. Vielmehr begegnen wir ihr auch in den verschiedenen Liedern dieses Films. Womit Macbeth zu einem Teil der mündlich tradierten Geschich- te der Antandroy selbst geworden ist.

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Quel a été ton parcours avant ce film?

Auparavant j’avais débuté une carrière d’océanographe après de longues an- nées d’études universitaires. Bien que ma fascination pour l’océan reste tou- jours la même, j’ai décidé en 1997 d’abandonner cette profession pour ac- complir un vieux rêve d’enfance, réa- liser mes propres films. Plutôt que de payer une école de cinéma j’ai préféré apprendre ce nouveau métier en pro- duisant moi-même mon premier court métrage, The Gift. L’année d’après je produisais I’d Rather Be Flying, un do- cumentaire sur la voltige aérienne en hommage à un ami pilote qui s’était tué durant son entraînement pour les championnats du monde de voltige.

Makibefo est mon premier long mé- trage.

Dans quel état d’esprit est né Makibefo?

Juste avant de me lancer dans Maki- befo j’avais essayé de convaincre une chaîne de télévision britannique de m’aider à produire un documentaire.

Ils aimaient beaucoup le sujet et ont longtemps hésité avant de me don- ner une réponse négative. Mon peu d’expérience leur faisait peur. L’atten- te m’avait énormément frustré et le besoin de tourner commençait à me démanger. Plutôt que d’attendre en- core deux ou trois ans pour mettre sur pied la production de longs métrages, j’avais décidé de prendre le risque d’être totalement indépendant et de réaliser Makibefo avec les moyens à ma disposition.

Quelle a été la démarche pour ton premier film?

Ce premier long métrage était un enjeu, je n’avais simplement pas les fonds ni le soutien nécessaires pour produire

un film d’une façon conventionnelle et il fallait que je trouve une autre appro- che. Alors pour profiter au maximum de l’opportunité d’être totalement in- dépendant, j’avais choisi de me disso- cier de tout ce qui pouvait être acquis dans le cinéma d’aujourd’hui. Je vou- lais retourner aux bases des pionniers, ceux du cinéma muet et découvrir le langage des images à son état pur.

Capturer l’essence même de Macbeth et la rendre universelle par l’image plutôt que par le dialogue représentait pour moi un défi unique.

Comment as-tu choisi ce village?

Le village de Faux-Cap rassemblait un ensemble des critères que je m’étais imposés. Il est vrai que j’aurais tout aussi bien pu tourner dans un pays d’Asie ou d’Amérique du sud. En fait, au départ, il était question de tourner avec les Touaregs du Sahara, mais leur rébellion contre les gouvernements du Niger et du Mali ne me l’a pas permis.

Le peuple Antandroy du sud de Mada- gascar possède quelques-unes des ca- ractéristiques qui m’avaient plu chez les Touaregs: c’est un peuple guerrier, fier et nomade, vivant dans une région désertique, loin de tout – exactement ce que je cherchais. Il ne me restait plus qu’à trouver un village Antan- droy où tourner. Douze ans aupara- vant j’étais venu à Madagascar mais je ne connaissais rien au sud du pays, c’était pour Jeppe et moi une nouvelle découverte.

Faux-Cap est le premier village dans lequel nous nous sommes arrêtés.

C’était si parfait que nous avons dé- chargé notre équipement de la voiture sans même savoir si les villageois étaient d’accord pour jouer dans le film. Personne ne nous attendait. Nous

entretIen Avec le réAlIsAteur

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ÜberschrIFt

avons demandé au chauffeur de nous laisser là et de ne revenir que dans six semaines pour nous ramener.

Comment s’est négocié avec le village le tournage d’un film alors que ses ha- bitants n’avaient jamais vu de film?

Le lendemain de notre arrivée à Faux- Cap, quelques villageois intrigués par notre présence étaient venus nous voir. Grâce à l’intervention du délégué au maire, un des seuls à connaître le français dans le village, nous avons réussi à leur expliquer notre projet.

La première motivation des villageois était la perspective de gagner de l’ar- gent. Le salaire que l’on proposait était maigre mais représentait l’équivalent de ce qu’ils auraient gagné en mer. Il faut savoir que la tribu Antandroy est la plus pauvre de ce pays qui vit déjà dans la misère. Les rémunérer par des salaires plus élevés aurait pu avoir des conséquences assez catastrophiques sur l’équilibre économique du village.

