Micropyrotechnics, a new technology for making energetic microsystems: review and prospective
Texte intégral
(2)
(3) !" #
(4) %$&(')*+,+#- #./0'%123
(5) +45'67 8"/9/ :; < 2=/,8> ?A@CBAD EFE1GIHKJ/LM@CNOEQP1R4ST UWVXVZY[ ? \]B Y J^`_4STCabcTAdbfeCDhgiDhahTCgBjDe3khT l!m<n ^h^Zo DbgpDb.E5TAeCTCdhT3qZr sut 4"=/ v%w,xyCz{x"|~}4.iCxWz{w,}F 3w,}Fix&<Cz{&!w,x{"ixA| }4w2zi <}4Cx4CZz{w,}F 4<w,}FixF<Cz{&=ziCxzix<w{z{}4}F!&x"Cx1w,3x"iz{ "ixwzcz4i}Az{"w,}< pxO/,}4w!|Cz{"A{ xCx"w,F/x< zFc<X x"z{Fx x"w,FXw,x{x4,xO<<xFF}4W }<Qziz{}4 &WCx x {}4zpx¡<v!iixw=+i"ix&¢£}F¢ppCx w/}Fz{w,}F <<w,}FixC3z& FCWz¤I 4 {z{"iz{}&i}Wz{"w,}<¡ixOKC¥4{C}4wh{wiWi} z3x4izi¦}<yCz£}F¥<zIz{"¥ iz{x&&C;z¡£¥<£Iz{z{xCz{x&§pC1¨w,x©4¥Czw,x`i¥<{¥<w,x`|+}4w2 wiiz{"¥ w ¨z{;ix1wO}4(iCx <xyx{}F x3 }F+Cx"|ªixw,zFi,= x5|ª}43x{z{Ci}4}4p&C<x|~ Cw,}4x&",x&,}4wz3px4wIiz}Fz4i}z{"w,}< pxO"v ,x"iz{}4Zzi«<x3z{ixi}AiCx("¥ ww,x4!z{1w,}F <3w,}Fix<Cz{( 3 z{iz{}&¡«zC¥ 3z3xxw,4zC}4Cx&"h¬i`}4C¥,z{}4Ch{Cx xw x"iz¤yCx&=}4/i<zi=4zi,z {z xw,x4ziQ"¥K,xWC {Cx.¥3C}Fw/wi«i}«<z¤yCxQ}4x!4¥ z{3x{zCx&I}4wh£¥<{¥<w,xz4yCx&iz{4iz{}F5 ®'~=/"¯.< °3± ² ¥ wIFxpxW x"w,"{¥<w,x °¡³ ´ xW CxwI¥<w,x!}Fhz3zz{{z{}4 ¬<z{z<ix xw¥<w,x ¶µ °C·i¸<¹³ º{»i¼ v «Czx<CixW Cx"wI{¥<w,x ½h¾ ¿+xÀ <FzW}4/pCx!x" x"w,3x"iz"ixwz Á ´ xhÂ<Ã<Ã«Ä Å Ã<Ã2Å Ã Æ FÇFÈ v!É-Â<Ã4ÃWÄ2Å Ã3à Å3Ê+Æ Ë x4 zh w,}<,ziÌ`F5 iw.
(6) . . ¾. ρ. ¾. . τ.
(7) φ φ. ³. . ³ ¼ ³ ·. ! . °". ±. # $% (' * +. ± +. ¿+xÀ <FzW}4/pCx!}4+3¥¡iz{}43 xQz W}ÀiCx.xCx"w,<x5pz{.Wix1w,z& ´ Cxw}4CF¥ "iz¤yCz W}ÀiCx!x1Cx"w,<x5pz{."ixwIz{ ´ zx ´ zx ix" ¬3 4¥<¡x{x"iwz{&3 C}F|+xw}yCxwCx izx ² ¥ wIFx!w,x!}y¡xw|3z+{Cx.x{x"iwz&3I¥ Wzih5 < z{x ¬3 4¥<¡x{x"iwz{&3I¥C wIzz{FCz{4<zz{}4«I¥ wIzz{FCz{4<zz{}4«izx ix}Fh&}4«3¥iz{}4}F/i x!x"Cxw,<x"{z{Wpx"w,z& ZF <z¡}4«3¥iz{}4WwIix ² x"iz{}4}Fx xw,<x"iz{.Wix"w,zFCzW}4+3¥¡iz{}4 ¥CxC<zC+<z&x"ix1w ´ CxwC{}<=z+{Cxx"4yCzw,}4Cx"4 ´ Cxw}4CF¥ "iz¤yCz W}ÀiCx ¥<ww,}F¥< 4zC+Wix"w,zF È Fx ix x"w,"{¥<w,x ¿+x¡w,x{x4,x & yCxwh <w,x&K¥ w,x ) Cxw<x5pz{."ixwIz{3yC}4¥Cx ¬<z{z<yC}4¥ x }4yCx"iz}4}4xIz{z{x3 }4yCx"iz}4}4xIz{z{x3 Cx"{| x&x}4+3¥¡iz{}44C { x ¥<ww}F¥ C<z "ixwIz{ . 3 pFzCz «z4ix<w"CxF<}4W iz C{x&3{}F| } /xCxw,&K}F¥ w,x. Cw,}yCz3z{ «+¥3iIz{zix3À©¥<3z}x4,z{WFFx&",z¤C{x xCxw,&§|ziCzWzCz{¥<wIz-,&x px <4.CxxX}4C<}4z A {x"C<xW}4w <xF<xF" ´ CxW¥<w<x KXFCAz4ixw,xFI }F ¥ ]CixO2| z{ F}43pz4¥CxWi}AzCw,xQxW|ziCx3xy¡x{}F Cx&.}4. ¡}4wi1C{xz"w,}<CixO/ . (0 .Ê 0 . à 0 h3zpw,z¤3¥<ix z{1w,}<CixO1 .32 0 .{Ä 0 .Å 0 .34 0 4=Cx+,wi4¥£/4 ¡5x .{Ë 0 &C}43zp}4wzCO£¡ixO5 ´ Cx }<hw,x4,}4C"Cx }F 3iz}4(z{{Cx x 4WIx| CxFwAzi§i}u<zi£{w,z 3¥3ix x"Cxw,&;Cxx (Cx"{|+xx¦«¥Ciz {x }44C}4Fw, Q}F¥ w,x&F4 3ixMi} xzzCxxC" .
(8) 8 0 . Æ 0 . <(0 . Ê 0 v 6 {¥<w& C=A{&w,3xOF}F¥<3}F,zx<izIz{(|+}4wZziCxzC<}4Cx(}4Zz z{"{¥<w,x(x{x"iw,z{Q}F¥ w,xF7 Ê &. 1. INTRODUCTION.
