• Aucun résultat trouvé

Etude du dévissage spontané d'un assemblage boulonné soumis à des sollicitations transverses dynamiques

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Etude du dévissage spontané d'un assemblage boulonné soumis à des sollicitations transverses dynamiques"

Copied!
166
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Etude du dévissage spontané d’un assemblage boulonné soumis à des sollicitations transverses dynamiques Olfa Ksentini. To cite this version: Olfa Ksentini. Etude du dévissage spontané d’un assemblage boulonné soumis à des sollicitations transverses dynamiques. Mécanique des matériaux [physics.class-ph]. INSA de Toulouse; Ecole d’ingénieurs de Sfax - Tunisie, 2016. Français. �NNT : 2016ISAT0036�. �tel-02083637�. HAL Id: tel-02083637 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02083637 Submitted on 29 Mar 2019. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV. %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse (INSA de Toulouse) Cotutelle internationale avec l'Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieur de SFAX (Tunisie). 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS Olfa KSENTINI. le mardi 8 mars 2016. 5JUSF. . Etude du dévissage spontané d’un assemblage boulonné soumis à des sollicitations transverses dynamiques. ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité  ED MEGEP : Génie mécanique, mécanique des matériaux. 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF InstitutClémentADER(6.3CNRS). %JSFDUFVSUSJDF T EFʾÒTF AlainDAIDIE àMhINSAToulouse,France MohamedHADDARàMhENIdeSfax,Tunisie Jury : M. Ali AKROUT, Professeur à l'ENI de Tunis, Rapporteur M.Jean-LucDION,1SPGFTTFVSàSUPMECASt-Ouen, Rapporteur M. Didier REMOND, Professeur à l'INSA de Lyon, Examinateur M. Alain DAIDIE, Professeur à l'INSA de Toulouse, Examinateur M. Mohamed HADDAR, Professeur à l'ENI de Sfax, Examinateur M. Bertrand COMBES, Maître de conférences à l'INSA de Toulouse, Examinateur M. Mohamed Slim ABBES, Professeur à l'ENI de Sfax, Invité.

(3)

(4)

(5) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.  . 5HPHUFLHPHQWV /HWUDYDLOGHUHFKHUFKHH[SRVpGDQVFHPpPRLUHGHWKqVHDpWpUpDOLVpHQFRWXWHOOHHQWUHOH /DERUDWRLUH GH 0pFDQLTXH 0RGpOLVDWLRQ HW 3URGXFWLTXH /$03

(6)  j O (FROH 1DWLRQDOH G¶,QJpQLHXUVGH6ID[ (1,66ID[

(7) HWO¶,QVWLWXW&OpPHQW$GHU ,&$

(8) jO ,QVWLWXW1DWLRQDOGHV 6FLHQFHV$SSOLTXpHVGH7RXORXVH ,16$7RXORXVH

(9)  -HWLHQVjH[SULPHUPHVYLIVUHPHUFLHPHQWVHWWRXWHPDUHFRQQDLVVDQFHjPHVGLUHFWHXUVGH WKqVH 0RQVLHXU 0RKDPHG +$''$5 3URIHVVHXU GHV XQLYHUVLWpV j O (FROH 1DWLRQDOH G ,QJpQLHXU GH 6ID[ HW 0RQVLHXU $ODLQ '$,',( 3URIHVVHXU GHV XQLYHUVLWpV j O ,QVWLWXW 1DWLRQDOGHV6FLHQFHV$SSOLTXpHVGH7RXORXVHSRXUDYRLUDVVXUpODGLUHFWLRQGHPHVWUDYDX[ HWSRXUODTXDOLWpGHOHXUHQFDGUHPHQWOHXUVFRQVHLOVHWODFRQILDQFHTX LOVP RQWDFFRUGpH -H WLHQV j H[SULPHU PHV UHPHUFLHPHQWV HW PD WUqV YLYH JUDWLWXGH j PHV HQFDGUHXUV 0RQVLHXU %HUWUDQG &20%(6 0DvWUH GH FRQIpUHQFH j O ,QVWLWXW 1DWLRQDO GHV 6FLHQFHV $SSOLTXpHV GH 7RXORXVH HW 0RQVLHXU 0RKDPHG 6OLP $%%(6 3URIHVVHXU GHV XQLYHUVLWpV j O (FROH1DWLRQDOHG ,QJpQLHXUGH6ID[SRXUOHXUVFRQVHLOVVFLHQWLILTXHVOHXUVHQFRXUDJHPHQWHW ODFRQILDQFHTX LOVP RQWDFFRUGpHDLQVLTXHSRXUOHVGLVFXVVLRQVVFLHQWLILTXHVHWOHVpFKDQJHV TXLQRXVRQWSHUPLVGHPLHX[DSSUpKHQGHUOHVXMHWGHODWKqVH -H UHPHUFLH 0RQVLHXU $OL $.5287 3URIHVVHXU GHV XQLYHUVLWpV j O (FROH 1DWLRQDOH G ,QJpQLHXU GH 7XQLV DLQVL TXH 0RQVLHXU -HDQ /XF ',21 3URIHVVHXU GHV XQLYHUVLWpV j O ,QVWLWXW 6XSpULHXU GH 0pFDQLTXH GH 3DULV G DYRLU DFFHSWp GH UDSSRUWHU VXU PRQ PpPRLUH HW SRXUO LQWpUrWTX LOVRQWELHQYRXOXSRUWHUjFHWUDYDLO 0HV UHPHUFLHPHQWV V DGUHVVHQW pJDOHPHQW j 0RQVLHXU 'LGLHU 5(021' 3URIHVVHXU GHV XQLYHUVLWpV j O ,QVWLWXW 1DWLRQDO GHV 6FLHQFHV $SSOLTXpHV GH /\RQ SRXU DYRLU DFFHSWp GH SUHQGUHSDUWDXMXU\ 0HVVLQFqUHVUHPHUFLHPHQWVV DGUHVVHQWjWRXVOHVPHPEUHVGX/$03GH/¶,&$HWjWRXV FHX[TXLP RQWDLGpHGHSUqVRXGHORLQjDFKHYHUFHWUDYDLO )LQDOHPHQWMHWLHQVjUHPHUFLHUGXIRQGGXF°XUPRQPDULPHVSDUHQWVPDEHOOHPqUHHW PRQIUqUHTXLP¶RQWWRXMRXUVDSSRUWpXQVRXWLHQDXVVLELHQPRUDOTXHPDWpULHOWRXWDXORQJGH FHVDQQpHVG¶pWXGHVHWVDQVHX[MHQHVHUDLVMDPDLVDUULYpHOj-HOHVUHPHUFLHSURIRQGpPHQW 0HV VLQFqUHV H[FXVHV DX[ SHUVRQQHV P¶D\DQW DSSRUWp XQH DLGH DXVVL ELHQ PRUDOH TXH PDWpULHOOHTXHM¶DXUDLVLQYRORQWDLUHPHQWRXEOLpHV. . . .

