Computing Sampling Points on a Singular Real Hypersurface using Lagrange's System
Texte intégral
(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Computing Sampling Points on a Singular Real Hypersurface using Lagrange’s System Mohab Safey El Din. N° 5464 Janvier 2005. N 0249-6399. ISRN INRIA/RR--5464--FR+ENG. Thème SYM. apport de recherche.
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(47). − p1 , . . . , Xn−1 − pn−1 i ∂f A ∂f A ∂f A hf A i + hL. − 1, ..., i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ∂X1 ∂X2 ∂Xn. }z qcS¶©RSRqshu¥§~`jQTSRD_cjkhGDzuiYzuD~ acOoSnoojh}h}acODSRjqzG_c_ch`jmz-acSf~ zui}Sdgoqsz}j²µz}qcjSasjkSf_jWacSdqs_cSdaSdzGO Rh}oDSd¯asSd~hGQe{|h}DSRWa$hu H ∩ R ³ _cSRSN)ODSRh}qsSRQ < g|SRih-¤´ ¢ N)ODSR6`S3{oqsh-Wjm~`ShGQe{DikSR·^jka5] Sf_5asjkQz-asSd_hGq)acOoS3zui}hGqcjkacODQT_qsSRi]^jkoThGN)OoSdh}qsSRQ ezu@~N)ODSRhu¥ qsSRQ < zu@~asOoS7SdikjQTjkDzuacjh}TasSdOoojmlWnoSd_rhu Jk M6N@jD_c{ojqcSf~g^] Jkf`Dµ ^Dd N|z}D~e$OojmOj_>GSRoSdqsz}ikj©RSf~ j J GA N ¢ N)OoSd](~`h±DhuaqsSdlWnojqcSeasOoS S·^asqsz-zuqsjz}goiS L zu{o{|Sdz}qcjojkasOoSzug|h-}S_baszuacSRQTSdGa_zu@~ z}qcS${|h}i]^oh}QTjmzui@jk GacODSxhGQT{oikSR·`j¦a5] h}6SR-zuinDz-asjkhGThu zuD~ z}jkWasqcjD_cj$GSRhGQeSRacqsj$~oSR}qsSRS $ODjOjm_>g|h}noD~oSd~g^n] D ³$OoSdqcS D jm_>LasOoS¤~`Sd}qsSRS$hu f ´ ¢ °f S¤Rh}QT{DzuqsS){oqcSfjm_bSdik]acOoSYhGQe{DikSR·^jka5]δ h}/g|huasOz}ikGh}qsj¦asOoQ_xz}D~(_cOoh- asOoSTh}oSeqsSRi]Wjoh}N)OoSRhGqcSdQ < jm_Yg@SRabasSRqacO@zu(acOoShGoSqsSRi]^jkD hG(N)OoSdh}qsSRQ ¢ vaYimz}_badSTh}QT{Dz}qcSacODSgojkab¥§hGQT{oikSR·`j¦a5]±h}ªacODSTz}ikGh}qsj¦asOoQ $OojmO(hGD_cj_bas_Yj z}{o{oi]^jkoasOoSqcSf_bnDi¦a_3huT J < A N/z}D~(z}2jk`¡@oj¦asSd_cjkQz}iªzuqsj¦asOoQTSasjT$jkacOacODS h}oSTqsSRi]^jkohG2N)ODSRhu¥ qsSRQ < zuD~T_cOoh- asOoS7imz-acacSRq/_5asqszuacSRG]jm_>g@SRabasSRq ¢ v¤jkQT{oiSRQTSdGaz-asjkhGeh}@asOojm_ªzui}hGqcjkacODQj_ªzuiqcSfz}~`] zµ-z}jkimzugoiSjU J <0< N [>·`{|SRqsjkQTSdGa_ODzµ}S_bOoh-$(j¦aODzG_Yz{oqz}¯asjdzui
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(64) A @ C »^¿ » d @ » ¿ )+A @ ¿ C G N)OoS7zui}hGqcjkacODQhu<}Sdh}QTSasqcjmqcSf_5¥ hGiknoacjh}e{oqch-^jm~`Sd~j JÎ}9 N@~`h^Sd_>Dhuaªzuiih- achRh}QT{on`asS$SRijkQTjDz-asjkhGejm~`Sfzuim_ ¢ O7SRGSRqcacOoSdikSf_c_dujkaªzuiikh-7_ ih`Rz}ikj©dzuacjh}$jkacODh}n`a¤zG~o~`jozuS·^acqzeµz}qcjmzugDikS ¢ y7SRQzuq TacODzua$acOoS3jm~`Sfzui 1. n. 1. I = hL.. n. ∂φ ∂f ∂φ ∂f − , . . . , L. − i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ∂X1 ∂X1 ∂Xn ∂Xn. R