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Timing cues for azimuthal sound source localization
Victor Benichoux
To cite this version:
Victor Benichoux. Timing cues for azimuthal sound source localization. Human health and pathology. Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. English. �NNT : 2013PA05T057�. �tel-00931645�
É C O L E N O R M A L E S U P É R I E U R E
Timing cues for azimuthal sound source
localization
❱✐❝t♦r ❇❡♥✐❝❤♦✉①
❊q✉✐♣❡ ❆✉❞✐t✐♦♥ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦✐r❡ ❞❡ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❊❝♦❧❡ ◆♦r♠❛❧❡ s✉♣✓❡r✐❡✉r❡✱ P❛r✐s ❉❡s❝❛rt❡s✱ ❈◆❘❙ P❛r✐s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡ P♦✉r ♦❜t❡♥✐r ❧❡ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉♦❝t❡✉r ❞❡ ❧✬✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t✓❡ P❛r✐s ❉❡s❝❛rt❡s ❏✉r②✿ ❙t❡✈❡ ❈♦❧❜✉r♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❚♦❧❧✐♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇❡r ❆❧❛♥ P❛❧♠❡r ❊①❛♠✐♥❡r ❆❧❛✐♥ ❉❡st❡①❤❡ ❊①❛♠✐♥❡r ❏❡❛♥✲P✐❡rr❡ ◆❛❞❛❧ ❊①❛♠✐♥❡r ❋r❡❞❡r✐❝ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❊①❛♠✐♥❡r ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ❘♦♠❛✐♥ ❇r❡tt❡Remerciements
▼❡s ♣r❡♠✐❡rs r❡♠❡r❝✐❡♠❡♥ts s✬❛❞r❡ss❡♥t t♦✉t ♥❛t✉r❡❧❧❡♠❡♥t ✒❛ ♠♦♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❡✉r✱ ❘♦♠❛✐♥✱ ♣♦✉r ♠✬❛✈♦✐r ♣r✐s s♦✉s s♦♥ ❛✐❧❡ ✐❧ ② ❛ q✉❛tr❡ ❛♥s ❞✓❡❥✒❛✳ ■❧ ❛ ♣❛rt❛❣✓❡ ❛✈❡❝ ♠♦✐ s❛ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ s❡s ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥s✱ ❡t q✉❡❧q✉❡s ✈❡rr❡s✱ ✐❧ ♠✬❛ ❡♠♠❡♥✓❡ t♦✉t ❛✉t♦✉r ❞✉ ♠♦♥❞❡✱ ❡t ♠✬❛ t♦✉❥♦✉rs s♦✉t❡♥✉✳ ❏❡ ♥✬❛✐ s❫✉r❡♠❡♥t ♣❛s r✓❡✉ss✐ ✒❛ ❛❧❧❡r ❛✉ ❜♦✉t ❞❡ t♦✉t ❝❡ q✉✬✐❧ ✈♦✉❧❛✐t q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❢❛ss❡✳ ▼❛✐s ❝❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐t ❝✬❡st ❞✬❛❜♦r❞ ♣♦✉r ❧✉✐ q✉❡ ❥❡ ❧✬❛✐ ✓❡❝r✐t✳ ❏❡ t✐❡♥s ❛✉ss✐ ❛ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r t♦✉s ❧❡s ♠❡♠❜r❡s ❞✉ ❥✉r② q✉✐ ♦♥t ❛❝❝❡♣t✓❡ ❞❡ ✈❡♥✐r ❞❡♣✉✐s ♣❛r❢♦✐s tr✒❡s ❧♦✐♥✱ ❆❧❛✐♥ ❉❡st❡①❤❡✱ ❏❡❛♥✲P✐❡rr❡ ◆❛❞❛❧✱ ❋r✓❡❞✓❡r✐❝ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡✱ ❆❧❛♥ P❛❧♠❡r✱ ❙t❡✈❡ ❈♦❧❜✉r♥ ❡t ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❚♦❧❧✐♥✳ ❚♦✉t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐✒❡r❡♠❡♥t ✒❛ ❝❡s ❞❡✉① ❞❡r♥✐❡rs✱ ✒❛ q✉✐ ✐♥✲ ❝♦♠❜❡ ❧❛ ❧♦✉r❞❡ t❫❛❝❤❡ ❞❡ ❧✐r❡ ❝❡ ♠❛♥✉❝r✐t✳ ❯♥ ❣r❛♥❞ ♠❡r❝✐ ✈❛ ❛✉ss✐ ✒❛ P❤✐❧✐♣ ❏♦r✐s✱ ❝❛r s❛ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❡t s❡s ❝♦♥s❡✐❧s ♦♥t ✓❡t✓❡ ✉♥ ✓❡❧✓❡♠❡♥t ❞✓❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t ❞❡ ❝❡ ♣r♦❥❡t✳ ❯♥❡ t❤✒❡s❡ ❡st ✉♥ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ❞✬✓❡q✉✐♣❡✱ ❞❛♥s ♠♦♥ ❝❛s str✉❝t✉r✓❡❡ ❛✉t♦✉r ❞❡ ❘♦♠❛✐♥✱ ❞♦♥t ❧❡s ♠❡♠❜r❡s q✉✐ ♠✓❡r✐t❡♥t ❝❡s r❡♠❡r❝✐❡♠❡♥ts t♦✉t ❛✉t❛♥t q✉❡ ❧✉✐✳ ❆ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞✱ ♠♦♥ ❛♠✐✱ ♣♦✉r t❡s ❝❤❛♥ts✱ t❡s ❜❧❛❣✉❡s✱ t❛ ❜♦♥♥❡ ❤✉♠❡✉r✱ t♦♥ s♦✉t✐❡♥✱ t❛ ❢❡♠♠❡✱ t❛ ♠✉s✐q✉❡✱ t♦♥ ☞❧s✱ t❡s ❝♦♥s❡✐❧s✱ t✬❡s ❣❡♥t✐❧✳ P♦✉r ▼❛r❝ ❛✉ss✐✱ q✉✐ ❛ ❜✐❡♥ ✈♦✉❧✉ r❡st❡r ♣❛s ❧♦✐♥ ❞❡ ♥♦✉s ❧❡ t❡♠♣s ❞❡ ♠✬❛✐❞❡r ✒❛ ☞♥✐r ♠❛ t❤✒❡s❡✳ ❆ ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥✱ q✉✐ ❛ ❡✉ ❧❡ ❜♦♥ ❣♦✉t ❞✬✐♠♣♦rt❡r ❭❢❛t ❢r✐❞❛②✧ ✒❛ ❧✬✓❊q✉✐♣❡ ❆✉❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❆ ▼❛r❝❡❧✱ ♠❫❡♠❡ s✬✐❧ ❛ ❢❛✐❧❧✐ ✒❛ ♠✬❛♣♣r❡♥❞r❡ ❧✬❆❧❧❡♠❛♥❞✱ ♣♦✉r ❧❡s ✐♥♥♦♠❜r❛❜❧❡s ♠♦♠❡♥ts ♣❛ss✓❡s ❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ✒❛ ❞✐s❝✉t❡r✳ ❆ t♦✉s ❧❡s ❛✉tr❡s ❞❡ ❧✬❡♥t♦✉r❛❣❡✿ ❨✐✱ ▼❛rt✐♥✱ ◆❡❧s♦♥✱ ♠❛✐s ❛✉ss✐ ❧❡s ♣❧✉s ❛♥❝✐❡♥s q✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ♦✉❜❧✐❡ ♣❛s✱ ❉❛♥ ❜✐❡♥ s❫✉r✱ ♠❛✐s ❛✉ss✐ ❏♦♥❛t❤❛♥ ❡t ❈②r✐❧❧❡✳ ❆✉① ♣❡t✐ts q✉✐ ♦♥t ♣❛rt❛❣✓❡ ♥♦tr❡ ❞✉r q✉♦t✐❞✐❡♥ ❡♥ st❛❣❡✿ ▼❛r✐❡✱ ❇❡tt②✱ ❋r❛♥❝♦✐s✱ ❆❧♦⑧✏s✱ ❡t ❜✐❡♥ s❫✉r ❱✐♥❝❡♥t✳ ❈❡tt❡ t❤✒❡s❡ ♥✬❛ ❛✉ss✐ ✓❡t✓❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ q✉❡ ❣r❫❛❝❡ ✒❛ ❧❛ t♦t❛❧✐t✓❡ ❞❡ ❧✬✓❊q✉✐♣❡ ❆✉❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ▼❡r❝✐ ❞♦♥❝ ✒❛ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥✱ ❧❡ ♣❛tr♦♥✱ ♣♦✉r ❧❛ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❡ ❞✓❡❝❧❛♠✓❡❡ ❧❡ ♠❛t✐♥ ❛✉ ❧❛❜♦✱ ❧✬✓❡♣✐❣r❛♣❤❡ ❞❡ ❝❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐t✱ ❡t ❧❡s ❝♦♥s❡✐❧s ❞♦♥♥✓❡s s✉r ❞❡s tr♦tt♦✐rs ♦✉ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡✉① ❝♦✉❧♦✐rs✳ ❏❡ t✐❡♥s ❛✉ss✐ ✒❛ r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r ❧❡s ❛✉tr❡s ❝❤❡r❝❤❡✉rs ❞✉ ❧❛❜♦r❛t♦✐r❡ q✉✐ s♦♥t t♦✉❥♦✉rs ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❡t ❞❡ ❜♦♥ ❝♦♥s❡✐❧✿ ❉❛♥✐❡❧✱ ❆❧❛✐♥✱ ❙❤✐❤❛❜✳ ✒❆ ▼❛r✐♦♥ ❡t ❆❣♥✒❡s✱ ♣♦✉r ♠✬❛✈♦✐r ❞♦♥♥✓❡ ❧✬❡s♣r✐t ❞❡ ❧❛ ▲♦✈❡ ❚❡❛♠✱ q✉❡ ❥✬❡ss❛②❡ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥t ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠❡ttr❡✳ ▼❡r❝✐ ✒❛ ♥♦s ❛♥❣❧♦✲s❛①♦♥s✱ ❚r❡✈♦r✱ ♠② ✈❡r② s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❣❡❡❦✱ ❚✐♠✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❇r❛♥s♦♥ ♣✐❝❦❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❭P❡rr✐❡r✧✳ ▼❡r❝✐ ❛✉ss✐ ✒❛ ❇❡r♥❤❛r❞✱ ❈❧❛✐r❡✱ ❉♦r♦t❤✓❡❡✱ ❡t t♦✉t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐✒❡r❡♠❡♥t ✒❛ ❈❧❛✐r❡ ❡t ❆①❡❧❧❡ ♣♦✉r ❧❡✉r ❜♦♥♥❡ ❤✉♠❡✉r✱ ❧❡✉r s♦✉t✐❡♥✱ ❡t ♠✬❛✈♦✐r ✓❡❝♦✉t✓❡ r❫❛❧❡r ❡♥✈❡rs ❡t ❝♦♥tr❡ t♦✉t✳ ❈❡tt❡ t❤✒❡s❡ ❡st ❛✉ss✐ ✉♥❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ❞✓❡s❡s♣✓❡r✓❡❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞r❡ ❧❡s ♣❛r❡♥ts ☞❡rs ❞✉ tr❛✈❛✐❧ ❞❡ ❧❡✉r ☞❧s✳ P♦✉r ❧❡s r❡♠❡r❝✐❡r ❞❡ ♠✬❛✈♦✐r t♦✉❥♦✉rs s♦✉t❡♥✉ ❞❛♥s ♠❛ ✈♦✐❡ ❡t ❞❛♥s ♠❛ ✈✐❡✳ ❯♥ ❣r❛♥❞ ♠❡r❝✐ ✒❛ ❡✉① ❞♦♥❝✿ ❛✐♥s✐ q✉✬✒❛ ♠❛ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡ ❡♥ ❣✓♥✓❡r❛❧✱ q✉✐ ♠✬♦♥t t♦✉❥♦✉rs ❡♥t♦✉r✓❡ ❡t s♦✉t❡♥✉✱ ❝♦♠♠❡ ❥❡ s❛✐s q✉✬✐❧ ❧❡ ❢❡r♦♥t t♦✉❥♦✉rs✳ ❱♦✐❧✒❛ ❝❡ q✉❡ ❥✬❛✐ ❢❛✐t ♣❡♥❞❛♥t t♦✉t ❝❡ t❡♠♣s✳ ▼❡r❝✐ ✒❛ ♠❛ s♦❡✉r ❋❛♥♥②✱ P✐❡rr❡✱ ❧❡s ♣✬t✐s ♥✬✈❡✉①✱ ▼❛t❤✐❡✉ ❡t ❘♦♠❛✐♥✳ ✒❆ ❆❧❡①✐s✱ ♣❛r❝❡q✉❡ t❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♠❡ ♠❛♥q✉❡ s♦✉✈❡♥t✱ ❡t ♣❛r❝❡q✉✬♦♥ ✒❛ ☞♥❛❧❡♠❡♥t r✓❡✉ss✐ ✸✒❛ ♣❛s ❛✈♦✐r ❡①❛❝t❡♠❡♥t ❧❡ ♠❡♠❡ t✐tr❡ ❞❡ t❤✒❡s❡✳ ❈❡s tr♦✐s ❛♥s ❞❡ t❤✒❡s❡✱ ❝✬❡st tr♦✐s ❛♥s ❞✬✉♥❡ ❛✉tr❡ ❤✐st♦✐r❡✱ ✓❡❝r✐t❡ ❛✈❡❝ ♠♦♥ ❛✉tr❡ ❢❛♠✐❧❧❡✿ ❧❛ ❝♦❧♦❝✳ ❈✬❡st tr♦✐s ❛♥s ❞✬❛♠✐t✐✓❡ ❡♥ ♣❧✉s ❛✈❡❝ ❊❞♦✉❛r❞✱ ▼❡❤❞✐✱ ▼❛①❡♥❝❡✱ ❧❡✉rs ❞✉❧❝✐♥✓❡s ❡t t♦✉s ❧❡s ❛✉tr❡s✳ ❈✬❡st tr♦✐s s❛✐s♦♥s ✒❛ ♣♦rt❡r ❧❡ ♠❛✐❧❧♦t ❞✉ ❋❈ ❉❊❈✱ ❛✈❡❝ ✉♥ ♠♦t t♦✉t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐❡r ♣♦✉r ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ✭♣♦✉r q✉✐✲t✉✲s❛✐s✮✳ ❈✬❡st tr♦✐s ❛♥s ❞❡ ❣❧❛✒❡r❡ ♣❛rt❛❣✓❡❡ ❡♥❝♦r❡ ❛✈❡❝ ♠❡s ❛♠✐s ❞✉ ▼❛st❡r✱ ❇❛♣t✐st❡✱ ●✉✐❧❧❛✉♠❡✱ ❏❡❛♥✲❘❡♠②✳ ❊♥☞♥✱ ♠❡r❝✐ ✒❛ ♠❛ ▼❛t❤✐❧❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✬❛✈♦✐r s♦✉t❡♥✉✱ ❝❡tt❡ t❤✒❡s❡ ❝✬❡st ❛✉ss✐ ✉♥ ♣❡✉ ❧❛ s✐❡♥♥❡✳ ❱✐✈❡♠❡♥t ❞❡♠❛✐♥✦ ✹
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e