(10)

(11) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 7DEOHGHVPDWLqUHV &KDSLWUH(WXGH%LEOLRJUDSKLTXH  ,QWURGXFWLRQ  /HVSULQFLSHVGXVHUUDJHHWGXGpYLVVDJHGHVDVVHPEODJHVYLVVpV . /DSUpFKDUJH.  ([SUHVVLRQGXFRXSOHGHYLVVDJH  ([SUHVVLRQGXFRXSOHGHGpYLVVDJH  (WXGHGXSKpQRPqQHGHGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQp . /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVRXVO¶DFWLRQGHVFKDUJHVD[LDOHV. . /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVRXVO¶DFWLRQGHVFKDUJHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV. . /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVRXVO¶DFWLRQG¶XQFRXSOH.  &RQFOXVLRQ. &KDSLWUH(WXGHH[SpULPHQWDOHGXGpYLVVDJHG¶XQDVVHPEODJH VRXPLVjGHVYLEUDWLRQV  ,QWURGXFWLRQ  3UpVHQWDWLRQGXPRQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDO  'LPHQVLRQQHPHQW  &KRL[GHODIUpTXHQFHG¶H[FLWDWLRQ  ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ . ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQGXSRWYLEUDQW. . &DPpUDUDSLGH. . 5RQGHOOHGHFKDUJH.  (VVDLVUpDOLVpVVXUXQDVVHPEODJHSDUXQVHXOERXORQ . 3URFpGXUHG¶HVVDL. . 0HVXUHVUpDOLVpHV. . ,QIOXHQFHGHODSUpFKDUJHGHODYLV. . ,QIOXHQFHGXWUDLWHPHQWGHVXUIDFHGHODYLV. . 5XSWXUHSDUFLVDLOOHPHQW.  UpDOLVpVVXUXQDVVHPEODJHSDUGHX[ERXORQV. . . 3UpVHQWDWLRQGXPRQWDJH. . 0HVXUHVUpDOLVpHV. . ,QIOXHQFHGHODSUpFKDUJHGHVYLV .

(12) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.  3KpQRPqQHVDQQH[HVPDWDJHHWGpIUHWWDJH  5pFDSLWXODWLIGHVHVVDLVUpDOLVpVHWFRQFOXVLRQ. &KDSLWUH(WXGHG\QDPLTXHGXGpYLVVDJHSDUVLPXODWLRQ GpWDLOOpHGXERXORQ  ,QWURGXFWLRQ  0RGqOHJpRPpWULTXHGHGHX[SODTXHV  6LPXODWLRQGXGpYLVVDJHSDUODPpWKRGHGHVpOpPHQWVILQLV . )RUPXODWLRQGXFRQWDFW. . ,QWHUDFWLRQVHWPDLOODJH. . 0pWKRGHGHUpVROXWLRQ. . (WDSHVGHFDOFXO.  5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQSDUODPpWKRGHGHVpOpPHQWVILQLV  'pYLVVDJHVRXVYLEUDWLRQPRQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDO  0RGqOHJpRPpWULTXH . &RQWUDLQWHVHWLQWHUDFWLRQV. . (WDSHVGHFDOFXO. . 5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQ. . &RPSDUDLVRQDYHFOHVUpVXOWDWVH[SpULPHQWDX[.  &RQFOXVLRQ. &KDSLWUH(WXGHQXPpULTXHGXGpYLVVDJHSDUGHVPRGqOHV VLPSOLILpV  ,QWURGXFWLRQ  6LPXODWLRQGXGpYLVVDJHSDUXQPRGqOHSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVVLPSOLILp . /HVPRGqOHVSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVVLPSOLILpV. . $SSOLFDWLRQjO¶DVVHPEODJHGHGHX[SODTXHVSDUXQERXORQ. . $SSOLFDWLRQDXPRQWDJHLQHUWLHOH[SpULPHQWDO.  6LPXODWLRQGXGpYLVVDJHSDUXQPRGqOHXQLGLPHQVLRQQHO . 6LPXODWLRQGHO¶DVVHPEODJHGHGHX[SODTXHVSDUXQERXORQ.  6LPXODWLRQGXPRQWDJHLQHUWLHOH[SpULPHQWDO  %LODQGHVPRGpOLVDWLRQVVLPSOLILpHV &RPSDUDLVRQGHVSHUIRUPDQFHV 'RPDLQHVG¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHFHVPRGqOHV  . .

(13) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 7DEOHVGHVILJXUHV )LJXUH&RXSOHGHVHUUDJHHWWHQVLRQGHODYLVG¶DSUqV3DUHGHV>@ )LJXUH)RUFHVDSSOLTXpHVVXUOHVILOHWV )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOGH*RRGLHUHW6ZHHQH\G¶DSUqV>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOGH*DPEUHOOG¶DSUqV>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOHWPRGqOHG\QDPLTXHGH+HVV>@ )LJXUH'RPDLQHVGHFRPSRUWHPHQWHQIRQFWLRQGHODIUpTXHQFHHWGHO¶DPSOLWXGHGHOD YLEUDWLRQ>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOG¶$]L]>@ )LJXUH0DFKLQHGH-XQNHU>@ )LJXUH'LIIpUHQWHVSRVLWLRQVGXERXORQVRXVXQFKDUJHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDODOWHUQDWLI>@ )LJXUH(YROXWLRQGHODWHQVLRQGHODYLVHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHF\FOHV>@ )LJXUH(YROXWLRQGXJOLVVHPHQWORFDOLVpDXFRXUVG¶XQF\FOHGHFKDUJHPHQW>@ )LJXUH$SSDUHLOG¶HVVDLSRXUGpSODFHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDO>@ )LJXUH&RXUEHVG¶K\VWpUpVLVIRUFHGHFLVDLOOHPHQWHQIRQFWLRQGXGpSODFHPHQW>@ )LJXUH7HQVLRQGDQVODYLVHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHF\FOHV>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOGH.DVHL>@ )LJXUH5RWDWLRQGHODYLVHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHF\FOHV>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIG¶HVVDLVSDUFKRFVGHODQRUPH0,/>@G¶DSUqV>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIG¶HVVDLVSDUFKRFVGHODQRUPH1$60>@ )LJXUH(VVDLGHGpYLVVDJHHQYLEUDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVDOHV>@ )LJXUH(VVDLGHGpYLVVDJHHQIOH[LRQG¶DSUqV>@ )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIG¶HVVDLVGH%KDWWDFKDU\D>@ )LJXUH0HVXUHGXGpYLVVDJHSDUILEUHRSWLTXH>@ )LJXUH0RGqOHSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVGH=KDQJ>@ )LJXUH9DULDWLRQGHWHQVLRQHWURWDWLRQGHO¶pFURX>@ )LJXUH0RGqOHSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVGH'LQJHU>@ )LJXUH0RGqOHSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVG¶,]XPL>@ )LJXUH(IIRUWVDSSOLTXpVVXUXQHYLVVRXPLVHjXQFKDUJHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDO>@ )LJXUH$VVHPEODJHSDUXQHYLVjWrWHIUDLVpHpWXGLpSDU=DNL>@ )LJXUH0RGqOHSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVGH<RNR\DPD>@ )LJXUH0RQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDOGH<RNR\DPD>@ )LJXUH$FFRXSOHPHQWjGHQWXUHWUDSp]RwGDOHpWXGLpSDU-LDQJ>@ . .