h}Wasz}jk@_TacOoS(j~oSdzui J }SRDSRqz-acSf~ gW] asOoS(_cSa ∆ h}3z}iki (2, 2) Qejo√hGqs_h}3acOoStbz}Rh}gojmzu Qz-asqcjk· zG_c_ch`jmz-asSd~±ash w+Sa g|S z{oqsjkQTSjm~`Sdz}irz}_s_bh`RjzuacSd~¶ach $OojmO2j_ohuazG_c_ch`jmz-acSf~ ash √I z}D~ y g|Jac(f, Sz 2%+φ) %+¢ #, / {@hGPjkWaj2acODSzui}Sdgoqsz}je-zuqsjSa5](zG_c_ch`jmz-asJSd~¶ach P ¢ y$SRQz}q¶acODzuaj¦ asOoSRqsS SR·^jm_bas_ i ∈ {1, . . . , n} _cnDO2acODzua (y) 6= 0 *asOoSR y g|SRih}oW_3ash²acODSnDqcGSz}_s_bh`RjzuacSd~ ash I ∩ Q[X , . . . , X ] $ODjO j_TDhua{@hW_c_cjgoikS ¢ N)O^nD_drash2Rh}QT{on`asS±z(GSRhGQeSRacqsjqcSf_bhGiknoacjh} h} jkaxjm__bno®RjkSdWa¤ach_sz-acnDqszuacS g^] N)ODj_YRz}²g@ST~`hGoSg^] IGjk∩ ^joQ[X z}_,j.o.{o. n`, Xa3ash] asOoS zui}hGqcjkacODQ huV JÎ}9 N>acOoSTJhGikih-$jkD{|h}+i]^·o·h}·QT+jmzuir_c]^¢_bacSdQ huSdlWnDzuacjh}D_zu@~ joSflGn@z-acjh}@_. ∂f ∂Xi. 1. 1. n. ∂f 2 ∂X1. n. ∆,. ∂f ∂Xn. ∂f 2 ∂f 2 +···+ 6= 0. ∂X1 ∂Xn. ¤v zuikacSRqsDzuacj}S_5asqszuacSRG] hGD_cj_bas_ej Rh}QT{on`asjkD2h}q i = 1, . . . , n GSRh}QTSRacqsjqcSf_bhGiknoacjh}D_h}q. N)ODj_$zµGh}jm~o_/acOoS3Gqch-)asOhu>~`Sd}qsSRSYjkD~onDSf~g^]asOoSzug|h-}SYh}DSYgDn`a¤jGasqch`~`n@Sd_)z ∆, Rh}Qgojk@z-achG6=qcjmzu0i@¢ z}achGq 3* °Sxh^RnD_oh- h}acOoShGQT{on`aszuacjh} h}z-a)iSdz}_ba/hGoSY{@hGjkWa)jkSdz}Oh}DoSdacSd~h}QT{|h}oSdWah}6acOoS qsSdz}iz}ikGSRgoqzujm_cSa H ∩ R ¢¬ ²{Dz}qbasjRnoiz}qd|ShGD_cj~`Sdq7asOoSe_cjkacnDzuacjh}²$OoSdqcS H ODzG_x_cjo}noimzuq {|h}jWas_ ¢ noq/_bacqz-asSR}]ThGD_cj_bas_ªjknD_bjoeN)OoSRhGqcSdQYzuD~TasOoSqsj¦asjdzuiD{|h}jWaQTSRacOoh`~nD_cjoSdj¦asOoSRq ~oj_basz}DSYnoDacjh}D_³ _cSRS3zuim_bh JÎu`+u < N´h}q${oqshut5Sf¯asjkhG noDacjh}D_³ _cSRSzuim_ch J < ` < ^@9Ná´ ¢ A @ C A F » SÀ @ dd C » E C }6 @ !¿ C G jkGSRz {|h}jGa A jk Q iSa φ g@SeacODSQzu{D{ojkD_cSRD~ojko acheasOoS_clWnDz}qcSYhu
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(71). L.. . 1. ∂f ∂f − (X1 − a1 ), . . . , L. − (Xn − an ) ∂X1 ∂Xn. % ; %+ & 9 %+ , . n. 2%+ %+#7 :% + (. 1. . . K(φA , H0 ). . . 6%;#7 %+ & . qchGQU`z}qs~ _acODSRh}qsSRQ^asOoS_bSRa7hu*qsj¦asjdzui-zuinoSd_)h}asOoS3Qzu{o{Djko. ψ:. n. Cn × C → Cn ∂f ∂f (x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), `) → `. ∂X (x) − x1 , . . . , `. ∂X (x) − xn 1 n. jm_rz{oqsh}{|SRq !zuqsj_^j¦¥§ihG_cSd~_bnog@_bSRa A h} C ¢¬ a/j_*asOoSRSdoh}nD}OeachOoh^hW_bS A = (a , . . . , a ) ∈ Q hGn`as_cjm~`S A z}D~qcSdQTz}q acODzuaasOojm_$jkQT{oijkSf_7z-a7z}W]{@hGjkWa (x, `) ∈ C × C n. 1. n. n. n. rank(Jac(x,`) (L.. ∂f ∂f − (X1 − a1 ), . . . , L. − (Xn − an ))) = n ∂X1 ∂Xn. ashT{oqch-GS¤asODz-a I jm_$SdlWnojk¥«~ojkQTSR@_bjh}Dz}izuD~ODzG_$~`jkQTSdD_bjh} 1 ¢ pªqch-^joeacODzua K(φ , H ) jm_$©RSdqch}¥«~`jQTSRD_cjh}Dz}iDhGq A OohG_cSRh}n`a_bjm~`Sz !