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Émancipation résidentielle différée et recomposition des
dépendances intergénérationnelles à Dakar
Alioune Diagne, David Lessault
To cite this version:
Alioune Diagne, David Lessault. Émancipation résidentielle différée et recomposition des dépendances intergénérationnelles à Dakar. CEPED. CEPED, pp.41, 2007, Les Collections du CEPED. Regards sur. �halshs-00740657�
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648FBC4CB386944FFDAA33B
Alioune DIAGNE
IPDSR/UCAD
David LESSAULT
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Introduction
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1 Il s’agit des groupes d’individus nés entre 1942-1956, 1957-1966 et 1967-1976. Les personnes de
la génération 1942-1956 ont eu 20 ans entre 1962 et 1976, ceux de la génération 1967-1976 viennent d'avoir leurs 20 ans entre 1987 et 1996. Autrement dit, la génération 1967-1976 rend compte de la situation connue dix ans avant la plus jeune génération, la génération 1957-1966, 20 ans plus tôt et la plus ancienne génération 32,5 ans avant.
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2 Plusieurs sources ont été mobilisées. Parmi les principales, on peut citer les travaux de Ph.
Antoine : « Les familles dakaroises face à la crise » et le rapport intermédiaire de l’enquête « Jeunesse et famille en devenir ». La description de l’évolution de l’habitat repose, quant à elle, sur l’exploitation des résultats des travaux successifs conduits à Dakar par M. Vernière (1977), G. Salem (1998), L.S. M’Bow (1992).
3 C’est-à-dire l’étude conjuguée des histoires résidentielles, familiales et professionnelles.
23145267819A1431B8CC2DBE
Encadré 1 – Présentation de l’enquête « Jeunesse et Devenir de la famille à Dakar »
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1. Un environnement défavorable à la
sortie de l’hébergement des jeunes
1.1. Une crise économique qui persiste et des
rapports sociaux et familiaux qui évoluent
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4 Se reporter aux enquêtes EMTSU-2001 et EDMC-1996.
5 PNUD : Enquête sur la Perception de la Pauvreté (EPP, Dakar 2001). 6 Antoine et Fall, 2002.
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8 Antoine et Fall, 2002 ; Diagne, 2006.
9 PNUD : Enquête sur la Perception de la Pauvreté (EPP, Dakar 2001).
10 Certains quartiers spontanés de la banlieue de Dakar sont construits aux abords des « niayes »
(dépressions humides interdunaires). Au cours de l’hivernage, les précipitations engendrent d’importantes inondations qui contraignent les habitants à s’installer ailleurs temporairement.
11 Antoine et Fall, 2002.
12 Au Sénégal comme dans la quasi-totalité des pays d’Afrique francophone, le secteur informel
représente une part importante du marché de l’emploi. À Dakar, en 1996, on estimait à 665 135 le nombre de personnes employées dans ce secteur (Antoine, 1996).
13 PNUD : « Enquête sur la Perception de la Pauvreté » (EPP, Dakar 2001) ; IRD-IFAN : « Jeunesse
et familles en devenir » (Dakar, 2001).
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F-14 Tall, 1994. 15 Lessault, 2005. 16 Antoine et Fall, 2002.
23145267819A1431B8CC2DBE
1.2. Évolution de la situation de l’habitat à Dakar :
de faibles possibilités d’accès au logement
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FAE92364FA6229.66FB-•A !648FB(F48694AEFDA79 (96BDA7 .65DAE34DAFAE92364FAEFA!#3.6838A594D6D8FAAEC646BAFA 53EBFA64D868 86944FAF4A2F88348AF4A735FA 4FA79686 FAC4CB3FAEFA!#3.6838&AA648FB(F46BA E34D A 3 A 594D8B 58694 A EFD A 9F2F48D A A 8B3(FBD A 3 A 5BC38694 A EF A D956C8CD A 6229.66+BFDA 7 .6 FDAF8AA36EFBAE6BF58F2F48AFDA2C43FDAADFA9FBAA8B3(FBDA3AD .(F48694AEFDA 93FBDAEFDA7 DAEC2 46D-A34DA!392CB38694AE33B96DF&A5F88FA648FB(F48694A4!FD8A73DA BC5F48F-AFAE38FAE AEC. 8AEFDA344CFDAAH*&A3(F5A3A5BC38694AEFA3A/956C8CA229.66+BFA E A 37I6FB8A$/ ,%AF4AAH*&AF8AEFA5FF AEFA!W65FAEFDAO3.6838DAA 93FBA19ECBCA $WO 1%&AF4AAH*G-A F88FA79686 FAD!FD8AD9ECFA73BA3A594D8B 58694AEFA7 D6F BDA266FBDA EFA9F2F48DAD9563 0-A?9 8F96D&A23BCAFDAF9B8DA643456FBDA594DF486DA73BA!1838A79 BA 2F4FBAA.6F4A 4FA8FFA79686 F&AFDABCD 838DA9.8F4 DA4!948A73DAC8CAA3A#3 8F BAEFDA 388F48FDAEFDA797 38694D-A
4AFF8&AE B348AFDA7BF26+BFDA344CFDAEFA!4EC7F4E345F&A3A79686 FAEFA!1838AE34DAFA E92364FA6229.66FBAC8368AFDDF486FF2F48AEFD864CFA3 0A53DDFDA293F44FDA594D868 CFDA73BA
