Les méthodes d’évaluation environnementale dans le cadre de la production de biodiesel au Brésil

(1)

CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE

SUR LES BIOCARBURANTS EN AFRIQUE

O d d B ki F

Ouagadoudou, Burkina Faso,

Les Biocarburants: facteur d’insécurité ou moteur de développement

Tereza Bicalho de Menezes Université Paris Dauphine

Les méthodes d’évaluation environnementale dans

le cadre de la production de biodiesel au Brésil

Doctorate directed by Jacques Richard

co-funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) & the French Development Agency (AFD)

& the French Development Agency (AFD) 02/2009 – 02/2012

(2)

CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE

SUR LES BIOCARBURANTS EN AFRIQUE

O d d B ki F

PART I. Environmental impacts of biofuels

A. Environmental impact categories from the biofuel’s life-cycle perspective

B. Looking closely at the agricultural phase: land use and land use change LULUC

. General figures concerning land use change LUC in Brazil . General figures concerning land use in Brazil

PART II Environmental assessment of biodiesel

. The relationship between LULUC and biodiesel production

PART II. Environmental assessment of biodiesel

production from the REN Directive’s perspective

A. The Brazilian context

B. Evaluating biofuels’ sustainability from the REN Directive’s perspective

. The Life Cycle Assessment LCA method

C

(3)

PART I.

Environmental impacts of biofuels

(4)

A

.

Environmental impact categories from the biofuel’s life-cycle

perspective

p

Biofuels and their co-products life cycle

LIFE CYCLE STAGES Agricultural phase Industrial ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT

CATEGORIES Transport ion Use

The Agricultural phase plays a major rule

E n v i CLIMATE g p Land use Land use change

coproducts _phase _coproducts

CATEGORIES Use phase p of Biomass Distribut in terms of environmental impacts of biofuels by taking account of r o n m e CLIMATE CHANGE NATURE & BIODIVERSITY g

(land use and land use change LULUC e n t a l RESOURCES DEPLETION H l e v M AN HEAL TH Socio E c o n e l HU M o

(5)

B

.

Looking closely at the agricultural phase: land use and land

use change LULUC

_G

_{l fi}

_{i LUC i B}

_il

use change LULUC

_{General figures concerning LUC in Brazil}

Facts and features

- Estimates of GHG emissions in Brazil:

1

Current mechanisms for sustainable

. from land use change : about 75%1

. from fossil fuel burning: about 25%1

(Renewable energy in the Brazilian energetic matrix: 47%2₎

land use:

. agro-ecological zoning

. Satellite Monitoring of the Amazon - Deforestation in the Amazonia:

. About 1 million ha – 1,3 million ha per year

linked especially with cattle-breeding

f ( %3₎

. Satellite Monitoring of the Amazon

deforestation.

- Estimate clearing rates for savannas

(cerrado) have not been included in Brazil’s

for meat production (about 70%3_);

- Government objectives for reducing deforestation rates in the Amazon forest:

(cerrado) have not been included in Brazil’s monitoring of deforestation .

-Specific mechanism related to soybean

. - 80%/ year by 2020 production:

. Soy Moratorium (initiated in 2006) as a

private initiative.

1 _{Cerri 2006} 2

2 _{ANP 2008}

(6)

B

.

Looking closely at the agricultural phase: land use and land

use change LULUC

_G

_{l fi}

_i

_{l d}

_{i B}

_il

LAND USE IN BRAZIL 2008 Area

use change LULUC

_{General figures concerning land use in Brazil}

Million ha %

Total 851 100%

Amazon Forest 350 41,1%,

Pasture 220

about 30% degraded land1

25,9% Protected areas 55 6,5%, Yearly crops 47 Soja: 21,52 5,5% Perennial cropsp 14 1,6% Sugar Canne: 8,92 , Cultivated Forests 5 0,6%

Cities, roads, lakes, , 26 2,4%, %

Others 50 5,9%

Area considered available for agriculture about 90 10,6%

Source: Embrapa in ANP 2008 Source: Embrapa in ANP 2008

1_{According to WWF Brazil (2008)}

(7)

B

.