<z}qcjm_Wjk¥§ihG_cSd~ _cnogD_cSa7h} jm_$~`h}oSg^] asOoS_szuQTSzµ] Rh}D_cj~oSRqsjkoacODS3qcSf_5asqcjm¯asjkhGhu ψ acheasOoS3qcSd}noimzuq)ih`nD_)h} H ¢ C qsh}Q N)OoSdh}qsSRQ[^hGoSedzu~`Sd~`n@STzu(z}ikGh}qsj¦asOoQ h}QT{onoacjozuaYiSdzG_5ah}DS{|h}jWaYj¶Sfz}O(Rh}`¥ DSd¯asSd~±Rh}QT{@hGoSRWa¤h} H ∩ R nD_bjoSdj¦asOoSRq q GgooSRq¤gDz}_cSd_$hGq7}Sdh}QTSasqcjmqsSd_ch}in`acjh}D_ ¢ N)ODj_¤j_ A. A. 0. n. 0. 0. n. ÝÞ
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(76) ¬ A @ C D
(77) ¿ f» uA @ ¿ CHE C uA @ ¿ C W G jkGSR±zeQTzuacqsj¦· jk (C) oS3~`SRDhuacS3g^] f asOoS3{@hGik]W¥ Dh}QTjz}i f (A.X) zu@~gW] H ⊂ C asOoSO^]^{|SRq_bnoqc z}RAS~`S¡@GL oSd~±g^] f − t = 0 ³h}q t ∈ Q´ ¢ °S Rh}D_cjm~`SRq$Rz}oh}Djdzui{oqshut5Sf¯acjh}@_. A. t. 0. A. n. n. A t. Πi :. A. Cn → Ci (x1 , . . . , xn ) → (x1 , . . . , xi ). j}Sd zu zuqsgoj¦asqsz}qc]{|h}jGa (p , . . . , p ´g@SasOoS3j~oSdzui. i = 1, . . . , n − 2. 1. . A In−1. hL.. »^¿ ». n−1 ). j. Qn−1. zu@~ z²Qz-asqcjk·. A ∈ GLn (Q). >ikSRa. ∂f A ∂f A ∂f A − 1, ,..., , X1 − p1 , . . . , Xi − pi i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ∂Xi+1 ∂Xi+2 ∂Xn. g|SacOoS3jm~`Sfzui hX. n. z}D~. g@SasOoS3j~oSdzui. − p 1 , . . . , Xn − p n i I0A ∂f A ∂f A ∂f A hL. − 1, ,..., i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ∂X1 ∂X2 ∂Xn. 1. ) . IiA. ³h}q. . . F 3 %+ (p1, . . . , pn−1) &% # ; #7#,(V - Qn−1 %;#7% % W &
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(82) %; ;% &/ ! : & 0% 1 p 1- ∈ Q. . # . *. /; 9;% %; 1 (C) 0 % (*%+# % Π0 %+#&;%&/; ) % % ;( X1 − p1 = 0 %; %+ 9T: . C K(Π1 , Ht ). . t. . 0. )N ODSY{Dqch^huh}iikh-7_asOoS3h}DSYh}*w+SRQTQzT³M_bSdS3zuim_bh JÎu9N´ ¢ #76 - U^jDS jm_/RikhW_bSf~Wj¦+jkas_/g|h}noD~Dzuqs]jm_ªSdQT{`a5]eh}q)zu^]qz-asjkhGDzui jkWacSdqs_cSdas_ asOoS3O^]^{@Sdqc{oimzuDΠSY~`(C) SR¡DoSf~g^] X − p = 0 ¢ U^no{D{@hW_bS3oh- acOoSqsh}WasjkSdqh} Π p(C)∈ jQ_)DChua7SRQT{`a5] ¢ ODhWhW_bS rhGD_cj~`Sdq acODSO^]^{@Sdqc{oimzuDS~`S¡@oSd~2g^] zu@~ as£ OoS _cSa3hup)∈{@hGRjkWa∈/_jkΠ C(C)QejojQTjk©djkoHasOoS ~`jm_5azuDRSeqchGQ C ash H ¢ w6SXa r −>p0=g|S 0 _cnDO¶asMODz-a3⊂asOoCS _cSa h}3{@hGjkWas_ ~`h^Sd_ ohuaQTSdSa ∩ R ) \ C ¢ " SRDhuacjo ∈ R | dist(x, M ≤z} r}j`¡DDj¦asSd_cjkQzui¨ªqsSRQ(H g^] T = {x ∈T R= {x| dist(x, } z D ~ ^ g ] z}q 2asODz-aTacODS_cSah}x{|h}jGa_ M} ε 1. 1. 1. 1. ßß"Ô\]&^Ð&^. n. 1. 1. n. 0. 1. 0. n.