(14) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. )LJXUH0RQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDO )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWGXPRQWDJHDYDQWHWDSUqVGpSODFHPHQWGHODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOH )LJXUH2UJDQLJUDPPHGHVGLIIpUHQWHVpWDSHVGHGLPHQVLRQQHPHQW )LJXUH6LPXODWLRQGHODGpIRUPpHPRGDOHGXSUHPLHUPRGHSURSUH I +]

(15)  )LJXUH9XHJpQpUDOHGXEDQFG¶HVVDLV )LJXUH3RWYLEUDQWHWPRQWDJHG¶HVVDLV )LJXUH/HVDFFpOpURPqWUHVGHPHVXUH )LJXUH&DPpUDUDSLGH )LJXUH(TXLSHPHQWVGHPHVXUHVXUOHERXORQURQGHOOHGHFKDUJH 

(16) DLJXLOOHV LQGLFDWULFHV 

(17) HW 

(18)  )LJXUH7URLVLPDJHVLVVXHVG¶XQHFDSWXUHSDUFDPpUDUDSLGH )LJXUH0RQWDJHjXQHVHXOHIL[DWLRQ )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWSHQGDQWO¶HVVDL D

(19) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV E

(20) $FFpOpUDWLRQLPSRVpH F

(21) 5RWDWLRQVGHODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOHGHODYLVHWGHO¶pFURX )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWSHQGDQWOHGpYLVVDJH D

(22) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV E

(23) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV DXGpEXWGXGpYLVVDJH F

(24) 5RWDWLRQVGHODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOHGHODYLVHWGHO¶pFURX )LJXUH7HQVLRQGHODYLVDYHFXQGpYLVVDJHLQWHUURPSX )LJXUH$FFpOpUDWLRQGHGpYLVVDJHYVSUpFKDUJHGHODYLV FDVGHVYLV]LQJXpHV

(25)  )LJXUH9LVWHVWpHV 

(26) YLVWUDLWpH 

(27) YLV]LQJXpH )LJXUH$FFpOpUDWLRQGHGpYLVVDJHYVSUpFKDUJHGHODYLV YLV]LQJXpHVRXWUDLWpHV

(28)  )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWSHQGDQWO¶HVVDL D

(29) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV E

(30) 5RWDWLRQVGHODPDVVH LQHUWLHOOHGHODYLVHWGHO¶pFURX )LJXUH9LVFDVVpHSHQGDQWO¶HVVDLGHGpYLVVDJH )LJXUH6HFWLRQURPSXHGHODYLV )LJXUH0RQWDJHjGHX[IL[DWLRQV )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWSHQGDQWO¶HVVDL D

(31) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV E

(32) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWSHQGDQWOHGpYLVVDJH D

(33) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV E

(34) 7HQVLRQGHOD YLV F

(35) 5RWDWLRQVGHVYLVHWGHVpFURXV )LJXUH&RPSRUWHPHQWSHQGDQWO¶HVVDL D

(36) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV E

(37) 7HQVLRQGHODYLV )LJXUH9DULDWLRQGHO¶DFFpOpUDWLRQGHGpYLVVDJHPRQWDJHjXQHRXGHX[IL[DWLRQV )LJXUH3KpQRPqQHGHPDWDJHGHODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOH )LJXUH3LqFHGHFRQWDFWGpIUHWWpHGHO¶pTXHUUH )LJXUH0RPHQW0LQGXLWSDUO¶LQHUWLHGHODPDVVH )LJXUH0RQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDO )LJXUH'LPHQVLRQVGXPRGqOH . .

(38) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. )LJXUH5HSUpVHQWDWLRQGHV]RQHVG¶DGKpUHQFHHWGHJOLVVHPHQWSRXUOHPRGqOHGH &RXORPE )LJXUH=RQHVGHFRQWDFW )LJXUH&RQWUDLQWHGHFROODJH©WLHFRQVWUDLQWª )LJXUH(WDSHVGHFDOFXO )LJXUH'pSODFHPHQWX[jO¶H[WUpPLWpGHODSODTXHLQIpULHXUH )LJXUH)OH[LRQGHODYLVI )LJXUH(WDWGHFRQWDFWGHO¶pFURXSODTXHLQIpULHXUH )LJXUH*OLVVHPHQWGHO pFURXVXUVRQVXSSRUW )LJXUH'pWDLOGHO¶pYROXWLRQGHODVLPXODWLRQQXPpULTXH )LJXUH5RWDWLRQGHO¶pFURXHWpWDWGHFRQWDFWGDQVOHILOHWDJHGHODYLVDXPRPHQWGX GpYLVVDJH URXJH DGKpUHQFHYHUW JOLVVHPHQWEOHX SDVGHFRQWDFW

(39)  )LJXUH0RGqOHH[SpULPHQWDO )LJXUH&RQWUDLQWHGHFROODJH )LJXUH9DULDWLRQGXFRHIILFLHQWGHIURWWHPHQWHQIRQFWLRQGHODWHQVLRQGHODYLVSRXU XQHVHXOHIL[DWLRQ )LJXUH9DULDWLRQGXFRHIILFLHQWGHIURWWHPHQWHQIRQFWLRQGHODWHQVLRQGHODYLVSRXU GHX[YLV]LQJXpHV )LJXUH&RQGLWLRQVGHFRQWDFW )LJXUH(WDSHVGHFDOFXO )LJXUH&RQGLWLRQVGHEORFDJHGHODPDVVHHWGHO¶pTXHUUHSRXUO¶pWDSHG¶LQVWDOODWLRQGH ODSUpFRQWUDLQWH )LJXUH'pSODFHPHQWGHO¶pTXHUUH )LJXUH5RWDWLRQGHO¶pFURXGHODPDVVHHWGHODYLV )LJXUH&RQWUDLQWHD[LDOH )LJXUH(WDWHWSUHVVLRQGHFRQWDFWGXILOHWDJHGHODYLVHWGHO¶pFURXjW V )LJXUH&RPSDUDLVRQHQWUHOHVUpVXOWDWVQXPpULTXHVHWH[SpULPHQWDX[ )LJXUH'LIIpUHQWVPRGqOHVVLPSOLILpVG¶XQERXORQ )LJXUH0RGpOLVDWLRQGXILOHWDJH )LJXUH0RGqOHJpRPpWULTXH )LJXUH)UpTXHQFHHWIRUPHGHVSUHPLHUVPRGHVSURSUHV )LJXUH2UJDQLJUDPPHGHODVLPXODWLRQ )LJXUH'pSODFHPHQWLPSRVpHWUpSRQVHVDXSRLQW3VLWXpjO¶LQWHUIDFHGHVSODTXHV )LJXUH'pSODFHPHQWVHORQODGLUHFWLRQ;HWpWDWGHFRQWDFWDXSRLQW1FDVF. . .

