ContentslistsavailableatScienceDirect
Small
Ruminant
Research
j o ur na l ho me p ag e:ww w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / s m a l l r u m r e s
Effect
of
bovine
colostrum
administration
on
plasma
protein
profile,
growth,
and
survival
in
Red
kid
Harouna
Abdou
a,1,
Hamani
Marichatou
b,2,
Jean-Franc¸
ois
Beckers
c,3,
Isabelle
Dufrasne
a,1,
Jean-Luc
Hornick
a,∗aDepartmentofAnimalProduction,FacultyofVeterinary,UniversityofLiege,20BoulevarddeColonster,B43,4000Liege,Belgium bDepartmentofAnimalProduction,FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityAbdouMoumouni,POBox10960,Niamey,Niger
cDepartmentofScienceFunctional,FacultyofVeterinary,UniversityofLiege,20BoulevarddeColonster,BuildingB41,4000Liege,
Belgium
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Articlehistory: Received23May2013
Receivedinrevisedform5December2013 Accepted8December2013
Availableonline15December2013
Keywords: BovineAzawak Colostrum Plasmaprotein Growth Survival Redkids
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
ThisstudyevaluatedtheeffectofcolostrumfromAzawakcowsonplasmaproteinprofile, growth,andsurvivalinRedkidsfromNiger.Forty(40)newbornkidswereallocatedto oneoftwotreatment-groups:control(freeaccesstowaterandthemother)andcolostrum (freeaccesstowaterandthemother,butwithadditional50mLofcolostrum/animal/dayof birthand25mL/animal/dayfromthe2ndto15thdayofage).Bloodsampleswerecollected intoEDTAvacutainertubesbyjugularpunctureat10and30daysofage.Totalproteinwas quantifiedbytheBiuretmethod.Theagarosegelelectrophoresiswasusedtodetermine theserumlevelsofalbumin,␣-globulin,1-globulin,2-globulin,␥-globulinandthe
albu-min/globulinratio.Theanimalsfromthecolostrumgroupshowedhigherbodyweightand averagedailygainwhencomparedtothecontrolgroup(P<0.001).Theaverage concen-trationinproteinatthebothsamplingtimesreachedhighervaluesinthecolostrumthan inthecontrolgroup.AtD10,thecolostrumgrouptended(P<0.07)toshowhigherlevels of␣-globulinandhadhighervalues(P<0.05)for1-globulin.AtD30,totalproteinand
2-globulinswerehigherincolostrumgroup.ColostrumfromAzawakcowsseemstohave
positiveeffectsonsomeplasmaproteinslevelsandongrowthrateinRedkids.
©2014ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
1. Introduction
Inruminants,owingtotheepitheliochorialnatureofthe
placenta(Silimetal.,1990),thetransmissionofantibodies
∗ Corresponding author.Presentaddress:Laboratoryof Nutrition, DepartmentofAnimalProduction,FacultyofVeterinary,Universityof Liege,20BoulevarddeColonster,B43,4000Liege,Belgium.
Tel.:+32043664131;fax:+32043664122.
E-mailaddresses:hanafiou82@yahoo.fr(H.Abdou), marimanim@yahoo.fr,maricha@refer.ne(H.Marichatou), jfbeckers@ulg.ac.be(J.-F.Beckers),Isabelle.Dufrasne@ulg.ac.be (I.Dufrasne),jlhornick@ulg.ac.be(J.-L.Hornick).
1 Tel.:+32043664131;fax:+32043664122. 2 Tel.:+22793916531;fax:+22720316612. 3 Tel.:+32043664161;fax:+32043664165.
tofetusfailsduringthepregnancy(Rawaletal.,2008).At
birth,newbornisthusgamma-globulindeprived(Castro
etal.,2005)whileshiftingfromahealthytoahostile
envi-ronment(Alloncle,1980;Rawaletal.,2008).Thesurvivalof
younganimalsisofgreatconcernforproducers.Asarule,
themortalityrateishigherfromzerotothreemonthsofage
ingoat(63.4%in2010attheSecondaryGoatFarmCenterof
Maradi)andotherspecies(N’Diaye-Weremeetal.,1998).
Theselossesgreatlyaffecttheprofitabilityofthefarm.