(83) f. -+%+( . jm_/jk`¡@oj¦asSd_cjkQz}iki]ihG_cS zuD~z}qcSxohua)z-aªQTjojkQz}i<~oj_basz}DS$ash N)O^nD_ asOoSYQejojQzui6~`jm_5azuDRS¤qsh}Q (H ∪ H ) ∩HT∩acTh H jm_ohua)h}goaszujoSf~ h} T ¢ N)O^nD_jka$j_Hh}go¢ aszujoSf~ zua7zeRqcjkacjmRz}i{@hGjkWa7h}+acODS3{oqch}t5Sdacjh} Π qsSd_bacqsjacSd~ach H ∪ H ¢ Rx_bjoTacODSacqzuD_bSRq){oqsjk@j{oikS z}D~qcSdQTz}q ^joacOoSz}g@h-GSxqsSdzG_bhGoojojm_)-zuij~hGq7zu^] r _cQzuiiSRohGno}OSR@~o_)acODS3{oqch^h} ¢ N)ODSh}iih-$jkoikSdQeQz}SRDSRqzuijk©dSd_)asOoSz}g@h-GSh}oS ¢ j}Sd²zu¶z}qcgojkacqzuqs]{|h}jWa (p , . . . , p ) ∈ oh}q ~`SRDhuacS3g^] H ⊂ C acOoS3jWacSRq_cSd¯asjkhGh}asOoSO^]^{@Sdqc{Diz}oSd_$~`SR¡DoSf~ Q . . . , n − 1} g^] X − p i =∈ {1, · · · = X − p = 0¢ /» 35%; C &% /& %&/; :% )/& %; S - H ∩R !AW +%5-+# i ∈ {1, . . . , n−1} % (Hε ∪ H−ε ) ∩ T 0. 0. −ε. ε. 0. 0. 0. 1. −ε. ε. 1. n−1. 1. 1. i. n−1. n. i. i. . . . # %;#7# %V% )W , #76 - U`no{o{|hG_cS/hGqrzuii N)OoSd ODzG_>z¤ohG`¥«SRQT{`a5]jWacSRq_cSd¯asjkhG $jkacO $OojmO jm_z¡DojkacS_bSRah}6{@hGjkWa_/Rh}Wasz}jko¢ joacOoSYg@hGnoD~`Sf~ ijkQTjkas_hu. #7;%&/;
(84) K/+"9;% 4 -+#T !(1/& %&/+ % 10/& %; Π i (C) /; 9;% /& 4 %; :%; %+ S%+ ;% # &/ C /& *K(Π W% 1 , H 4t ) - t. C0. (H0 ∩ Hi ) ∩ Rn Πi+1 (C 0 ) . i ∈ {1, . . . , n− Ht ∩ Hn−1. 0 K(Πi+1 , Ht ∩ Hi ). C ∩ Hi. 2}. n. H ∩H ¢ ¤h-3-_bno{D{@hW_bS/acOoSdqcS/S·`jm_5a_ i ∈ {1, . . . , n−1} _bnDOacODzua Π (C) 6= R zuD~h}@_bjm~`SRq+acOoSQTjkDjkQnoQ h}qx$OojmO y$SdQTz}qacO@z-a i £ h}D_cjm~`SRq¤z|ach}ODDSoSd{oqsachuSdt5~¶Sf¯ash}jkhGQT²{|h}h} oSdWa ChG h} C ∩ H ¢ ΠU^jD(C) RS C6= ⊂R C¢ zu@~ Π (C) 6=CR∩ $HOojkiS 6=Π ∅ ¢Y(C) =R C asOoS X ¥§z-·`j_)jm_)oh}a R ¢ zuD~ iSa g|SacOoS¶dzuohGojmRzui qsh}Q oh- hG6 jm__cSRSR zG_z _bSdQejk¥§zui}SRgDqsz}j_bSRahu {D qch}t5Sd¯asjkhG π C: C → C _bSdD~`jo (x , . . . , x ) Rash x ¢ X±hGqcπSdh-}SRqfªg^] z}_s_bnDQe{oacjh}6 j_RikhW_bSf~ ¢¬ aj_oh- _cn`® jSRWaash²zu{o{Dik]2w6SdQeQz < z}D~ J < MW*w6SRQTQz2d Nrach C zu@~ π (C ) c _ SRSdzG_$zO^]^{|SRq_bnoqc z}RSxh} C ¢ H ∩H /» 35%; V ⊂ C &% P 2%;#7 /9#, %+ ( - %; , d Sing(V) *%
(85) , 20 # i ∈ {1, . . . , n−1} Πi (C) = Ri. H0 ∩ Hn−1. O. C. t. i. i. i. i. 0. i−1. 0. i. n−1. i. i. 0. i−1. i−1. i+1. 0. i+1. i+1. n−i. n−i. i+1. n. i+1. i+1. 0. 0. 0. n−i. i. . . . . %#7;%*/; #7%+& #, /; :% % S#, /; 9, #7% i =*% 1, #7.*..%+,# dQ35%; &% Q/& ! Π%&i/+ % Z/& %; # i = K(Πi+1 , V) \%; Sing(V) C V ∩ Rn &% ! %- !