(40) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. )LJXUH(WDWGHFRQWDFWVRXVO¶pFURX URXJH DGKpUHQFHYHUW JOLVVHPHQWEOHX SDVGH FRQWDFW

(41)  )LJXUH'pSODFHPHQWVGHO pFURXVHORQODGLUHFWLRQ;SRXUOHVFDVEHWF )LJXUH*OLVVHPHQWHWURWDWLRQGHO¶pFURXSRXUOHFDVG )LJXUH5RWDWLRQGHO¶pFURXSRXUOHFDVG )LJXUH0RGqOHVLPSOLILpGXPRQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDO )LJXUH3RLQWVGHPHVXUH )LJXUH'pSODFHPHQWLPSRVpHWUpSRQVHVHQWUDQVODWLRQHWHQURWDWLRQ )LJXUH(WDWVGHFRQWDFWHQWUHpTXHUUHHWPDVVHLQHUWLHOOH )LJXUH5pSRQVHVHQWUDQVODWLRQSHQGDQWOHVSUHPLHUVF\FOHVGHPRXYHPHQW )LJXUH0RGqOHXQLGLPHQVLRQQHO )LJXUH0RGqOHGpIRUPp )LJXUH)RUFHVFRQWUDLQWHVHWYLWHVVHVGDQVXQJOLVVHPHQWGpYLp )LJXUH&RQWHQXGHODERXFOHG¶LQWpJUDWLRQ )LJXUH5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQXQLGLPHQVLRQQHOOH )LJXUH5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVGpWDLOOpV )LJXUH0RGqOHXQLGLPHQVLRQQHO )LJXUH&RQWHQXGHODERXFOHG¶LQWpJUDWLRQ )LJXUH5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQXQLGLPHQVLRQQHOOHVXUF\FOHV )LJXUH5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVVLPSOLILpV )LJXUH5pVXOWDWVGHODVLPXODWLRQXQLGLPHQVLRQQHOOHVXUF\FOHV  .   . . . .

(42) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /LVWHGHVWDEOHDX[ 7DEOHDX5pFDSLWXODWLIGHVHVVDLVUpDOLVpV 7DEOHDX6LPXODWLRQGHO¶DVVHPEODJHGHSODTXHVSDUXQERXORQ 7DEOHDX6LPXODWLRQGXPRQWDJHG¶HVVDLVjPDVVHLQHUWLHOOH .     . . .

(43)

(44) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH /HVDVVHPEODJHVERXORQQpVVRQWODUJHPHQWXWLOLVpVGDQVGHQRPEUHX[VHFWHXUVLQGXVWULHOV WHOV TXH OHV WUDQVSRUWV OD FRQVWUXFWLRQ PpWDOOLTXH O¶KRUORJHULH /HXU U{OH FRQVLVWH j FUpHU j SDUWLUG¶pOpPHQWVLVROpVXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRKpUHQWHHWUREXVWH/HVDYDQWDJHVPDMHXUVGHFH W\SHG¶DVVHPEODJHVRQWOHFR€WUHODWLYHPHQWIDLEOHHWODIDFLOLWpGHPRQWDJHHWGHGpPRQWDJH /HPRQWDJHG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQppOpPHQWDLUHFRQVLVWHjDPHQHUOHVSLqFHVjDVVHPEOHU DLQVLTXHODYLVHWVRQpFURXMXVTX¶DXFRQWDFWSDUXQHURWDWLRQUHODWLYHGHVpOpPHQWVILOHWpVSXLV j LPSRVHU XQH URWDWLRQ VXSSOpPHQWDLUH GH PDQLqUH j LQVWDOOHU XQH SUpFRQWUDLQWH GHVWLQpH j PDLQWHQLU O¶LQWpJULWp GH O¶DVVHPEODJH /D PDMRULWp GHV VWUXFWXUHV VRQW VRXPLVHV j GHV HIIRUWV G\QDPLTXHVTXLHQJHQGUHQWGHVYLEUDWLRQVHWGHVFKRFV/HVpWXGHVPHQpHVSDUOHVFKHUFKHXUV PRQWUHQWTXHOHVYLEUDWLRQVVRQWOHVSULQFLSDOHVFDXVHVGXSKpQRPqQHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQp 8QHYDULpWpGHWUDYDX[SRUWHVXUO¶pWXGHGHFHSKpQRPqQHjWUDYHUVGHVH[SpULPHQWDWLRQVGHV VLPXODWLRQVSDUODPpWKRGHGHVpOpPHQWVILQLVHWSDUGHVPpWKRGHVDQDO\WLTXHV(QV¶DSSX\DQW VXUFHVpWXGHVXQWUDYDLOH[SpULPHQWDOHWQXPpULTXHVXUFHSKpQRPqQHDpWpPHQpDXVHLQGH O¶,QVWLWXW&OpPHQW$GHU ,16$GH7RXORXVH

(45) HWGX/DERUDWRLUHGH0pFDQLTXH0RGpOLVDWLRQHW 3URGXFWLTXH (1,GH6ID[

(46) &HVWUDYDX[FRPSOpPHQWDLUHVVHURQWSUpVHQWpVGDQVFHWWHWKqVH &HPpPRLUHHVWDLQVLFRQVWLWXpGHTXDWUHFKDSLWUHV /HSUHPLHUVHUDFRQVDFUpGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVjODSUpVHQWDWLRQGHO¶DVSHFWWHFKQLTXHGX VHUUDJH HW GX GHVVHUUDJH GHV DVVHPEODJHV ERXORQQpV 'DQV XQ VHFRQG WHPSV OHV WUDYDX[ GH UHFKHUFKHUHODWLIVDXSKpQRPqQHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVHURQWH[DPLQpV/HXUSUpVHQWDWLRQVHUD EDVpHVXUODGLUHFWLRQGXFKDUJHPHQWTXLSHXWrWUHD[LDOHWUDQVYHUVDOHRXHQURWDWLRQSDUUDSSRUW jO¶D[HGXILOHWDJH/HVH[SpULHQFHVDLQVLTXHOHVpWXGHVQXPpULTXHVTXLSRUWHQWVXUO¶pWXGHGX SKpQRPqQHGHGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVRXVFKDUJHD[LDOHVHURQWGpWDLOOpHVHWOHVFRQFOXVLRQVWLUpHV j SDUWLU GH FHV WUDYDX[ VHURQW H[SRVpHV (QVXLWH OHV WUDYDX[ TXL WUDLWHQW OH GpYLVVDJH GHV DVVHPEODJHVVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVDOHVVHURQWSUpVHQWpV/HVHVVDLVPHQpVGDQV FHV WUDYDX[ VRQW VRLW GHV HVVDLV GH FKRFV VRLW GHV HVVDLV UpVXOWDQW G¶XQH H[FLWDWLRQ OH SOXV VRXYHQWSVHXGRVWDWLTXHHWSHUSHQGLFXODLUHjO¶D[HGHODYLV'DQVODPDMRULWpGHFHVH[SpULHQFHV OHV FKHUFKHXUV PLQLPLVHQW OH IURWWHPHQW HQWUH OHV pOpPHQWV DVVHPEOpV j O¶DLGH G¶pOpPHQWV URXODQWVLQWHUFDOpVjO¶LQWHUIDFHGHVpOpPHQWVDVVHPEOpVFHTXLQ¶HVWSDVOHFDVSRXUODTXDVL WRWDOLWpGHVDVVHPEODJHVERXORQQpVUpHOVTXLSUpVHQWHQWXQIURWWHPHQWVHF&HODQRXVDFRQGXLW jGpYHORSSHUXQPR\HQH[SpULPHQWDOQRXYHDX. ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. .