C’était une décision difficile à prendre.

Pour leur expliquer ce qu’était un film, on les a familiarisés avec l’équipement de tournage. On s’est servi de polaroids pour leur expliquer le principe de la ca- méra. Très vite ils ont compris ce que l’on attendait d’eux pour que le tour- nage réussisse.

Alexander Abela was born in Coventry in 1965. He worked as an oceanographer before turning to film making in 1997.

Following Makibefo, Alexander returned to Madagascar a few years later to film Souli, an adaptation of Shakespeare’s Othello. Currently he is developing a documentary on the world of freediv- ing, entitled Aquaticus. Other projects Alexander is currently working on in- clude Ventilator Blues, a feature film about four legionnaires from the Free French Forces lost in the Libyan desert during the North African Campaign of 1942 and Zarafah, an animation film set in East Africa in the 1820’s, telling the story of a young fugitive slave who becomes the stable boy of Zarafah, the first giraffe to arrive in France.

Alexander Abela wurde 1965 im eng- lischen Coventry geboren. Er arbei- tete als Meereskundler bis er 1997 seinen ersten Kurzfilm produzierte.

Einige Jahre nach seinem Debüt Ma- kibefo reiste Abela nochmals nach Madagaskar und drehte dort seinen zweiten Spielfilm, Souli, eine Adapti- on von Shakespeares Othello. Zurzeit bereitet er unter dem Titel Aquaticus einen Dokumentarfilm über die Welt der Apnoetaucher vor. Zudem schreibt er an dem Drehbuch für Ventilator Blues, ein Spielfilm über vier Legio- näre der Freien Französischen Streit- kräfte, die sich während des Afrikafeld- zugs von 1942 in der Libyschen Wüste verirren.

Filmography The Gift (1997)

I’d Rather be Flying (1998) Makibefo (1999)

Amazir (2000) Souli (2004)

bIOgrAphy / bIOgrAphIe

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the sOngs OF MAKIbeFO

olo ty tadidy olo ty tadidy ndao tireo olo ty tadidy

mandidy olo betsa betsa olo ty tadidy

olo ty tadidy nda tireo olo ty tadidy

mandidy olo betsa betsa eny iee iee

eny iee iee

hoy teo fantareo moa re roky maka be-tosika farazao soa teo fantareo moa re roky maka be-tosika farazao na ampela ny mpanjaka moa re fangataka toa pitsony tamin’izao na ampela ny mpanjaka moa re fangataka toa pitsony tamin’izao eny, iee, iee

eny, iee, iee

hoy teo fantareo moa re mangataka be-tosika farazao na ampela ny mpanjaka moa re fangataka toa pitsony tamin’izao eny iee iee

eny iee iee no kia tia miasa reke teo kia ninona mba soa teo mety ny fanjaka-be makibefo tamin’izao no kia ty miasa reke teo kia ninona mba soa teo mety ny fanjaka-be makibefo tamin’izao eny iee iee eny iee iee ah, tianao matiha eny isika moa re petry taly io ah, tianao matiha eny isika moa re petry taly io eny iee iee

eny iee iee

Olo ty tadidy (We will remember a man) Lyrics: Bien Rasoanan Tenaina

Transcription and translation: Christine Sterly-Paulsen

We will remember a man,

We will bring you the remembrance of a man, We will remember a man,

Who ruled a great many people.

We will remember a man,

We will bring you the remembrance of a man, We will remember a man,

Who ruled a great many people.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

I am telling to let you know,

That he was proud for having brought a lot of violence.

You should well know,

That he was proud for having brought a lot of violence.

He and his wife made themselves king, They took it like in a jump.

He and his wife made themselves king, They took it like in a jump.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

Yes, yeah, yeah I am telling to let you know, That with much violence

He and his wife made themselves king, That they took it like in a jump.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

When he had finished his work, Defeating the others,

When he had defeated whoever there was, Makibefo could very well have been a great ruler.

When he had finished his work, Defeating the others,

When he had defeated whoever there was, Makibefo could very well have been a great ruler.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

Yes, yeah, yeah.

If you like to follow it to the end, We will remember that story together.

If you like to follow it to the end, We will remember that story together Yes, yeah, yeah,

Yes, yeah, yeah.