(86) %;# %+ %+ %;# &%+" 2 1, . . . , n−1%+ ;% x &%; Π (C) x Πi (K(Πi+1 , V)\ %;#7i% ;(Y/& 9%; "6/;Z. ,A09;%4-+#. Sing(V)). x. ,. n. Πi (Sing(V)). . K(Πd+1 , V) = V. °S¤zG~ozu{`a>asOoS7{oqsh^hu<hu J < ^WprqchG{@hW_bjkacjh} 4N@$OojO{Dqch-^jm~`Sd_>z3_cjkQTjiz}qrqsSd_cnoi¦arjTacODS¤_bQTh^huasORz}_cS ¢ #76 - w+SaenD_~`SdohuasSTacOojm_{oqchG{@Sdqba5](g^] °S {oqsh-}STjkag^]~oSdqsSdzG_bjojD~`nDacjh} h} i = Q ¢ k j q 5 _ f a < / S o { c q h G S + w S a | g e S k j ¶ acOoSqchGWacjSRq¤h} ]zG_c_cnoQT{`asjkhG6|acOoS d, . . . , 1 ¢ qsSd_bacqsjm¯acjh}±h} Π ach V ∩ RQ jm¢ _x{oqchG{@xSdqd∈|_bRh x jm_¤j±asOoSjQzuGS Π (C)Π ¢(C)N)O^¢ nD _dDqsh}Q"asOoSjQT{oikjmjka nDD¯asjkhG±acOoSdh}qsSRQ|SRjkacOoSdq7acODSRqsSS·`jm_5a_¤z RqcjkacjmRz}i+{|h}jWa y ∈ C h} Π qcSf_5asqcjm¯asSd~ash V _cnDO±asODz-a hGq)acOoSdqcSS·`jm_5a_$zT_bjo}nDiz}q{|h}jWa _cnDOasODz-a N)Oojm_){oqsh-}Sd_ Q ¢ π (y) = x °S3oh- z}_s_bnoQTS Q Dz}D~{Dqch-GS Q ¢ w+Sa$yasOWn@_ x ∈ R Πg@S3(y)jas=OoSx¢ qsh}WacjSRq$h} Π (C) w+Sa ϕ g@S$asOoS${oqshut5Sf¯acjh} ϕ : R → R acO@z-aªQzu{@_ (x , . . . , x ) ach (x , . . . , x ) h}q ⊂r >R 0¢ }/S ~oSRoh}acS7g^] B ⊂ R asOoSxRikhW_bSf~TgDzuii@RSRWacSdqcSf~z-a x hu6qz}~ojknD_ r ^z}D~Tg^] C ⊂ R asOoS¤{oqsSRjQzuGS o$OojmOj_$zT]^ijk@~`SRq ¢ ϕ (B ) i. d. d. d. n. d. d. d. d. d. i+1. i+1. r. −1. i. d. i. i. i. 1. i. i+1. 1. r. i. i i+1. r. ÝÞ
(87) ß6Ýáà.
(88) G.
(89)
(90) ! "#$%&')(*%+#&, #.-+0/&%1, 24356#7 22%8 )(9, :%;. ] ~`SR¡Dojkacjh}6oh}q r > 0 Π (B ) QTSRSa_ C o_bh C QTSRSa_ Π (C) ¢ acOoSh}acOoSdqO@zuD~o_cjDS jm_3j¶asOoSqsh}WacjSRqh} +asOoSRqsSTS·`jm_5a_3z{@hGjkWa3jk acO@z-ajm_ohua
(91) _chacOoSdqcSTSR·^jm_bas_ x z{|h}jGa3j C acODzua3j_oΠh}aY(C)j Π (C) ¢ °(S~`Sf~`nDSeasODz-Bah}q r > 0 C ΠQT(C) SRSRas_xacODSqsh}WasjkSdqYh} Π (C) ¢ _cnDOTacO@z-a Π (y ) ∈ ]ejk@v¤~`{onD{o¯asi]WjkhGjo O^]^{@
(92) h}/acOoS Sf~o_bjmSd_R~`}nDacOoRSSdqcacS¤O@Sz-·`a j_bas_ y ∈ (K(Π U`jkD, V) ∪ Sing(V)) ∩hGC R S c a D O j 3 _ D O } h m i o ~ 3 _ q u z ii r > 0 x jm_j2acOoS ϕ Π (y ) ∈ B ¢ C ¢ RikhW_bnDqcSh} Π (K(Π ] G z c _ c _ o n T Q ` { c a j } h + + s a o O. S s q d S b _ c a qsjacjh}2hu ash±acOoS Π (Sing(V) ¢ !zujmqs_)j_j^j¦¥§ihG_cnoqsSxh} K(Π, V) ,∩V)C)\ ∪Sing(V) j_¤{oqsh}{|SRqfD_bhjkas_¤jkQz}}Sg^] Π j_xihG_cSd~ ¢ N)O^ΠnD_7Sdj¦asOoSRq h}q)jka7g@SdikhGoG_ash Π (Sing(V)) ¢ x Π (K(Π , V) \ Sing(V) ∩ C) ⊂ Π (C) °SYj~`SdWacjk]zijoSdz}qODz}o}Sxhu+-z}qcjmzugoiSd_ªachejkas_)z}_s_bh`RjzuacSd~ QTzuacqsj¦· A ∈ GL (Q) z}D~^}j}Sdzu z}ikGSRgoqzujm)-zuqsjkSRa5] V ⊂ C Sx~`SdohuasS¤g^] V asOoSxz}ikGSRgoqzujm)-zuqsjkSRa5]hGg`asz}jkDSd~ zuáacSRq/acODSxz}acjh} h} acOoS_cSdlWnoSdiM Sing(V) ~`SRoh}acSf_acOoS_cjkD}noimzuq)ih^RnD_)hu V ¢ A ¢>¬ /» 35%; V ⊂ C *% 2% +#7 / 9#, %+ ( & %;#7% %)W , S#, /; 9;% Z, ,;%; A . −1 i. r. r. i+1. i. r. r. i. i+1. r. i+1. r. i. r. i. i+1. i+1. r. i+1. i. i. i+1. i. r. r. i. i+1. i. i. n. n. . A. 0 9%;. n. ,/ Z -4 (. . !