(9) , z{z{wx"I}4wczi Cxz{<A3}4 x2i}Iz{CA,}4¥<iz{}4¡ i}(x3CzhC i}Fw.{ x"whF"{¥ "iz{}4( <w,}C{xO . à 0 . 2 0 ´ Czizp Cx}4<ix ¡}F}F¥Cw3&¤C,zi" ´ x}44yCx3pz{}FC&=" < <w,}4FAi}Ax<Cz{=&5¥C"iz{}&zi CQxX}4x{x5w,}4F4Cx"z{WF<z xF" ´ Czi!}F <iz{}4Xzi.yCxwi x"Izzx<W3¥<O3z£Iz{"¥ i}uz{px4w,"ix z{1w,}<Q}F z{MK&{x& . Ä 0 v "{¥<z{}4;<zCu¥¡,x}FjxxF"iw,}<iiz`I}4w,xF . Å 0 . 4 0 . Ë 0 CxFx!| z{<x& w,xFO{wzCWiw,}4 Cx 8 8Æ 33W3zi ziz{+ C}4w3ix" I}4w| &w,«I}4w z{"w,}< ixO ,z{CxWz¤czi yCxwi§x(i}(z{<ix4w,5pxF/z¤zi.w,x5pz¤yCx( }|+xwi¥ =<Ax(i}¥,xX¿+}|x"y¡xwzI ¥¡,xWzi!z{Wzix(i}A,WF <zi CFxx13IK & 4yCzi}F¥QAz<}4xF.C}Fc,iziiA&{/Cxx K¡ Cxw,x+zi!iz{h«w,xh}4Cx i}+x,iziIz{x(I}4wzix<wix C+<z{4« }F| xw=&"{¥<iz}F/ v.¡}F¥< 8 83Ä<Cx ¥¡,x+}cxCxw,3x"iz{+"ix"w,z{iCx<F(p}w,F"z4ixw,x&zCxQz{x3izz«}4W¥<CzA,z{Cx iCx(&w,x« yCxwIA{w,F"z¤yCx,}F¥Cw,x} }44}4&w,Ax"Cx"w,& È }4wx <FW <{x&/}4+3¥¡iz{}4X}F i xF,xWWix"w,zFi!zpA{w,&"{z¤yCxx¡!}F }&3i&zCz<AW{w,3x©¥<3zX}F!xCxw,&§Iw,}46O,WF/yC}4¥Cx4 ´ 4 Cz&{CCxW}4W3¥iz{}4X}F.<3<w,}4&wiC}4"ix"w,zp w,}44¥Cx&.ÄÆ4 {C 3}4+3¥¡iz{}4O}Fh Cw,}F x{{3¡ <w,}44¥Cx&.Ä { C3|3z{x }4<xw"Cxz{/z3z¥ ;C{ix"wiW¥Qxz{ x5| 4i}F }4C¤¦i}4w,x&Æ¡ 24 { C ´ 3¥2xyCx;| z;M"}44yCxw,z{}4¦x"£Iz{z{xC1¨}4 Æ X <w,}F x{{£§w,xMiz{ {wF"iz yCx zix"wO }F"yC&z{{1C{x xCxw,F3x¡,z¡ ´ }Ww,x"{¥<wIWi}Wx <z{F¡&5¥<iz{}&(" < Cz{z{}4¡3zÀ| }F¥ {+Cx!Cx"{ixw p}(¥¡,xWiCxF"{¥<iz{}FX <w,xF¥<w,x w,x"ix1w{C".zp2<x"zCxX4!{Cxw,5pz{}Cx"{|+xxXiCxx"Cxw&&CA{Cx+yC}4¥ x}.iCx ICix§ ´ 1C{x }4 w,x&]&"{¥<z{}4¨ <w,x&¥<w,x&I}4w<zixw,x3OF"{¥<iz{}&¨x"C}4C<xyCxi}F x¨z¨z{w,}<Cix px<C}4{}44¡4¬£C}F|2i<C <w,}F x{{4Iw,x <"C{x}Fh&&x&K,z{C«p}2Cx.}<¡w,F"z¤yCx!&"{¥C{z}4« <w,x&K¥Cw,x&" ¬i!i xF,x(ix"w,zFp«}F¥C{jCx(zix<wixzp}§i¥ C"iz{}4<F Wzw,}CixO«z{OW3 x"w«}4W 5pz¤C{x|zz{"w,}< ix px<C}4{}4<z{x&KCx z"w,}F <3w,}FpxC<z{&;}F¥C{ Cx i}ª" x%F}4¡,z{<xw"Cx Cw,}44w,x& z Cx Iz{x{ }4M ¡}|xw z{1w,}4F"{¥ z{}4W3x"Cxw&Wz{w,}Wi}4w&3x4 . . . . .
(10) !"$#&%'(#)#* + "',-./,10$,"2435
(11) ",1 67$#&.+,10$,"8 9*0:+. ´ x!}4hF"{¥ z{}4. z{x,&}4xxF"iw,z{ ´ ) {x"{w,}<iiz{ ) {x"{w,}4&4Cx"{z{ ´ xwI}4xC<z{ ´ xwI}F CCx"¥<"iz{ ² < x!x}FwiWF{}F ,² Zv ?. ;. ;@?
(12) A. v "{¥ pz{}FW <w,x&K¥<w,x p Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ Æ. >. ; ! =< > B <. C. B. B. D F. E>. Ã.
(13) Æ & x5pzzCx Æ w£Iz{ 5pxwIz{ Æ Æ . ² }4{zC¢i{z{©4¥<z{2 < 4,x!"C<3x. D. >. ;. 5>. C x"w,<x"iz{ }43¥¡iz{}4. F ;. ). F. ¬I«Czi=}43ix 4ÀzW| <z{"v v ² ¢ 6% ² z{Czz{ix«z{"w,}F 3w,}FixF<<z{&=z{ 8 8 4«I}4wx<z{F¡" 3 z{z{}4¡/<« Cw,}F }<Qz{ CW<z z{w,}F 4<w,}Fix Cz{& F"{¥<p}Fw%. 8 0 .Ê<Æ 0 <¬{/Cx"O5 4 {z{xWCx }4Cx5 </p}Wz{w,}F <w,}F 3¥ i,z{}4I}4w. C&x5.Ê 0 ² z{ xACxC.}FiCx"wWixO<"yCxXz{Czz{"ix{w,<x&}F¥<3I}F|+}4wMzMz"w,}F <3w,}FpxC<z{&«<Mz{3ix4w,{zCxCx1w,3x"z{ "ixwzp w,}F x3I }4w x 4 {}<Qz yCxF z{<i} zw,}<ICix( i} CxCxwix z{1w,}<¢p3w¥£ .Ê3Ê 0 .Ã3à 0 .à 2 0 .{Ã<Ä 0 .ÃÅ 0 .à 4 0 .{Ã<Ë 0 .{à 8 0 .-2<Æ 0 /<4,x&,}4wF"{¥ z{}4 .324Ê 0 I}4w!z{w,}<¢£zCz¤iz{z}4 .Ê 2 0 .32<à 0 }4w ,z{W <¤Ai}AF"c4 xCxw,&Q}F¥ w,x&I}«}4<ziO¥ wIFx&K<FC«I}4whCxiz<W<«| x{<z{C . 2 2 0 ´ <zi={w<x!4¥ «Cxw}Fh 3 {z{z{}4¡c¥ 3<x&£ C"c < <w,}4F"Cx& ,C}F¥ {CxF}4<x¡MxFAFj"C}F¥< Cx"|-3zpQz {z{Cx&{{x+z"w,}F 4<w,}FixF<Cz{& C ´ <ziixw zC¥ 3x&yCFwz}F¥¡.}4w,z{xi"iz}4¡ <w,x&,x"3ix(zCx xz{F{zpQx(zxw,5¥<w,x« +x 4 {}<Qz yCxF ixF<C}4{}44 .-2<Å 0 }4w +Wz{w,} <x"i}4Cz{
(14) .32 2 0 <0}FpCxwpxO" ² }4x}+iCx&,x§px&OK.F<`x& ¡xz{F{ 0v xw,z{ix( C"yCxXxW CC
(15) z ,FxZ{Czp w,}< Cx"FC <wz{z 5px(z`x 4 C}4w,5pz{}FZ}F iCzp«3zpQz <{zCx4 È }4w+x 3&W C{x& ² ix"|Fw£x"F <"yCx 3¥C{zi,Cx| }4wZ}4 z3ix4w,"iz{}&MC}F xw,5pz{}4M}FWx 4 C}C,z¤y¡xF z{ z{z5pz{}FMC 3x"}4Cz{}4 «|zuQ{ <zx"¡,z{}4¡ }F+iCxX}4w,3xw}F z{{zx5w,x .32 2 0 . 2<Å 0 .-2 4 0 À¬£ ) ¥<w,}F Cx& }<K,z x".&=<"yCxW <¥4C{zpQCxA| }4w}4 <w,}F x3cz<ix4wz{}4px13C}4}43z{x& z{ z{{zx5w,z{jw¥C"{¥<w,x&«<}4ZWz{w,}4z3zpz{z{}4 }4«3¥iz{}4Z4 Cx"I«.{<ziW,F{x .{Ä4Ê 0 .{Ä<à 0 /ZxC}&Zx5& 31yCx <xyx{}F x Cw,}4x4,x4 C4,x}4z{w,}C }ix3C}4}43z{x&«i}<xCxwix(<z{4x1Cxw&}4 }F¥ CCWzyCxwiiCz "3xwC «i}WCw&"ixw
(16) z ,&x!{Cxzw=z<z{zz{}4(" C&z .-2 Ä 0 ´ Cx!ZxC}4 .QFx zi= x|;i}4z{ {13xw5 ´ xF,x!|+}4w w,xcyCxwiWw,xx3¡CQ}4xzi=}4<¤ xz{ 2 <¥4CziCx« }F|W 6 }FpxiCWC}F¥ 4 Wzw,}F 3w,}FpxC z{&| 4(zCz pzixMz 83Ä4¢ 8 4p}MK}4¤y¡xZ¥Cz{M&"{¥C"iz}F xW 3Mi&3 z{1w,}F Cw,}F <¥CpQz{}&W <w,}C{x¨I}4w Fx. < Cz{z{}4¡z¤¡<4/Cx}<x3z yCxw,zIz{x+ «x<wz{Cx¡Â z-z £] 4 Cz{pz{}F¡  }F| F<CWz{w,}F 4<w,}<¡pxOFw,x¥x¦z-5 < z{iz{}FI}4wz4ix{{z3x4(z{1w,} z z{z5pz{}F¦}4wX| x ¡}4KCx{i,¥<wIFxMz{w,}4WF<zCz<C«z{1w,}F|+x3z{< }44{w,}4{x¨<4<x"Cx"w,"iz}4 .-2<Ê 0 .{à 4 0 .32 2 0 .32<Ä 0 Ê¡ zuix"3 }4{}44 &CMzix<wixM"ix1w,z{i Â6CxZxwI{z{x&+ <w,}F <¥Ci,z{}4M¥<Cz¤I§z4ix4w,5px+}FiCx Cx Cw,}F x{<"ixwzpKA3¥<Cx%"¥<ww,x"3Zw,x3 zi i}6<xyCx£}F xCxw,<x5pz{%Wpx"w,z&i | z }43w,}4{x CxwI}4w,CxC 3¡w,x!}4W C"iz¤Cx| z{Wz{1w,}<Cix¨ix<3}4{}4<z{x& .Ê 2 0 .ÊCÄ 0 .Ê 4 0 .ÃÆ 0 >. ;. '>. ;. ;. >. 2. ;. '>.