▲❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s s♦✉r❝❡s ❡♥ ❛③✐♠✉t❤ r❡♣♦s❡ s✉r ❧❡ tr❛✐t❡♠❡♥t ❞❡s ❞✐☛✓❡r❡♥❝❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣s ❞✬❛rr✐✈✓❡❡ ❞❡s s♦♥s ✒❛ ❝❤❛❝✉♥❡ ❞❡s ♦r❡✐❧❧❡s✿ ❧❡s ❞✐☛r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥t❡r❛✉r❛❧❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣s ✭❭■♥t❡r✲ ❛✉r❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ❉✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s✧ ✭■❚❉✮✮✳ P♦✉r ❝❡rt❛✐♥❡s ❡s♣✒❡❝❡s✱ ✐❧ ❛ ✓❡t✓❡ ♠♦♥tr✓❡ q✉❡ ❝❡t ✐♥❞✐❝❡ ❞✓❡♣❡♥❞❛✐t ❞✉ s♣❡❝tr❡ ❞✉ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✓❡♠✐s ♣❛r ❧❛ s♦✉r❝❡✳ P♦✉rt❛♥t✱ ❝❡tt❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❡st s♦✉✈❡♥t ✐❣♥♦r✓❡❡✱ ❧❡s ❤✉♠❛✐♥s ❡t ❧❡s ❛♥✐♠❛✉① ✓❡t❛♥t s✉♣♣♦s✓❡s ♥❡ ♣❛s ② ❫❡tr❡ s❡♥s✐❜❧❡s✳ ▲❡ ❜✉t ❞❡ ❝❡tt❡ t❤✒❡s❡ ❡st ❞✬✓❡t✉❞✐❡r ❝❡tt❡ ❞✓❡♣❡♥❞❛♥❝❡ ❡♥ ✉t✐❧✐s❛♥t ❞❡s ♠✓❡t❤♦❞❡s ❛❝♦✉st✐q✉❡s✱ ♣✉✐s ❞✬❡♥ ❡①♣❧♦r❡r ❧❡s ❝♦♥s✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡s t❛♥t ❛✉ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ✓❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐q✉❡ q✉✬❛✉ ♥✐✈❡❛✉ ❞❡ ❧❛ ♣s②❝❤♦♣❤②s✐q✉❡ ❤✉♠❛✐♥❡✳ ❆ ❧❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐t✓❡ ❞❡ s♣❤✒❡r❡s r✐❣✐❞❡s✱ ❧❡ ❝❤❛♠♣ s♦♥♦r❡ ❡st ❞✐☛r❛❝t✓❡✱ ❝❡ q✉✐ ❞♦♥♥❡ ❧✐❡✉ ✒❛ ❞❡s r✓❡❣✐♠❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬♦♥❞❡ s♦♥♦r❡ ❞✐☛✓❡r❡♥ts s❡❧♦♥ ❧❛ ❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♥s✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡✱ q✉❛♥❞ ❧❛ t❫❡t❡ ❞✬✉♥ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❡st ♠♦❞✓❡❧✐s✓❡❡ ♣❛r ✉♥❡ s♣❤✒❡r❡ r✐❣✐❞❡✱ ❧✬■❚❉ ♣♦✉r ✉♥❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞♦♥♥✓❡❡ ❞✓❡♣❡♥❞ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❏❡ ♠♦♥tr❡ q✉❡ ❝❡t ❡☛❡t ❡st r❡✌✓❡t✓❡ ❞❛♥s ❧❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❤✉♠❛✐♥s ❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②s❛♥t ❞❡s ❡♥r❡❣✐str❡♠❡♥ts ❛❝♦✉st✐q✉❡s ♣♦✉r ❞❡ ♥♦♠❜r❡✉① s✉❥❡ts✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉s✱ ❥✬❡①♣❧✐q✉❡ ❝❡t ❡☛❡t ✒❛ ❞❡✉① ✓❡❝❤❡❧❧❡s✿ ❧♦❝❛❧❡♠❡♥t ❡♥ ❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡✱ ❧❛ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡ ❧✬■❚❉ ❞♦♥♥❡ ❧✐❡✉ ✒❛ ❞✐☛✓❡r❡♥ts ❞✓❡❧❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛✉r❛✉① ❞❛♥s ❧✬❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❡t ❧❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ☞♥❡ ❞❡s s✐❣♥❛❧s q✉✐ ❛tt❡✐❣♥❡♥t ❧❡s ♦r❡✐❧❧❡s✳ ❉❡✉①✐✒❡♠❡♠❡♥t✱ ❧✬■❚❉ ❞❡ s♦♥s ❜❛ss❡s✲❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❡st ❣✓❡♥✓❡r❛❧❡♠❡♥t ♣❧✉s ❣r❛♥❞ q✉❡ ❝❡❧✉✐ ♣♦✉r ❞❡s s♦♥s ❤❛✉t❡s✲❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ✈❡♥❛♥t ❞❡ ❧❛ ♠❫❡♠❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❉❛♥s ✉♥❡ s❡❝♦♥❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❡✱ ❥❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❧✬✓❡t❛t ❞❡ ❧✬❛rt s✉r ❧❡ s②st✒❡♠❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ s❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ✒❛ ❧✬■❚❉ ❝❤❡③ ❧❡s ♠❛♠♠✐❢✒❡r❡s✳ ❏✬❡①♣♦s❡ q✉❡ ❧✬❤✓❡t✓❡r♦❣✓❡♥✓❡✐t✓❡ ❞❡s r✓❡♣♦♥s❡ ❞❡ ❝❡s ♥❡✉r♦♥❡s ❡st ♣r✓❡❞✐t❡ ❧♦rsq✉❡ ❧✬♦♥ ❢❛✐t ❧✬❤②♣♦t❤✒❡s❡ q✉❡ ❧❡s ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡s ❡♥❝♦❞❡♥t ❞❡s ■❚❉s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛✈❡❝ ❧❛ ❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉s✱ ❥❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❝❡s ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡s ♣❡✉✈❡♥t ❫❡tr❡ s❡♥s✐❜❧❡s ✒❛ ✉♥❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧✬❡s♣❛❝❡✱ q✉❡❧ q✉❡ s♦✐t ❧❡ s♣❡❝tr❡ ❞✉ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✓❡♠✐s ♣❛r ❧❛ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥✐✒❡r❡ ❣✓❡♥✓❡r❛❧❡✱ ❥✬❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❧❡s ❞♦♥♥✓❡❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❝❤❡③ ❧❡s ♠❛♠♠✐❢✒❡r❡s s♦♥t ❡♥ ❛❞✓❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛✈❡❝ ❧✬❤②♣♦t❤✒❡s❡ ❞❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❡s s❡❧❡❝t✐✈❡s ✒❛ ✉♥❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧✬❡s♣❛❝❡✳ ❊♥☞♥✱ ❥✬❡①♣❧♦r❡ ❧✬✐♠♣❛❝t ❞❡ ❧❛ ❞✓❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❡♥ ❢r✓❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❧✬■❚❉ s✉r ❧❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡✲ ♠❡♥t ❤✉♠❛✐♥✱ ❡♥ ✉t✐❧✐s❛♥t ❞❡s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ♣s②❝❤♦❛❝♦✉st✐q✉❡s✳ ▲❡s s✉❥❡ts ❞♦✐✈❡♥t ❢❛✐r❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞r❡ ❧❛ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❧❛t✓❡r❛❧❡ ❞❡ ❞❡✉① s♦♥s q✉✐ ♥✬♦♥t ♣❛s ❧❡ ♠❫❡♠❡ s♣❡❝tr❡✳ ▲❡s r✓❡s✉❧t❛ts s✉❣❣✒❡r❡♥t q✉❡ ❧❡s ❤✉♠❛✐♥s ♣❡r✘❝♦✐✈❡♥t ❞❡s s♦♥s ❛✈❡❝ ❞✐☛✓❡r❡♥ts s♣❡❝tr❡s ✒❛ ❧❛ ♠❫❡♠❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❧♦rsq✉✬✐❧s ♦♥t ❞❡s ■❚❉s ❞✐☛✓❡r❡♥ts✱ ❝♦♠♠❡ ♣r✓❡❞✐t ♣❛rt ❞❡s ❡♥r❡❣✐str❡♠❡♥ts ❛❝♦✉st✐q✉❡s✳ ❉❡ ♣❧✉s✱ ❝❡t ❡☛❡t ❡st ♣r✓❡❞✐t ♣❛r ✉♥ ♠♦❞✒❡❧❡ s♣❤✓❡r✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ t❫❡t❡ ❞✉ s✉❥❡t✳ ❊♥ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥t ❞❡s ❛♣♣r♦❝❤❡s ❞❡ ❞✐☛✓❡r❡♥ts ❞♦♠❛✐♥❡s✱ ❥❡ ♠♦♥tr❡ q✉❡ ❧❡ s②st✒❡♠❡ ❜✐♥✲ ❛✉r❛❧ ❡st r❡♠❛rq✉❛❜❧❡♠❡♥t ❛❞❛♣t✓❡ ❛✉① ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜❧❡s ❞❛♥s s♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♥❡♠❡♥t✳ ❈❡tt❡ str❛t✓❡❣✐❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s s♦✉r❝❡s ✉t✐❧✐s✓❡❡ ♣❛r ❧❡s ❛♥✐♠❛✉① ♣❡✉t ❫❡tr❡ ❞✬✉♥❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛♥s ❧❡ ❞✓❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❞❡ s②st✒❡♠❡s r♦❜♦t✐q✉❡s✳ ✺Summary
❆③✐♠✉t❤ s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② ❛♥✐♠❛❧s r❡❧✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t✐♠❡✲♦❢✲❛rr✐✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② s♦✉♥❞s ❛t ❜♦t❤ ❡❛rs✿ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛✉r❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✭■❚❉✮✳ ■t ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ s♦♠❡ s♣❡❝✐❡s t❤❛t t❤✐s ❝✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❡♠✐tt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❨❡t✱ t❤✐s ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦❢t❡♥ ❞✐s❝❛r❞❡❞✱ ❛s ❤✉♠❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ t♦ ✐t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✐s t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✉r♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♣s②❝❤♦♣❤②s✐❝s ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ r✐❣✐❞ s♣❤❡r❡s✱ ❛ s♦✉♥❞ ☞❡❧❞ ✐s ❞✐☛r❛❝t❡❞✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ✇❛✈❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ r❡❣✐♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ✐s ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ❛s ❛ r✐❣✐❞ s♣❤❡r❡✱ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t q✉❛♥t✐t②✳ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤✐s ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ r❡✌❡❝t❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✉♠❛♥ ■❚❉s ❜② st✉❞②✐♥❣ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ■ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❡☛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤✐s ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t✇♦ s❝❛❧❡s✳ ▲♦❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② t❤❡ ■❚❉ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ☞♥❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❞❡❧❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛rs✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ❢♦r ❧♦✇✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② s♦✉♥❞s ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❜✐❣❣❡r t❤❛♥ ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② s♦✉♥❞s ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt✱ ■ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✈✐❡✇s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ■❚❉✲ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ♠❛♠♠❛❧s✳ ■ ❡①♣♦s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥♦✉s r❡s♣♦♥s❡s ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❝❡❧❧s ❛r❡ ✇❡❧❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ✐s ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ t✉♥❡❞ t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■❚❉s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ■ ❞✐s❝✉ss ❤♦✇ t❤♦s❡ ❝❡❧❧s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ t♦ ❜❡ t✉♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡ ✐rr❡❣❛r❞❧❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ st✐♠✉❧✉s✳ ❖✈❡r❛❧❧✱ ■ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ♠❛♠♠❛❧s ✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ❝❡❧❧s ❛r❡ t✉♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ■ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ♦♥ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✲ ✐♦r✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ♣s②❝❤♦❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ❙✉❜❥❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❛s❦❡❞ t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ❚❤♦s❡ r❡s✉❧ts s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t ❤✉✲ ♠❛♥s ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡ s♦✉♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ■❚❉s✱ ❛s ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤✐s ♦❝❝✉rs ✐s ✇❡❧❧ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② ❛ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢r♦♠ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ☞❡❧❞s✱ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ s②st❡♠ ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧② ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ✐ts ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣② ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❢ ❣r❡❛t ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ r♦❜♦t✐❝ s②st❡♠s✳ ✼▲❛ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❡st ❛☛❛✐r❡ ❞✬❡♥♥✉✐ ❡t ❞❡ ❜♦♥ ❣♦❫✉t✳
❈✳ ▲♦r❡♥③✐
Contents
Summary
5Contents
13Introduction
15I
Quantifying binaural timing cues
191 Human ITDs are frequency-dependent
231.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 25
1.2 Models of ITDs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 27
1.2.1 A geometrical model of ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 27
1.2.2 Spherical head model✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 29
1.3 Methods ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 36
1.3.1 Measuring human HRTFs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 36
1.3.2 HRTF database analysis ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 38
1.4 Results✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 42
1.4.1 ITD as a function of frequency in humans ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 42
1.4.2 ITDs at low- and high-frequencies ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 43
1.4.3 Transition between low- and high-frequencies ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 45
1.5 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 46
1.5.1 Global variations of ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 46
1.5.2 Local variations of ITD✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 48
1.A Measuring filter responses: deconvolution ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 50
1.B Spherical model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 52
1.B.1 Notes about incidence angle and spherical coordinates ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 52
1.B.2 Acoustical pressure field for a planar sound wave ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 53
1.B.3 Expression of the pressure field diffracted by a sphere ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 54
1.B.4 Low-frequency approximation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 57
1.B.5 Analysis of ITDs on the spherical head model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 60
2 Envelope and fine-structure ITDs
632.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 65
2.1.1 Non-linear phase and phase-distortion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 65
2.1.2 Illustration of phase-distortion effects ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 66
2.2 Study of frequency-dependent interaural delays ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 68
2.2.1 Frequency-dependent ITDs: Working example ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 68
2.2.2 Local approximation of ITDp ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 69
2.2.3 Fine structure and envelope ITDs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 71
2.3 Application to human HRTFs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 73
2.4 Discussion: ITDg, IDI and cross-correlation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 75
2.A Mathematical developments ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 78
2.A.1 First-order phase approximation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 78
2.A.2 Affine phase filters ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 78
2.A.3 Effect on AM stimuli ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 79
2.B Estimating IDI and ITDg ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 81
2.B.1 Circular-linear regression of IPD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 81
2.B.2 Fitting procedure ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 82
2.C Covaration of IDI and ITDg ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 84
3 Variation of ITD in animals
873.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 89
3.1.1 Existing animal HRTF studies ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 89
3.1.2 Motivation of the study ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 90
3.2 Methods ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 91