( /& ! %&/; :% /& %; . GL A ∈ GL n (C) 1/;n (Q) +% \ A i ∈ {1, . . . , n − 1} Πi (C A ). CA. -. VA. -+#. #76 - N)ODS{oqsh^hu)j_~`h}oSgW](jk@~`nD¯asjkhG h}asOoS~`jQTSRD_cjh} h} ODzG_~`jQeSdD_cjkhG asOoShGDinD_cjkhG(jm_h}g^^jkhGnD_ ¢ O¤h-3+_bnD{o{@hW_bSeasOoSqcSf_bnDi¦aachg|STacqsdnoSeh}Vq¢z}W¬ ]²Vz}ikGSRgoqzujmµz}qcjSa5]±h}0 ~ojkQTSR@_bjh} d − 1 z}D~ikSRa V ⊂ C g|Szuzui}Sdgoqsz}j¤-zuqsjkSRa5] hu>~`jQeSdD_cjkhG d ¢ qsh}Q J < ^
(93) N)OoSRhGqcSdQ + N«}j}Sdz}W]±SflWnoj¦¥§~`jQTSRD_cjkhGDzui>z}ikGSRgoqzujm-zuqsjSa5] C hu)~`jQeSdD_cjkhG d oasOoSRqsSSR·^jm_bas_7z !<z}qcjm_ Wjk¥§ihG_cSd~z}ikGSRgoqzujm_bnDgD_bSRa A _bnDOasODz-a7hGq¤zu^] AV ∈⊂GL zu@~ (Q) \ A s a o O ¤ S D { c q } h 5 t d S ¯ s a k j G h D _ c q f S 5 _ s a c q m j ¯ s a d S e ~ c a h c a o O S 0 < ! u z s q j _ ^jDihG_cnoqsS7hu i ∈ {1, . . . , d} jm_${oqsh}{|SRq ¢ qchGQw6SdQTQTz o`h}qΠi = 1, . . . , d − 1 `jk x g@SdikhGoG_ashTacOoSK(Π qsh}WasjkSdq$,huV Π)(C\ Sing(V `asOoSR ) ) Sdj¦asOoSRq g@SdikhGoG_>ach K(Π , V ) \ Sing(V ) hGq x g|SRih}oW_ Sing(V ) $OojOTODzG_r~`jQTSRD_cjkhGTikSf_c_ asODzu dx¢ N)O^nD_d`h}DSRzuzu{D{oik] acOoSjD~`n@¯acjh}O^]^{@h}acOoSf_bjm_)h}acODS_bjoGnoiz}q)ikh`n@_)hu V zuD~hGDinD~`SasODz-a asOoSRqsS3S·`jm_5a_$z !<zuqsjm_ ^jk¥«RikhW_bSf~ _bnDgD_bSRa7hu GL (C) _bnDOacO@z-a7hGq7zu^] A ∈ GL zuD~h}q (Q)zuqs\SAihG_cSd~ c a o O S k j Q u z G d S $ _ } h * c a o O S R } h o D d S ¯ s a d S ± ~ R } h T Q @ { G h o R S W a $ _ u h ^ g ] ¢¬ a i = 1, . . . , n − 1 jm_)oh- _bn`® RjkSdGa$ashOoh^hG_cS A _cnDOacODzua A ∈/ A ∪ A achTSRD~asOoSing(V) S3{oqshWh} ¢ Π n. n. 0. i. 0. n A. i+1. A. i. A. i+1. A. A. A. 0. n. A0. 0. n. i. 0. /, » +;%+ - 35%; ,/ Y -+&% # # + #7#,(1 ! V - %K 0%& %+ -+#*%Y# %)0 ,
(94) 4 S#, /; 9;% % %; , % W%& 9% %; , -+# #76 - N)OoS zG¯a$acO@z-a j_)©dSRqshu¥§~`jQeSdD_cjkhGDzui<jm_)h}g^^jkhGnD_ ¢ j}Sd |h}q ~oSRoh}acSd_7acOoS{@hGik]^ohGQTjz}i $OoSdqcS3asOoS-z}qcjmzugoiSd_. . . . A. . . (p1 , . . . , pn−1 ) Qn−1 GLn (C) A ∈ GLn (Q) \ A IiA A A 1 hf , X1 −p1 , . . . , Xi −pi i+Ii A In−1 i = 1, . . . , n − 2 fi p1 , . . . , pi. zuqsSxjD_basz}Djmz-asSd~ach. (p1 , . . . , pn−1 ) X1 , . . . , X j ψ:. Cn × C. ¢/£ h}D_cj~oSRqacOoS3Qz}{o{ojo →. (x = (x1 , . . . , xn ), `) →. ßß"Ô\]&^Ð&^. . i = 0, . . . , n − 1 0 i = 0, . . . , n. f. Cn ∂f ∂f (x), . . . , `. (x) `. ∂X ∂Xn 1.