Looking closely at the agricultural phase: land use and land

use change LULUC

The Bra ilian biodiesel prod ction effect

use change LULUC

The relationship between LULUC and biodiesel production

The Brazilian biodiesel production effect

in terms of Land use and land use change

- Seems not being significant up to now, because:

. biodiesel production in Brazil is still at its early stage; p y g

. at the moment, the production relies basically on soy oil,

which is a co-product of the feed market

- Will increase related environmental effects:

. as important as becomes the production in quantity

(8)

Biodiesel Production in Brazil 965.952 august 1.167.128 404.329 69.002 736 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 m 3 Source: ANP 2009

Biodiesel consumed in Brazil

- Law 11.097/2005: 2% biodiesel mixed with

conventional diesel from 2008, increasing to 5% , g in 2013

-Resolution N°2, April 27, 2009: determined an increase to 4% from July 2009 (today’s situation). -Resolution N°6, September 16, 2009: determined an increase to 5%, starting from January 2010

2010 (B5) 5% di t 2 7 billi lit /

.2010: (B5) 5% corresponding to 2,7 billion liters/

year

.2020: (B20) 20% corresponding to 16,5 billion

litters/ year litters/ year

(9)

illion litters

B

Source: Embrapa. Elaboration D. L. Gazzonip

(10)

Oil fats used for biodiesel production % M3 1 85% 21 537 Cotton oil 18,5% 215.419 Tallow 79,4% 924.364 Soybean oil 0,013% 154 Castor oil 0,19% 2.236 Palm oil 1,85% 21.537 Cotton oil 0,004% 42 Yellow grease 100% 1 164 294 TOTAL 0,047% 542 Pork lard 100% 1.164.294 TOTAL

Source: ANP and BiodieselBR (2008) in Brieu 2009 Source: ANP. Elaboration ABIOVE 2009

(11)

B

.

Looking closely at the agricultural phase: land use and land

use change LULUC

The relationship between LULUC and biodiesel production

Area available The area considered available for agriculture is located in the cerrado biome

for agriculture is located here

Which LULUC effects

will occur from

oleagino s c lt res in

located in the cerrado biome,

which presents a mosaic of landscapes

oleaginous cultures in

this area?

(12)

PART II.

Environmental assessment of

biodiesel production

(13)

A. The Brazilian context

In a near future, Brazil is expected to be the world’s largest , p g biodiesel producer. However, proving sustainable

production is necessary to justify biodiesel promotion.

Carrying out impact assessment through appropriated methods is g pp p

needed for:

1) guiding local sustainability, and) g g y 2) prove sustainable production for

exporting purposes - which will be the case in the context of the EU

(14)

EU DIRECTIVE 2009/28/EC of 23 April 2009

O th

ti f

f

bl

On the promotion of energy from renewable sources

Sustainability criteria

comprises:

.The EU final energy consumption must reach at least 20% of renewable energy by 2020;

1 A minimal level of CO₂ savings for the biofuels: 35% (2017: 50%) including land use change aspects

by 2020;

. a 10 % minimal target must be

achieved by each Member State for the g g p

2 The protection of natural habitats

ac e ed by eac e be State o t e

share of RE in transport by 2020;

. Biofuel production must be sustainable

Land with high biodiversity value can not be converted for biofuel production.

. The Directive specifies that

imported biofuels in Europe must

3 A sustainable cultivation of agricultural land

I l di i il d t ti

imported biofuels in Europe must fulfill the same sustainability

criteria than those produced in

E Including air, soil, and water preservation

(15)

B. Evaluating biofuels’ sustainability from the REN Directive’s

perspective

p

Sustainability criteria comprises:

LIFE CYCLE STAGES

L d

Agricultural phase

comprises:

1 A minimal level of CO2

savings for the biofuels 1 1 1 1 1 1

CLIMATE CHANGE Land use change Land use

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA

savings for the biofuels

2 The protection of natural habitats

3 A sustainable cultivation of ₂ ₃ 3 2 CHANGE NATURE & BIODIVERSITY RESSOURCES

Which possible

methodological approaches?