3.2.1 Recording stuffed animal ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 91
3.2.2 Animal setup ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 93
3.3 Results✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 95
3.3.1 ITD across frequencies for animals ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 95
3.3.2 ITDg and IDI in animals ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 95
3.4 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 97
3.4.1 Physiological ranges of ITD in different species ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 97
3..2 ITDg and IDI physiological ranges in each species ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 100
4 Reconstructing HRTF from pictures: case of the cat
1034.1 Abstract ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 104
4.2 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 104
4.3 Methods ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 106
4.3.1 HRTF estimation procedure ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 107
4.3.2 HRTF measurements for the cat ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 111
4.3.3 HRTF estimation using a spherical head model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 111
4.4 Results: Comparison of localization cues ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 111
4.4.1 Definitions ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 112
4.4.2 Qualitative comparison ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 113
4.4.3 Quantitative comparison ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 114
4.5 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 116
4.5.1 Validity range of the estimation procedure ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 116
4.5.2 Case study: effects of posture on the cat ITDs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 118
II
Consequences of the variation of ITD on the
bin-aural system
1195 State of the art
1235.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 125
5.2 Neural basis of the sensitivity to ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 125
5.2.1 Sensitivity to binaural cues in the auditory brainstem ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 126
5.2.2 Computational primitives necessary for ITD sensitivity ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 130
5.2.3 Auditory transduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 134
5.2.4 Coincidence detection property of neurons ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 140
5.2.5 Neural delays ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 141
5.2.6 Conclusion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 145
5.3 Coding for auditory space ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 145
5.3.1 The Place code a la Jeffress ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 146
5.3.2 The hemispheric model✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 149
5.3.3 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 153
5.A A simple ITD sensitive model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 154
5.B Behavioral studies in animals ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 154
5.B.1 Minimum Audible Angles in animals ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 155
5.B.2 Across-species prediction of localization precision ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 155
6 Local variations of ITD: The fiction of the Best Delay
1576.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 159
6.2 Results✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 161
6.3 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 164
6.A Electrophysiological recordings ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 167
6.A.1 Analysis of electrophysiological data ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 167
6.B Acoustical measurements ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 172
6.B.1 Acoustical analysis ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 174
6.C Model and predictions ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 175
6.C.1 Labeled line code for sound location (HRTF-based) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 175
6.D Interpretation of variable ITDs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 182
6.E Model predictions for different species ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 182
7 A model of spectrum-invariant sound localization
1857.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 187
7.2 Spectrum invariant azimuth representation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 188
7.2.1 Binaural cross-correlators model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 188
7.3 Methods ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 190
7.3.1 Model of the cat auditory periphery, and INF simulations ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 190
7.3.2 Fitting to acoustical data ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 192
7.4 Results✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 193
7.4.1 Cochlear mismatches and neural CPs and CDs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 193
7.4.2 Fit to the positions ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 194
7.4.3 Predicted distributions of cochlear mismatches and axonal delays
dif-ferences✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 196
7.5 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 198
7.5.1 Neural and acoustical delays ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 198
7.5.2 Models of ITD based localization ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 199
8 A normalized peak code for ITD
2018.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 203
8.2 A normalized peak code for ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 204
8.2.1 Single cell sensitivity in the model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 204
8.2.2 Population normalization ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 205
8.2.3 Peak code ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 206
8.2.4 Observed BD and neural BD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 206
8.3 Results✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 208
8.3.1 Behavior of the model as a function of CF ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 208
8.3.2 Predictions for different species ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 210
8.4 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 211
8.4.1 On the normalization mechanism ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 211
8.4.2 Interpretation of sensitivity data ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 214
III
Behavioral integration frequency-dependent ITDs