17 Ministère de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat, 1986. 18 CCCE, 1991.
19 Dans cette présente étude trois critères ont été utilisés pour identifier les hébergés. Il s’agit des
individus qui ne sont ni locataires ni propriétaires du logement qu’ils habitent et qui ne sont pas non plus logés gratuitement dans un logement indépendant (Golaz et al., 2006). Au moment de l’enquête, en 2001, 68 % des hommes et des femmes nés entre 1967-1976 (âgés de 25 à 34 ans) se déclaraient de ce statut.
123456738694AB1C6DE486EFFECAD61B1EAE8ABE59279C68694ADECAD17E4D345EC
FD A D33B6CD A E A DF58F B A 29EFB4F- A FD A 538C9B6FD A D9563FD A E68FD A EA73 (BFDAF A F8 A FDA 8B3(36F BDAE ADF58F BA649B2FAF4AC836F48AF05 DA73B5FA !6DA4FABF276DD36F48A73DAFDA 594E68694D A EF A D9(3.668C A F06CFD A 73B A FD A EF 0 A 7B645673FD A D956C8CD A 6229.66+BFDA $/ ,AF8AWO 1%-A9 BA736FBA5F88FA5948B3648FAF8A7FB2F88BFAA89 DAFDA2C43FDAEFA E6D79DFBAE! 4A9F2F48&A!1838A3AE945ABC9B6F48CAD3A79686 FAAF4A2F88348AF4A735F&AE34DA FDA344CFDAAH GIAHS&A 4FA49 (FFAD8B38C6FA.3DCFAD BA!C3B6DDF2F48AEFA3A66+BFA3 0A 97CB38F BDA7B6(CD-A F88FA49 (FFAD8B38C6FADFB3A536BF2F48AEC646F AE34DAFA8B96D6+2FA 734 A EF A EC(F977F2F48 A C594926 F A F8 A D9563 A E A /C4C3- A F A 734 A 7BC5946D368 A 4FA EC23B5#F A E!9B346D38694 A F8 A E!35592734F2F48 A 73B A 4F A 79686 F A 2646236D8F A 6A BCE 6D368 A !648FB(F48694 A EF A !1838 A F8 A 3(9B6D368 A 5FF A EFD A 7B9298F BD A 7B6(CD A F8 A EFDA 2C43FD-AA3A536BF2F48AF48CB64CAD BAFA734A643456FBA 4A7BF26FBABF8B368AEFA!1838AEFA3A 79686 FAEFA!#3.6838-A
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-A FA733D3FAEFDA D956C8CD A 648FB(F4348 A E34D A F A E92364F A E A 9F2F48 A 5#34F A 39BD A 7B994EC2F48- A FA 492.BF DFD A D956C8CD A (96F48 A F A B9 B A A 73B86B A EFD A 344CFD A AHS A F8 A EFD A 35668CD A D948A 3559BECFDA3 0A5997CB386(FDAE!#3.6838-A !FD8AE34DA5FA53EBFA FAD948A5BCCFDA3AD956C8CA D7C5636DCFAE34DA3A594D8B 58694AEFA9F2F48DA7BC3.B6 CD&A3AD956C8CAEFDA#3.6838694DA 29EFB4FDA$O,1W%AF4AAHSA&AF8A 4FA3 8BFA5#3BCFAEFA!32C43F2F48AEFDA8FBB364DA2A3A D956C8C A 32C43F2F48 A EFD A 8FBB364D A B.364D A $/ ,?I)'9,1% A F4 A AHSS- A 4 A 7 D A EFA !32C43F2F48 A EFD A 8FBB364D& A 5F88F A EFB46+BF A EF(368 A 3 DD6 A 5376836DFB A !F07CB6F45F A EFA