3 A sustainable cultivation of agricultural land 2 3 RESSOURCES DEPLETION EAL TH Socio E c

methodological approaches?

HUMAN H c o n o

(16)

B. Evaluating biofuels’ sustainability from the REN Directive’s

perspective

p

The Life Cycle Assessment LCA method

-LCA evaluates environmental impacts of a product along its life

LCA applied to biofuels: can deal with different impact impacts of a product along its life

cycle

-Standardized method: 14044 to

-can deal with different impact

categories, but it is generally limited to evaluating GHG balances and energy consumption

Mandatory 14044

-Useful for comparing

consumption.

Applied LCA studies for GHG

Mandatory

for accounting GHG emissions of biofuels in the context of the

REN Directive products or identifying

aspects for improvement

Applied LCA studies for GHG balances in Brazil

-Mostly focused on evaluating sugar REN Directive

-Not (well) adapted for local impacts

ost y ocused o e a uat g suga cane; very few on oleaginous cultures -Does not take land use change into account

(17)

B. Evaluating biofuels’ sustainability from the REN Directive’s

perspective

Limits in evaluating Greenhouse

p

Limits in evaluating Greenhouse

gas GHG balances:

Uncertainty related to Land Use Change LULUC:

. Carbon storage aspect: in the soil and above

ground (connected with the type of land use)

. Permanent emission aspect: constant N2O

emissions (related to the type of LUC)( yp )

. LUC indirect: Still no way to take correctly into

(18)

B. Evaluating biofuels’ sustainability from the REN Directive’s

perspective

LCA for greenhouse gases GHG balances

p

Land(Carbon storage aspect) INPUTS

Release of CO2

OUTPUTS

( g p )

Fertilizers, herbicides, seedlings, diesel

fuel for mechanization, energy for irrigation CO2, N2O, CH4 emissions

Source: Umweltbundesamt (2008)

(19)

Conclusions 1

- Although risks exist for future, it does not seems correct to connect the problem of deforestation in the Amazon forest with today’s

biodiesel production (even from soya) in Brazil;

- Large potential impacts of biofuel production should come from land use and land use change LULUC. Increase biodiesel production in Brazil implies on taking into account these aspects in environmental impact assessments;

- Brazilian Cerrado’s biomes, where much land is expected to be

transformed for agricultural purposes (including bioenergy/biodiesel),

f f

can present important levels of carbon stocks and richness in terms of biodiversity.

(20)

Conclusions 2

Main challenges concerning quality of sustainability

assessments of biof els are related to the correct incl sion of

assessments of biofuels are related to the correct inclusion of

LULUC aspects:

. production of data on carbon storage and N2O emissions.

In this perspective, more localized LCAs can be very useful to

l t GHG b l f ifi l i lt i ti l

evaluate GHG balances of specific oleaginous cultures in particular regions and biomes;

ti f ffi i t th d t l t i di t LUC d

. creation of efficient methods to evaluate indirect LUC, and; . evaluation of impacts on biodiversity.

- These challenges strongly concern the EU Directive on the promotion of

renewable energy. There is a gap between the EU Directive defined criterions

(21)

Conclusions 3

- Environmental assessment methods are in progress and can be more or less appropriated to evaluate biofuels depending of the pp p p g impacts they are focused on. In the case of the EU REN Directive criterions for biofuels, best seems to be relying on complementary methodological approaches;

methodological approaches;

- The use of national methodological approaches based on country experiences can be a potentially appropriated way to answer to evaluation requirements of (future) international certifications.

(22)

CONFERENCE INTERNATIONALE

SUR LES BIOCARBURANTS EN AFRIQUE

O d d B ki F

Thank you for your attention !!!

(23)