Colostrumadministrationisvitalfornewborn(Marion
etal.,2002;Stelwagenetal.,2009),especially fortwins (Hamadehetal.,2013;NowakandPoindron,2006).Several
authors(Tuschereretal.,2000;Edwards,2002;LeDividich
etal.,2004)showedthatdefectincolostrumintakewithin
24–48h(h)afterparturitionisrelatedtonewborn
casu-alties.InNiger,whererearingconditionsareprecarious,
0921-4488/$–seefrontmatter©2014ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.005
dairyfemalesdonotproduceenoughcolostrumandmilk
thatcouldcovertheneedsofthenewborns,enhancingthe
riskforayounganimalstodie.Toourknowledge,nowork
focusedontheproductionofcolostrumintheRedgoat.
ButOumara(1986)indicated thatitsaveragedailymilk
productionreachonly0.75kg/d.Itispossibletoassistkids
withbovinecolostrum(N’Diaye-Weremeetal.,1998;King
etal.,2008).Administrationofheterologouscolostrumalso
hasbeenyetexperiencedinpigwithgoodresults(Huguet
etal.,2007).Indeed,thebovinecolostrumcontainsgrowth
promotersandimmunologicalcompoundspotentially
use-fulforotherspeciessuchaspiglets,kidsandlambs(Godden
etal.,2009).Bovinecolostrumsupplementationingoatis
fewlydocumentedintheliterature,especiallyatplasma
level.Theaimofthisstudywasthustoevaluatetheimpact
ofanAzawakcolostrumloadinRedkidsontheirplasma
proteinprofile,growthrate,andsurvival.
2. Materialsandmethods
2.1. Experimentalsite
ThestudywasconductedattheSecondaryGoatFarm
CenterofMaradi(SCGFM)inNiger,fromSeptember2011
toOctober2011.Averageambientdaytimetemperature
is35◦Candannualrainfallisbetween600and700mm.
ThetownofMaradiislocatedabout600kmsouth-eastof
Niameybetween13◦and15◦26Northand6◦16and8◦33
East.SCGFMislocated3.5kmEastofMaradiandcoversan
areaof1850ha.Semi-intensiverangelandsusedare
com-posed,according toNaba(2001),of a herbaceous cover
(Andropogongayanus, Cenchrusbifloris,Eragrotis tremula,
Commelinaforskalaei,Corchorustridens,Jacquenontia
tam-nifoni)andligneousspecies(Sclerocaryabirrea,Polystigma
reticulatum, Acacia albida, Acacia nilotica, Guiera
sene-galensis, Annonasenegalensis, Balanitesaegyptiaca,Boscia
senegalensis,Combretumglutinosum,Combretummicrahum,
Prosopisafricana,Tamarindusindica).
2.2. Colostrumcollectionandanalysis
Thecolostrumsampleswereobtainedfromtwo
mul-tiparous Azawak zebu cows (secondlactation number),
withinonehourofcalving.Thecowswerefromthe
Sahe-lian Experimental StationofToukounous (SEST) located
200km north Niamey (14◦31 North and altitude 3◦18
Eastlongitude).TheywerevaccinatedagainstContagious
Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP). The animals were on
rangeland dominated according to Chaibou (2005) by
grasses (Aristidamutabilis,A. mutabilis,Cenchrusbiflorus,
Eragrostis tremula, Schoenfeldiagracilis, Panicum laetum)
and wood (Maerua crassifolia, Salvadora persica). The
pregnant and dairy females were supplemented during
thedryseasonwithcottonseed(2kg).Thecolostrumwas
analyzedforchemicalcompositionandimmunoglobulins
content (Table1).Colostrumimmunoglobulins (Ig) and
lactoferrin(Lf)weremeasuredattheCenterofRural
Econ-omyofMarloie(Belgium)byELISA,followingthe
manufac-turer’srecommendations(Bethyl®quantitativesandwich
ELISA, USA). Drymatter (DM),crude Ash, nitrogen-free
extract (NFE), ether extract (EE) and total nitrogenous
Table1
Componentsmeanconcentrations(g/L).