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Angalatsiky (He stole from us) Lyrics: Bien Rasoanan Tenaina

Transcription and translation: Christine Sterly-Paulsen angalatsiky: eny mahatsikatsiky mpanjaka

He stole from us: Yes, he wanted to be king

angalatsiky: ka le fa iraiky nahatopisa

He stole from us: And he alone reached his aim

angalatsiky: ke, eny

He stole from us: Yes, well

angalatsiky: eny na ke

He stole from us: Yes, really, yes

angalatsiky: eny mikodory

He stole from us: Yes, he rose to power

angalatsiky: eny mikodory

He stole from us: Yes, he rose to power

angalatsiky: omba ty iraiky nifoniraiky

He stole from us: His one aim was to rise alone

angalatsiky: nahamitapita ty mpanjaka

He stole from us: He deceived the king

angalatsiky: eny tikodory

He stole from us: Yes, he succeeded

angalatsiky: eny tikodory

He stole from us: Yes, he succeeded

angalatsiky: namanjipanjy ry mpanjaka

He stole from us: With violence he made himself king

angalatsiky: olo ty iraiky nofoly iraiky

He stole from us: One man in one assault

angalatsiky: ke, eny

He stole from us: Yes, well

angalatsiky: ke, eny ke

He stole from us: Yes, well, yes

angalatsiky: eny ke

He stole from us: Well, yes

angalatsiky: ke, eny

He stole from us: Yes, well

angalatsiky: e, ny mpanjaka

He stole from us: Yes, the king

angalatsiky: namalivaly mikodory

He stole from us: Doing bad things he rose to power

angalatsiky: olona ty raty makabefo e

He stole from us: Yes, Makabefo was a bad man

angalatsiky: namanjipanjy ry mpanjaka

He stole from us: He deceived the king

angalatsiky: ninory amby ty mpanjaka

He stole from us: They both rose to become rulers

angalatsiky: samba toa maty fanjakany

He stole from us: First the whole kingdom was like dead

angalatsiky: ke, eny ke

He stole from us: Well, yes well

angalatsiky: o, y afake

He stole from us: Oh, he made it

angalatsiky: eny ke

He stole from us: Yes, well

angalatsiky: ke

He stole from us: Well

angalatsiky: o, makabefo e

He stole from us: Oh, Makabefo, yeah

angalatsiky: ola ty raty nilalaza

He stole from us: It needs to be said he was a bad man

angalatsiky: tsy natera na ampela

He stole from us: He wouldn’t have done it without his wife

angalatsiky: tsy natera na ampela

He stole from us: He wouldn’t have done it without his wife

angalatsiky: ty raty raty makabefo e

He stole from us: Yes, Makabefo was so bad

angalatsiky ke: eny ke

He stole from us indeed: Yes, well

hangalatsiky: ke

He stole from us: Indeed

hangalatsiky ke: eny ke

He stole from us indeed: Yes, indeed

hangalatsiky: o, makabefo e

He stole from us: Oh, Makabefo, yeah

hangalatsiky ke

He stole from us indeed

hangalatsiky: e, ny mpanjaka

He stole from us: Yes, the king

hangalatsiky: navalivaly nikodoro

He stole from us: Through magic he gained power

angalatsiky: ola ty raty makabefo e

He stole from us: Makabefo was a bad man

angalatsiky: amatimaty ny mpanjaka

He stole from us: He killed the king

angalatsiky: ninory afy ty mpanjaka

He stole from us: Furtively he made himself king

angalatsiky: samba to maty fanjakana

He stole from us: First the whole kingdom was like dead

angalatsiky: ke, eny ke

He stole from us: Well, yes, well

angalatsiky: o, y afake

He stole from us: Oh, he made it

angalatsiky: eny ke

He stole from us: Yes, well

angalatsiky ke

He stole from us indeed

angalatsiky ke: eny ke

He stole from us indeed: Yes, well

angalatsiky: o, makabefo e

He stole from us: Oh, Makabefo, yeah

angalatsiky ke

He stole from us indeed

angalatsiky: o, ny mpanjaka

He stole from us: Oh, the king

angalatsiky: namoriraty maromaro

He stole from us: He used a lot of black magic

angalatsiky: ninoro iaby nahave

He stole from us: And he succeeded to rise higher than anybody else

angalatsiky ke: makabefo izay

He stole from us indeed: That was Makabefo

angalatsiky: o, y ahavé

He stole from us: Oh, he succeeded

hangalatsiky ke

He stole from us indeed

hangalatsiky ke

He stole from us indeed

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