(17) ÃC z¦<z{x"¡,z{}F  iCxyC}4¥CxM}4(iCx xFw,{z{x& 4<w,}Fix 3z{ F"{¥ "i}4w§| Å< .Ê<Æ 0 !3¥3OC}F| pCx 3zx1¡Qz}4¡§}Fj,z{z{{w( 3 z{z{}4¡(C1yCx¡xx;w,x¥ xMi}MiCxZ}4w,<x"wA}F 0Cx{w,x1C0I}4w z<z{"{¥<w,ziiz{}FOzzCz¤iz{"iz{}&(zi }43iz¥ zC+4Cx1yCx{}F CzCx x"w,Fix1w,z{i=| zi<z{4(x"iIz{z{xC"z{{Cz {"<xw .-2 Ä 0 .Ê<Å 0 È &xW| zi«Czi|z{3xw,3<x!}4h 3 {z{z{}4¡,4| x F}4Qz{<x"w,x«3Àz ¡| }F¥ {+Cx¥Kx£¥ Ci}+3w,|M¥3 WCx5¥ ww,x13{¥=}F Czi4ziQz {zCx.z+ix"w,O=}F1 z ¡{Cx.ix3C}4}43z{&C3xyCx{}F x<I z{z ¡{Cx.}4<x{z <C< z{zz /Cx. < <{z{z{}4¡/C"|x |z{{ <x&Qw,z¤CxCw,z{x"I¡ ´ CxO}yxw,F &z zi!i}Az{<x3izp}F4yCzi}F¥À w,x&z<zCz¡¥3iIz{z{xCz{x& w,x©4¥ zwIzCAI4.F<X}4w,x <x"iFz{x¨z4yCx&iz{<z{}4¡« Cwiiz{"¥Cw,¤ z{ px"wO`}FXiCxu<xKy¡x{}F x3X}FCx"| pxw,zFp]C¦Cx"| w,}4x&KKx&`}4w z3ix4w,"iz{}&Wz3i}+Wz{"w,}<¡ixO5 ¥3¡|x| z{Czw£i¤W<x5Iz{ x +Wz{w,}F 4<w,}FixF<Cz{& C ; >. ; >. ; (>. ]z{w,}F 4<w,}FixF<Cz{&=«Cx3x"Iz{CxWCxz4ix4w,"iz{}F}FFWx<xw,<x"iz{."ixwz{¡z4i}+!W¥ izp¢pi¥<C"iz{}&Cz{"w,}<¡ixO }4w§|Cz{"u{CxZ{ x"wi x< z{ ;"CxWz{&x1Cx"w,&¨w,x{x4,xM<;3xF}4W }<Qziz{}4¦uCx x 4 {}4zix¡ ´ Cx Cxz{!xCx"w,&FCxAw,x{x4,xX<M¥<C{z{"iz{}4 }4wW}4«C¥iz}4C }4wW<x"i}43iz{}&}4C<z iz}4¡K ´ Czi« 3 <w,}4&`zp w,}4zizC!Cx¥,x3 ´ CxA}4Cx" 3zi yxwiM,z{W Cx3¦{ { 5zi«Cxx&K,FwiZzi«I} 3}4|6 }|~i}Cx" }<Qz XKW}FxCxw,3x"iz{ 5pxwIz{CC+z4ix3wIix.Cx"zC2 {I}4w,¦"C{ x ,x{}4iz{}& Ê¡ ´ CxZ px zijI{x <z¤C{x< iCx]i}4w,xMxCx"w,&MFCCx <w,x&¥ w,x<xCx"wixM3x" xCM}4{ xAyC}4¥ xZ}F xCxw,3x"z{.ix"wIz{F3¥ +{<¡z¤ÀCx!F4 3px i}yCFwIz{}F¥¡ < <z{iz{}F5 ÃC ´ Cx w,x{x4,x«}FcxCxw,FA}4w.<x"Cxw{z{}4A}F w,xF¥<w,x«zi=w,z{<3x"w,x+<§x{x"iw,z{&z{43&/Czi=Cxw,x5I}4w,x i¥C{ }43iw,}4{"C{xc3Wx{x&"iw,}43zF" 2¡ v | z{<x+yCFw,z{x"}4.¥¡,F<x&21ACx&3x<x5 xC<z<}4ACx5 < {z{"iz{}4ÀÂ`I}4w x <W C{x&/<x}4W }<Qziz{}4 3Qx&=&«Cx.¥¡,x«I}«<xCxw,"ix!!3w¥ ´ x!}4+3¥¡iz{}4W x¡F+Cx¥,x3z{w,x"i¤W,}4w{}4F¡Cx{zC+ i}Z,izppy¡xwi`Cz4`xCx1w,FZCxxC I}4wWx <FW <{x(|x3z{< wz 3 z< K }4«3¥iz{}4ZCx" `i,}ACx {w,¡I}4w,x+z3i}+xx"w,z{FC}4wÀxC<z{FCx1Cxw,F 3}4w xzIz{!<4,x&=+Cx3xCx"w,"ix .Ê 8 0 .-2 0 2. WHAT IS MICROPYROTECHNICS?. ;. >. v! wiw,}4 CxxCx1w,3x"iz{Z"ixwz{W3ziz3 x"w,x"3¤ iCx Cxw£O}F(i xM ixO2Cx}FpCx"wXx4{w,x{xx"3O}F z{1w,}F <3w,}FixC<z{&2zpCxWCx1iz3A <{"{I}4w,6{<cz3zz{"ix& Az3Fz¡!3x}4W C}<,ziz}4}F.iCxx"Cxw,<x5z{Wix"w,zFi ´ x xxw<xCx }Fz{w,}F 4<w,}FixF<Cz{& <«Cx! <w,}44¥C"iz{}4}FwIxz{"C{x C+Cz{4W x"wI}4w, xz{"w,}F <<w,}<¡pxO w,x {}<xw,x{ixWi}«pCx FzWI}Iz{ C<xyCx}F ( }3}4Cxpxw" ´ CxW¥ÀCx Cx!}z{Czz{"ix xCxw,3x"z{ ix1w,z& |ziA C}F|xw!}4W iz C{x«| z{Az{"w,}<ICxO/<(1C{x«i}O4¥ w,x+}4W {x"ixW<x}4W }<Qzpz{}4}FciCx <x& zix+{Cx1zw Ä 3. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES.
