دور الموارد الطبيعية في التنمية الإقتصادية : دراسة حالة الجزائر، نيجيريا و بوتسوانا

Texte intégral

(1)2014 2013.

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(4) - ...................................................................................... 1.......……………………...……………………………. 2…....…..……………………... 2 .... …. 1 I 1 1 I. 3 ... 2 1 I. .. 6..……………….…….……….…………………………. 3 1 I. 11……………………………… .………………… ………. 4 1 I. 15……..……………..……. 11……………………..……..……………………... (2 I 1-2 I. 15….………………………………. 1-1 2 I. 20 ……….. ................. 2-1 2 I. 22 ….…. 3-1-2 I. ……….... 26…………………..………………………... 4 1-2 1. 31… ...……………………………………………. 2-2 I. 31………………….……………………….... 1-2 2 I. 33………………..………...………………... 2-2 2 I. 35…. …………………………………….. 3-2 2 I.

(5) 38 ….…………...…………………………. 4-2 2 I. 39. .. ................. 5-2 2 I. 42. .. ................. 6-2 2 I. 46 . ..... ... 46 ............. .. .. (3-I (1-3-I. 52. ................. 2 3 I. 66. ................ 3 3 I. 70. .................... 4 3 I. 73. ............... 5 3 I. 75. ................... 77. ............ 78 79 79. ........ ............... . ...................... 81 82 83 84. 6 3 I. ............... ................ .............. 1 II ( 1-1-II (2-1-II 2 II 1 2 II. ..................... 2 2 II. 91. ................. 3 2 II. 94. .................... 4 2 II. 97 98. ..... ........ ..... ............... 3 II 1 3 II.

(6) 101. .................. 103. . ………….. 103. 2 1 3 II. ............. 105 .............. . .. ... 106 .............. 115 ......... 3 1 3 II. .. 4 1 3 II. .. .............. 1 1 3 II 2 1 3 II. .. .. 122 ...... 123. 1 1 3 II. ... 2 3 II. .. 1 2 3 II. 133.................. 2 2 3 II. 135 ................. 3 2 3 II. 137. .............. .. 4 2 3 II. 139 ........ 3 3 II. 140................... 1 3 3 II. 143. ............... 2 3 3 II. 148 ................. 3 3 3 II. 151 ................... 4 3 3 II. 156 ……….. 5 3 3 II. 158. .............. .. 132 .......... 160................. .. 1 III.

(7) 160 .............. 1 1 III. 166 .................. 2 1 III. 170. ............... 1 2 1 III. 172. ................ 2 2 1 III. .................. 3 2 1 III. 173 175 ... ... ……………... 3 1 III. 176. ……….... 1 3 1 III. 184. ……….. 2 3 1 III. 190. ................ 3 3 1 III. 194 194. ......... ................. 199. ............ 2 III 1 2 III 2 2 III. 202. ............ 1 2 2 III. 204. ............ 2 2 2 III. 205. ............... 3 2 2 III. 209. ................ 3 2 III. 209. ................. 1 3 2 III. 215. ............... 2 3 2 III. 220. .... 3 3 2 III. 127 227. ...... ............. 3 III 1 3 III.

(8) 232. .............. 1 1 3 III. 234. .............. 2 1 3 III. 235. ............... 3 1 3 III. 237. ......... 2 3 III. ….………. 3 3 III. 240. ....... 241. ............. 1 3 3 III. 243. ............ .. 2 3 3 III. 245 247. ………. .......... 3 3 3 III.

(9) 51. 01. 142. 02. 150. 03. 167. ( 2012 2006. 04. 170. 2011 2001 2012 2011. 174. 06. 2012 2009. 180. 07. 2006 2002. 181. 08. 2012. 182. 09. 2006 2002. 183. 05. 10. 192. 11. 196. 12 2012. 198 201. 2012 2006 2012 2006. 201 205. 13. 15. 2009 2013 2012 2006. 206. 16 17. 208. 18. 211. 2008 1960 2012. 212 213. 14. 2008. 19 20 21.

(10) 2012 214. 2003 1999. 221. 23 2009. 229 230. 22. 2013 1966 1999. 24 25. 231. 26. 240. 27. 05. 01. 10. 02. 37. 03. 44. 40. 54. 2004. 50. 86. 60. 87. 70. 90. 80. 92. 09. 103. 01. 107. 11. 109. 12. 113. 13. 115. 14.

(11) 117. 15. 118. 16. 126. 17. 130. 18. 132. 19. 138. 20 21. 2012. 162. 22. 163 164 165. 23. 1992 2010. 24. 1990 2010. 189. 25. 207. 26. 219. 27. 219. 28 29. 223. 2007 1999 30. 2007. 224. 31. 226 228. 32. 2010. 33 232 236. 2009 2001 34. 2010. 53 244. 1990 36. 245. 2009 2000.

(12) 1776.

(13) ‫‪1867‬‬. ‫‪1758‬‬ ‫‪1933‬‬ ‫‪1985‬‬. ‫‪.‬‬. ‫‪30‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تيري الين كارل‪ ،‬فهم لعنة الموارد الطبيعية‪ ،‬التخلص من لعنة النفط‪،‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬خ‪ٛ‬ؾ‪٠‬ف قر‪١‬غٍ‪١‬رؿ‪ ،‬اٌرطٍى ِٓ ٌؼٕح اٌّ‪ٛ‬اؼظ‪ِ ،‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ع اٌّدرّغ إٌّفرر‪ٛ٠ٛ١ٔ ،‬ؼن‪ ،2005 ،‬و‪.16‬‬. ‫ِؼ‪ٙ‬ع اٌّدرّغ إٌّفرر‪ٛ٠ٛ١ٔ ،‬ؼن‪ ،2005 ،‬و‪.21‬‬.

(14) ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪1973‬‬. ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪254,28‬‬. ‫‪302,75‬‬. ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪1974‬‬. ‫‪2002‬‬. ‫‪%5,2‬‬. ‫‪1998 1965‬‬ ‫‪%1.3‬‬ ‫‪%2.2‬‬. ‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬خ‪ٛ‬ؾ‪٠‬ف قر‪١‬غٍ‪١‬رؿ‪ِ ،‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ‪ ،‬و ‪.16‬‬.

(15) -.

(16) 1997. Sachs et Warner Marc Antoine Adam. -. 2003 Paul Collier. -. Yvan Guichaoua. -. 2007. 2009.

(17) -. 1986 2011 11. .. 2006.

(18)

(19)

(20) 1 I. 1 1 I. 1. 51. 2000.

(21) 2 1 I. 1. 20 .56. 1999 2.

(22)

(23) 01. .17. 2007 2006.

(24) 3 1 I. 1 3 1 I. 2 3 1 I. 3 3 1 I 1. 23-22 ‫ و‬،2007.

(25) ‫‪1974‬‬. ‫‪1976‬‬. ‫‪4 3 1 I‬‬. ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪% 33‬‬. ‫‪1‬‬. ‫ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪25 -24‬‬.

(26) 77 28. % 33. 1990. 175.

(27) 0,79 0,50. 0,50. 0,0 1,0 0,80.

(28) ‫‪02‬‬. ‫َسثح انعايهٍُ فٍ‬ ‫انقطاع انصُاعٍ‬. ‫َسثح انىفُاخ‬.

(29) 4 1 I. 1 4 1 I. 134 131. 1.

(30) 2 4 1 I.

(31) 3 4 1 I. OMC. FAO. UNIDO. (FAO). 1. 2000 67.

(32) OMC. 4 4 1 I. 68. 1.

(33) (2 I 1-2 I. 1-1 2 I. 1. 1. 104 102. 1980.

(34)

(35) 54. 1987. 1.

(36) 1. 18 197 21. 1971.

(37) 1.

(38) 2-1 2 I. 1. 2. 34. 2001 1999 1974.

(39)

(40) .. 3-1-2 I. 1939 1930. 35 74 73. 1 2.

(41) ‫‪1‬‬. ‫ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و و ‪. 76 -74‬‬.

(42) K Y. K S Y. Y Y K Y S S  s Y Y. s S =I i. I. I Y. i I  K. k K I k K K.

(43) Y . I Y. Y I Y  Y Y K. g. s k. g S /. K. 4 1-2 1. 1. CORTRIGHT Joseph, New Growth Theory, Technology And Learning, Reviews Of Economic Development Literature And Practice: No. 4, 2001 , P 02..

(44) 1993.

(45) 1987.

(46) 04 03. Joseph CORTRIGHT. 1.

(47) 1994. 1992. 1920.

(48) 26. Joseph CORTRIGHT. 1.

(49) 2-2 I. 1-2 2 I. 163. 1.

(50) 91. 90. 1.

(51) 2-2 2 I. 1. 1989 23.

(52) -. -. -. 3-2 2 I. 1. 1981 142.

(53) A B. A. E D A. 84. 1988. 1.

