Umsturz und Exil, " Révolution " et Exil, le "devenir-étranger " de Karl Löwith

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Umsturz und Exil, ” Révolution ” et Exil, le

”devenir-étranger ” de Karl Löwith

Didier Moreau

To cite this version:

Didier Moreau. Umsturz und Exil, ” Révolution ” et Exil, le ”devenir-étranger ” de Karl Löwith. Delphine Leroy- Marie Leroy. Histoires d’écrits, histoires d’exils, Narr Verlag, pp.139-155, 2014, 978-3-8233-6917-2. �halshs-00746016�

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1 _{K. Löwith, Heidegger, Denker in dürftiger Zeit, Frankfurt a. M., S. Fischer Verlag, 1953.} 2

Sur sa position pendant le 3ème Reich, alors qu’il était en poste à Leipzig, Gadamer a donné des éclaircissements dans son écrit autobiographique : Années d’apprentissage philosophique, Lille, Critérion, 1993, p. 15. Il y donne des clefs pour comprendre pourquoi l’université allemande résista, par ses origines humboldtiennes centrées sur la valeur scientifique, à l’idéologie nazie « petite-bourgeoise et provinciale qui fut incapable de pénétrer le monde académique de façon durable » (p. 142) ; cela permet de lire sous un nouveau jour le Discours de rectorat de Heidegger. Mais en revanche, on saisit mieux pourquoi et comment après la guerre, l’idéologie du SED – plus rationaliste encore que celle des occupants russes – parvint à transformer l’université de Leipzig en instrument de pouvoir. Le concept arendtien de « totalitaire » n’est donc pas homogène…

3 _{K. Löwith, Histoire et Salut, Paris, Gallimard, 2002.}

4 _{K. Löwith, Mein Leben in Deutschland vor und nach 1933, Frankfurt a. M., Fischer Verlag, 1989 ; trad.} française, Paris, Hachette, 1988.

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5 _{On étudiera avec profit le même mouvement législatif là où une politique vise à constituer la fiction d’une} « identité nationale » par la séparation et l’expulsion de l’ «élément étranger ». Ainsi les lois françaises sur la nationalité entre 2004 et 2011.

6

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7

K. Löwith, Heidegger, Denker, op. cit.

8 _{Effectivement, avant l’annexion de la pensée de Nietzsche par le nazisme, symbolisée par la visite de Hitler au} Nietzsche-Archiv de Weimar à l’instigation de sa sœur Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sa situation était l’objet d’un débat très surprenant pour nous entre les partisans nazis dont certains voyaient en lui le critique « rouge » de la culture et les autres le précurseur d’une défense d’une pensée nationaliste allemande. Ce qui manquait visiblement aux uns et aux autres était une lecture minimale de l’auteur, comme se plaît à le signaler Karl Löwith.

9 _{Cette hésitation est d’une grande importance ; elle signale le processus du « devenir étranger ».} 10

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12 _{En français dans le texte.}

13 _{« L’émigration et la haine de la République parlent allemand », Bertrand Barère, Rapport du Comité de Salut} public sur les idiomes, 8 Pluviose An II (1794).

14

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15 _{« D’après Chrysippe, le courage est une capacité de se conformer à la loi rationnelle suprême dans les choses} que l’on endure, ou la capacité de garder un jugement ferme lorsqu’on affronte ou repousse des choses paraissant redoutables. » Cicéron, Tuscu., IV, 24, 53. « Les Stoïciens qualifient la dialectique de vertu, parce qu’elle possède une méthode pour que nous ne donnions pas notre assentiment au faux et ne soyons pas trompés par une vraisemblance captieuse (…). Sans cet art, n’importe qui peut être détourné du vrai et induit en erreur. » Cicéron,

De finibus, III, 22, 73. 16

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17 _{Cf. P. Lacoue- Labarthe, La fiction du politique : Heidegger, l’art et la politique, Paris, Bourgeois, 1988.} 18

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19

Ibid. p. 255.

20 _{Cf. Hugo Ott, Martin Heidegger, éléments pour une biographie, Paris, Payot, 1990 ; Rüdiger Safranski,} Heidegger et son temps, Paris, Le Livre de Poche, 2000.

21 _{K. Löwith, Heidegger, Denker in dürftiger Zeit, op. cit. Parce qu’il ne peut aider ni les « pro- »- ni les «} anti-heideggériens », ce livre n’est toujours pas traduit en français…

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22 _{Directeur du journal Der Stürmer et Gauleiter de Franconie, il fut, lors du procès de Nuremberg, condamné à} mort et exécuté.

23 _{Il ne s’agit pas ici de la « solution finale », dont Löwith, il faut s’en souvenir, n’a pas connaissance à cette} date. Et cependant sa formulation est anticipatrice.

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24 _{Sénèque, De Otio, III, 1.}

25 _{Cf. K. Löwith, Heidegger, Denker…op. cit., II „Geschichte, Geschichtlichkeit und Seingeschick“.}

26 _{Heidegger interrogera tardivement la relation de l’ « habiter » au « destin » ; cf. M. Heidegger, Gelassenheit,} Pfüllingen, Neske, 1959 ; Sérénité, trad. A. Préau, in Questions III, Paris, Gallimard, 1966.

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