(18) , F!<zx"Qz{}4K ´ CxA 3¥3C}F{x4! }4z<!zpp}ACxAC{x(i}z¡Qxw{CxAx1Cxw<x5pz{AWpx"w,z&iWz4i}pCxA4{}CF z{1w,}<Cix <x" CxC<z «}4«Cx. < <{z{{z{}4¡ ´ Cx&Qx{xF i}2Cx=}4{{}4| z{ «<F{xC3x& zi.Ww£¥ z{/ C}4z3hI}4w {Cx <w,}44w,x&K.}iCzpcpx<C}4{}44¡ ´ Cx+} xF"iz yCx«zi i} z<z{Wzi,xCxOx"Cxw,Fp}(Cxj¥< 3 {z{xp}§w,z{4<xw!CxOz<z pz{"iz{}F]¥ {<c{Cx&,xA pxO«&w,x(}4W C"iz C{x | zp`z{1w,}<Cix F}4¡w,z3I" ´ <zi« C}4z3| z{{CxA<zi,5¥Qxz`CxX,x5pz{}4` & ) ¬ 6 &!Èu´ ¿ ) Z¬ & ¬ 6 ¬ ´ ¬Iv ´ ¬ & 6 Ê¡ i}F| &w,C {Cx zz¤I}Fcz{w,}F 4<w,}FixF<Cz{&K3i}WCx i¥Cwi{ xw <w,}44w,xF z Cxuz<ix4w,5pz{}F%{xyCxiKZC }<Xw,x4¥ 5pz{}4/ ´ Czi }4z{3A| z{Cx <zi,"¥¡Kx i¥CwCx"wZz {Cx ´ & v ² & À´ ¬£ ¬ 6+´ ) v ´ ¬ & 6 ,x"iz}4/ ÃC p}ACx(z{<ix3wIixC ´ x(xCxw,3x"z{(ix"wzF.zi«".{ x(Cxw£}F iCx ix3C}4}44h¬i¥ CxjKx{x"ixFCX}4w,W¥ ix <w,xziQx4+(£¥ C"iz{}4Z}FiCx( 3 z{z{}4Z<« i¥CC"iz}4 }FAiCxMx 4 Cx"ix; CxwI}4w,CxFz¨ix1wO}FXz{Czz{"iz{}4¦C;&5¥C"iz{}&/ ´ Czp }4zO| z{{Cx 3zpQ"¥K,xWz{ {Cx ¿ & ¬ ) &!ÈO´ ¿ ) ) 6%) )c´ ¬ Zv ´ ) ¬£v ² Qx"iz{}4À C Cx<xyCx{}F Cx3O}FAuz{W <{x&«z4ix<w"CxF w,}3¥OF w,xz{"C{x 2¡ <¥3IF"{¥<wIz <K,x«C ix C}4{}44¡ ´ Cx&QxW }4z{3I!| zhCx<zi,5¥",xz{X{Cx ¿ & ¬ ) &!È ´ ¿ ) ´ ) ¿ 6 & & ¬ )!² v 6 ²<´ ´ v ]v ´ ) ¬v ² Qx&iz}4 ,* @ $," $# "
(19) (,* $,) ". . . : + 4%0
(20) .+,*" $#&,
(21) %' "!". ?. . . : 6.
(22) .$ 6$# ": 4
(23) $ , .66$, $ . . :. .
(24) .$. $# .
(25) (,1 $.,)0. . . . i¬ ziWx&Qx3iz.i}C1yCxA<}<}4]¥ C<xwC3z<`}F+iCx( Cx" }4x<z4yC}4¤y¡xC=i}i¥ {}43iw,}4!Aix3 }4{}4F¡ ´ Czp ¥ <3xw{C4zC+Fi,} Cx i}+<xKyCxi}F <x&Qz{<«i}4}4pI}4w=Cx"|2w,xz{"C{xC«}F <izziQxiCixO5 ´ |}«FzW x5£Cxx p} x!¥ C<xwi}4}4C}43x{xz(}4w,<x"w=i}}4<{w,}4Àz"w,}F 4<w,}FixCCz{& "¡yCxwO,&{/4zx1¡Qz}4¡" %{Cx Cx x!| z{/4zi,"¥¡=iCx!IzwÀ4 x"zW3zi.,x5pz{}4¡3C«Cx+,x}4 }4 x!z«{ x x F,x5pz{}4 ¬I3z{z{"iz}4(}4yCz{}F¥Q(<x" CxC }4Cx! 5¥<w,x }FhiCx z3zz{i}Fw.¥4 < C}4wÀC«Cx ©4¥C{z¤(}4hiCx!Cx"wIÀ}4<{&5Cx"{|+xx Cx+5pxwIz{hCW{Cx+Cx"izC <{"{I}4w,A ´ }W w,x&Qx4h{Czp }4<x{{z3| }4w| x+| z{{hK¥ x iCx+4,x«}4cCxiz33O w,x&,zi{Cx }4 <z <z{x{x5w,z{ x+CwCx F<x w,}4 Qzz{}4 ¥¡pwpx & {Cx1w }F <iz{}&¡6w,x }<K,z¤C{x .32Cà 0 .Ê3Ê 0 .Ã4Ä 0 .Ê 2 0 .323Ê 0 3¥<¡| z{{<C}F Cx!}4¡,z{<xw,x+z«{<zi {¥<& 4. MODELLING OF THE MICRO-INITIATION. . ,. ,
(26) 6) 4 . $# ,
(27) ', 0.
(28) 4 "8% ,: .4+ , . )0/#! . 6 - "%. ": , 4,*". .$ :0), " ,9"
(29) . ,
(30) . .4+ , . 8
(31) $,"
(32) ."% ," @#* $,"
(33) . , "*. «x K¥ x C"3x" }<Qzpz{}4A}F=Cx+xCx"w,<x5pz{«ix"w,zFÀzi i¥ {¤A3&3x 3¥= <w,}yCz{3zC2 xwx"z3izWix Cx"w& }43pF"hCx"{|+xxA{Cxz<zizi}&w!<({Cx+"ixwz{ ¬£ z izz{}4Xzi+{CxwIWFh <Cx"C}4x" }4 x© §CxWx{x"iwz&=x1Cxw& Å 4.1. Case of intimate thermal contact. ;. >.
(34) z 3 <¥3¡i}+iCx! <w,}F x{3ÀzCz¤izF{ hÊ<Ê zC"w,xQx& zI=ixW Cx1w,5¥<w,x /Cx+¥<wIFx FCw,}F¥<C ,xx È z{¥ w,x K ZCx" Cx+¥CwI&x!pxW x"w,"{¥<w,x °3± hx 3xxC=iCx z4Cz pz{}Fix« CxwI{¥<wix ° ³ <Ox 3}FCxw¡w,x&"iz{}FWiCx&= &x4<¬4<ziz}F(zp ¥ &x&KQi¥ ¡zhiCxx xwIFw,x{x4,xWzi ¥CIz{z{x3£33x& Czix!{}<,xFi}+Fz{4izCxCx5pz<«ixW CxwI{¥<w,x.¥3 Wp} °¡³ Cx Cxw/}<K,x& z3i}«Cx x4yCzw,}4Cx"}45¥ w3{ x"w,x zi «wIz{z&ÀQ
(35) z ,&x }hpCx!C}FÀ C}4z3¡Cx{}4|;| z{"(z<zizz{}4|z{{¡C}F }4&"¥Cw" ´ Cx ©4¥Cx&iz{}&3hwzi,x& zi  ;. ;. >. ;. >. >. .$" %' "
(36) ' 7,' $ $.,(.4
(37) *0'#1#.( "',7,*
(38) $,7,: )0/#! . $#. ,
(39) +
(40) $ "', 0
(41) ,6(,!