Composition(g/L) Means±SD(n=7) IgG 22.5±9.7 IgA 3.3±2.1 IgM 1.7±0.8 Lactoferrin 0.2±0.1 DM 149.8±15.3 CP 67.6±9.2 EE 28.9±0.2 NFE 43.4±3.2 Ash 9.9±0.7 Ca 1.3±0.2 P 1.3±0.2 K 1.4±0.2 Na 0.7±0.2 Mg 0.2±0.0
matter(TNM)weremeasuredaccordingtothemethods oftheAssociationofOfficialAnalyticalChemists(AOAC,
2006).Calcium(Ca)andmagnesium(Mg)weredetermined
byatomicabsorption,potassium(K)andsodium(Na)by
flame emission and phosphorus (P)
spectrophotometri-cally.
2.3. Animalsandexperimentation
The experimental protocol was approved by the
laboratory of Animal production/Faculty of
Agricul-ture/University of AbdouMoumouni (Niamey,Niger)in
collaborationwith the directorate of Niger’s Veterinary
Services. The experimental kids were obtained from 9
singletonsand11twinskiddings.Singletonswere
alter-nativelyallocatedtoeitherthecontrolortheexperimental
groupandtwinswererandomlyallocatedtoeithergroup,
butsexratiowaspreservedinsofaraspossible.The
con-trolgroup(ConG)hadfreeaccesstowaterandthemother
and the colostrum group (ColG) were offered in
nurs-ingbottleadditional50mLofAzawakcolostrum/animal
thedayof birth (D1) within12hofkidding and 15mL
colostrum/animal/dfromtheD2toD15.Duringtheday,
kidsweremaintainedonsemi-intensiverangeland.They
werekept at night in permanent shed. Animalsgrazed
undertheguidanceofshepherdsandatnighttheyreceived
biweeklyasupplementofconcentrates(wheatbran,
cot-tonseedmeal).Inaddition,theyhadfreeaccesstolicksin
racks.Waterwasgivenadlibitum.Eachanimalwas
identi-fiedbyanalpha-numericnumberindicatingtheaffiliation
tothepark,therowofbirth,andthesex.Fig.1presentsthe
experimentaldesignofthestudy.
2.4. Measurementsandsamples
Theanimalswereweightedweeklyusingabalancewith
maximumload150±0.1kganddeathoccurrenceswere
registereddaily.
BloodsamplingswereperformedatD10,themoment
thejugular veins waseasy to access and at D30.
Sam-ples(10mL/animal)wereperformedbyjugularpuncturein
EDTAvacutainertubes(TerumoCorporation,Tokyo,Japan).
Samplesweretransferred40minaftercollectiontothe
Fig.1.Experimentaldesign.
obtainedwerestoredinEppendorfat−20◦Cuntil
analy-sisattheBiochemistryUnitoftheFaculty ofVeterinary
Medicine,UniversityofLiege,Belgium.Totalplasma
pro-teinwasobtainedbytheBiuretmethod.Proteinfractions
(albumin, ␣-globulin, 1 and 2 globulins, ␥-globulins)
wereseparatedbyelectrophoresis.Thealbumin/globulin
ratiowascalculated.
Electrophoresiswasperformedonagarosegelfollowing
themanufacturer’s recommendations (Hydragelprotein
K20,SEBIA,Lisse,France).Sampleswerethawedat20◦C
for30min.Theprocedurewasperformedbyzone
elec-trophoresisinwhichthemigrationiscarriedonhorizontal
supportmadeofaporousmedium,astripofblottingpaper
andtheagarosegel.Tenmicrolitersofplasmawereput
for4mininnumberedwells.Thefilmsweretransferredto
anelectrophoresistank(K20SEBIA,ReferenceNo.1400)
during20minat90V.Aftermigrationandrevelationfilms
wereplacedinacoloredbath(CoomassieBlue)
approxi-mately5minandthendistainedinaceticacidanddried
at80◦Cinanincubator-dryer(IS80SEBIA,ReferenceNo.
1420)while15min.Theuseofphoresysoftware(device
usedtoviewthevarious profiles)allowedthescanning
offilmstoestablishtheelectrophoresiscurves showing
theconcentrationrateofproteinfractions.Theseparation
pointsbetweenprofilesofplasmafractionswerescored
manuallyonphoresysoftware.Allsampleswereanalyzed
bythesamepeople.Theabsoluteconcentrations(g/L)of
fractionswerecalculatedbymultiplyingthepercentageof
eachfractionbythetotalproteinconcentrationdetermined
before.