(47) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 'DQV OH GHX[LqPH FKDSLWUH QRXV SUpVHQWHURQV XQ GLVSRVLWLI H[SpULPHQWDO RULJLQDO j IURWWHPHQWVHFSHUPHWWDQWG¶REWHQLUOHGpYLVVDJHGHVDVVHPEODJHVVRXPLVjFKDUJHVWUDQVYHUVHV G\QDPLTXHVUpVXOWDQWGHVYLEUDWLRQVJpQpUpHVSDUXQSRWYLEUDQW9XTXHOHPRQWDJHQ¶HVWSDV FODVVLTXH HW QH SUpVHQWH SDV OH PrPH SULQFLSH TXH OHV HVVDLV PHQpV GDQV OD OLWWpUDWXUH XQ GLPHQVLRQQHPHQW SUpDODEOH GRLW rWUH UpDOLVp SRXU GpILQLU OHV GLIIpUHQWV pOpPHQWV 1RXV HVWLPHURQV O¶DFFpOpUDWLRQ QpFHVVDLUH SRXU REWHQLU OH GpYLVVDJH VSRQWDQp /H PRQWDJH VHUD VXSSRUWp SDU XQH pTXHUUH IL[pH VXU XQ SRW YLEUDQW DVVHPEOpH j XQH PDVVH LQHUWLHOOH SDU O¶LQWHUPpGLDLUH G¶XQH YLV HW G¶XQ pFURX VWDQGDUG /H GpYLVVDJH VH SURGXLUD ORUVTXH OD PDVVH JOLVVHUDVXUO¶pTXHUUHVRXVO¶HIIHWGHVRQLQHUWLH/DWHQVLRQGHODYLVVHUDPHVXUpHPR\HQQDQW XQHURQGHOOHGHFKDUJHODURWDWLRQGHO¶pFURXGHODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOHHWGHODYLVVHURQWGpWHFWpHV DX PR\HQ G¶XQH FDPpUD UDSLGH 1RXV pWXGLHURQV O¶DFFpOpUDWLRQ QpFHVVDLUH SRXU REWHQLU OH GpYLVVDJH VSRQWDQp SRXU XQ PRQWDJH j XQH HW j GHX[ IL[DWLRQV SRXU GLIIpUHQWV QLYHDX[ GH SUpFRQWUDLQWHHWSRXUGLIIpUHQWVPRGqOHVGHYLV 8QPRGqOHGpWDLOOpXWLOLVDQWODPpWKRGHGHVpOpPHQWVILQLVVHUDGpYHORSSpGDQVOHWURLVLqPH FKDSLWUH SRXU pWXGLHU OH GpYLVVDJH VRXV FKDUJHV G\QDPLTXHV WUDQVYHUVHV (Q UDLVRQ GH OD FRPSOH[LWpGHVIRUPHVGXILOHWDJHHWGHVRQFRPSRUWHPHQWQRXVWUDLWHURQVG¶DERUGXQH[HPSOH VLPSOHHWDFDGpPLTXHFRQVWLWXpSDUGHX[SODTXHVDVVHPEOpHVSDUXQHYLV8QHSODTXHHVWIL[pH jVRQH[WUpPLWpWDQGLVTXHO¶DXWUHHVWVRXPLVHjXQGpSODFHPHQWVLQXVRwGDOLPSRVp7RXWHVOHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVJpRPpWULTXHVGHODYLV\FRPSULVOHILOHWDJHVRQWLQWURGXLWHVHWOHGpYLVVDJH VSRQWDQp HVW REWHQX /D PrPH GpPDUFKH VHUD DSSOLTXpH SRXU VLPXOHU OH FRPSRUWHPHQW GX PRQWDJHH[SpULPHQWDO1RXVYDOLGHURQVFHPRGqOHSDUUpIpUHQFHDX[UpVXOWDWVH[SpULPHQWDX[ 1RXVPRQWUHURQVTXHFHPRGqOHQXPpULTXHGpWDLOOpSHUPHWGHVLPXOHUOHGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQp PDLVTX¶LOQpFHVVLWHGHVWHPSVGHFDOFXOSURKLELWLIV 'DQVOHGHUQLHUFKDSLWUHQRXVFKHUFKHURQV j UHPpGLHU j FH SUREOqPH HQ GpYHORSSDQW GHV PRGqOHVVLPSOLILpVSOXVHIILFDFHV1RXVFRPSDUHURQVOHVFRPSRUWHPHQWVGHSOXVLHXUVPRGqOHV VLPSOLILpV SDU pOpPHQWV ILQLV HW QRXV UHWLHQGURQV XQ PRGqOH LQWpJUDQW GHV ©FRQQHFWHXUV FLQpPDWLTXHVª'HPrPHQRXVGpYHORSSHURQVXQPRGqOHGHVLPXODWLRQXQLGLPHQVLRQQHOEDVp VXUO¶LQWpJUDWLRQGHVpTXDWLRQVJOREDOHVGXPRXYHPHQW&HVGHX[PRGqOHVVHURQWDSSOLTXpVGDQV XQ SUHPLHU WHPSV j O¶DVVHPEODJH GH GHX[ SODTXHV HW GDQV XQ VHFRQG WHPSV DX PRQWDJH H[SpULPHQWDO/HVUpVXOWDWVGXPRGqOHVLPSOLILpSDUpOpPHQWVILQLVVHURQWFRQIURQWpVDYHFFHX[ GXPRGqOHGpWDLOOpWDQGLVTXHOHVUpVXOWDWVGXPRGqOHXQLGLPHQVLRQQHOVHURQWFRPSDUpVDYHF FHX[GXPRGqOHVLPSOLILpSDUpOpPHQWVILQLV. ,QWURGXFWLRQJpQpUDOH. .

(48) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. &KDSLWUH (WXGH%LEOLRJUDSKLTXH  ,QWURGXFWLRQ /DSOXSDUWGHVVWUXFWXUHVTXLLQWqJUHQWGHVDVVHPEODJHVERXORQQpVVRXPLVjGHVFKDUJHPHQWV F\FOLTXHV SUpVHQWHQW XQ ULVTXH GH GpYLVVDJH VSRQWDQp FRQVWUXFWLRQV PpWDOOLTXHV PDFKLQHV VWDWLTXHVRX DQLPpHVYpKLFXOHVWHUUHVWUHV QDYDOV RX DpULHQVHWF/HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpGHV ERXORQVjKDXWHUpVLVWDQFHDpWppWXGLpGqVOHVDQQpHVPDLVjFHMRXUEHDXFRXSGHTXHVWLRQV QHVRQWSDVHQFRUHUpVROXHV(QHIIHWGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVGHGLYHUVHVQDWXUHVVRQWjO¶RULJLQHGH O¶DSSDULWLRQGHFHSKpQRPqQHRQSHXWUHQFRQWUHUXQHYDULDWLRQGHFKDUJHD[LDOHRXGHFKDUJH WUDQVYHUVDOH RX GH FRXSOH RX HQFRUH GHV VROOLFLWDWLRQV FRPELQpHV &H SKpQRPqQH SHXW rWUH PRGpOLVp VHORQ XQH GpPDUFKH DQDO\WLTXH RX QXPpULTXH PDLV OH UHFRXUV j O¶H[SpULPHQWDWLRQ UHVWHODGpPDUFKHODSOXVV€UHSRXUSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHODFRPSOH[LWpGHVHQYLURQQHPHQWVHWGHV FRPSRUWHPHQWVHWSRXUYDOLGHUOHVUpVXOWDWVDQDO\WLTXHVRXQXPpULTXHV /¶REMHFWLI GH FH FKDSLWUH HVW GH GpFULUH O pWDW GH O DUW GX SKpQRPqQH GH GpYLVVDJH 1RXV SUpVHQWHURQVG¶DERUGOHVPpFDQLVPHVGHEDVHGXVHUUDJHHWGXGpYLVVDJHG¶XQDVVHPEODJHYLVVp 1RXVH[SRVHURQVHQVXLWHOHVUpVXOWDWVGHFHUWDLQVWUDYDX[UHPDUTXDEOHVHWQRXVHQWLUHURQVGHV FRQFOXVLRQVSRXUODVXLWHGHQRWUHpWXGH.  /HVSULQFLSHVGXVHUUDJHHWGXGpYLVVDJHGHVDVVHPEODJHVYLVVpV. /DSUpFKDUJH /DILJXUHLOOXVWUHOHVFDVG¶XQDVVHPEODJHSDUERXORQ FRQVWLWXpG¶XQHYLVHWG¶XQpFURX