2179 Introduction to the psychoacoustics of sound localization
2219.1 Free-field localization abilities ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 222
9.1.1 Perception of azimuth and elevation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 222
9.1.2 Perception of other attributes, impact of reverberation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 224
9.2 Lateralization: ITD and ILD cues ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 225
9.2.1 Monaural cues and ILD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 225
9.2.2 Psychophysics of human ITD processing ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 227
9.3 Discussion: Perceptual relevance of ITD variation with frequency ✳ ✳ 229
10 Integration of ITD cues across frequencies
23310.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 234
10.2 Methods ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 234
10.2.1 Experimental design ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 236
10.2.2 Theoretical model and predictions ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 239
10.3 Results✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 240
10.3.1 Analysis of results for the different positions ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 240
10.3.2 Other effects ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 241
10.4 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 242
10.4.1 Conclusions of the study ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 242
10.4.2 Experiment limitations: ILD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 242
Discussion
245Bibliography
250Introduction
❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s②st❡♠s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② ✐♥t❡r❛❝t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✱ ✌✉❝t✉❛t✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐ts❡❧❢ ✐s ❣♦✈❡r♥ ❜② ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ r✉❧❡s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦♥ ❤♦✇ ❛❝♦✉s✲ t✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ✇❛✈❡s ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t❡ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✳ ❚❤♦s❡ r✉❧❡s ✐♠♣♦s❡ s♦♠❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✌♦✇ ♦❢ s❡♥s♦r② ✐♥♣✉ts t❤❛t ❛♥ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡s✳ ●✐❜s♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❛t ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥ s❡♥s♦r② ✌♦✇s✿ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❬●✐❜s♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✻❪✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛t ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝ s✐❣♥❛❧s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛rs ✭t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦♥❛✉r❛❧ s✐❣♥❛❧s✮ ❛r❡ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ ❜♦t❤ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ s✐❣♥❛❧✱ ♦♥❧② ☞❧t❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ✇❛②s ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦❞②✱ ❤❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❡❛rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ✇❤❛t❡✈❡r s♦✉♥❞ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t✱ ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ❛rr✐✈❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ❡❛r ❞❡❧❛②❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛♠♦✉♥t✱ t❤❛t ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✐s ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ s❡♥s♦r② ✐♥♣✉ts✱ ❤❡r❡ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞s ❛t t❤❡ ❡❛rs✳ ■t ✐s ❛ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❡♠✐tt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞s✿ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s♣❡❛❦❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ✇❤❛t ❤❡✴s❤❡ s❛②s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r❛✉r❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ❉✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✭■❚❉✮ ✐s ❛ ❝✉❡ t♦ s♦✉r❝❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛♣♣❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ r❡❛❧✐t②✱ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ♦✉r ❜♦❞② ❛♥❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦✉r ❡❛rs ✐s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t♦ s❛② t❤❛t t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦✉r ❡❛rs ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❡①❛❝t❧② ❞❡❧❛②❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ❘❛t❤❡r✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ ✇❛✈❡s r❡✌❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❞✐☛r❛❝t ♦♥ ♦✉r ❤❡❛❞✱ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❛✉r❛❧ s✐❣♥❛❧s ❛r❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❚❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❧❡✈❡❧✿ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡❛r ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛tt❡♥✉❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ✐♣s✐❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡s✐s✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐s ♦♥❧② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ✐♥♣✉ts✱ t❤❡ ■❚❉s✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t❤❛t✱ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✱ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ✐s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ q✉❛♥t✐t② ✇❤❛t❡✈❡r s✐❣♥❛❧ ✐s ❡♠✐tt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❨❡t✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡❛rs ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ✐♥♣✉ts ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✳ ❆s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❡♠✐tt❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ t❤✐s ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦❢t❡♥t✐♠❡s r❡❣❛r❞❡❞ ❛s ♥♦✐s❡✱ ♦r ✉♥✇❛♥t❡❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ■ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ r✐❝❤♥❡ss✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ■❚❉ ✈❛r✐❡s s②st❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❝r♦ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t ✐s ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ♣❤②s✲ ✶✺✐❝❛❧ ❧❛✇s✱ t❤♦s❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❜♦t❤ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ t❤❛♥ ✇❛s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦♥ ♦✉r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐❝s ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡✲ ❢♦r❡✿ ❤♦✇ ❞♦ ♠❛♠♠❛❧✐❛♥ ♥❡✉r❛❧ s②st❡♠s ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■❚❉ ❝✉❡s s♦ ❛s t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ s✐❣♥❛❧❄ ❆♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♥s✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✐❢ ❛ s❡♥s♦r② s②st❡♠ ✐s t✉♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① st✐♠✉❧✉s✱ t❤❡♥ ✐ts r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ st✐♠✉❧✐ ♠❛② ❛♣♣❡❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✳ ■❢✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ♣r♦❜❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① st✐♠✉❧✉s ✐t ❡①♣❡❝ts✱ t❤❡♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❛♣♣❡❛r ♠✉❝❤ s✐♠♣❧❡r✳ ◆❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧②✱ s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❡♥❞❡❛✈♦r r❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✿ ✎ ❆❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ✐♥♣✉ts✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ❛ss❡ss✐♥❣ ✐ts ❡☛❡❝t ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛❝r♦ss ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s✳ ✎ ◆❡✉r♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ s②st❡♠ t❤❛t ✐s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ ■❚❉s✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✎ Ps②❝❤♦❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❧✐st❡♥❡rs✬ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ s♦✉♥❞s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❤❡❛❞♣❤♦♥❡s✳ ✶✻
Review Theory Experiment
Part III: Psychoacoustics Part I: Acoustical cues
Chapter 1
Human ITDs are frequency-dependent
Chapter 2
Envelope and fine structure ITDs
Chapter 3 Variation of ITDs in animals Chapter 4 Reconstructing animal HRTF
Part II: Neural models
Chapter 5
ITD sensitivity and models
Chapter 6
The fiction of the Best Delay
Chapter 7
Spectrum invariant model for azimuth
Chapter 8
Normalized peak code for ITD
Chapter 9 Introduction to psychophysics of ITD Chapter 10 Integration of ITD cues Method Approach ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✿ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ❛r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✉s❡❞ ✭st❛t❡✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲❛rt✱ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✮✳
Organization of the manuscript
❚❤❡ t❤❡s✐s ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ♣❛rts t❤❛t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ■❚❉✲❜❛s❡❞ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❛♥❣❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡s✐s ✐s ♣✐❝t✉r❡❞ ♦♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✱ ✇❤❡r❡✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ❛r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✭❛❝♦✉st✐❝s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣✱ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✭r❡✈✐❡✇ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✱ ❡①♣❡r✐✲ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✱ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✮✳ ❋✐rst✱ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❝✉❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ☞rst ❢♦✉r ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ✭✶✱✷✱ ✸❛♥❞✹✮✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ♣r♦❝❡ss✲ ✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♠♠❛❧✐❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥st❡♠ ✐s ☞rst ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✺✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ t❤r❡❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ st✉❞✐❡s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✭❈❤❛♣t❡rs ✻✱ ✼ ❛♥❞ ✽✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ♣s②❝❤♦❛❝♦✉st✐❝s ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✾✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❧❛t❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ♦♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶✵✳
Part I: Studies of acoustical timing cues
❈❤❛♣t❡r✶st❛rts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ■❚❉✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ r✉❧❡s t❤❛t ❝r❡❛t❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■❚❉s ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ■ r❡❝♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ■❚❉s ❢♦r ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❢♦r ♠❛♥② ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤♦s❡ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣s ❝♦♥☞r♠ t❤❛t ❤✉♠❛♥ ■❚❉s ❞✐s♣❧❛② ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲ ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ♦❢ ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■❚❉ ✐s t❤❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✷✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛ s✐❣♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❡☛❡❝t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ■❚❉s✳ ❆t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t✱ ✐t ✐s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ☞♥❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ■❚❉ ✇❡r❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ✈❛r✐❡s✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ t✇♦ ❝✉❡s t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆♥ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ❝✉❡s ✐s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✼
☞rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸ ✉s❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ r❡♣♦rt ■❚❉ ❝✉❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ♦❢ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t s♣❡❝✐❡s ✭❝❛t✱ r❛❜❜✐t✱ ♦✇❧✱ ❣✉✐♥❡❛ ♣✐❣✱ ❝❤✐♥❝❤✐❧❧❛✱ ♠❛❝❛q✉❡✱ ❛♥❞ r❛t✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ☞♥❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ■❚❉s ✐s t❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❍❘❚❋s ❢r♦♠ r❛✇ ♣❤♦t♦❣r❛♣❤s ❛❧♦♥❡✳
Part II: Models of sound localization