2.5. Statisticalanalysis
Bodyweight(BW),averagedailygain(ADG)andplasma
proteinsdatawereanalyzedaccordingtoamixedmodel
(SAS,1999)includingtheeffects oftreatment,time,sex
andtheirinteractions.Thismodelincludedatype1auto
regression covariance structure for repeated data
mea-suredonthesameanimal.Meanswerecomparedusinga
Student’sttestwithTukeyadjustment.Changeswithtime
inconcentrationlevelswerecomparedaccordingto
con-trastanalysis.Theselectedthresholdofsignificancewas
fixedat5%.Asforsurvival,datawereanalyzedaccording
thechisquaretest.
3. Results
3.1. Plasmaprotein
Table2presentsleastsquaresmeans±standarderror
for total plasmaparameters concentrations andratio in
ColGandConG.Thegroupeffecttendedtobesignificant
fortotalproteinlevels(58.5vs55.6g/LinColGandConG
respectively,P<0.06)butnotimenorinteractioneffectwas
observed.AtD10,ColGtendedtohavehighervaluesthan
ConG(+2.7g/L,P<0.1)andthedifferencewassignificantat
D30(+5.2g/L,P<0.05).InColG,thetotalproteinremained
similar between times but it decreased significantly in
ConG(P<0.05).Plasmaalbumindidnotshowtreatment
effect,butvaluesdecreasedhighlysignificantlywithage
(4.8vs4.2)inColGandConG,respectively,P<0.01).
Thealpha-globulinconcentrationlevelstendedtobe
higherinColGthaninConGatbothsampletimes(4.6vs4.1
and4.7vs4.3,atD10andD30,respectively,P<0.1).From
D10toD30,changeswerenotsignificant.Inaddition,no
effectofinteractionwasobserved.
Plasmabeta1 globulinconcentrations increasedwith
age(9.9 vs11.6g/Lin ColGand 8.7 vs10.5 in ConG,at
d10–d30respectively,P<0.05).Nointeractioneffectwas
observedbutinConG,theincreasetendedtobesignificant
(+1.8g/L,P=0.08).Regardingthechangeinbeta1globulin
fromD10toD30,itwassimilarbetweenthetwogroups.
Asforbeta2globulin,themeanlevelsdiffered
signif-icantly betweenthetwo groups (3.1 vs 2.3g/L, in ColG
and ConG respectively, P<0.05). Levels remained
simi-larbetweenthetwoages,andnointeractioneffectwas
observed.Althoughnogroupdifferencewasobservedat
D10,ColGshowedhigherplasmaconcentrationsthanConG
(4.1vs.2.2,P<0.05)atD30.
Surprisingly,inthecaseofplasmagammaglobulin,
nei-ther effect of group, time, or interaction,nor that of a
contrastcouldbeobserved.
Consideringthetotalplasmaglobulin,onlyasignificant
Table2
Totalandfractionsplasmaproteins(g/L)atd10andd30ofageinkidsthatreceivedornotasupplementofbovinecolostrumduringthefirst15doflife.
Plasmafractions D10 D30 Levelsofsignificance SEM
ColG(n=18) ConG(n=16) ColG(n=18) ConG(n=16) G1 T2 G×T
ColGvsConG3 Totalprotein 59.8aA 57.1aA 58.1aA 53.2bB ns† ns ns ns 1.70 Albumin 28.6aA 27.8aA 23.8aB 23.6aB ns ** ns ns 1.40 ␣-Globulin 4.6 4.1 4.7 4.3 ns† ns ns ns 0.21 1globulin 9.9 8.7A 11.6 10.5B ns† * ns ns 0.73 2globulin 3.1 2.3 4.1a 2.2b * ns ns ns 0.50 ␥-Globulin 14.5 13.8 13.9 12.0 ns ns ns ns 0.80 Globulin 32.1 29.1 34.3a 29.0b * ns ns ns 1.72 Alb/Glob 0.91 0.97 0.77 0.90 ns ns ns ns 0.20
a,bWithinperiodtreatmenteffect.Forasameperiodandasameline,valuesassignedwithdifferentuppercaselettersaresignificantlydifferent(P<0.05). A,BWithintreatmentperiodeffect.Forasametreatmentandasameline,valuesassignedwithdifferentuppercaselettersaresignificantlydifferent(P<0.05).
ns:P>0.05;†P<0.1;*P<0.05;**P<0.01.