(95) µ. -+%+( . z}D~acOoS3Qzu{D{ojkDG_3³áhGq. i = 1, . . . , n − 2. ´. Cn−i × C. ψi :. →. (x = (xi+1 , . . . , xn ), `) →. Cn−i . ∂fi ∂fi `. ∂X (x), . . . , `. ∂X (x) i+1 n. . qsh}Q¹U`z}qs~ _ªacOoSdh}qsSRQ}hGq asOoSRqsSYS·`j_ba !<zuqsj_^j¦¥§ihG_cSd~T_cnogD_cSa_ jk sa ODz-a$hGq7zu^]}Sf¯ash}q (a , .i.=. , 0,a .). ∈. , nQ− 2 \ A acODS3j~`SfzuiGSRoSdqszuacSd~g^] A. Cn−i. i. i+1. n. . z}D~acOoS3jm~`Sdz}i_ . n−i. i. ∂f ∂f L. − a1 , . . . , L. − an ∂X1 ∂Xn. L.. _bn@O. . ∂fi ∂fi − ai+1 , . . . , L. − an ∂Xi+1 ∂Xn. . z}qcSSflWnoj~ojkQTSR@_bjh}Dz}i/z}D~2ODzµ}S ~ojkQTSR@_bjh} h}D_cjm~`SRqsjkDacOoS_cz}QeSQTz}{o{ojoG_qcSf_5asqcjm¯asSd~ach asOoS3qsSR}nDiz}q/ih`nD_$h} H z}ikih-7_/ach{oqsh-}SYg^]1ac¢(OoS£ _szuQTS)zµ]TacODzua$acOoS3jm~`Sdz}i
(96). 0. ∂f ∂f − a1 , . . . , L. − an i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] hf i + hL. ∂X1 ∂Xn. z}D~acOoS3jm~`Sdz}i_. ∂fi ∂fi hfi i + hL. − ai+1 , . . . , L. − an i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ∂Xi+1 ∂Xn. O@zµ}S~`jkQTSdD_bjh} 0 ³áhGq i = 0, . . . , n − 2´ ¢ ¬ a>jm _*oh- _cn`® jSRWa*ach{|SRqch}qsQz¤ ijoSdz}q*O@zuoGS/ash}hT@-aczuOoqsSjz}dgozuioSdhG_ oAjmRzu_bSdiDg@~`z}j_cojY_asach OoS)SR}DSf~¯asash}OoqS_ {o(aqsh^hu, .>.zu.D, ~a ac)h . . . (0, . . . , 0, a , . . . , a ) . . . (0, . . . , 0, a ) qsSRQz}q ThGq i = 1, . . . , n − 2 asODz-a$jk*acOoS3jm~`Sdz}i_ 1. i+1. n. n. n. . ∂fi ∂fi hL. − ai+1 , . . . , L. − an i ∩ Q[X1 , . . . , Xn ] ∂Xi+1 ∂Xn ∂fi ∂fi − a , . . . , L. − a i ∩ Q[X , . . . , X ] hfi i + hL. ∂X i+1 n 1 n ∂Xn i+1. . ³ qcSf_b{ ¢ ´*zuqsS)SdlWnojm~`jkQTSdD_bjh}@zuiozu@~ O@zµ}S)~`jkQTSdD_bjh} 1 ³ qsSd_c{ ¢ 0´asOoSReacODS)_szuQTS$hGDinD_cjkhGOohGi~D_+hGq*acOoS)jm~`Sdz}i_ I ³qsSd_c{ ¢ hf , X − ´ p ,...,X − p i + I ¢ ¿6¿ E3¿ E F »^¿ » G qsh}Q w6SdQTQTzzu{o{oijSd~¶ach H z}D~±ashSdz}O¶OW]^{|SRq_bnDqb zGS H ∩ H hGq i = 1, . . . , n − 1 ³ $OoSRqsS H j_/acODSYO^]^{|SRqs{oiz}oS~`S¡DDSd~gW] X = p , . . . , X = p p , . . . , p g|SRjo²z}qcgojkacqzuqs]²qz-asjkhGDzuim_s´acODSRqsSS·`j_bas_z !<zuqsj_ ^j¦¥§ihG_cSd~(_bnDgD_bSRa A ⊂ GL (C) _cnDOacODzua3h}q acOoSh}@inD_bjh}@_/h}*w+SRQTQz-azTzuD~ Mez}D~ asOoSR²N)ODSRh}qsSRQ[3Ooh}im~ ¢ N)O^nD_do/S A ∈ GL (Q) \ A z}qcS~`hGoS ¢ 1. i. i. A i. A i. A. 0. i. 1. 0. 1. 1. i. i. i. 1. n. n. n. . ÝÞ
(97) ß6Ýáà.