(42) "
(43) (, " ,* $: 4$$,)0 "% (# ) 8#
(44) . "
(45) %: ": % ,
(46)
(47) ,
(48)
(49) . ´ zizpCx <¥<w£ }<,x!}4/iCx.I}4{{}4| z{C+}43xi/i}+"yC}4z{{}4C<43ziIz{"¥ À<Wx 4 Cx"Qz¤yCxx xw,zxp5pz{}4¡K
(50)
(51)
(52)
(53) ∂ ∂ x© ∂ ∂ . ρ =λ + + + ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ! z ¥C<x&{}<,xFh<WF}44yCx&"iz{}4 + ° ± °C·£¸<¹I³ º{»i¼ 3Ç wF<zz{}4W{}<Qx=w,x.Cx3z{<z¤C{xI}4w/ixW xwI¥<w,x&/Cx{}| Ã4Æ<Æ FBG <$%H/1-I- *:&)&&C2:91.'*>" JC.) ! *>" @ A ">8$7:C- . % ! .->D(- 7$E B O/2L! ">L /83%( ∅ 7$% F F F. 45 6%(! 78:9;%(* '.<$"3! =>73 KC"L% #L ! .M/N %H! @ ? F. ! "$#% '&(! &) *'%. F. [ ^(_ [ \ [H]. [H` abCcd. ` [ ^a d. e `f a b g. h ] [Hh. P>Q:RHS T>RHU V WLX Y)U RHS V YHZ. F ikl. +,! - . %(! .0/1/2$%("3. Ii m ∅ n ∅opLq rCsLtLu v$w v$xu)yq x$z>wC{w t}|. ~>M. ikj. ~'. N}M ~:5 } 3 NN 1)$ $ ~' $ C ( M¡, ¢L¢BNN ¢>1 £ M ¢L¢ 1)3 : . ´ }(z{¥£{w,"ix«<zi| }4w| x«|z{{}4¡Qz3xw!x1Cx"w,<x5pz{WWix"w,zFCCQxA}4 v ¥¤ C §v ¦ }4w|Cz{"(CxW<x" 3}Fc{Cx Cxw <w,}FIz{{x « ¬ ª ρ ¬ © ¬ × ¨ zi«"C}F¥<Å3Æ<Æ13 iixw Ê ÄÆ4O" ´ Czp2xC2C.XQxWzp¢£z3IzCz¤ix| FXCx K¥ xI}4w«3z{"<Cx&Qx&W}4+}4w,x(C ( ´ 3¥Kh{CxOCx""izC}F i x( <w,}F Cx{{4. Cxw ¥<Cz w,xXCx(| w,zix" ,z{W ¤/ . >. ;. 3z{4<v%,&z{<x }43xw ¦ v }4 z ¥ xw," {}Fw,"ix ¤ . ?. ?. 4. ?. ?.
(54) x©WÊ. = +
(55) φ τ −τ π ρ |Cxw,x φ = . ´ zi 4¥ W 4iz{}FA<}4x&C}Fh x+F}F¥C3}F ixw&/{}<,xF3¥3zh <w,}yCz{3x&.F(x£(| A}4 Cz3«Izwx&iz"iz}F }4 i xWz<zz{z{}4(izxW4!+£¥ C"iz{}&}F xxF"iw,z{ }F| xw/4QC}F|z È z4¥<w,xWÊ¡¬i Cx«3z{"<Cx&!}ciCxW<x" C}<,zix "ixwzzi.{x&KC | xW&3C}FK¥ x+{<hCx«|F{Àzi Qxzi¢iz3Iz3zix«C{ xWz{4<z{z}4( <w,}C{x%CxF&}4x&! {K,z{F.{ xwI! <w,}Cx i}XCxK}4¤y¡x 3¥ x1wz{F¤`| ziIzCzixx{xx"32Q}Fii| &w,x4 ´ CxFxX5¥<wiyCx&F}F¥ {Cx {}F{px3¥3¡w,x©4¥<zw,z<«{}4 3x"w{"¥C{"iz}F«izx&5 Ignition power (W/mm²). Input electrical flux (W/mm²). 10. ∅. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2. 1 0 0. . 50. 100 150 Ignition time (m s). 200. 250. Ignition time (ms). ! #". %$. '&. N} L ($ : 3 ¢ }$ MN¢$ B 1 £M } ;C 0 . ~. )(+* ,.-0/0/213. ~ ∅. . F} pxiC".Cx"w,x(w,xyCxwiz3ix"¡,x(xCx1w,FI¥C <x& φ ,}4w izx{x&2i<5476 8 | z{"Z3}A }F!x<"C{xOz{<z{z5pz{}4}F!pCx }43¥¡iz{}4/ x<w,4z Cx&Qx«I¥ <xFiCx+ <w,}F Cx{3zi!<x4w,<x(| Cz{x«{ x«I¥C Ozi! < <{z{x</<({Cx1AFhw,x&"iz{}F i}F À ´ x <w,}F x{{4.3x4wIF<xF!i}4}A©4¥Cz5 &C({ x <w,x&¢{Cx"{xXw,xO{}<QxWi}(pCxW| F zii}4}(i<zi}AW&z4izACx }43¥¡iz{}4/&¬iWWz{w,}< pxO3z«| Cz"«Cx <w,}C{x zip} z<z{ziQxx{x5w,z{¡x"Cx"w,&CCzi/ <w,}C{x <}4x&=C}FÀwzi,x4 ´ xw,x.zih "w,z¤iz{C¥C: 9 φ8 ;!¥ C<x"w/| z{"WzCz¤iz{z}4WzihC}FC }<K,z¤C{xx"yCxz/CxI¥ +zi 4 Cz{x C}F¥CwK ¬i | x+F}4Qz{<xw (z{4 z iz}F(ixW Cx1w¥<w,=x <>64x©¥ F¡i}OÃÆ<,Æ 3{<x+3wI <(z È z{F¥<w,xÃ(C}F|2 iC/z{x&=Cx"{|+xx Å<O C Ë<ËF(Aw,xZCxx&Q&wi0i}uz{Cz¤izixCx <w,}F Cx{<}4«3¥iz{}4 2<x" CxC4zCu}4 { x`zCz3x4x{x5pw,z{+ C}F|+xw Cx"i| x&x Æ<Æ«<WÊ4Æ3Æ< M È }4wh{}F| xwh C}F|+xw }4wx 3&« {x Æ<Æ3 ,FC}+z<zz{"iz{}4Wzp }<K,z¤C{x4 6. >. ;. >. ;. Ë.