❚❤✐s ♣❛rt ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ■❚❉ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ♠❛♠♠❛❧s ✭❈❤❛♣t❡r✺✮✳ ■t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ❜♦t❤ ❤♦✇ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ♥❡✉r♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ t♦ ❜❡ t✉♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ■❚❉✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✈✐❡✇s ♦♥ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❛③✐♠✉t❤❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡ ✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛❝r♦ss ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥♦✉s❧②✲t✉♥❡❞ ♥❡✉r♦♥s ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✼✱ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ❜② P❤✐❧✐♣ ❏♦r✐s✱ ■ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ■❚❉✲s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❝❡❧❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t ■❈ ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❢❛❝t t✉♥❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■❚❉✱ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ■❚❉ ❛s ✐s ❝♦♠♠♦♥❧② ❛ss✉♠❡❞✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ■❚❉ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② r❡✌❡❝ts t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ◆❡①t✱ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✼ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♣t❡r t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr✉♠✲✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ■❚❉✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ☞t ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝❡❧❧s r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥♣✉ts ✇✐t❤ ♠✐s♠❛t❝❤❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❢r♦♠ ❜♦t❤ s✐❞❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❛①♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❧❛②s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛ st✉❞② ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❛t ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❝♦❞✐♥❣ s♣❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ■❚❉✲s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♥❡✉r♦♥s ✭❈❤❛♣t❡r ✽✮✳ ■ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ♠❛♠♠❛❧s ✐s ✐♥ ❢❛❝t ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ❝❡❧❧s ❡♥❝♦❞❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✳
Part III: Psychoacoustics of ITD processing
■♥ t❤✐s ❧❛st ♣❛rt✱ t❤❡ ♣s②❝❤♦❛❝♦✉st✐❝s ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■❚❉ ❝✉❡s ❈❤❛♣t❡r✾✳ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ s❛❧✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡❞❡♥t ■❚❉s ✐♥ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ✐♥♣✉ts ❛r❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ st✉❞② ♦❢ ■❚❉ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❤✉♠❛♥s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ■ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ✶✽
Part I
Quantifying binaural timing cues
❚❤✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ❞✐s♣❛r✐t✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧s t❤❛t r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❡❛rs✳ ■♥t✉✐t✐✈❡❧②✱ ❛ s♦✉♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐st❡♥❡r ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❧❡ss ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❛t t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ❡❛r t❤❛♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ❡❛r✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛rr✐✈❡ ❧❛t❡r✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡s❡ ❞✐s♣❛r✐t✐❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ s♦✉♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❧✱ ✇❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ t✐♠✐♥❣ ❞✐s♣❛r✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥s ❛❧✐❦❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✱ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡❧②✱ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t✐♠❡ ✐t t❛❦❡s t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ ✇❛✈❡ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡❛r ✭t❤❡ ❡❛r ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ t♦ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡✮ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ✐♣s✐❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡❛r✳ P✉t ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ✐♠♣♦s❡ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ s✐❣♥❛❧s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛rs✳ ◆❛♠❡❧②✱ t❤❡ ✈✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❧❛t❡r❛❧ t②♠♣❛♥♦♥ ✐s ❛ ❞❡❧❛②❡❞ ❛♥❞ ☞❧t❡r❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♣s✐❧❛t❡r❛❧ ✈✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛tt❡r♥✳ ❈♦♠♣❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❡①✐sts s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❜♦t❤ ❤✉♠❛♥s ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ♠❛♠♠❛❧s ✉s❡ t❤❡s❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❡ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r❛✉r❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ❉✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✭■❚❉s✮✱ s❡❡♠ t♦ ♣❧❛② ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r♦❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦✇✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② s♦✉♥❞s ✭❜❡❧♦✇ ✸ ❦❍③✮ ❬❲✐❣❤t♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❑✐st❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✷❪✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♠❛❦❡ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ✐♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ ♦❢ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤②s✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ☞rst q✉❛♥t✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❜♦❞② ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧s ❡♥t❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛rs✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ■ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ■❚❉s ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢r❡✲ q✉❡♥❝②✱ ♦✈❡r ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ❛rr❛② ♦❢ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✶✱ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ■❚❉ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✳ ■ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛r✐s❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐☛r❛❝t✐♦♥ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ ✇❛✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✷✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ♦♥ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ s✐❣♥❛❧s r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛rs ❛r❡ st✉❞✐❡❞✳ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❢❛❝t t❤❡ ■❚❉s ✐♥ t❤❡ ☞♥❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧ ❛r❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞ s♦✉r❝❡✳ ■♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸✱ t❤❡ ☞♥❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ☞rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛r❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✳ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ☞♥❡✲str✉❝t✉r❡ ■❚❉s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s q✉❛♥t✐☞❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡tr✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♣✲ t❡r✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹✱ ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝ ☞❧t❡rs ❢♦r r❡s❡❛❝❤✳ ❲❡ ❡①♣♦s❡ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❤❛t r❡❧✐❡s s♦❧❡❧② ♦♥ r❛✇ ♣❤♦t♦❣r❛♣❤s ❛♥❞ ❛☛♦r❞s ❡✍❝✐❡♥t ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝❛❧ ❤❡❛❞✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ☞❧t❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s t❤❡♥ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ❝✉❡s✳ ❆s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✇❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ♣♦st✉r❡✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜✐♥❛✉r❛❧ ❝✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛t✳ ✷✶