(49)  SDUYLVVLPSOH LPSODQWpHGDQVXQHSLqFHWDUDXGpH

(50) RXSDUJRXMRQ PXQLG¶XQpFURX

(51) 8QFRXSOH GHVHUUDJH&H[HUFpDXWRXUGHO¶D[HGHODYLVUpVXOWHHQXQHWHQVLRQ)GHODYLVpJDOHPHQW DSSHOpH SUpFKDUJH DLQVL TX¶HQ XQH FRPSUHVVLRQ GHV SLqFHV DVVHPEOpHV RSSRVpH j ) ,O V¶LQVWDOOHGRQFGDQVODWLJHGHYLVXQHSUpFRQWUDLQWHGHWHQVLRQHWGDQVOHVSLqFHVDVVHPEOpHV DXYRLVLQDJHGHODYLVXQHSUpFRQWUDLQWHGHFRPSUHVVLRQ>@. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. . .

(52) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.        )LJXUH&RXSOHGHVHUUDJHHWWHQVLRQGHODYLVG¶DSUqV3DUHGHV>@. / LQWpJULWpG¶XQHIL[DWLRQYLVVpHVRXPLVHDXFLVDLOOHPHQWjODWUDFWLRQRXjXQFRXSOHHVW PDLQWHQXHJUkFHjODSUpFKDUJHTX¶LOHVWVRXYHQWQpFHVVDLUHGHFRQWU{OHUDYHFSUpFLVLRQjXQH YDOHXUVSpFLILpH>@'DQVGHQRPEUHX[FDVOHSURFHVVXVGHODUXLQHG¶XQDVVHPEODJHYLVVpHVW FRQVWLWXpSDUO¶LQVWDOODWLRQLQFRUUHFWHGHODSUpFKDUJHLQLWLDOHRXXQUHOkFKHPHQWGHODWHQVLRQ GHODYLVVXLYLVGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpGHO¶DVVHPEODJH>@2QSHXWFLWHUSDUPLOHVFDXVHV FRXUDQWHV GH UHOkFKHPHQW GH OD WHQVLRQ O¶XVXUH SDU IURWWHPHQW VRXV FKDUJH RX IUHWWLQJ

(53)  OD GpIRUPDWLRQSODVWLTXHJpQpUpHSDUOHVHUUDJHGHO¶DVVHPEODJH>@OHPDWDJH RXGpIRUPDWLRQ SODVWLTXH GHV DVSpULWpV

(54)  GHV VXUIDFHV HQ FRQWDFW >@ OH IOXDJH RX GpIRUPDWLRQ OHQWH VRXV FRQWUDLQWH

(55) ODGLODWDWLRQWKHUPLTXHGLIIpUHQWLHOOHGHODYLVSDUUDSSRUWDX[SLqFHVDVVHPEOpHV /HVGLPHQVLRQVHWODSUpFKDUJHQRPLQDOHGHODIL[DWLRQGRLYHQWrWUHFKRLVLHVHQWHQDQWFRPSWH GXFRHIILFLHQWG XWLOLVDWLRQJGpILQLFRPPHOHTXRWLHQWGHODFRQWUDLQWHLQVWDOOpHGDQVODYLVORUV GXVHUUDJHLQLWLDOSDUODOLPLWHpODVWLTXHGXPDWpULDX. Ȗ. ı  ı\. DYHF V . 

(56)  FRQWUDLQWHGHWHQVLRQPR\HQQHJpQpUpHGDQVODWLJHGHYLVSDUODSUpFKDUJH. QRPLQDOH V\. OLPLWHpODVWLTXHGXPDWpULDXGHODYLV. /DYDOHXUGHJSHXWrWUHFKRLVLHDILQG RSWLPLVHUODSHUIRUPDQFHGHO¶DVVHPEODJHPDLVHOOH GHYUDLWQRUPDOHPHQWVHVLWXHUGDQVODSODJHGHj/DYDOHXUUHFRPPDQGpHSRXUGpPDUUHU OHSURFHVVXVGHFRQFHSWLRQHVWGH>@. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(57) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /DWHQVLRQQRPLQDOH)GHODYLVSHXWDORUVrWUHGpWHUPLQpHSDUO¶pTXDWLRQVXLYDQWH. ). J V \ $V . DYHF $V. 