1G:groupeffect. 2T:timeeffect.
3:differenceintimewithinatreatment.
and ConGrespectively,P<0.05).Thedifferencebetween
thetwogroupswassignificantatD30.
Nosignificanteffectonthealbumin/globulinratiowas
observed.
3.2. Growthandsurvival
Table3presentsdataongrowthcharacteristics.Atbirth,
theBWofthetwogroupswassimilar(1.7kg).Afterthis
perioduntiltheendofthetrial,theBWincreasedlinearly
withtimeinbothgroup,butwithalmosttwicehighervalue
for theslope ofthegrowthcurveinColGthan inConG
(P<0.001),allowingtoreachrespectively+1.1kgvs+0.6kg
weightgainatD29(P<0.001).Withinthedays,theoverall
ADGincreaseduntilD22anddecreasedafterwards.
How-ever,themaximumvalueappearedearlierinConG(D15)
thaninColG(D22).Thedifferencebetweenthetwogroups
strengthenedwithtime(closeto30g/datD8andD15and
60g/datD22andD29.Asawhole,ColGhadlargelyhigher
ADGthanConG(P<0.001).
95 80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Su rvival rate , %
Days after birth
ColG ConG
Fig.2.Survivalrateevolutionofkidsthatreceivedornotasupplement ofcolostrumduringthe15firstdayoflife.ColG:colostrumgroup,ConG: controlgroup
Fig.2showstheevolutionofsurvivalrateinthetwo
groups.Gobally,5casualitieswererecorded,i.e.,1(5%)in
ColGvs4(20%)inConG.Casualtiesoccurredafterdiarrheal
enteritis(25%)andrespiratorydiseases(75%).
4. Discussion
4.1. Plasmaprotein
For total protein, it wasfirst observed a trend for a
higherlevelinColGatD10,thenasignificantdifference
atD30.Inaddition,statisticalanalysisshowedthatneither
timenortheinteraction(G×T)effectsinfluencedthetotal
plasmaprotein.Previousstudiesshowedsimilareffectsin
thesamespecies (Rodríguezetal., 2009;Moretti et al.,
2012).Forexample,Morettietal.(2012)founda
signifi-cantdifferenceinfavortoagroupofkidswhichreceived
bovinelyophilizedcolostrum. AccordingtoMayer etal.
(2002),theproteinfromcolostrum,giventhefirstdayof
lifecrosstheintestinalbarrier,followinganendocytic
pro-cess.Presumably,asimilarphenomenonoccurredinthis
experiment,but, additionally,anextra-nutritional effect
shouldhaveoperatedafterwardsandstrengthenedthe
dif-ferencesbetweenthegroups.Thedecreaseinplasmatotal
proteinwithtimeobservedinthisexperimentisin
agree-mentwithresultsofLimaetal.(2009),whoofferedbovine
colostrumtokidsuntil60dofage.Thehighest
concentra-tionintotalproteinwasobtainedat48hofageandlevels
decreasedthereafter. Inanotherexperiment, Limaetal.
(2013)didnotobservesuchadecreasewithtime.Inthe
presenttrial,theslopeofthedecreasewasweakand
sim-ilarinthetwogroups.Thetrendforanoveralldifference
betweenthetwo groupscouldbeascribedtoapositive
effectofcowcolostrumonplasmaproteinhomeostasis.In
addition,plasmaproteinobservedinColGwasmuchhigher
(+1.7,+5.8,and+5.4%)thanthose(57.7,55.5and55.7g/L)
observedbyLimaetal.(2013),usingeitherfreshor
recon-stitutedbovinecolostrumcontaining45–55mg/mLofIgG,
orpoorbovinecolostrumat15–25mg/mL.Theseresults
suggestthatcolostrumfromcowisabletomaintainhigh
levelsofproteinsinplasmaofkidsandthatthisvalueis
probablysimilar,andpossiblyhigher,thanthatobtained
Table3
BodyweightandADG(means±standarderror)ofkidsthatreceivedornotasupplementofbovinecolostrumduringthefirst15doflive.