20 CCCE, 1991. 21 M’Bow, 1992.
23145267819A1431B8CC2DBE
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•A 3A7B9E 58694AEFDA9F2F48DA73BAFDA2C43FDAFD8A3A7 DA59 B348FAA33B-A 3A73B8A EFDA2C43FDA 6A355+EF48A3 A9F2F48&AF4AEF#9BDAEFDA56B5 68DAEFA!#3.6838A73466C&A73BA FA.636DAEFA!EA3 89I594D8B 58694AFA64E6(6E FF&ABFD8FA7BC794ECB348F-A4AFF8&A59278FA 8F4 A EF A !64D 6D345F A EFD A 9F2F48D A 594D8B 68D A 73B A FD A D956C8CD A EF A 7B9298694A 6229.66+BFA5BCCFDA73BA!1838AF8AFDA7B9298F BDA7B6(CD&A!648FB(F48694AEFDA2C43FDAD BA FA23B5#CA6229.66FBA594D868 FAD9 (F48A3ADF FA38FB4386(FA79 BADFA9FB-A F88FA7B6DFA F4A5#3BFA73BAFDA2C43FDAEFAF BDA7BC955 738694DABCD6EF486FFDADFA368AE34DA 4A53EBFA 7BC33.F2F48AEC646A73BAFA59EFAEFA! B.346D2F-A FA59EFAD867 FA FA89 8A7B97B6C836BFA EFA8FBB364AE968AEF234EFBA3 7B+DAEFDADFB(65FDAEFA!1838A 4A868BFA9456FBA 6AF48CB64FAD94A EB968AEFA7B97B6C8CAD BA3A73B5FF-A FA4!FD8A ! 4FA96DA5FA868BFA9.8F4 A FA89 8A3D76B348A A3A594D8B 58694A7F 8A36BFA 4FA3 8BFAEF234EFA79 BA3(96BA 4A7FB26DAEFA594D8B 6BF-A FA 7FB26D A 4!FD8 A 388B6. C A F A D6 A FD A 734D A E A 8 B A 9F2F48 A BFD7F58F48 A FD A 49B2FD A EFA !3B5#68F58 BFAF8AFA59EFAEFA! B.346D2F-A FDA9F2F48DA594D8B 68DA73BAFDA2C43FDAF 0I 2K2FDABF7BCDF48F48AF4(6B94AHAYAE A73B5A6229.66FBAE34DA3A537683FA$69 &AAHH%-A /F94AFDAFD86238694DA368FDAE34DAFA53EBFAEFA!C(3 38694AEFDA79686 FDAF8A7B9B322FDA B.364DA$ 997CB38694AB34R36DF&AAHH%AF48BFAAHSAF8AAHS*&A5FDA9F2F48DAC 6(336F48AA @AHA 468CDA73BA34&AD968AE60A96DA7 DA FA5F 0A7B9E 68DA73BA!#3.6838A73466C-A/F94A3A 2K2FAD9 B5F&AD BA 4A73B5AFD862CAEF7 6DA!64EC7F4E345FAAACAA9F2F48DA79 BA3A BC694AEFA33BAF8A 4AD895A646863AC(3 CAAASAA 468CD&A3A594D8B 58694A649B2FFA 3 B368A5945FB4CA7B+DAEFAG*AA9F2F48D-A !6279B8345FAEFA!3 89I594D8B 58694A73BAFDA 2C43FDAF 0I2K2FDAD!F076 FA494ADF F2F48A73BA!64D 6D345FAEFA3A7B9E 58694AEFA 9F2F48DA73BAFDAD956C8CDAE!1838AF8AFDA7B9298F BDA7B6(CDA236DA3 DD6A73BA3A36.FDDFA EFDA5978DAEFA594D8B 58694A$3ABCE 58694AEFDA7B60ADFB368AEFA7B+DAEFA*AYAA 368CAC3FA 73BAB3779B8AA5F 0AEFA!#3.6838A73466C%-A
/6A3A7B6DFAF4A5#3BFA73BAFDA2C43FDAEFA3A594D8B 58694AEFAF BA9F2F48ABFD8FAD9 (F48A 3 A DF F A 38FB4386(F& A 3 A D38 B38694 A E A 23B5#C A 6229.66FB A F8 A 3 A B3BF8C A EFD A 8FBB364DA 594D8B 586.FDAFDA9.6F48AC3F2F48AEFA7 DAF4A7 DAAD!C964FBAF4A7CB67#CB6F
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22 Lessault, 2005 : « Périurbanisation et recompositions sociospatiales à Dakar », Thèse de Doctorat
de Géographie, Université d’Orléans, 323 p.