(54) ‫‪03‬‬ ‫ِكاؼ إٌّ‪A ٛ‬‬ ‫اٌّر‪ٛ‬اؾْ‬ ‫ٔاذح اٌمطاع‬ ‫‪A‬‬. ‫ِكاؼ إٌّ‪ B ٛ‬اٌغ‪١‬ؽ اٌّر‪ٛ‬اؾْ‬. ‫‪2007‬‬. ‫‪184‬‬.

(55) 4-2 2 I. 1950 1. S.V.GANTSHO Mandla, Cities As Growth Poles: Implications For Rural Development, On The Occasion Of The Annual Meetings Seminar Held In Maputo, Mozambique, May 14-15, 2008.P -0304..

(56) -. -. 5-2 2 I. The Stages of Economic Growth 1960.

(57) -. 158. 1.

(58) -.

(59) 6-2 2 I. 1987. 1. PURUSOTTAM nayak and MISHRA, Structural Change in Meghalaya: Theory and Evidence, Sk North-Eastern Hill University, 15. June 2009, P 2-3.

(60) 1940. 104 102. 1939. 1.

(61) ‫‪04‬‬ ‫اإلٔراخ‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪ٚ‬األخؽ‬ ‫اٌسم‪١‬ك‬. ‫‪N1‬‬. ‫‪N‬‬. ‫األخؽ إًٌاػ‪)S(ٟ‬‬. ‫‪P1‬‬. ‫‪p‬‬. ‫‪W‬‬. ‫أخؽ اٌىفاف‬ ‫‪W1‬‬. ‫‪o‬‬. ‫وّ‪١‬ح اٌؼًّ‬. ‫‪M‬‬. ‫‪M1‬‬. ‫‪104‬‬. ‫‪OW‬‬. ‫‪OW1‬‬. ‫‪WS‬‬. ‫‪N‬‬. ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬. ‫‪105‬‬.

(62) OM WNP. ONPM. P1. N1 ON1P1M1. OM1. OM. OWP1M1. Lewis. (3-I (1-3-I.

(63)

(64) 1 1 3 I. -. -. 2 1 3 I. 5. 1. 1 1. 2002.

(65) -. -. 6. 1.

(66) -. -. 7. 1.

(67)

(68) 01. -. .8.

(69) 2 3 I. 1 2 3 I %95 FAO 2007 OECD 2007 OECD 2007. 50 %30. %10 %5. %5 %2 (FAO 2007) % 7.2 2002. 1. BOSTOCK Tim Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics And Politics– OECD 2008.P P 83-92.

(70) 47 %10 %14.6. 150. %10. 6. %10 % 15,4. .(OCED 2006).. 17,7. 1,75. 2001. (FAO 2007) % 5. 15. 20 % 30. %30. 1999 1993 %15. OECD 2005.

(71) 2004. 05. 87. Tim BOSTOCK. 800 200. 350 100. 50. 400 150. 100. 150 100. 100 50.

(72) 2 2 3 I %10 %2. %1. %5. %40. 2004 6. 3. 2004. 16. 1995. 30. 3 2003. 2001 10. %1 550000. 2004. 20% 1,2 2004 2004. 327 FAO 2004. 1. STEELE Paul and PARIS Remy, Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics and Politics – OECD 2008. P P 95-104.

(73) -. -. -. %20 1980 2000. %10 -. %83 -.

(74) 3 2 3 I 150 2003. 15. 63 %30 21%. %83. -. 1. MC GREGOR James and ROE Dilys. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics and Politics –OECD 2008. P P 105-116..

(75) -. -. 11. 4 2 3 I. % 68. % 30. %4 %2 %1 % 10. OECD 2007 %1,6 %10. 1. %6. KLOP Piet. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics And Politics – OECD 2008. P P 117-134.

(76) 2006 20. 1,7. 2003. %13. 5 2 3 I. -.

(77) 2,5 %17. %40. 2002 %19 % 3,7. %45 %0,2. 6 2 3 I. %75. %40 2006. 1. HOBBS Jon and DRAKENBERG Olof. Natural Resources and Pro-Poor Growth: The Economics and Politics – OECD 2008. P P 135-144.

(78) ‫‪%20 17‬‬. ‫‪%10‬‬. ‫‪%10‬‬. ‫‪%5‬‬ ‫‪%40‬‬. ‫‪% 22‬‬. ‫‪% 43‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬. ‫‪25‬‬. ‫‪%1‬‬. ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪100.000‬‬. ‫أ‪-‬‬.

(79) ‫ب‪-‬‬. ‫خ‪-‬‬. ‫ز‪-‬‬. ‫ج‪-‬‬. ‫‪7 2 3 I‬‬.

(80) 1859. -. 1983. 1. 63 61.

(81) -. 68 66. 1.

(82)

(83) %99. 3 3 I.

(84) ‫أ‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪1‬‬. ‫‪289 281‬‬. ‫‪1988‬‬.

(85) ‫‪-‬‬. ‫ب‪-‬‬.

(86) .. 4 3 I.

(87) ‫‪%30‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬ؾؼٔ‪ٛ‬ذ ‪٠‬اقّ‪ٕ١‬ح ‪ ،‬إنىاٌ‪١‬ح اٌرّٕ‪١‬ح اٌّكرعاِح ف‪ ٟ‬اٌدؿائؽ ظؼاقح ذم‪ِ ،ٗ١ّ١‬ػوؽج ٌٕ‪ ً١‬ن‪ٙ‬اظج اٌّاخكر‪١‬ؽ‪ ،‬وٍ‪١‬ح اٌؼٍ‪َٛ‬‬ ‫االلرًاظ‪٠‬ح ‪ٚ‬ػٍ‪ َٛ‬اٌرك‪ٟ١‬ؼ‪ ،‬خاِؼح اٌدؿائؽ‪ ،2006-2005 ،‬و ‪33‬‬.

(88) ‫‪1 4 3 I‬‬. ‫‪2 4 3 I‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬ؾؼٔ‪ٛ‬ذ ‪٠‬اقّ‪ٕ١‬ح‪ٔ ،‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.34‬‬.

(89) ‫‪5 3 I‬‬. ‫‪Sen‬‬. ‫‪1990‬‬. ‫‬‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬اٌمؽ‪٠‬ه‪ِ ٟ‬عزد‪ِ ،‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ‪ ،‬و و ‪. 180-178‬‬.

(90) ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪6 3 I‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬اٌمؽ‪٠‬ه‪ِ ٟ‬عزد‪ٔ ،‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.181‬‬.

(91) -. -. -.

(92)

(93)

(94) 1 II. ( 1-1-II. 1995 5. 1. 1 03 02. 2002.

(95) 1987. 1979.     1. 1 .20. 2007.

(96) (2-1-II. (1 2-1-II 1789.

(97) (2 2-1-II.

(98) 2 II. 1 2 II. -‫أ‬. -‫ب‬. 2008. -. 1. 15 13.

(99) 2 2 II. 1 2 2 II. 1. 2010. 2008 1990 127.

(100)

(101) ‫‪06‬‬. ‫تكانُف‬ ‫َقذَح‬ ‫يُحًُ عزض‬ ‫انًىرد غُز‬ ‫يتجذد‬. ‫‪B‬‬. ‫‪A‬‬. ‫كًُح انًىرد انًتجذد‬ ‫‪2002‬‬. ‫‪A‬‬. ‫‪B‬‬. ‫‪.60‬‬.

(102) 1931. 07 ‫تكهفح‬. CMS. A CMP. ‫حجى اإلَتاج‬. K .62. CMP CMP. CMS DDS.

(103) ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪CMS‬‬. ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪CMP‬‬. ‫‪2 2 2 II‬‬. ‫أ‪-‬‬. ‫ب‪-‬‬. ‫خ‪-‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬خثٍ‪ِ ٟ‬سّع أِ‪ِ ،ٓ١‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ‪ ،‬و ‪.133-132‬‬.

(104) ‫ز‪-‬‬.

(105) ‫‪08‬‬ ‫انًىارد انطثُعُح‬. ‫انًىارد انطثُعُح انًتجذدج‬. ‫انًىارد انطثُعُح انغُز انًتجذدج‬. ‫قاتم نهتجذَذ تشكم يشزوط‬. ‫انًىارد انًزكثح‬. ‫انًىارد انحُىَح انثسُطح‬. ‫قاتم نهتجذَذ تشكم غُز يشزوط‬. ‫يىرد غُز حُىٌ يتذفق‬. ‫يىرد غُز حُىٌ يتذفق‬. ‫‪NAPC‬‬. ‫‪2003‬‬. ‫‪48‬‬.

(106) ‫‪.‬‬. ‫‪3 2 II‬‬ ‫‪1914‬‬ ‫‪1931‬‬. ‫‪Pt = p0(1+r)r‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬زّع تٓ ِسّع أي اٌه‪١‬ص‪ِ ،‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ ‪ ،‬و ‪105‬‬.

(107) ‫‪09‬‬ ‫‪pt‬‬. ‫ِٕسٕ‪ ٝ‬اٌكؼؽ‬. ‫‪P0‬‬. ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪. 106‬‬.