(58) . DLUHGHODVHFWLRQWUDQVYHUVDOHUpVLVWDQWHGHODYLV. 'DQVODSUDWLTXHODSUpFKDUJHHIIHFWLYHPHQWDWWHLQWHHQVHUYLFHYDULHDXWRXUGHFHWWHYDOHXU QRPLQDOH HQ UDLVRQ GH O¶HUUHXU FRPPLVH GDQV OH VHUUDJH LQLWLDO GHV FKDUJHV PpFDQLTXHV RX WKHUPLTXHVVXELHVHQVHUYLFHHWGHO¶pYROXWLRQGHO¶DVVHPEODJHSDUXVXUHPDWDJHIOXDJHHWF /HSUHPLHUSUREOqPHFHSHQGDQWHVWG DWWHLQGUHDYHFSUpFLVLRQORUVGXPRQWDJHLQLWLDOGH O¶DVVHPEODJH ODSUpFRQWUDLQWHQRPLQDOH TXL D pWp IL[pH 3OXVLHXUV SURFpGpV VRQWFRXUDPPHQW XWLOLVpVGDQVFHEXW /DPpWKRGHODSOXVODUJHPHQWXWLOLVpHHVWOHVHUUDJHDXFRXSOH>@UpDOLVpjO¶DLGHG¶XQHFOp G\QDPRPpWULTXHRXG¶XQHYLVVHXVHPpFDQLTXH&HWWHPpWKRGHFRQVLVWHjFRQWU{OHUOHFRXSOH& DSSOLTXpVXUODWrWHGHYLVRXVXUO¶pFURXHOOHXWLOLVHODUHODWLRQHQWUHFHFRXSOH&HWODSUpFKDUJH )LQGXLWHGDQVODIL[DWLRQ&HWWHUHODWLRQVHUDH[SOLFLWpHGDQVODVHFWLRQVXLYDQWH(OOHGpSHQG GHODJpRPpWULHGHO¶DVVHPEODJHHWGHVFRHIILFLHQWVGHIURWWHPHQWHIIHFWLIVVRXVODWrWHGHYLV RXVRXVO¶pFURXDLQVLTXHGDQVOHVILOHWV/¶LQFHUWLWXGHVXUFHVFRHIILFLHQWVGHIURWWHPHQWJpQqUH XQHLQFHUWLWXGHLPSRUWDQWHVXUODSUpFKDUJHREWHQXHFHTXLFRQGXLWVRXYHQWjSUHQGUHXQHPDUJH GHVpFXULWpHWILQDOHPHQWjVXUGLPHQVLRQQHUO¶DVVHPEODJH>@ 8QHDXWUHPpWKRGHGLVSRQLEOHHVWOHVHUUDJHjO¶DQJOH>@UpDOLVpSDUXQHYLVVHXVHPpFDQLTXH GRWpHG¶XQHFRPPDQGHDSSURSULpH&HWWHPpWKRGHFRQVLVWHjFRQWU{OHUO¶DQJOHGHURWDWLRQHQWUH OHV pOpPHQWV PkOH HW IHPHOOH GX ILOHWDJH PHVXUp GHSXLV OD PLVH HQ FRQWDFW GHV pOpPHQWV GH O¶DVVHPEODJH(OOHHVWEDVpHVXUODUHODWLRQHQWUHFHWWHURWDWLRQO¶DOORQJHPHQWGHO pOpPHQWGH IL[DWLRQ HW O¶pFUDVHPHQW GHV SLqFHV DVVHPEOpHV &HWWH UHODWLRQ GpSHQG GH OD JpRPpWULH GH O¶DVVHPEODJHHWGHVUDLGHXUVGHVpOpPHQWVGHIL[DWLRQHWGHVSLqFHVDVVHPEOpHV (QILQ OH VHUUDJH SDU WHQGHXU K\GUDXOLTXH >@ HVW HPSOR\p SRXU GHV ILOHWDJHV GH JUDQGHV GLPHQVLRQVRXIRUWHPHQWFKDUJpV,OFRQVLVWHjPHWWUHHQWHQVLRQODYLVDXPR\HQG¶XQYpULQ K\GUDXOLTXHTXLSUHQGDSSXLDXGHOjGHO¶pFURXSXLVjDPHQHUO¶pFURXDXFRQWDFWGHVSLqFHV DVVHPEOpHVDYHFXQIDLEOHFRXSOHHWHQILQjUHOkFKHUODWHQVLRQGXYpULQ&HWWHPpWKRGHSHUPHW G¶LQVWDOOHU XQH SUpFKDUJH LPSRUWDQWH GDQV XQ HQFRPEUHPHQW UpGXLW VDQV LQIOXHQFH GHV IURWWHPHQWV 1RXVGpWDLOORQVGDQVODVHFWLRQVXLYDQWHOHFDOFXOGXFRXSOHGHVHUUDJH&HQIRQFWLRQGHOD SUpFKDUJH)GDQVXQSURFHVVXVGHVHUUDJHDXFRXSOH (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(59) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. ([SUHVVLRQGXFRXSOHGHYLVVDJH /H PRGqOH XWLOLVp SRXU GpFULUH OH V\VWqPH GHV IRUFHV HQ DFWLRQ ORUV GX VHUUDJH G¶XQ DVVHPEODJH ILOHWp FRQVLGqUH OD IRUPH GpYHORSSpH GH O KpOLFH TXL FRQVWLWXH OH ILOHW GH O pFURX FRPPHXQ©FRLQªHQWUDLQpHQWUHOH©FRLQªGXILOHWGHODYLVHWODVXUIDFHG¶DSSXLGHODSLqFH VHUUpH >@ /D IRUFH UpVXOWDQWH WUDQVPLVH SDU OH ILOHW GH O¶pFURX HVW VXSSRVpH DJLU DX UD\RQ ݀ SULPLWLIGXILOHWDJH ଶൗ2/HVIRUFHVSUpVHQWHVORUVGXVHUUDJHVRQWPRQWUpHVSDUODILJXUH TXLUHSUpVHQWHjJDXFKHXQHYXHGpYHORSSpHVHORQO¶KpOLFHGXILOHWDJHHWjGURLWHXQHFRXSH D[LDOHSDUWLHOOHGXILOHWDJH. d2/2. )LJXUH)RUFHVDSSOLTXpHVVXUOHVILOHWV. /DIRUFHRUWKRUDGLDOHQpFHVVDLUHSRXUHQWUDvQHUOHJOLVVHPHQWGHO¶pFURXVXUODYLVHVW. ) WDQ U  M

(60). )+. DYHF M U WDQ U. DYHF PI T .  

(61) . DQJOHPR\HQGHG¶KpOLFH DQJOHGHJOLVVHPHQWjO¶LQWHUIDFHGXILOHWGRQQpSDUO¶pTXDWLRQ. PI FRV T. . 

(62) . FRHIILFLHQWGHIURWWHPHQWjO¶LQWHUIDFHGXILOHW GHPLDQJOHGXSURILOGXILOHW. . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH.  .

(63) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /H FRXSOH G€ DX[ IRUFHV GH FRQWDFW GHV ILOHWV GH OD YLV VXU O¶pFURX HVW GRQF GRQQp SDU O¶pTXDWLRQ &I. G ) WDQ U  M

(64)   . 

(65) . /HVIRUFHVGHFRQWDFWGHODSLqFHVHUUpHVXUO¶pFURX RXODWrWHGHYLV

(66) VRQWVXSSRVpHVDJLUDX UD\RQPR\HQGXFRQWDFW3DUFRQVpTXHQWOHFRXSOHTXLHQUpVXOWHHVWGRQQpSDUO¶pTXDWLRQ &W. ) PW. DYHF PW. GW   VLQ O

(67) . 

(68) . FRHIILFLHQWGHIURWWHPHQWHQWUHO pFURX RXODWrWHGHYLV

(69) HWODSLqFHVHUUpH. GW. GLDPqWUHPR\HQGXFRQWDFWHQWUHO pFURX RXODWrWHGHYLV

(70) HWODSLqFHVHUUpH. O . DQJOHGXIUDLVXUDJHGDQVOHFDVG¶XQHYLVjWrWHFRQLTXH pJDOjƒGDQVOHFDV. . G¶XQHWrWHSODWH

(71) . $LQVLOHFRXSOHG LQVWDOODWLRQWRWDODSSOLTXpjODWrWHGHYLVRXjO¶pFURXORUVGXVHUUDJHHW SHUPHWWDQWGHSURGXLUHODSUpFKDUJH)HVWGpILQLFRPPHVXLW &. & I  &W  & H. § · GW G ¸  &H  ) ¨¨ WDQ U  M

(72)    PW   VLQ O  

(73) ¸¹ ©. 