(56) 88 .7 7. 300. 16 .2 24 7 .1 7 41 .3 6. Propellant’s surface temperature - Ts (°C). N}. 350. 250 200 150 100 50 0 0. 30. 60. 90. 120 150 180 210 240 270 300. Power application time (ms) Ts (0.4W/mm²). Ts (0.05W/mm²). Ts (1.2W/mm²). Ts (1.6W/mm²). Ts (2W/mm²). Ti. - "L ($ 3 N $ . '&. ¢ 11 $ £ 3( M 1)$ . M¢ ¢I¢; N N 1)$ ¢. ¢>N ; £. ´ xF,xZF{"¥ {iz}F¡(CxxMi}Zx FwwIz{x }F¥<W}4wAx& "ixwz{&«z;xF1 Cx{zCM C{I}4w, §Zi¥<C"iz{}4;}FiCx 3 z{z{}4¡i}+3x"ixwIzCx Cx!}F <iz¥<¦ C}4z3CI}4wz<z¤iz{"iz{}&/ ´ x«1C}FyCx+w,x&¥ I.4¥<x {C"}43F"zi z3{zWixCx"{| x&x({Cx x"izCW {I}4w,% Cx+Wpx"w,z&£ ¬£czhzp }FI3{Cx w,x©4¥Czw,x C}F|+xw3 x"Cxw,F Fw,xAW¥C1M4w,x"ixw«<Z{ x(yC& ¥ x& w,x<z{"ix<F5¥ {{z{}45 ´ <zi(,z ¥C"iz{}4 ziWC}F x <x5 <iz{}4 F3I}4wh{| }+w,x4,}4¡Â Iz{wp¤CC{Cx ix3 }4{}44¥Kx}4w pCx«<x" C}<,ziz}4A}F=i x«xCx"w,<x"{z«px"w,z&h}F3p}zI CxzC <{"{I}4w, Cx xIxF"iz¤yCx< &z{w+3¥44C{x&(FZCxXw,xixCx"i| x&x{CxXxCx"wI3x"iz{X"ixwz{ C{ xCx"iz3Z C}4w, ¥ wzC { x<x" C}<,ziz}4 Ê¡ Qx&}4C3 C3iCx x" xw,<x"{z Wix1w,z&C+{Cx x+CwCx+¥3 < }4w£izC«Cx! }F/ }4z3Qx" wpx!| Cz{x! x{zCWi} { x!z3zz{{z{}4+ix« CxwI{¥<w,x<¥ x i}2Cx.<zixw,xCx!zx <¡,z{}4+}<xIIz{z{x3I/Cx"{|xFxW{Cx {|}2 wI" ´ zi|4 3x}4¡iwix(<x xw,z{x"3I!¥QzCA{Cxz3ziz{z}4w,x&,ziCx4 iCx1w,WF.,x¡,}4w ¥<wIzCACxz<zizz{}4 w,}4x&K" È z{4¥Cw,7x 2ZQ }F|+«&`x <F« {x4h¬{XCxjKxxi<.CxpxW x"w,"{¥<w,x(}FiCxOw,xF,ziiCx(£pxw (+zi2W¥ 4.2. Case of non-intimate thermal contact - failure of initiation. 8.
(57) Surface temperature (K). < z{4Cx1w={ <>6 CF¤{C}F¥ 4(zCz¤izz{}4(<z{WC}FÀi x! {Fx4 ´ 3zi <x}4w,"ix&cp3/Cx"w,x zi +z"w,}WFzwh3¥44Cx Cx"£|xFx Cxw,x&QzpiCxCA{CxxCx"w,<x"{zix"w,zFi ´ <zi zi2x&Qx3pz&=ix3C}4}43z{&= <w,}C{x z{z{1w,}F <3w,}FixC<z{&C W¥CxK}4yCx`I}Z4¥ w,xX}F 3iz¥ z<zizz{}4M3 w,x" <w,}4¥ z¤Cz{{z & x,}4¥<iz{}4MziWi}Z3x" ¡}<,z+i x"w,WF "<xw Cx"i| x&xCx {|}2 FwiI5 1 1 43 1 0 93 1 0 43 9 93 9 43 8 93 8 43 7 93 7 43 6 93 6 43 5 93 5 43 4 93 4 43 3 93 3 43 2 93. 54 0 Aµ m 54 0 Bµm. Ti. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. T e m p s( m s ). Time (ms). ". N} I1): $ N ¢ :$ 3 £ ££ M$( $ M1 . M ~ . /
(58) . N. /
(59) . ¢ ¢ 1 ¢ . 5. TOWARDS OPTIMUM INTEGRATION - SEARCH FOR THE CRITICAL SECTION OF. ]z{w,}F 4<w,}<¡pxª3z{x¡,z{}4¡!<x" Cx" A}4({Cx+iw<x5c < <{z{"iz}4CAx 4 Cx"ix( xwI}4w,Cx&!zAix"wI(!}F w,x©4¥ z{w,x <4yC}4¥CxO}4w«w,x©4¥<zw,xI}4w,x ´ CxO} "x"iz¤yCx(}4w«& ixO«zi2p}&"Cz{xyCx 3N $ $ h}4w+}<yCz{}F¥¡ KQ1yCzCw,x"Q}45 È }4wcx <F+ C{x&¡}FCx iw<x"I+ <z¥ 1yCFz{"Cx«xCxw,&i}Opw¥C"{¥<w,x | xz{<wiz{}C3¿}|x"yCxw Czihz<z{"{¥<wIziQ{z}4W 4 <w,}4&<C}F<Cx3zi,}3z{ix2Iw,}4;iCx ¢$ B ¢3 : £M¥ $N )%$ | Cx Cx3z{x"Qz{}4=w,x!w,x¥ x x{}4|uiCx!w,z¤iz{F¡}4+3¥¡iz{}4wx{ x!ix1w,z&}4+3¥iz}4xCxw,&C¢{i}<¢£Cx/}<K=w,{z} zp ¥ Wi3Àz CxF}4x& }4w,x3zIz{"¥Cp}¥iFzW{Cx. Cw,}F F4{z}4}FhpCx!&}4«3¥iz{}4/ ´ x"w,x"}4w,xzÀzi x&KKx3pz&p}!Cx 1C{xWi}A Cw,x<z{" { xF,xw,ziz{ }F xw,{z}43zx¡z{}4¡!i}A<x"yCxi}F w,x{z{1C{xOpw¥C"{¥<w,x&" }<1Qz x".& C1yCx w,}F }<Kx ,z{W {x}4<x=,}4w! <w,x<z{"izC§Cx}4+3¥¡iz{}4wIix 9 ;A4 (i¥C 5pz{}4}F.iCxO,xF"iz{}4z}4+3¥¡iz{}4 9 ;A&C2 i¥ C"iz{}4Z}F }<K,x4«z{ x(x4yCzw,}43x"3# 9 '; ´ x(}43x{x]{¡ix ziW,C}F| Zz È z¥<w,xjÄ ´ CxI{xIw,}44< }4w,w,x& C}4C i}iCx,x5pz{}4zX}4+3¥pz{}4}yCx!cwIix }4+3¥pz{}4zp Qx¢£&z4iz x< xiz3A}F pCx w,}F x3¡zW}43F"¡| z«CxI{xIw,}&3¡"¡zIhz{4<zz{}4«ixW <xw,5¥<w,x 9 < 6; COMBUSTION. . Æ.
(60) 345 6 7
(61) 8 .
(62). !#"%$'&)(+* .0/ 1 , (-*# . .
(63) . N}. L M ∂N I N ∂K. . :9<; 9 =>?@>A 5CBD+E . z. 2. 5F. £ $ . I M J M ∂ −ρ. H ∂. &. =. $. ¢ ,¢>$M. N C 1 > ¥ M N¢>$ . x©¡<Ã. G. |Cxw,x AziCx.Cx"¡{}<=z3i} {Cx.x4yCzw,}43x"< ) ©4¥C"iz{}&OÃ2zi/| w,z¤{ix1W4h!i¥<C"iz{}4W}FÀ{Cx}4«3¥iz{}4Ww,"ix  V W Q Q R Y S Y. QDS W T W U +ρ X Q R. =. P O. Z\[^]`_ ¡3WCx«wIz{z&h}4«3¥iz{}4(<zFx"ix"w +8 6 a 68cb)d . ² }4¥<iz{}4A}Fcx©¥ pz{}4/2<z¤yCx&x w,x&K,z{}4¡ I}4w Cx+}4«3¥iz{}4w,ix i¥ C"{z}4M}FW{}<1Qx&" ´ Cx§ w&x"ix1w e5fgzi}3pFzCxxW Czwz{&¤Z<Mx¥ w,z<`CxX}4«3¥iz{}4MwixX}FW w,}F x3À{¥4Cx | zi(+4z{x5pxwc4w,x"ixw=< ~¥<ww,}F¥ C<x"+3(+Cz{4 ¤z¡¥ {"izCW"ixwz{ 5 h/ÆC {i K ´ Cx I{&x!ix x"wI{¥<w,=x 9 <j ;+zi xFiz5pxK¥<zC+{<¡Cx!x4izw,x}4W3¥iz}4(x"CxwIF(}FhpCx Wpx"w,z& )k hzi=w¡zix p}2CxI{x< s p = s o + qr . ;. ;. `t. >. >. n ml. 1 ¢I¢$ £ ¢33 3 N £}): 0 }$£ § > C£ } M} 1M. ´ xwI¡x"yCzw,}4<x4 6 } iCx1w,WFC}<K •. . vw. }44yCx"iz¤y¡xpCx"wC{}<,xF. ~ ~ ( − } ) • = ( − ) •. . =. . }4+3¥pz{}4Wwix!x 4 <w,x&K,z{}4. | { =|. u. 1M1 N B }$ . ( . x-y=z. £ = £ - C ¢ − ¡ − + − ª ¤ ¦ ¥ | zi © = ¨ ®-¯C° ρ § ¦ ¥ − ¥ ¥ ª ¤ « −¬. <. . Ç . Äà  Š¸º¹¼» ½ » ¸º¾8¿ = Á ± ³ · ± À ± -´ µC¶ ρ ³ ².
