Innate Immune Response of Primary Human Keratinocytes to West Nile Virus Infection and Its Modulation by Mosquito Saliva

The results of the survey undertaken in December 2002 to January 2003 in equine centers where positive animals were detected in July 2002 indicated a high rate of WNV seroconversion

In our previous work [6] we studied the spread of a viral infection in tissue with a single reaction-diffusion equation for the virus concentration. The concentration of the immune

In bacterial infections, according to the infected tissue and the nature of pathogens, the body responds by mobilizing various actors. I decided to use zebrafish

Milk concentrations of IL-8 (A) and C5a (B) in samples col- lected from quarters immediately prior to and at varying time points following intramammary bac- terial infection

Since its introduction to the Western Hemisphere in 1999, WNV had spread across North America, Central and South America and the Caribbean, although the vast majority of severe

West Nile virus- related disease in humans and horses is still being reported from the USA and lately confirmed human cases have been reported from France [56].. Further- more,

To verify the efficacy of the shRNA-mediated knockdown of NMBR in A549 cells, the expression of NMBR mRNA in sh-Luciferase controls and sh-NMBR cells was examined by RT-PCR

Similarly, 6 (8.2%) of the 73 horses that were annually immu- nized with the inactivated vaccine that were seropositive in April were seroneg- ative in November, 2005, and 2 (50%) of