(108) ‫‪4 2 II‬‬. ‫‪1972‬‬. ‫‪Rio de janiero‬‬. ‫‪1992‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬اٌى‪ٛ‬اؾ أزّع‪ٌّ ،‬اغا ٌُ ذرس‪ٛ‬ي أغٍة اٌثٍعاْ إٌاِ‪١‬ح إٌ‪ ٝ‬تٍعاْ ِرمعِح ذّٕ‪٠ٛ‬ا‪ ،‬قٍكٍح اٌطثؽاء‪ ،‬اٌّؼ‪ٙ‬ع اٌؼؽت‪ٌٍ ٟ‬رطط‪١‬ط‬ ‫تاٌى‪٠ٛ‬د‪ ،‬اٌؼعظ ‪ ،2011 ،44‬و ‪.10‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬. ‫–‬.

(109) 2002. Johanesburg.

(110)

(111) ‫‪3 II‬‬. ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬. ‫‪30‬‬. ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪302.75‬‬. ‫‪1973‬‬. ‫‪254.28‬‬. ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪2002 1974‬‬. ‫‪%5.2‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬ؼ‪٠‬ف‪ٚٚ ٛ١ٕ١‬ذم‪ ،‬اٌرطٍى ِٓ ٌؼٕح اٌّ‪ٛ‬اؼظ‪ِ ،‬طث‪ٛ‬ػاخ اٌداِؼح األ‪ٚ‬ؼت‪١‬ح اٌّؽوؿ‪٠‬ح‪ِ ،‬ؼ‪ٙ‬ع اٌّدرّغ إٌّفرر‪،‬‬ ‫ٔ‪ٛ٠ٛ١‬ؼن‪ ،2005 ،‬و ‪.17-16‬‬.

(112) ‫‪1 3 II‬‬. ‫"‬ ‫"‬. ‫‪.‬‬. ‫‪.‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬وؽقر‪ ٓ١‬إتؽا٘‪ ُ١‬ؾاظج‪ ،‬ثؽ‪ٚ‬ج وث‪١‬ؽج ذعاؼ تغ‪١‬ؽ زىّح‪ِ ،‬دٍح اٌرّ‪ٚ ً٠ٛ‬اٌرّٕ‪١‬ح‪ ،‬يٕع‪ٚ‬ق إٌمع اٌع‪ِ ،ٌٟٚ‬اؼـ ‪،2003‬‬ ‫و ‪.51-50‬‬.

(113)

(114)

(115) ‫‪1 1 3 II‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬خثٍ‪ِ ٟ‬سّع أِ‪ِ ،ٓ١‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ‪ ،‬و و ‪.167 -165‬‬.

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(117) 2 1 3 II. 1955. 10. Source : KOUTASSILA Jean Philippe, Le syndrome Hollandais : théorie et vérification empirique au Congo et au Cameroun, Centre d’économie du développement Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV – France, 1998, P 03..

(118) -. FA. -. AM. P FPM CB. FM -. LA. FM’ -. M’. M. AM. FL’. FL. FC’. FC P’. P. FPM. CC’ LL’’.

(119) 05-04 ‫ ص‬،‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬،KOUTASSILA Jean Philippe 1.

(120) 3 1 3 II.

(121) 11 X1. Prix BC Prix BNC. M X0 B. P1 C. A. P0. Q1 06. Q2. Q0. KOUTASSILA Jean Philippe. TCR. P1. X1. X0. X-M.

(122) 1950. x m n Pm Px. m x. (Pn). NDOUMTARA Nakoumdé, Boom Pétrolier Et Risques D’un Syndrome Hollandaise Au Tchad : Une Approach Par La Modélisation En Equilibre General Calculable, Thèse De Doctorat Nouveau Régime En Sciences Economiques, Université D’auvergne Clermont – Ferrand , P 67 1.

(123) 12. J. 68. Nakoumdé NDOUMTARA. BC A.

(124) DE. Pt Pn HG. ED. F. HJ. HG.

(125) -. 1992. 1. 92. CORDEN W. Max , NEARY J. Peter « Booming Sector And De- Industrialisation In Small Open Economy » The Economic Journal, Vol.92.No.386, Decembre 1982. P 825.

(126) ‫‪ٔ ،W. Max CORDEN 1‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪826‬‬.

(127) 13. S1 PN. S0. E C D2. B A ‫ع‬ ‫ؼ‬ ٌ. D1. D. Bien non échangeables Source : ANTOINE Adam marc « La Maladie Hollandaise : Une Etude Empirique Applique A Des Pays En Développement Exportateurs De Pétrole », Université Montréal, Automme 2003, P 10.. S D (A,B,C,E) D1. D.

(128) S1. S.

(129) 4 1 3 II. 14. 74. Nakoumdé NDOUMTARA. OT OS. OT. OS.

(130) A. Lt’. Lt W1. M’Ot. W0. Mot. L’s. Ls .W2.

(131) 15. 80. Nakoumdé NDOUMTARA. F A.

(132) Ds. Xs. OG’. 16. 84. Nakoumdé NDOUMTARA. OG.

(133) H. IM. IE H’.

(134)

(135)

(136) ‫‪1 2 3 II‬‬. ‫‪2001‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ زك‪ٔ ٓ١‬اخ‪ ،ٟ‬ظؼاقح ذسٍ‪١ٍ١‬ح ٌّٕاش اإلقرثّاؼ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌدؿائؽ‪ ،‬ؼقاٌح ِمعِح ٌٕ‪ ً١‬ن‪ٙ‬اظج اٌعور‪ٛ‬ؼاء ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؼٍ‪َٛ‬‬ ‫االلرًاظ‪٠‬ح‪ ،‬خاِؼح ِٕر‪ٛ‬ؼ‪ ٞ‬لكٕط‪ٕ١‬ح‪ ، 2007/2006 ،‬و و ‪.41-39‬‬.

(137) ‫‪1998‬‬. ‫‪1999‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ زك‪ٓ١‬‬. ‫ٔاخ‪ٔ ، ٟ‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.42‬‬.

(138)

(139) ‫‪17‬‬. ‫ق‪ٌٛٙ‬ح ذغ‪١‬ؽ٘ا‬. ‫ِٕظّاخ زى‪١ِٛ‬ح‬. ‫اٌثمح‬ ‫ذٕظ‪ّ١‬اخ‬. ‫ل‪ٛ‬اػع‬. ‫ِؤقكاخ الرًاظ‪٠‬ح‬. ‫اٌهثىاخ‬ ‫اٌم‪ ُ١‬اٌّهرؽوح‬ ‫ل‪ٛ‬أ‪ٓ١‬‬ ‫اٌّؼا‪١٠‬ؽ‬. ‫ِٕظّاخ اٌّدرّغ‬ ‫اٌّعٔ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫اٌهؽطح‬. ‫اٌرماٌ‪١‬ع‬ ‫اٌع‪ٓ٠‬‬. ‫اٌعقاذ‪١‬ؽ‬ ‫يؼ‪ٛ‬تح ذغ‪١‬ؽ٘ا‬. ‫‪42‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ زك‪ٔ ٓ١‬اخ‪ٔ ،ٟ‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.44 -43‬‬. ‫اٌّساوُ‬.

(140) ‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ زك‪ٔ ٓ١‬اخ‪ٔ ، ٟ‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.45-44‬‬.

(141) ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪2004‬‬ ‫‪1989‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ زك‪ٓ١‬‬. ‫ٔاخ‪ٔ ، ٟ‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.46‬‬. ‫‪133‬‬. ‫‪1960‬‬.

(142) ‫‪18‬‬ ‫اٌعضً‬. ‫عىايم‬ ‫داخهُح‬ ‫اإلٔراخ‪١‬ح‬. ‫اٌؼ‪ٛ‬اًِ اٌّسعظج ٌٍّٕ‪ٛ‬‬. ‫طٍة قٍغ‬ ‫‪ٚ‬ضعِاخ‬ ‫أخٕث‪١‬ح‬. ‫عىايم‬ ‫داخهُح‬ ‫جشئُا‬. ‫فؼاٌ‪١‬ح ٔهؽ‬ ‫اٌرىٕ‪ٌٛٛ‬خ‪١‬ح‬. ‫اٌرداؼج‬. ‫زم‪ٛ‬ق اٌٍّى‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪ٚ‬ق‪١‬اظج اٌمأ‪ْٛ‬‬. ‫طٍة ِؤقكاخ‬ ‫خ‪١‬عج‬. ‫اٌّؤقكاخ‬. ‫ِثاي‪ِ :‬ؤقكاخ ذم‪َٛ‬‬ ‫ػٍ‪ ٝ‬ذ‪ٛ‬ؾ‪٠‬غ اٌؽ‪٠‬غ إٌاذح‬ ‫ػٓ اقرغالي اٌّ‪ٛ‬اؼظ‬ ‫اٌطث‪١‬ؼ‪١‬ح‬. ‫عىايم‬ ‫خارجُح‬. ‫اٌدغؽاف‪١‬ح‬. ‫‪Source : RODRICK Dani, Institutions et Croissance, Séminaire: Relations économiques‬‬ ‫‪internationales, Jean-Marc Siroën, Août 2004, P 9.‬‬. ‫‪2007 2006‬‬. ‫‪41 39‬‬.