23 Marchés tropicaux, n° 2, 1999.
123456738694AB1C6DE486EFFECAD61B1EAE8ABE59279C68694ADECAD17E4D345EC
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AF-24 PNUD, Enquête sur la Perception de la Pauvreté (EPP, Dakar 2001). 25 Comme observé ailleurs (Dureau et Bonvalet, 2000 ; Vanoni, 2006).
26 La population sénégalaise est constituée essentiellement de jeunes. En 1988, au moment du
Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat (RGPH, 1988), la proportion des jeunes de moins de 15 ans était estimée à environ 45 % de la population totale du pays et celle des jeunes de moins de 20 ans à 58 %. De cette forte proportion de jeunes résulte une pyramide des âges à très large base caractéristique de la plupart des pays en voie de développement.
27 Partie introductive du numéro de janvier-mars 2006 de la revue Recherche sociale.
2. Vers une décohabitation plus tardive
des jeunes ?
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B5FDAF8AE!C(68FBA3AE6D7FBD694AEFDAEC7F4DFD-2.1.
Les jeunes générations restent en situation
d’hébergement plus longtemps que leurs aînés
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BFAA%-Figure 1 – Proportion d’hébergés à chaque âge selon la génération de naissance chez les hommes ayant été socialisés à Dakar (courbes de Kaplan-Meier)
Source : Enquête « Jeunesse et Devenir de la Famille à Dakar » IRD-IFAN/Enquête biographique/2001
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!3B345#6DDF2F48AEFDA830FDA95386(FD-Tableau 1 – Répartition des actifs à 25 ans selon le type d'emploi et la génération (Hommes)
Type d’emploi Génération de naissance
G1942-56 G1957-66 G1967-76
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Source : Enquête « Jeunesse et Devenir de la Famille à Dakar » IRD-IFAN/Enquête biographique/2001
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FAEFA33BA$F453EBCA%-Encadré 2 – Portrait A.B, 57 ans (Keur Massar)
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Encadré 3 – Portrait de A. S, 25 ans (Médina Gounass)
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S
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2.2.
La constitution du foyer dans le domicile
parental
:
une pratique de plus en plus répandue
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Figure 2 – Sortie de l’hébergement, accès à un premier emploi et mariage chez les hommes nés entre 1942 et 1956 (courbes de Kaplan-Meier)
Source : Enquête « Jeunesse et Devenir de la Famille à Dakar » IRD-IFAN/Enquête biographique/2001 A
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Figure 3 – Sortie de l’hébergement, accès à un premier emploi et mariage chez les hommes nés entre 1957 et 1966 (courbes de Kaplan-Meier)
Source : Enquête « Jeunesse et Devenir de la Famille à Dakar » IRD-IFAN/Enquête biographique/2001
Figure 4 – Sortie de l’hébergement, accès à un premier emploi et mariage chez les hommesnés entre 1967 et 1976 (courbes de Kaplan-Meier)
Source : Enquête « Jeunesse et Devenir de la Famille à Dakar » IRD-IFAN/Enquête biographique/2001
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Encadré 4 – Portrait de H. S, 30 ans (HLM Grand Médine)
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23145267819A1431B8CC2DBE
Encadré 5 – Portrait de M. S, 32 ans (Médina Gounass)
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29 Dureau et Bonvalet, 2000 : « Les modes d’habiter des choix sous contrainte ».
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3. Émancipation résidentielle différée :
quel(s) impact(s) sur la recomposition
des « pouvoirs » au sein des ménages?
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3.1. Des jeunes femmes et hommes fortement
impliqués dans l’économie domestique
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123456738694AB1C6DE486EFFECAD61B1EAE8ABE59279C68694ADECAD17E4D345EC
Encadré 6 – C.M’B, 22 ans (Médina Gounass)
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