Measurements Days Groups1 Levelsofsignificance
ColG ConG BW(kg) d0 1.7±0.1a 1.7±0.1a ns2 d8 2.6±0.1b 2.3±0.1b * d15 3.6±0.1c 3.1±0.1c *** d22 4.5±0.1d 3.6±0.1d *** d29 5.6±0.1e 4.2±0.1e ***
Significance Group*** Time*** Group×time***
ADG(g/d) d8 114.8±3.8a 80.4±3.8a ***
d15 130.3±3.8b 98.4±3.9b ***
d22 152.5±3.8c 90.7±3.9c ***
d29 144.3±3.9d 85.7±3.9d ***
Significance Group*** Time*** Group×time***
1 a,b,c,d,e:inthesamecolumn,meanswithoutcommonupper-caseletterdiffer(P<0.05). 2 ns:P>0.05;*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001.
Foralbumin,theconcentrationlevelsinthebothgroups
significantlydecreasedbetweenthetwoperiods.
Synthe-sizedintheliver,albuministhemostrepresentedprotein
inplasma,atabout50–65%oftotalprotein(Kanekoetal.,
1997).This moleculeisessential for thesurvival of the
newborn.Indeed,thisproteinfractionallowsmaintaining
theoncoticpressureofthebloodandtransports
numer-oussubstancessuchasfattyacids,calcium,vitaminsAand
D,antibiotics,steroidhormones(PayneandPayne,1987).
Itis dosedtoassess thenutritionalstatus ofananimal.
Itisknownthatinhealthyruminants,changesinserum
albuminconcentrationrequiresatleastonemonthtobe
detected,owingtothelow turnover –low degradation
and synthesis rate– of this protein (Payne and Payne,
1987).Albumin isreadilyabsorbed atthesametimeas
immunoglobulinbytheintestinalmucosaofthenewborn
kid,duringthefirst24hoflife;Limaetal.(2009)observed
thatitsconcentrationsdecreasedafter48hofageinkids
receivingcowcolostrum,toreachsimilarvaluesasto
con-trolat 25d of age. This suggestsa higher turnover for
albuminfromcow.Thepoornutritionalconditionsmetin
theSCGFMcouldexplainthedecreaseinplasmaalbumin
observedinbothgroupsandtheparalleldecreaseisnot
surprising.
Regarding globulins (␣,  and ␥), they are a
het-erogeneous family of proteins that play a role in the
inflammatory response, the transportation of various
lipophiliccompounds,thehomeostasisandtheproduction
ofantibodies.Althoughonlynumerical,theinitialhigher
plasma␣-globulin,1,2and␥-globulinslevelsinColG,
associated witha parallel or higher increase withtime
whencomparedtoConGcouldmeanthatcolostrum
pro-videdacompetitiveadvantagetosupplementedanimals.
BenRomdhaneetal.(2001)observedsuchanincreasein
camels.Comparedtodataofliterature,theglobulin(␣,
and␥)levelsobtainedinthisstudyarehigherthanthose
reportedbyLimaetal.(2013)whoobtainedlessthan20g/L
forthetotalglobulinsthoughtheircolostrumwerericher
inglobulinthanthepresentone.Dataofthepresentstudy
wereintherangesof 27.0–39.0g/Linterval reportedby
Kanekoetal.(1997)asindicatingagoodstateofnutrition
indomesticanimals.
Inthecaseof␥-globulins,differenceswerenot
signif-icant.Itisnotexcludedthatkidssubstitutedpartiallythe
intakeofgoatcolostrumbythatoftheadditionalone.It
wouldbeworthdiscriminatingintheplasmaofkidsthe
immunoglobulinfractionsderivedfromcowandfromthe
mother,andtoevaluatetheirspecifichalf-life.Thefallin
plasmaIgisphysiological.After24h,theintestinalbarrier
lostsitscapacity tomacromolecules internalizationand
immunoglobulinsprovideatthisstageonlylocalintestinal
protection(Morettietal.,2012).HadornandBlum(1997)
observedthesameeffectincalves.Again,Argüelloetal.