(143)

(144) ‫‪18000‬‬ ‫‪7200‬‬. ‫‪19‬‬. ‫اٌّؤقكاخ‬. ‫اإلقرثّاؼ‬ ‫أثؽ‬ ‫ِثانؽ‬. ‫االٔعِاج ‪ٚ‬اٌرداؼج‬ ‫أثؽ غ‪١‬ؽ‬ ‫ِثانؽ‬. ‫ِطؿ‪ ْٚ‬ؼأقّاي االخرّاػ‪ٟ‬‬ ‫االقرمؽاؼ اٌك‪١‬اق‪ٟ‬‬ ‫زً إٌؿاػاخ االخرّاػ‪١‬ح‬. ‫اٌعضً ‪ٚ‬إٌّ‪ٛ‬‬. ‫اٌك‪١‬اقاخ‬. ‫‪RODRICK, D‬‬. ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪2007 2006‬‬. ‫‪ٔ ، RODRICK Dani 1‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.46‬‬. ‫‪41 39‬‬.

(145) -. -. 2 2 3 II. -‫أ‬. 1. PHILIPPOT Louis-Marie. Rente Naturelle et Institutions Les Ressources Naturelles: Une « Malédiction Institutionnelle ». Credit. 15 Septembre 2009. P 08-10 ،‫ؼٔؿ‬ٌٛ ٕٝ‫ ِٕس‬ٍٝ‫ ذؼرّع فىؽج ػ‬،ِٟٛ‫اـ ػعاٌح اٌعضً اٌم‬١‫ ل‬ٟ‫ػا ف‬ٛ١‫األوثؽ ن‬ٚ ‫اِح‬ٌٙ‫ف ا‬١٠‫ ِٓ اٌّما‬ٟٕ١‫ ِؼاًِ خ‬2 . ‫غ‬٠‫ؾ‬ٛ‫ا ٌؼعاٌح اٌر‬١ّ‫اقا ؼل‬١‫ ل‬ٟ‫ؼط‬٠ ٗٔ‫ تأ‬ٟٕ١‫ّراؾ ِؼاًِ خ‬٠.

(146) ‫ب‪-‬‬. ‫خ‪-‬‬.

(147) ‫‪.‬‬. ‫‪3 2 3 II‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬اٌى‪ٛ‬اؾ أزّع‪ِ ،‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ‪ ،‬و ‪.28-27‬‬.

(148) -. -. -. -. -. 1. ACEMOGLU Daron , JOHNSON Simon, ROBINSON James, Institutions As The Fundamental Cause Of Long-Run Growth, National Bureau Of Economic Research 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Ma 02138 May 2004, P P 2-5..

(149) 4 2 3 II. 1989 1970. 1. 164. 2010 2009.

(150) ‫‪20‬‬. ‫اٌرّٕ‪١‬ح االلرًاظ‪٠‬ح ‪ٚ‬االخرّاػ‪١‬ح‬. ‫اإللًاء (ق‪١‬طؽج ِرس‪١‬ؿج)‬. ‫‪BRIDGING‬‬. ‫اٌّهاؼوح اٌّعٔ‪١‬ح‬. ‫ذؼ‪ ٍ٠ٛ‬اإلظاؼج‬. ‫‪164‬‬. ‫ِدّ‪ٛ‬ػح اخرّاػ‪١‬ح ِٕؼؿٌح‬. ‫اًٌؽاػاخ‬.

(151) 3 3 II. 17. 1990 1. 1000. 1980. 1970. ROSS Michael ,Natural Resources and Civil War: An Overview, Department of Political Science, Paris, August 15, 2003, P P 5-7..

(152) 14 1980. 8 1980. 7 1990. -. .. -. .. -. 1 3 3 II. % 15 6 %0,7 %50 15 %1,1 %2,3. %50.

(153) 11. 20. 20. 1990.

(154) 02. 2001 1998 2002 1975 1975 1949 1997 1978 1984 1997 1997 1996 1998 1975. Aceh. 1969. (W, papua). 1996 1989 1975 1988 1995 1980 2000 1991 1983 29. ROSS Michael.

(155) ‫‪2 3 3 II‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تاذؽ‪٠‬ه إٌ‪ٚ ٟ‬آضؽ‪ ،ْٚ‬ز‪ٛ‬وّح اٌّ‪ٛ‬اؼظ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌمؽْ اٌساظ‪ٚ ٞ‬اٌؼهؽ‪ِٕ ،ْٚ‬ه‪ٛ‬ؼاخ ِؤقكح ٘‪ٕ١‬ؽل تً‪ ،‬اٌطثؼح اٌثأ‪١‬ح‪،‬‬ ‫ذهؽ‪ ٓ٠‬أ‪ٚ‬ي ‪ ،2008‬و ‪.30‬‬.

(156) ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪2006‬‬. ‫‪-‬‬. ‫‪1‬‬. ‫تاذؽ‪٠‬ه إٌ‪ٚ ٟ‬آضؽ‪ٔ ،ْٚ‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و و ‪.32 -30‬‬.

(157) -. 1. 09‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬، Michael ROSS 1.

(158) 1930 1960. 1980. 1990 %14,5 %3,9 350000.

(159) 3 3 3 II. 17 -15 ‫ و و‬،‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬، Michael ROSS. 1.

(160) 1940. -. -. 1980 1990. -.

(161) 60. 40. -. 1990. 75. 1990. 25. 1990. -. -. -. 1980. 1980 1970.

(162) 03. 1975 1949 1965 1960. Katanga/Shaba. 1969 1975 1970 1967. Biafra. 1988. Bougainville. Aceh. 1983 1988 1975 32. Michael ROSS. 4 3 3 II. 4 3. 1. ROSS Michael, How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War, Evidence from 13 Cases, Department of Political Science, UCLA, June 11, 2003, P P 11- 15..

(163)

(164) ‫‪ٔ ،ROSS Michael 1‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و و ‪.17 -15‬‬.

(165) .18 – 17 ‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬،ROSS Michael 1.

(166)

(167) 5 3 3 II. 1. MBOTE Kameri, MUSAASIZI Joel and WAITHAKA Michael, Effective Natural Resource Management For Conflict Prevention , Eastern And Central Africa Programme For Agricultural Policy Analysis, Monograph Series 8, August 2007, P P 19 -22..

(168)

(169)

(170)

(171) ‫‪1 III‬‬ ‫‪1 1 III‬‬. ‫‪1 1 1 III‬‬. ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬. ‫‪ِ 1‬مٍ‪١‬ع ػ‪١‬ك‪ ، ٝ‬لطاع اٌّسؽ‪ٚ‬لاخ اٌدؿائؽ‪٠‬ح ف‪ ٟ‬ظً اٌرس‪ٛ‬الخ االلرًاظ‪٠‬ح ‪ِ ،‬ػوؽج ذطؽج ٌٕ‪ ً١‬نا٘عج اٌّاخكر‪١‬ؽ ف‪ٟ‬‬ ‫اٌؼٍ‪ َٛ‬االلرًاظ‪٠‬ح ‪ٚ‬ػٍ‪ َٛ‬اٌرك‪ٟ١‬ؼ‪ ،‬خاِؼح تاذٕح‪ ،2008 -2007 ،‬و ‪.42‬‬.

(172) :. 2012. 12,2. % 60. % 50. . 2011. 1,88. 1,27 2011. 1. Country Analysis Briefs . Energy Information Administration , Algeria , 08 Mars 2012. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Algeria/oil.pdf.

(173) 2012. 21. ‫يهُار‬ ‫تزيُم‬. ‫انجشائز‬. ‫َُجُزَا‬. ‫نُثُا‬. ‫أَغىال‬. ٌ‫انسىدا‬. Source: Country Analysis Briefs . Energy Information Administration , Algeria , 08 Mars 2012. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Algeria/oil.pdf. 12,2 37,2. 47,1 5 9,3. 750,000 328,000. 510,000. 2011.

(174) 22 ‫دول أسُىَح أخزي‬ % 18. % 1,6 ‫دول أخزي‬. ‫دول اإلتحاد‬ % 1,3 ٌ‫األسُى‬. ‫دول أيزَكا انشًانُح‬ % 40,5. ٍ‫دول اإلتحاد األورت‬ % 38,5. Source: Country Analysis Briefs . Energy Information Administration , Algeria , 08 Mars 2012 www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Algeria/oil.pdf. %1,6. %18 450,000. 300,000. % 38,5 2012. % 64 60,000. 2010 1992.

(175) 2010 1992. 23 ‫انكًُح انًُتجح‬. ‫أنف‬ ‫تزيُم‬ ‫َىيُا‬ ‫انكًُح انًصذرج‬ ‫انكًُح انًستههكح‬. Source: Country Analysis Briefs . Energy Information Administration , Algeria , 08 Mars 2012. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Algeria/oil.pdf. 2010 2008. 250,000. 2006 1992. 500,000 2. 2005. 1300,000. 2 1 1 III 159. 2012. 85. 1956.