(64) •. •. }4C4¥ 5pz¤yCxCx"w,W&C{}<Qx& .
(65) . =. . = . ∂. ∂ . ∂ ∂. . . − % # ' $ & ( = − − !. | zi. . . . ". . Ç . H ;=<?> @ > ;=ACB = E. G F 7. 8%9': ρ 7. D 6. ) + * * 1 / . , − ) 2 = 3%4'5 ρ 2 2 + * * 0 − /. ¬I({1C{x+Ê(Fw,x+w,x" C}4wpx{ x«x 4 Cw,x&Qz{}4}F i x«}4W3¥iz{}4Aw"ix+F Cx«©4¥ x"C3zCO3zFx"ix"w I}4w.3zIIxw,x3hCx"w,F x4yCzw,}FCx"3I ´ Cx!4wI <Wz È z{4¥<w,xÅz{¥¡£w,"ix&{ x}4<x4¬£C}F|+pCx yCw,zz{}4}F/Cx!}4+3¥¡iz{}4w,5px!}Fh v ¢ CQxF}4W }<Qzix! Cw,}F x{{4h}43FzCxWz È }F{¥<w,Ww,x&QxwiyC}4z{w4¥ z<W{<Àix1w,À{}<Qx& Fw,x }4C4¥C"z{}4{}<Qx& z{ Cx È }F{¥ w, ¬i§3zp!}4<z¥<w,"iz{}4 CxW}4+3¥iz}4wIixW<xwx4,x&yCxwI§©4¥ z{"C§|z§CxW}4+3¥¡iz{}4,x"iz}4< CxwIzz{FC}4+3¥¡iz{}4O,-z ,&x!zix©4¥<F<i} 8 2<Æ 8 2<Æ < . ?. V r (mm/s). ×. a (µm). IJLKNMPORQTSVUXWZY\[^]_Ma`cbCJdY\efOhghbCQji'kml nogV`pgrqCMme_sRbCJdY\etYhqubCvwQjxyJ=g\[^Qzb{Q\O|YhqubCvwQj}~c]PgV`CQ\x ORY\wQh=geybubcMm]_QjgN `cMPOOzY\MePxyQ\xJ?bCvIYhbcMPOgesY\exyMwszb{JdY\e^Y``CQ\`c. ¬iCx,xx(C"/Cx+}4w,3x"w.}FcF4Cz¤{¥ 3x+}F=pCx«<zx¡z}4C.} <3w,}FpxC z{2 <w,}F x{<ÀC4,xj£ pxO.zi1}F¥< z{{zx5w,x4 Ê.
(66) x C"yCx Q¥KxxXi3 Cxx x"w,3x"izix"w,zFc}4<{w,}4i <xF,z{<}F <iz{}4¡,hC§ <wz{"¥CwI¤<z{x¡,z{}4¡" 3{zhyCxwi w,xx3¤C ixFO|}4wCzC}&z{"w,}F 3w,}FixC<z{&x {}4w,x`|+}Z}F 3pz{}4¡Â z +"yCFz{1C{x ,Ix Z&zw, z{¡,x"¡,zz¤yCx "ixwzp«¥CX4!C}4}4<xC}F¥¡ }4w }4W C} QzixW Cw,}F x{{£/< z{z K ix"w,zFp{C".w,xW z4C ,xQzpz¤yCxF< xCxw,<x"{z{4 ´ CxWw,xx3=w,x"CXzi!i}A<xKyCxi}F Cx"|%ixwIz{i|z2pz{}4w,x A Cx1w}4w,Cx&ÂZC}FyCxwI,x¡Qziz¤yCxWi} ,C}4"F Iw,z{"{z}4C<3¥3&}43iz z<A¥3iIz{z{x3xCxw,&i}A¥< C C}4w}4+3¥iz}4A3x& Czpx!y¡xwA,F{h<zx¡,z{}&¡5 6 } <}F¥3hiCzi.zi={Cx 3h| z{{¡Cx ,}4{}|x(,}4w. < <{z{"iz{}4¡ z({ x2i¥<{¥<w,x4x | z{/i x W{}4}FjhCx&Qx+3z£xw,x4 "ixwz¡}F <iz{}&¡Â gNq{Q POzY\wQhdLgeybYhqcq|b{vwQt` vwQ?qtb_Q [pghbCQOzJ=ghL` ~¥pFz%}4+3¥pz{}4%}4wz{<z3{zC¨Iw,}4 }4 3z3iz{}F¢pw,x4¥C"iz}4(w,xF"iz{}&(| CxA¥<wIFx+C4.w,x&"Cx(zI z{3<zz{}4(ixW Cx1w,5¥<w,x
(67) pxF!}FKx¢ ¥iFzCx}4+3¥pz{}4(z{WCx&Qx ixwz{i w,x w,xiz¤yCx¤({}4|+¡}hpCx }4w,3xw }Fc ,x| z{{{zx"{w,x&=i}W«Ix| x<izx"w,xFh Cxw,x}4C4h!zCxw/ <Cx" }4xC}4¡ ´ CxWFw,x¥x«I}4w<w,xxWFz+w,xQ}4 ´ xF,xix"w,zFp!w,xOi"Cxz}4+3¥¡iz{}4¡ x5I{&4w,"iz{}4Xzi2}4<¤A ¡}<K,zC{xW¥C 3x"w.yCxwiA C&w{z{"¥ {w x4yCzw,}FCx"3F¡}4C<z pz{}F¡ yCxwOiw,}4CW}43Iz{Cxx"4À «Cz4WxCxw,FWz{< 3¥< IC"/w,xz{W C}<Qz C{x zWz{"w,}<ICix(" ´ x!}& "x5pz¤yx }4hiCx. Cw,}F x{</}4+3¥iz}4w,x&5pz{}Fzip}«w,x{x4,x!yCxw{&w<x!©4¥C3z}3= <z{4WixW Cx1w,5¥<w,xC"/ xFhiCx"¦ Cwz{"¥C{wI¤W{pwF"iz yCx,}4wh w,}F 3¥ i,z{}FC+F"{¥ 5pz{}4C4{Cxz 3 z{z{}4¡=}Fz"w,}F <3w,}FpxC<z{&" ´ x yCw,z{x"W}4W}4/i x Cx 2 <w,}F x{{£=zi¡yCxwiWFw,<x C}4}4<xC}F¥¡C,z{W <{x CQx&3<}F¥C{x CQx& }4W }C,zix ,¡CWix1w,z&i }4w,x+}4w {x&&3 4ixi}WCx«}4¡wFz4I}FiFw,<x"h 3 <{z{z}4¡Cx }4w,W¥<{"ix }4W C}<,zix! w,}F Cx{4I |z(xCx"w,<x"iz{.Cz{<3xw I}4w x 3& {x v }4w=C}4¢£x"CxwI3x"iz{ }4 w I}4w x <FW Cx¿ ´ !C1yCxWyCzi,}F¥¡! C< Qz{& < Cxw,Cx+Cx,}4w,xw,x"iz{"¥ {z}4CXA,}4{z{ 3 xwCxWiixwÀQ}i3Oz{X,w,xx( <w,z4iz<Ax"{C}4AWCx+¥¡Kx(i}O3x" }<Qz &3(Iz{{hO{ 1yCz .Ê Ë 0 v x"w,z{C ) ¥<w,}F CxixO . 8 0 .Ê (0 .Ê 2 0 .{ÃFÆ 0 .Ã3Ä 0 .ÃÅ 0 .{Ã<Ë 0 .-24Æ 0 C1yCx§ <w,x"Ixw,w,x Cx.¥¡,x!}FÀiCx&QxWpx"w,z&iK ´ Cx.{zz pz<W}F xwIiz<
(68) z ,Fx&=}FÀi<xF,x I¡ixO=w,x!1C}F¥3 Ë4Æ4Æ <A Ê¡ WZ=g``[pghbCQ\O'J=g\=`g`Q\wdY`CJQ\` ¥ Z xF ² 4 CC<pxw,x¥¡,x .Ê<Ê 0 I}4wCixOW,&{{x"w 3 C<xwI"yC}F¥ w,"Cx }4 3zpz{}F¡Cx&w,x <"Cx }w,x{x4,zC«Cxzwh C}Fpx<{z{Àx"Cx"w,&| zi3z!yCxwi Q }4w£+{z{xzMAyCxwi0ICxz&!w,xF"iz}4M&xMu3x"}4Cz{}4¡ x}4W }<Qziz{}4Mw,x{x4,x&(`wI3x y}4¥Cx!}4h<43Cz4«ixW Cxw¥<w,xCW+¥C<3x1 <w,x&¥ w,x!wIzi,x ´ Czi <Cx1C}4x }4Wzi=C}+{}4C<x"w!w,xF"iz}4 Cw,}F F4{zCX4ZCx!w¡IxwWzCxA}4+3¥¡iz{}4Z{ 5| xA}4<x{x`1C}FyCx4v w,x&K¥Cw,x(|"yCxA<x"yCx{}F À" 6. THE CHOICE OF THE ENERGETIC MATERIALS . . ; >. ; >. •. >. ;. . •. ;. •. >. ;. ;. ;. . ? >. ? >1>. ∅. . Ã.