(98)
(99)
(100) ! "#$%&')(*%+#&, #.-+0/&%1, 24356#7 22%8 )(9, :%;. » `%$. 0 . <.
(101) *
(102). #7 % 2#, 4 /#*%+# #7 A 0% ) %&/+ %&#*%+ 5 % 0% /&%+ 2#, , 2 %; %+# # ; %;# &9;%, #12%&%+ #, / #7%++ Q/* :% K"%*, ) % ! %&0/ /& ! %&/+ % Y/& %; -) %#7%&S 2%;#7 / ;%; H0 ∩ Rn % ( 1 %+ W%+ % ;( -+# %+#7% n−1 1 f % 0(p %; 1%+,#,.4. . , p :n−1 %+ ) ∈ Q #7% , : f i % : i = 1, . . . , n − %; #7%;# %;% X1/*, . . .&,%Y X,i % Z, /&% T %+p 1, 0. . . , p Y i 0 9% K % W#, 2%&%+ #, / #7%++ H % ( 1 5,(9, :%;1) -% +
(103) %+ % ; . . . . -+#. . fiA =. . i = 1, . . . , n − 2. . . ∂f A ∂fiA = · · · = i = 0, ∂Xi+2 ∂Xn. fA =. . . ∂f A ∂X2 = A fn−1. ··· =. ∂f A ∂Xn. ∂fiA 6= 0 ∂Xi+1. ,
(104) . ∂f A ∂X1. = 0,. 6= 0. . . : + %Y %#7%&. . #*6 -) % #, :% ( 4 "9, % K :%;#,
(105) %, #7 %:( /& &% #7 /&% %+& /& 2 ε #* #7%;
(106) #, A
(107) -+# % ( 4 ,(9& %;. -+#. . . fiA − ε =. i = 1, . . . , n − 2. . ∂fiA ∂f A = · · · = i = 0, ∂Xi+2 ∂Xn. ' fA − ε =. ∂f A ∂f A = ··· = = 0, ∂X2 ∂Xn. . . ∂fiA 6= 0 ∂Xi+1. ∂f A 6= 0 ∂X1. . . . /& :%T % & W% 4 -T %)+ ;%+
(108) -K %,;%)&(9, %+1 %+ %+ 9K : % #7%&S; - A %-+ 2Z;%&/+ % % ε * 9% ,
(109) #*0 % 0( f = 0 n−1 &%;
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(111) R #$ ° S${oqsh-^j~`S)OoSdqcS$Rh}QT{oiS·`j¦a5]Sd_bacjQTzuacSf_
(112) h}q>asOoS7zug|h-}S)zui}hGqcjkacOoQ_>Rh}QT{on`asjko3zuarikSfz}_ba*hGoS${|h}jGa jSdzGOhGooSf¯acSf~h}QT{|h}oSdWa)h}
(113) zTqsSdz}i<z}ikGSRgoqzujmY_bSRa¤~`S¡DDSd~gW]zT_bjo}iSSdlWnDzuacjh} ¢ N)ODST~oSd_sqsjk{`asjkhG¶h}ªacODSTz}ikGh}qsj¦asOoQ_YqcSdik]^johGN)OoSdh}qsSRQ[zu@~¶N)OoSdh}qsSRQ < }j}Sd(zug|h-}Se~`h^Sd_ Dhua~`SR{|SR@~(hGz}^]±{oqch`RSd~`noqsSehuz}ikGSRgoqzujmSRijkQTjDz-asjkhG ¢ h}iikh-$joacOoS z}ikGh}qsj¦asOoQTjqsSRQzuq `_ h}ªU^Sdacjh}(o@hGoSRz}²nD_cS q }gooSdq¤gDzG_bSf_7$OojmO²zuiih-:ashhGQT{on`acSey7z-asjkhGDzuSi R7oj-zuqsjzuacSy7SR{`¥ qsSd_cSRWaz-acjh}hGikih-$jkD J 0 L9N
(114) hGq¤GSRh}QTSRacqsjqsSd_ch}in`acjh}@_ ¢)¬ ²g|huasO²gDz}_cSd_doasOoShGn`ac{Dn`axODzG_)acODSh}qsQ h}+asOoSh}iikh-$joTqz-acjh}@zui<{DzuqzuQTSRacqsjk©fz-acjh} q(T ) = 0,. . ¢¢. ∂q ∂T. .X1 = q1 (T ). ∂q ∂T. .Xn = qn (T ). qsh}Q $ OojmO²hGoSdzu¶Rh}noWaYz}D~±jm_bhGizuacS3asOoSeqcSfzui_ch}in`asjkhGD_¤n@_bjo -zuqsjmzuWas_¤hu Rx_b{|SRD_^] _Yzui}h}¥ qsjkacOoQ M³ _bSdS J < ,N/zu@~¶qsSSdqcSdDSf_¤asOoSRqsSRj@´xh}qU^acnoqsQe¥
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