(176) 2010 1990. 24 ‫انكًُح انًُتجح‬. ‫يهُار يتز‬ ‫يكعة‬. ‫انكًُح انًصذرج‬. ‫انكًُح انًستههكح‬. Source: Country Analysis Briefs . Energy Information Administration, Algeria, 08 Mars 2012 www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Algeria/oil.pdf. 1999. 1,7 3 2,9. 1 1990. 2004. 2010. 7,5 1990. 7,5 2010. 1990. 9,5 2010. 2004 .. 2,5 1,9.

(177) 2 1 III. 2010 2004 %3,4 2009. 2010 2004. %1.5. 2009. %6,3. %7. 2010. %8,5. %26 2010 2005. %9. . 2012 2006. 1. FUNDANI Matondo, THIOUNE Diarra, EGUIDA Rebert Kossi, AMADOU Abou, BOUZGRAOU Malek, DIALOGUE NOTE 2011-2012, African Development Bank Group, May 2011, P 02..

(178) 2006. 04 ( 2012. 2012. 2011. 2010. 2009. 2008. 2007. 2006. 206,5. 179,9. 162,0. 137,9. 171,7. 134,3. 117,2. 5,660. 5,503. 4,573. 3,954. 4,996. 3,967. 3,517. 2,6. 2,4. 3,3. 2,4. 2,4. 3,0. 2,0. 20,9. 26,8. 18,2. 7,8. 40,6. 34,2. 34,0. 10,5. 18. 12,1. 0,4. 34,5. 30,6. 29,0. 5,0. 8,4. 4,5. 5,9. 4,9. 3,6. 2,3. %. (%). Source : indicateurs Economiques et financiers de l’Algérie, ambassade de France en Algérie, service Economiques regional, November 2012.. 2009 2009. %42,5. %1. 2010. 2008 157 2010 2004 5,4. 2011. % 4,24. 2010. 2006 % 8,4 2012. % 4,5.

(179) %6 2007. %11,4 2006. 4,4 %6,9. %12,5. 2010 2009. 2008 %. 286. 2014 2010. 200 1. 2010 0,5. 169 1988. 84. % 1,9. 2009. 2000،2009 1966. 2009. %97,96. 71. 6 %54.96. % 10. 75,5. %. %43. 30 2011. 2009. .04-03 ‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬،ْٚ‫آضؽ‬ٚ Matondo FUNDANI. 1.

(180) 2010 2004 7,090,000. 1 2 1 III. 1998.

(181) 05 2011 2001. % 63.52% 62.86% 68.37% 70.43% 54.91% 53.97% 50.42% 58.44% 59.56% 49.20% 70.05% 30. 1505500 1603200 1974500 2229900 1667920 1802616 1924000 2786600 3081500 2992400 5224500. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011. 2003 287. %66,5. 956400 1007900 1350000 1570700 916000 973000 970200 1628500 1835500 1472700 3829720. 2012 2011. 2005 2001 %76. 2001 %10. 2005.

(182) %2,7. 1999. 228,9. % 18,4 %15,6. 2008 2006. 2008. %34,0. %7,7. 2 2 1 III 199 162. 2012 2011 2010 2012. %10.3. %3.3. 207. 2012. %10. %10 2013. %10.5. 2011 2012. %10,3. 2011 2010. 1. International de recherche macroéconomique, http://fr.kushnirs.org/macroeconomie/pib/pib_niger.html 2. Ambassade de Suisse / ALGER, 2012, p11.. Rapport économique ALGERIE,. Année.

(183) 2011. %5. 2014 2011. 3 2 1 III 2012 2011 2011. %151. %3,57 2012. 27 %158 %2. 1. Ministère des finances, direction générale, des douanes, statistiques du commerce extérieur de l’Algérie (période : 2011-2012)..

(184) 46,8. 47,2. 2012. %1 2011. %8,8. %1615. 2012 2011. 2012. %35,8. 2012. %3,29 2011 2012 2011. %. 2012. 2011. 8,8-. 8983. 9850. 3,29. 14081. 13632. 16,15-. 13782. 16437. 35.85. 9955. 7328. 0,94. 46801. 47247. 06. source :. Ministère des finances, direction générale, des douanes, statistiques du commerce extérieur de l’Algérie (période : 2011-2012).. 2012. %97,04 2011. 2,18. %0,51. %2,96 2011. 2012. %6 2012.

(185) 1,66. %2,24 167. %0,23. %0,02 %0,04. 1,49. %22.11 986. % 14,59. 730. %10,80. 502. %7,43. 466 495 352. %16,73 %11,90. 137. %6,90. %4,63. 361 238. %12,20 % 8,50. 3 1 III.

(186) ‫‪1 3 1 III‬‬. ‫‪ِ 1‬سّع تٓ ت‪ٛ‬ؾ‪٠‬اْ‪ ،‬ػثع اٌسّ‪١‬ع ٌطع‪ ،ّٟ٠‬ذغ‪١‬ؽاخ قؼؽ إٌفط ‪ٚ‬االقرمؽاؼ إٌمع‪ ٞ‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌدؿائؽ(ظؼاقح ذسٍ‪١ٍ١‬ح ‪ٚ‬ل‪١‬اق‪١‬ح)‪،‬‬ ‫ِدٍح أظاء اٌّؤقكاخ اٌدؿائؽ‪٠‬ح‪ -‬اٌؼعظ ‪ ،2012 ،02‬و ‪.191‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ظؼتاي ػثع اٌماظؼ‪ ،‬ظل‪١‬م ِطراؼ‪ ،‬اٌؼٍح اٌ‪ٌٕٛٙ‬ع‪٠‬ح ٔظؽ‪٠‬ح ‪ٚ‬فسى ذدؽ‪٠‬ث‪ ٟ‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌدؿائؽ ضالي فرؽج ‪،2006 -1986‬‬ ‫ِدٍح اٌؼٍ‪ َٛ‬االلرًاظ‪٠‬ح ‪ٚ‬ػٍ‪ َٛ‬اٌرك‪ٟ١‬ؼ‪ ،‬خاِؼح ‪٘ٚ‬ؽاْ‪ ،‬اٌؼعظ ‪ ،2011 ،11‬و و ‪. 119-117‬‬.

(187) 1987. 1998 1995. %17.8. %20. 1995. % 15.7 1998. 8. 1998. 1986.

(188) ‫‪1986‬‬. ‫‪1998‬‬. ‫‪1986‬‬. ‫‪1986‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬. ‫‪1985‬‬ ‫‪1982‬‬. ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬. ‫‪12,7‬‬ ‫‪1986‬‬. ‫‪1986‬‬. ‫‪7,9‬‬. ‫‪1985‬‬. ‫‪4,8‬‬ ‫‪%0,6‬‬ ‫‪%4,2‬‬. ‫‪%0,4‬‬ ‫‪%40‬‬. ‫‪23,7‬‬. ‫‪19,8‬‬. ‫‪1985‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ قازح ًِطف‪ ،ٝ‬أثؽ ذّٕ‪١‬ح اًٌاظؼاخ غ‪١‬ؽ إٌفط‪١‬ح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬إٌّ‪ ٛ‬االلرًاظ‪ ٞ‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌدؿائؽ ظؼاقح زاٌح ِؤقكاخ‬ ‫اٌّر‪ٛ‬قطح ‪ٚ‬اًٌغ‪١‬ؽج‪ِ ،‬ػوؽج ٌٕ‪ ً١‬ن‪ٙ‬اظج اٌّاخكر‪١‬ؽ‪ ،‬خاِغج اٌدؿائؽ‪ ،2011-2010 ،‬و ‪.61‬‬.

(189) ‫‪1998‬‬. ‫‪1998‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬. ‫‪%3.3‬‬ ‫‪749.6‬‬. ‫‪%11.4‬‬. ‫‪1999‬‬. ‫‪%32‬‬ ‫‪8.8‬‬. ‫‪1998‬‬. ‫‪1997‬‬. ‫‪5.970‬‬. ‫‪1998‬‬. ‫‪1997‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬. ‫‪2008‬‬. ‫‪818‬‬. ‫‪124‬‬. ‫‪126‬‬. ‫‪133‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬تٓ قازح ًِطف‪ٔ ،ٝ‬فف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‪ ،‬و ‪.62‬‬. ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬. ‫‪2011‬‬.

(190) 58,06. 2007. 1,312. %97,80. %2,20. 2012 2009. 07. 2012. 2011. 2010. 2009. 313. 355. 315. 313. 71794. 71427. 55527. 44128. 167. 161. 94. 170. 1660. 1496. 1056. 692. 1. -. 1. -. 30. 35. 30. 42. 16. 15. 30. 49. 73981. 73489. 57053. 45194. source :. Ministère des finances, direction générale, des douanes, statistiques du commerce extérieur de l’Algérie (période : 2009-2010-2011-2012)..