(69) iz ¡}x 4 {}<Qzi}4W| z{W}F| y}4¥ x&=Fw,x.{}F|2CQ} iC"¡z¡zi=©F¥ z pxIx4,z¤C{xp}2¥Qx.iCx&,x!"ixwz{ip} Cx x iw,xx¤« }|xwi¥ ¡ «}4W C&"¡z{"w,}4F"{¥ "i}4w" ÃC v_Qb{v_JOhx gwPOzYg\shv J=` bCYuqCYOR[ Mw=ghbCQuewQz QheyQNOhKhQRbcJs [gNbQNO JLg=` <x"w,z¤yCx(Iw,}46}4W C}<,zix+ <w,}F Cx{{3£, ,}4w x < {x.4F<3zC+yCxwi(,F{ x"i&z{! <w{z{{x& h < /}«i x-}4w/<}4<zp3z{CWCx! <w,}F }4w{z{}4}F i¥Cx i}4 <z{<
(70) z ,FzC .Ê 4 0 .Ã4Æ 0 z(}4wI3xwhi} Cx"{ixw < 4À{Cx1¨i}«Cx }4¡{w,z3I }FhCx!iw<x"h" 3 z{iz{}&/4v {z¡x" F <w,}F C}<,x x5|ixwz{i C4,x-}4 ¿ 6 & ¿ 6 & A| Cz{¦<"yCx x"{ixw <w,}F <¥ iQz}4 CxwI}4w,CxF ¬, ~C%}4«3¥iz{}4%wix {< }44yCx3iz}F<FA <w,}F Cx{{4I`| z{x w,xFz3zC z%{Cx Cw,}F x{<I={4KF¿xiCx"wx"¡F .Ê 2 0 < z , x"¡F .¤ÊCÄ 0 &3+x"iFi v!¡}4w w ¡i}«}4W }C,zix. Cw,}F x{{£ zX}4w,<x"wi}Oz{C"w,xQx«Cxzw!}4+3¥¡iz{}4Xwix&hQ}O4i}Oz{C"w,x4,x«i xzw <w,}F 3¥ i,z{}4A Cx"wI}4w,Cx&! ({Cxzw Qx¡,zz¤yCz}z{ z izz{}4(|z{ }F¥3zC"w,x4,z3{Cxzwhy3¥ {Cx"wI"Cz{{zi}z{W F"hCiw,z{"iz{}&/ ´ 3zi. < <w,}4F"Azp x3{zw,x¤WCx"| Ê<Æ<ÆCë<«Ê<Æ<Æ 2 3¥C{z{{z{}4 3¥3Àzi¡yCxwi« Cw,}4zizC«I}4wh£¥<{¥<w,x. < <{z{"iz{}4K . ;. =>. (. >. ;. >. ;. ;. A >. !>. ;. v !ixOWC1yCxC}<,xMzw,}<i¡ix 3¥<&"{¥<w,z<`px<C}F}43z{x&I}4wW|+x{i¢p C}F|w,x4,}4¡ÂCz4M C&z }4w z3z5¥<w,ziiz}F¡3}F|uF}<I FC+F"Cz<zC+ <w,xzi,z{}4¡ ² z{{z{}4ziCxcC4,x!ixw,zF¡zWz{"w,}< ixO"¿+}4| x1yxwCx"w,x w,xWzWzI i}OzI ¥¡,x4¬iI<z{4(Cx"wI&h}4C¥ "iz¤yCz¤ " 23Æ p i czi!(F&yC3i<xWzAz{w,}4xx"iw,}4<z{&i}O3zi,z <ix x"I3¥<Zz ]zi0®QxwIz{}F¥¡M<ziQ&FyC3p<x;| Cx6 z<%Cz3 x"wI}4w,WCx¦z{w,}F 4<w,}<¡pxOMw,x©¥ z{wzC%Cx" }43Iz{ xx4, & Cx"w"ixwIz{i={Cx1WC"yCx!p} Cx x4yCzi,F<xWi}Cx! 3w,}Fpx<Cz{ Wix"w,zFCw,x&,xwiyC}4z{w <}4«3¥iz{}4 C+Cxw5 ´ Cx.}4{}F| z{ W}F 3pz{}4¡hw,x }<K,z¤C{x.i}+w,xFzW}4 z¤C{x.| zpQzz{}4h ¢ yORQ  3w,x C4Cx &FyC3F<x }FC"yCzC+yCxwi}|uiCxw,W&}4C4¥ 5pz¤yCz " 2 p i W¬ihi,} ¡x ¥¡,x«i}+W x!z<z{z5p}4w .Ã3Ä 0 ¢ vwYhb Y` Qe`CJ?b{JQ KLgV` ` zi{wF"iz yCxM,z{Cxz3§{ xM,xZ{CxwI3wIF"ixwziiz{& 3w,x ;&C zp Cxz{ W&"CzCx 4« w,}4x&",x&=F}4W iz C{x|z{z"w,}<C,ix px<C}4{}4<z{x& .Ê<Ê 0 .-2<Æ 0 .ÄÊ 0 ¢ ~ W
Documents relatifs
To test whether the vesicular pool of Atat1 promotes the acetyl- ation of -tubulin in MTs, we isolated subcellular fractions from newborn mouse cortices and then assessed
Néanmoins, la dualité des acides (Lewis et Bronsted) est un système dispendieux, dont le recyclage est une opération complexe et par conséquent difficilement applicable à
Cette mutation familiale du gène MME est une substitution d’une base guanine par une base adenine sur le chromosome 3q25.2, ce qui induit un remplacement d’un acide aminé cystéine
En ouvrant cette page avec Netscape composer, vous verrez que le cadre prévu pour accueillir le panoramique a une taille déterminée, choisie par les concepteurs des hyperpaysages
Chaque séance durera deux heures, mais dans la seconde, seule la première heure sera consacrée à l'expérimentation décrite ici ; durant la seconde, les élèves travailleront sur
A time-varying respiratory elastance model is developed with a negative elastic component (E demand ), to describe the driving pressure generated during a patient initiated
The aim of this study was to assess, in three experimental fields representative of the various topoclimatological zones of Luxembourg, the impact of timing of fungicide
Attention to a relation ontology [...] refocuses security discourses to better reflect and appreciate three forms of interconnection that are not sufficiently attended to