(2004)observedthatkidsreceivingvarioustypesofgoat
colostrum(chill,frozen)expressedmaximumlevelsofIg
atabout24–36hafterbirth. RecentlyLimaetal.(2009)
showed that, parallel to total protein, the highest
con-centration ofgamma-globuliningoatkid receivingcow
colostrumwasobtainedat48hofageafterbirth.
Furthermore,itisimportant tonotethatthepresent
concentrations of ␥-globulins although obtained later,
weresimilartothatobtainedbefore5dofagebyMoretti
etal.(2012)inkidsthatreceivedacolostrum supplemen-tation.
Theresultsofthepresentstudysuggestthusthe
exist-enceofapositivecorrelationbetweencolostrumintakeand
improvementoftheplasmaproteinstatus.
4.2. Growthandsurvival
In this study, the significant growth rate difference
observedbetweenColGandConGcouldbeexplainedonly
partly by theintake ofsupplemental bovinecolostrum,
becausenot onlythesedifferences increasedwithtime,
butalsoamaximumADGwasobservedattheendofthe
experiment inColG,bycontrasttoConGthatexpressed
themaximum–closetotheminimumoftheConG–atthe
beginningoftheexperiment.Inapreviousstudy,Abdou
etal.(2013)observedahighlysignificantlongterm–far
aftertheendofthesupplementation–differencebetween
thegroupofanimalswhichwerefedcolostrumandthe
controlgroup.Inaddition,theimportantincreasesinBW
and ADG recorded all over thepresent trialin animals
ofLeHuërou-Luronetal.(2004)andBoudryetal.(2008)
whoshowedtheefficacyofbovinecolostrumongrowthin
otherspeciesatweaning.
TheoverallresultsofthisworkmeetthoseofMoretti
etal.(2010)who indicatedabettersteady-stateofkids
after supplemental intake of colostrum. This may be
directly associated to thepresence of various nutrients
in colostrum.Besidesproviding energyand protein,the
supplementationin colostrumprobablyhelped bringing
additionallevelsofvitamins(AandE)andminerals(zinc,
seleniumandiodine)whichgaveanimalsawaytodevelop
and maintain a stronger immunity (Rawal et al., 2008;
Morales-delaNuezetal.,2011).Colostrumisalsorichin
lactoferrin, which plays animportant role in defending
thebodyagainstpathogens(Ajelloetal.,2002;DiMario
etal.,2003;Rawaletal.,2008).Indeed,owingtoitsvery
strongaffinityforiron,itpromotesitsabsorptionbythe
intestinalmucosaofnewbornsandlimitsitsavailability
forpathogens(Yamauchietal.,1998).
In addition,colostrumprovidesat lowconcentration
polypeptidic compounds suchas cytokines (IL-1, IL-6,
IFN-7andIL-1)belongingtothefamilyofspecificand
non-specificantimicrobialfactors(Hagiwaraetal.,2000).Inthe
newborn,thesemoleculesactsynergisticallywith
mater-nalIgingested(Playfordetal.,2000)andareinvolvedin
theregulationofintestinalrepairafterinflammation(Elson
andBeagly,1994).
Noconclusioncouldbedrawnupfromsurvivaldata,
owingtothelackofsignificantdifferencebetweenthe2
groups.AprevioustrialconductedbyMelladoetal.(2008)
showedthatsupplementationincolostrumcanreducethe
mortalityrateofyoungs.Abdouetal.(2013)studiedthe
survivalrateofkidsfrombothgroupsonalargerperiod.
Themortalityratewashighlyreduced (5vs20%forthe
ColGandConGrespectively).
5. Conclusionandprospect
Ourobservationssuggestthatthedistribution,earlyin
life,ofcolostrumfromAzawakcowtoRedkidsis likely
toimprovetheirresistancetoenvironmentalconstraints.
Thiswasindicatedbyhigherplasmalevelsforseveral
pro-tein fractions suchas total globulinsand totalproteins.
Thesupplementationcontributedtomaintaintheplasma
proteinhomeostasisandtheeffectwaspreservedatleast
twoweeksaftertheendofthesupplementation.This
phe-nomenonprobablyhelpedtoimprovethehealthinessof
kids.
Acknowledgements
ThisworkwassubsidizedbyBelgianTechnical
Cooper-ation(BTC).Theauthorswishtothanktheorganization.
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