(191) 2006 2002 2013 2012 2011. 08 2010. 2009. 2008. 2007. 208,6 193,9 182,2 162,2 148,9 143,1. 110,2. SOURCE : indicateurs Economiques et financiers de l’Algérie, ambassade de France en Algérie, service Economiques regional, November 2013.. % 98. 2012. 4,31. 11,21. 09. 23,27. 6,19. 14,61. 8,41. 32. Source : indicateurs Economiques et financiers de l’Algérie , ambassade de France en Algérie, service Economiques regional, November 2012..

(192) 2009. %2,4. 2010. %4,31 .. %3. %3,3.

(193) 2006 2002. 10. 2006. 2005. 2004. 2003. 2002. 8869. 6222. 5976. 5741. 5462. 210280. 20471 7 03,00. 197836. 197836. 192339. 03,30. 03,35. 03,50. 02,40. 3. 2008. 2 3 1 III. 1. .7 1. 2005.

(194) 1998 1995. 8. 1.

(195) ‫‪ 1‬نٕ‪ٛ‬ف نؼ‪١‬ة ‪ ،‬ؼِضأ‪ٌ ٟ‬ؼال‪ ،‬األفاق اٌّكرمثٍ‪١‬ح ٌاللرًاظ اٌدؿائؽ‪ ٞ‬تؼع اٌثؽ‪ٚ‬ج اٌثرؽ‪١ٌٚ‬ح ف‪ ٟ‬إطاؼ ل‪ٛ‬اػع اٌرّٕ‪١‬ح‬ ‫اٌّكرعاِح‪ ،‬اٌّؤذّؽ اٌؼٍّ‪ ٟ‬اٌع‪( ٌٟٚ‬اٌرّٕ‪١‬ح اٌّكرعاِح ‪ٚ‬اٌىفاءج اإلقرطعاِ‪١‬ح ٌٍّ‪ٛ‬اؼظ اٌّرازح)‪ ،‬خاِؼح فؽزاخ ػثاـ‬ ‫قط‪١‬ف‪ 08/07 ،‬أفؽ‪ ،2008 ً٠‬و ‪,17‬‬.

(196) -. -. -.

(197) ‫‪ 1‬نٕ‪ٛ‬ف نؼ‪١‬ة‪ ،‬ؼِضأ‪ٌ ٟ‬ؼال‪،‬‬. ‫‪9‬‬.

(198) 25. 25. 48. 1986. 25 23.

(199) 3 3 1 III. 1988. -. %1,5 1991 1988. -. 1. SHABAFROUZ Miriam, Fuel For Conflict Or Balm For Peace? Assessing The Effects Of Hydrocarbons On Peace Efforts In Algeria, GIGA Research Programme: Violence And Security, April 2010, P P 5 -7 ‫ اٌؼعظ‬،‫ثؽ‬١‫ خاِؼح ِسّع ض‬،‫ح‬١ٔ‫َ اإلٔكا‬ٍٛ‫ ِدٍح اٌؼ‬،‫ اٌدؿائؽ‬ٟ‫ح ف‬٠‫الخ االلرًاظ‬ٛ‫ اٌرس‬ٍٝ‫ ٔظؽج ػاِح ػ‬،‫ تغعاظ‬ٌٟ‫ا‬٠‫ وؽ‬2 .07 ‫ و‬،2005 ٝ‫ خأف‬،ِٓ‫اٌثا‬.

(200) . 11 . . . . . .  .  . . . . .  .  . Source: SHABAFROUZ Miriam, Oil and the Eruption of the Algerian Civil War: A Context-sensitive Analysis of the Ambivalent Impact of Resource Abundance, GIGA Research Programme: Violence and Security, January 2010, P 08.. ُ‫اٌسى‬ٚ ‫ اٌفكاظ‬،‫ح‬١‫اقاخ اإلّٔائ‬١‫ ِىرة اٌك‬،ُ‫إظاؼج اٌسى‬ٚ ٞ‫ؽ اإلظاؼ‬٠ٛ‫ نؼثح اٌرط‬،ٟ‫ تؽّٔاج األُِ اٌّرسعج اإلّٔائ‬1 .44 -43 ‫ و‬،1997 ‫ؼن‬ٛ٠ٛ١ٔ ،03 ُ‫ؼلح ِٕالهح ؼل‬ٚ ،‫اٌؽانع‬.

(201) 9,3. 12,2 1988 4,5. %76. %98. 13,2 1986 1980. 4,3. 1980. 705 7200. . 10 - 9 ‫ و‬،‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬SHABAFROUZ Miriam 1.

(202) ‫‪1830‬‬ ‫‪1962‬‬. ‫‪2 III‬‬ ‫‪1 2 III‬‬ ‫‪1 1 2 III‬‬ ‫‪1958‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬يثس‪ ٟ‬ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬سّع لًٕ‪ ،ٖٛ‬إٌفط ‪ٚ‬اٌك‪١‬اقح ف‪ ٟ‬ظٌرا إٌ‪١‬دؽ ظؼاقح ٌؼاللاخ اٌم‪ٛ‬ج ‪ٔٚ‬رائد‪ٙ‬ا اٌر‪ٛ‬ؾ‪٠‬ؼ‪١‬ح ف‪ ٟ‬ظ‪ٌٚ‬ح ِا‬ ‫تؼع االقرؼّاؼ ف‪١ٔ ٟ‬د‪١‬ؽ‪٠‬ا‪ ،‬أفاق إفؽ‪٠‬م‪١‬ح‪ِ ،‬ؽوؿ اٌثس‪ٛ‬ز األفؽ‪٠‬م‪١‬ح ‪ -‬خاِؼح اٌما٘ؽج‪.2012 ،‬‬.

(203) 12. %2 %3 %3 %3 %4 %5 %14 %8 %43 %1 %5 %5 %3 Source : Country Analysis Briefs . Energy Information Administation , Nigeria, August 2011, www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Nigéria/oil.pdf. %5. %8. %14. %43. 280,000 %30.

(204) 2012. 13. %24 %19 %12 %9 %7 %6 %6 %5 %4 %3 %2 %2 %1 Source : U. S .Energy Information Administration, 30 December 2013, Based On FACTS Global Energy. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Nigéria/oil.pdf. 536.

(205) 191. 2 2 III 923768 65. %3. 15. %47. 400. 122. 300. 1960. 1965. 1957. 390. 1950. % 90. 1. OYEFUSI Aderoju, Oil-Dependence And Civil Conflict In Nigeria, Department Of Economics And Statistics, University Of Benin, Nigeria, June 2007, P 3-4 2 BUDINA Nina, Gaobo PANG ,Sweder VAN WIJNBERGEN, Nigeria’s Growth Record: Dutch Disease Or Debt Overhang, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4256, June 2007,P 03..

(206) %28,35. 1960. %64,1 2002. 1990 1970 %4,45 1960. %8,1 2002 2000. %0,3 2002. 1970. %40,6. %32,9 31.7. 2002. % 64,63. 2006 2012. 1. ADEDIPE Biodun, The Impact Of Oil On Nigeria’s Economic Policy Formulation, Text Of A Paper Presented At The Conference On Nigeria: Maximizing Pro-Poor Growth: Regenerating The Socio-Economic Database, Organized By Overseas Development Institute In Collaboration With The Nigerian Economic Summit Group, 16th / 17th June 2004. P 3-4..

(207) 14 2012 2006 2012. 2011 2010. 2009. 2008. 2007 2006. 3,62. 3,45 3,57. 2,87. 3,35. 2,93. 2,8. %. source : International de recherche macroéconomique http://fr.kushnirs.org/macroeconomie/pib niger.html. 2012. 2006. 2012 2006. 15. 2012 2011. 2010. 2009. 2008. 2007. 2006. 1558 1498. 1440. 1088. 1376. 1128. 1012. source :. International. de. recherche. macroéconomique. http://fr.kushnirs.org/macroeconomie/pib/pib_niger.html. 1558 2012. 1 2 2 III.

(208) 1968 1962. -. 1974 1970. -. 1980 1975. -. 1985 1981. 1982. 1999 2005 1. SANUSI lamido, Growth Prospects For The Nigerian Economy, Central Bank of Nigeria, November 26, 2010, P P 9-11..

(209) 2 2 2 III. %10 9. 2003. 2004. %6. 2004. %4.9 2003. %2.5. %4.4. % 4.7 2004 2000. %5.4. % 1.2 %23.4. 1. 2004 2000. United States Agency International Development, Nigeria Economic Performance Assessment, This Publication Was Produced By Nathan Associates Inc. For Review By The United States Agency For International Development, February 2006, P 04-05.

(210) 16 2013 2009 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 6,6. 6,9. 6,5. 7,8. 7. 2008. 2007. 6. 6,25. %. Source :AFDB, OECD,UNDP,UNECA, African Economic Outlook 2012. www.africaneconomicoutlook.org. 7,8. 2009. %6,3 2010. %. % 6,5 2011 2012. % 6,9 % 6,6.