Chapter 1
Human ITDs are frequency-dependent
Contents
1.1 Introduction ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 25
1.2 Models of ITDs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 27
1.2.1 A geometrical model of ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 27
1.2.2 Spherical head model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 29
1.3 Methods ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 36
1.3.1 Measuring human HRTFs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 36
1.3.2 HRTF database analysis ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 38
1.4 Results ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 42
1.4.1 ITD as a function of frequency in humans ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 42
1.4.2 ITDs at low- and high-frequencies✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 43
1.4.3 Transition between low- and high-frequencies ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 45
1.5 Discussion ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 46
1.5.1 Global variations of ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 46
1.5.2 Local variations of ITD ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 48
1.A Measuring filter responses: deconvolution ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 50
1.B Spherical model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 52
1.B.1 Notes about incidence angle and spherical coordinates ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 52
1.B.2 Acoustical pressure field for a planar sound wave ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 53
1.B.3 Expression of the pressure field diffracted by a sphere ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 54
1.B.4 Low-frequency approximation ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 57
1.B.5 Analysis of ITDs on the spherical head model ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ 60
■♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ■ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲ ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ✐♥ ❤✉♠❛♥s s✉❜❥❡❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✐ts ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❜❛s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ■❚❉s ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❬❑✉❤♥✱ ✶✾✼✼❪✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ❬❉✉❞❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❛rt❡♥s✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ ■ ♣r❡s❡♥t r❡❝♦r❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝ ☞❧t❡rs ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥ ♠❛♥② ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✱ ❛❧♦♥❣s✐❞❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❡❛❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚❉✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ❛❝r♦ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❛s t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ✇❛✈❡ ❞✐☛r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✬s s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ s❤❛♣❡ ❬❉✉❞❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❛rt❡♥s✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ ■ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❜r♦❛❞❜❛♥❞ ■❚❉ ❬❑✉❤♥✱ ✶✾✼✼❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡✐r ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝s✳ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❞✐☛r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✉♥❞ ✇❛✈❡s ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ✐s t❤❡ ♣r✐♠❛r② s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ■❚❉ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ✐s ✐♥ ❛❧✇❛②s s♠❛❧❧❡r ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② s♦✉♥❞s t❤❛♥ ❢♦r ❧♦✇ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② s♦✉♥❞s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ q✉❛s✐✲♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ tr❡♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rs ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✳ ■♥s✐❣❤ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♣❤❡r✐❝❛❧ ❤❡❛❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❡❧♣ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡☛❡❝t ♠♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♠♦♥❣st s✉❜❥❡❝ts ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ❝✉❡s✳ ❈♦♠✲ ♣❡♥s❛t✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ ■ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ ■❚❉s ❛❝r♦ss ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✉❜✲ ❥❡❝ts ✇✐t❤ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥t ❤❡❛❞ s✐③❡s✳ ■ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ■❚❉s ❢r♦♠ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐☞❝❛❧❧②✲r❡❝♦r❞❡❞ ❛❝♦✉st✐❝ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✐♥ ❛♥❡❝❤♦✐❝ s❡tt✐♥❣s✳ ■ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ■❚❉ ❛❝r♦ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ttr✐❜✉t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ♥♦✐s❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❛❝r♦ss s✉❜❥❡❝ts✳ ❋♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t ■❚❉ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr✉♠ t❛❦❡s ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛t t✇♦ s❝❛❧❡s✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❞✐☛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲ t♦ ❤✐❣❤✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ■❚❉s ❛r❡ ❜✐❣✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ■❚❉s✱ ✇❡ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ■❚❉ ♠✉st ❜❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t t♦ t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✉r❝❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✉♠❛♥s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ✈❛r✐❡s str♦♥❣❧② ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ■❚❉ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ■❚❉ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ♦❢ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r② ☞❧t❡r✳ ✷✹