(211) 3 2 2 III % 12,91. 2010. 2,45. 30,5. 2009 2009. % 60. 2010. 2010. 4. 2012 2006. 17. 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 107. 129. 90. 52. 83. 56. 67. 84. 88. 66. 53. 52. 51. 31. 23. 41. 30. -1. 31. 05. 36. SOURCE : International de recherche macroéconomique http://fr.kushnirs.org/macroeconomie/import/import_niger.html. 5. 36 31. 2010 1. 41 23. 2009. 2011 2012. 2006 2012. 1. Nigeria Trade Fact Sheet, Economic section, United States Embassy In Nigeria, December 2011, website: http:// nigeria.usembassy.gov.

(212) ‫‪26‬‬ ‫انصادراخ انُفطُح‬. ‫انصادراخ انغُز َفطُح‬. ‫‪Nigeria Trade Fact Sheet‬‬. ‫‪% 99,65‬‬ ‫‪% 99,45‬‬ ‫‪% 0,35‬‬. ‫‪2009‬‬. ‫‪2010‬‬.

(213) 18. 5% 27% 21% 19% 13% 5% 4% 3% 3% 100% Nigeria Trade Fact Sheet. 804 %19. 2010 %13. 2010. 132. 2009. 216.

(214) 3 2 III. 1 3 2 III. %70. %40. 4,007. 1. ALFONSO Juan Perez Pablo, Resource Curse In Nigeria: Perception And Challenges, Central European University Center For Policy Studies, Open Society Institute, December 2007, P 10. ‫ و‬،2003 ،‫ح‬٠‫إًٌاػح اًٌّؽ‬ٚ ‫ح‬١‫ؾاؼج اٌرداؼج اٌطاؼخ‬ٚ ،‫ًِؽ‬ٚ ‫ا‬٠‫ؽ‬١‫د‬١ٔ ٓ١‫ح ت‬٠‫اٌرداؼ‬ٚ ‫ح‬٠‫ اٌؼاللاخ االلرًاظ‬2 www.alexcham.org\PDF/‫ا‬٠‫ؽ‬١‫د‬١ٔ.Pdf :‫ اٌؽاتط‬ٍٝ‫فؽ ػ‬ٛ‫ ِر‬.8.

(215) %54,7. 88. 1970 114. 233,35 111,82.

(216) 19 2008 1960. % 0.3 9.2 28.4 47.7 38.8 37.6 36.4 39.0. 7.0 489.6 14,137.4 2,186,682.5 5,664,883.2 6,982,935.4 7,533,042.6 9,299,524.8. 2,233.0 5,281.1 49,632.3 4,582,127.3 14,572,239.1 18,564,594.7 20,657,317.7 23,842,170.7. 1960 1970 1980 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008. Source : SAKA luqman, MOTUNRAYO LAWAL Fatima, The Political Economy Of Oil And The Reform Process In Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Successes And Continue Challenges, International Refereed Research Journal, 2,April 2011, P 64.. %47.4. 1970. 2008 1960. %47,7. %0,3. %54,8 2006. %25,7.

(217) 2012. 20. 11,0. 5,5. 2,4. 87,7. 86,5. 7,1. Source : www.mondeperspective.com. % 87.7 %12,6. 2012. %50,1. %7,5 %0,3 %0,6. %50,1. %86,5 %2,7. %10,8.

(218) 21 2012 2008 2012. 2011. 2010. 2009. 2008. 102. 104. 102. 55. 82. 3,4. 2,9. 2,6. 2,3. 2,6. 86. 75. 69. 62. 67. 41. 36. 32. 28. 30. 21. 19. 16. 15. 16. 4,4. 5,6. 5,3. 5,1. 6,2. 263. 246. 230. 169. 208. Source: International de recherche macroéconomique http://fr.kushnirs.org. 2009 %37,20. %36,68 1986. %41,66. 1970. %16,56. %1,36 %3,01. %8,87 2010. %44,34.

(219) 22 2003 1999 2003. 2002. 2001. 2000. 1999. 111600. 104400. 99000. 99800. 87308. Source: FAJANA Sola, Industrial Relations In The Oil Industry In Nigeria, International Labour Office, Geneva, 2005, P 04.. %1. 99800 111600. 2003 1999 2003. 2001. 99000. 2000. 2 3 2 III. 1. Juan Perez Pablo ALFONSO11 -10 ‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬،.

(220) %70. -. OKONJO Ngozi, OSAFO Philip, Nigeria’s Economic Reforms: Progress And Challenges, The Brookings Institution 1775 Massachusetts Ave., Nw Washington, Dc 20036, March 2007, P P 18-25. .11 ‫ و‬، ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬،Juan Perez PABLO ALFONSO 2 1.

(221) -. -. -. -.

(222) -. -. -. 60. .12 ‫ و‬، ‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬، Juan Perez PABLO ALFONSO. 1.

(223) 27. 12. Juan Perez PABLO ALFONSO. %5.6 % 36.1. %47.2. %11. %30.6 % 25. 28. 13. Juan Perez PABLO ALFONSO. 1999.

(224) ‫‪3 3 2 III‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬. ‫‪774‬‬. ‫‪10‬‬. ‫‪1985‬‬ ‫‪%25‬‬. ‫‪ 1‬نا‪٠‬ة ته‪١‬ؽ‪ِ ،‬كرمثً اٌع‪ٚ‬ي اٌفعؼاٌ‪١‬ح ف‪ ٟ‬إفؽ‪٠‬م‪١‬ا ف‪ ٟ‬ظً يؽاع األلٍ‪١‬اخ ٔ‪١‬د‪١‬ؽ‪٠‬ا ّٔ‪ٛ‬غخا‪ِ ،‬ػوؽج ٌٕ‪ ً١‬ن‪ٙ‬اظج‬ ‫اٌّاخكر‪١‬ؽ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌؼٍ‪ َٛ‬اٌك‪١‬اق‪١‬ح‪ ،‬خاِؼح ‪ٚ‬ؼلٍح‪ ،2011-2010 ،‬و ‪.88-87‬‬. ‫‪15‬‬.

(225) 23. 31. Aderoju OYEFUSI.

(226) 1992. OMPADEC.

(227) 1999. 29 2007. ‫عذد‬ ‫انعًهُاخ‬ ‫انًتعهقح‬ ‫تتخزَة‬ ‫أَاتُة‬ ‫انُفط‬ ‫انسُىاخ‬ Source: GUICHAOUA Yvan, Oïl And Political Violence In Nigeria, Institut Français Des Relations Internationales, Paris, 2009, P 36.. 1999 2007. %30. 500 2400. 2006. 3200. % 42 % 20. 2007.

(228) ‫‪2007‬‬. ‫‪30‬‬ ‫اٌعضً‬. ‫أضؽ‪ٜ‬‬ ‫‪17%‬‬. ‫إٌّاطك اٌّر‪ٛ‬فؽج ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬ ‫اٌّ‪ٛ‬اؼظ اٌطث‪١‬ؼ‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪9%‬‬. ‫اإلظاؼاخ‬ ‫اٌّسٍ‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪15%‬‬. ‫اٌسى‪ِٛ‬ح‬ ‫‪39%‬‬. ‫اٌ‪ٛ‬ال‪٠‬اخ‬ ‫‪20%‬‬. ‫ِؼا‪١٠‬ؽ ذمك‪ ُ١‬اٌعضً‪:‬‬ ‫ ِكا‪ٚ‬اج ‪40%‬‬‫ قىاْ ‪30%‬‬‫ اٌّ‪ٛ‬لغ اٌدغؽاف‪10% ٟ‬‬‫ اٌد‪ٛٙ‬ظ اٌعاضٍ‪١‬ح ‪10%‬‬‫‪ -‬اٌرّٕ‪١‬ح االخرّاػ‪١‬ح ‪10%‬‬. ‫‪GUICHAOUA Yvan‬‬. ‫‪29‬‬. ‫‪%20‬‬ ‫‪%2‬‬ ‫‪1989‬‬. ‫‪%1 1981‬‬ ‫‪% 13‬‬.

(229) ..

(230) ‫‪31‬‬. ‫ِٕطمح‬ ‫اٌدٕ‪ٛ‬ب‬. ‫إٌّطمح‬ ‫اٌدٕ‪ٛ‬ت‪١‬ح‬ ‫اٌغؽت‪١‬ح‬ ‫‪GUICHAOUA Yvan‬‬. ‫‪%71,1 %73,3‬‬. ‫إٌّطمح‬ ‫اٌدٕ‪ٛ‬ت‪١‬ح‬ ‫اٌهؽل‪١‬ح‬. ‫ِٕطمح‬ ‫اٌغؽب‬ ‫‪32‬‬. ‫ِٕطمح‬ ‫اٌهؽق‬. ‫ِٕطمح‬ ‫اٌ‪ٛ‬قط‬.

(231) 3 III 1 3 III. 7600. 2010 %5 ‫انقطاعاخ األخزي‬. %10. 32 %2 ‫انفالحح‬ %31 ‫انًاص‬. 18 ‫انحكىيح‬% %3 ‫يعادٌ أخزي‬ %13 ٌ‫انصُذ انثحز‬ %5 ‫انُقم واالتصاالخ‬. %4 ‫انصُاعح‬ %3 ‫األسهى انًانُح‬. %12 ‫انتجارج وانفُذقح‬. %6 ‫األشغال انعًىيُح‬ Source: JEFFERIS Keith, PICKERING Dawn, KENEWENDO Bogolo, Botswana Country Overview, Capital Resources, 2011/2012, P 26.. 1. JEFFERIS Keith, PICKERING Dawn, KENEWENDO Bogolo, Botswana Country Overview, Capital Resources, 2011/2012, p 25..

(232) %31 2008 2009. 2010 %7.2. 2009. 24 2013. 2013. 2012. 2011. 2010. 2009. 3.9. 4.4. 6.6. 7.2. 5-. Source : AfDB, OECD, UNDP, UNECA, African 2012(Botswana), www.africaneconomicoutlook.org. %5. %. Economic. Outlook. 2009. 2013. %7,2 %3,3. 70. %3,9.

(233) 12. %60 %40. 6100. 7000. 2007. %7. %3 1999 1966. 25 1999 1966 6,2. 4,6. 6,1. 4,1. 3,8. 4,6. 2,1. 7. Source : LEWIN Michael, Botswana’s Success: Good Governance, Good Policies, And Good Luck, World Bank (2011), P 02.. 8. % 88 % 98. 13 ‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬، ْٚ‫آضؽ‬ٚ Keith JEFFERIS 1.

(234) 26. 128. 89. 01. 129. 95. 02. 163. 96. 03. 164. 97. 04. 195. 98. 05. 166. 100. 45. 167. 101. 72. 14. Keith JEFFERIS. 98. 2001 2009 33 2009 2001 ‫تىتسىاَا‬. ‫إفزَقُا‬ 3. Michael LEWIN.

(235) 2800. 1 1 3 III. -. 15. -. 10. 2008 %30 25. %5. .27 ‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬، ْٚ‫أضؽ‬ٚ Keith JEFFERIS 1.

(236)

(237) 6. 2 1 3 III. %6,4. 2007. 2006. %14,2 2008. %14,1. %8 6. -. -. 31 ‫ و‬،‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬،ْٚ‫آضؽ‬ٚ keith JEFFERIS 1.

(238) ‫‪3 1 3 III‬‬ ‫‪%65‬‬. ‫‪2010‬‬. ‫‪34‬‬ ‫َُكم انُحاص‬ ‫‪%11‬‬. ‫انًاص ‪%71‬‬. ‫انُسُج ‪%3‬‬. ‫نحىو انًاشُح ‪%2‬‬ ‫سهع أخزي ‪6%‬‬. ‫انًهح وانصىدا ‪%1‬‬ ‫انخذياخ ‪%5‬‬ ‫انذهة ‪%1‬‬ ‫‪keith JEFFERIS‬‬. ‫‪29‬‬.

(239) %71 %3. %5. %11. 1. 2008 2008. 2008. 10,3. 15. 2008. 2010. 2010. 2009. 7,9. % 27. 1,5. 2 3 III. 29 -13 ‫ و و‬،‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬، ْٚ‫آضؽ‬ٚ keith JEFFERIS 1.

(240) 16 50. 1. LIMI Atsushi ,Did Botswana Escape From The Resource Curse, IMF Working Paper, African Department, June 2006, P P 09-11..

(241) 1994 2010.

(242) ‫‪1994‬‬. ‫‪2010‬‬. ‫‪178‬‬. ‫‪33‬‬. ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪01‬‬. ‫‪01‬‬. ‫‪04‬‬. ‫‪31‬‬. ‫‪32‬‬. ‫‪Keith JEFFERIS‬‬. ‫‪33‬‬. ‫‪56‬‬. ‫‪14‬‬. ‫‪3 3 III‬‬. ‫‪30‬‬ ‫اإلّٔائ‪ِ ، ٟ‬ؽخغ قثك غوؽٖ‪ ،‬و و ‪.51-49‬‬ ‫ج‬ ‫‪ 1‬تؽٔاِح األُِ اٌّرسعج‬. ‫‪172‬‬.

(243) 50. 1 3 3 III. .10-09 ‫ و‬،ٖ‫ ِؽخغ قثك غوؽ‬،Michael LEWIN 1.

(244) 1999. 2 3 3 III.

(245) 1. %40. 1998 1975. %20. %5. .11 ‫ و‬،‫ ٔفف اٌّؽخغ اٌكاتك‬،Michael LEWIN 1.

(246) ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪1990‬‬ ‫سيثاتىٌ‬ ‫سيثُا‬ ‫طىغى‬ ‫تُشاٍَ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫كُُُا‬ ‫غاَا‬ ‫انكايزوٌ‬ ‫تىتسىاَا‬. ‫‪.14‬‬. ‫‪Michael LEWIN‬‬. ‫‪3 3 3 III‬‬ ‫‪%85‬‬. ‫‪%40‬‬ ‫‪%30‬‬. ‫‪%50‬‬.

(247) ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪2009 2000‬‬ ‫انفالحح‬ ‫انًعادٌ‬ ‫انصُاعح‬. ‫‪Michael LEWIN‬‬. ‫‪%5‬‬. ‫‪14‬‬. ‫‪%40‬‬. ‫‪2007 2000‬‬. ‫‪2009 2008‬‬. ‫‪2016‬‬. ‫‪2029‬‬. ‫‪%30‬‬.

(248)

(249)

(250)

(251) ‫أ‪-‬‬. ‫ب‪-‬‬. ‫ت‪-‬‬. ‫‪%40 %46‬‬ ‫‪%64‬‬ ‫‪%97‬‬.

(252) %31 %65.

(253) ‫أ‪-‬‬. ‫ب‪-‬‬. ‫ت‪-‬‬. ‫ث‪-‬‬. ‫ج‪-‬‬ ‫ح‪-‬‬ ‫خ‪-‬‬ ‫د‪-‬‬ ‫ذ‪-‬‬.

(254) ‫ر‪-‬‬. ‫ز‪-‬‬. ‫س‪-‬‬ ‫ش‪-‬‬.

(255) . 2002. . 1983.  1981  1971. 18 . 2007 . 1988.  .1989 . 1987.  2007. 1 . .2000  2008  2007  1988  2000.

(256)  2012 02  1999  1980  2008 . 1 .2002. 5  2003. 5. . 1 2002.  .2011. 44 . .2008  .1997. 03. 2005. . .2005.  . .2011 11. 2006 1986 . NAPC 2003.

(257)  .2005  2008. 08 07 . 2012  .1986. 25 23  .2008  07. 2005  2003  –  – . 2007 2006  2011 2010.

(258)  2010 2009 . 2008 1990 2010.  2006 2005  2001. 1999 1974  .2007 2006  .2011 2010  2003 . 2011 .2012  2008 2007  .2007 2006 -. www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Nigéria/oil.pdf www.mondeperspective.com fr.kushnirs.org www.africaneconomicoutlook.org.

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(263) ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﻇﮭﺮت ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺤﺮب اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻔﻘﺮ واﻟﺘﺨﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﺮ وﺿﻮﺣﺎ واﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬وﺑﻨﺎءا ﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻇﮭﺮت ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج واﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺎت ﺣﻮل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﺣﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻤﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ رﻛﺰت ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ وأﺧﺮى اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺰراﻋﻲ وﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ أن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻨﻤﺎذج واﻟﻨﻈﺮﯾﺎت اﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ رﻓﻊ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﻧﻤﻮھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺗﺴﻮاﻧﺎ اﻟﻐﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺪن اﻟﻤﺎس‪ ،‬ﻏﯿﺮ أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﺗﺄﺛﺮت ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻋﺘﻤﺎدھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﺚ أﺛﺮت ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدھﺎ وﺟﻌﻠﺘﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪة ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮭﺎ إھﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ واﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﮭﺎ وﻇﮭﻮر ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺮاﻋﺎت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﯿﻢ اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدل ﻟﻠﺜﺮوة اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﻮارد‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن‬ ‫ھﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪول اﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺮوﻗﺎت ‪ ،‬وﻣﻨﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻌﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول وﻧﻘﻤﺔ ﻟﺪول‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬واﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﯾﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼل ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺬي ھﻮ أﺳﺎس ﻧﺠﺎح ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺪول‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎ وﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﺪول اﻷﺧﺮى ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺣﯿﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدي؛ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ؛ اﻟﻘﻄﺎع اﻟﻔﻼﺣﻲ؛ ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺤﺮوﻗﺎت؛ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ؛‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﺔ اﻟﮭﻮﻟﻨﺪﯾﺔ؛ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت؛ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮي؛ اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻨﯿﺠﯿﺮي؛ ﺑﻮﺗﺴﻮاﻧﺎ إﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﯾﻮم ‪ 27‬ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ ‪2014‬‬.

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