(74) . R&HHVWOHFRXSOHGHIUHLQDJHSURGXLWSDUXQpYHQWXHOGLVSRVLWLIGHVWLQpjpYLWHUXQGpYLVVDJH LQWHPSHVWLI WHO TX¶XQ pFURX DXWREORTXDQW /H FRXSOH &H HVW VXVFHSWLEOH GH YDULHU VHORQ OH GLDPqWUHGXILOHWDJH &RPSWHWHQXTXHOHVDQJOHVMHWUUHVWHQWSHWLWVQRXVSRXYRQVpFULUH WDQ U  M

(75) | WDQ U

(76)  WDQ M

(77) .  

(78) . HWHQV¶DSSX\DQWVXUOHVpTXDWLRQV 

(79)  

(80) HW 

(81) OHFRXSOHG¶LQVWDOODWLRQWRWDOSHXWrWUH pFULWFRPPHVXLW &. §G ) ¨  ¨  ©. . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. · § PI GW ¸ ¨ ¨ FRVT  WDQ M ¸  PW  VLQ O ¹ © .

(82). · ¸&  H ¸ ¹. . . 

(83) .

(84) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. (QXWLOLVDQWODUHODWLRQJpRPpWULTXH. S S G. WDQ M. 

(85) . RQREWLHQWO¶H[SUHVVLRQVXLYDQWH>@ &. § S GW G PI ) ¨    PW ¨ S  FRVT  VLQ O  ©.

(86). · ¸& H ¸ ¹. 

(87) . 8QHH[SUHVVLRQVLPSOLILpHGXFRXSOH&SHXWrWUHXWLOLVpHSRXUOHFDVGHVILOHWDJHVjSURILO ,62 RTYDXWƒ

(88) HWGHVYLVjWrWHQRQFRQLTXH ROYDXWƒ

(89) HQO¶DEVHQFHGHGLVSRVLWLIGH IUHLQDJH>@ &. )  S   P I G  . PW G W 

(90).  

(91) . . ([SUHVVLRQGXFRXSOHGHGpYLVVDJH 3RXUGHVVHUUHUO¶DVVHPEODJHILOHWpLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHG¶DSSOLTXHUVXUODWrWHGHYLVXQFRXSOH GHGpYLVVDJH&GTXLSHXWrWUHH[SULPpFRPPHVXLW>@ ‫ܥ‬ௗ = െ‫ܥ‬௣௙ + ‫ܥ‬௙௙ + ‫ܥ‬௙௧  DYHF &SI. 

(92) . FRXSOHUpVXOWDQWGXSDVGXILOHWDJH. &II. FRXSOHUpVXOWDQWGXIURWWHPHQWGDQVOHVILOHWV. &IW. FRXSOHUpVXOWDQWGXIURWWHPHQWVRXVODWrWHGHODYLVRXVRXVO¶pFURX. &HVWURLVFRXSOHVRQWpWpH[SOLFLWpVGDQVODVHFWLRQSUpFpGHQWHDYHFGHVQRWDWLRQVGLIIpUHQWHV /HFRXSOH&SIUpVXOWDQWGXSDVGXILOHWDJHDJLWGDQVOHVHQVGXGpYLVVDJH7DQWTXHFHFRXSOH HVW LQIpULHXU j FHOXL UpVXOWDQW GX IURWWHPHQW VRXV OD WrWH HW GDQV OH ILOHWDJH OH PDLQWLHQ GH O¶DVVHPEODJH HVW DVVXUp HQ O¶DEVHQFH GH FRXSOH GH GpYLVVDJH 3RXU TXH VH SURGXLVH OH SKpQRPqQHGHGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpODFRQGLWLRQVXLYDQWHGRLWrWUHUpDOLVpH ‫ܥ‬௣௙ > ‫ܥ‬௙௙ + ‫ܥ‬௙௧ . 

(93) . 'DQVOHVFRQGLWLRQVRUGLQDLUHVGHIURWWHPHQWOHFRXSOH&SIUpVXOWDQWGXSDVGXILOHWDJHHVW WRXMRXUVSOXVSHWLWTXHOHFRXSOH&IIUpVXOWDQWGXIURWWHPHQWFHTXLSHUPHWOHPDLQWLHQGHOD IL[DWLRQ&HWWHSURSULpWpHVWDSSHOpHDXWREORFDJHRXLUUpYHUVLELOLWpGHODIL[DWLRQ . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. . .

(94) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 0DLVFHWWHFRQGLWLRQQ¶HVWSOXVDVVXUpHVLODSUpFKDUJHV¶DQQXOHRXVLXQJOLVVHPHQWUDGLDO RXXQFRXSOHGHGpYLVVDJHVRQWLPSRVpVjODIL[DWLRQGDQVFHVFDVXQGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpSHXW VH SURGXLUH 1RXV pWXGLHURQV GDQV OD VXLWH GH FH FKDSLWUH OHV WUDYDX[ TXL RQW pWp SXEOLpV FRQFHUQDQWFHSKpQRPqQH.  (WXGHGXSKpQRPqQHGHGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQp /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpSHXWVHSURGXLUHTXDQGXQDVVHPEODJHILOHWpHVWVRXPLVjGHVDFWLRQV TXLDQQXOHQWODSUpFKDUJHGHO¶DVVHPEODJHRXTXLIRUFHQWXQJOLVVHPHQWUHODWLIGHVLQWHUIDFHV HQFRQWDFW&HVDFWLRQVSHXYHQWrWUHFODVVpHVVHORQODGLUHFWLRQGHOHXUDFWLRQQRXVGLVWLQJXRQV O¶HIIHW GH VROOLFLWDWLRQV D[LDOHV F¶HVWjGLUH SDUDOOqOHV j O¶D[H GX ILOHWDJH GH VROOLFLWDWLRQV WUDQVYHUVDOHVSDUUDSSRUWjFHWD[HHWHQILQGHFRXSOHVV¶H[HUoDQWDXWRXUGHFHWD[H /¶pWDW GH VXUIDFH GHV IL[DWLRQV GpWHUPLQH OH FRHIILFLHQW GH IURWWHPHQW HW LQIOXH VXU OH GpYLVVDJH VSRQWDQp &¶HVW SRXUTXRL 7ROOHW D UpDOLVp DX &(7,0 XQH pWXGH GX IURWWHPHQW GHV pOpPHQWV GH IL[DWLRQ HQ IRQFWLRQ GX WUDLWHPHQW GH VXUIDFH >@ SRXU GLYHUVHV FRQGLWLRQV GH VHUUDJH HW G¶H[SORLWDWLRQ YLWHVVH GH VHUUDJH QDWXUH GH O¶DSSXL WHPSpUDWXUH

(95)  /HV UpVXOWDWV PRQWUHQW TXH FHUWDLQV WUDLWHPHQWV GH VXUIDFH SURYRTXHQW XQ PLFURJULSSDJH VHQVLEOH j OD WHPSpUDWXUHTXLLQIOXHVXUOHULVTXHGHGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQp '¶DXWUHV WUDYDX[ RQW SRUWp VXU XQH pWXGH JOREDOH GH OD GpSHUGLWLRQ G¶pQHUJLH GDQV O¶DVVHPEODJH(QSDUWLFXOLHU3H\UHW >@ D HVWLPp O¶DPRUWLVVHPHQW LQGXLW SDUOHV IURWWHPHQWV GDQVXQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVYLEUDWLRQV 6DUDQLNDpWXGLp>@O¶HQGRPPDJHPHQWG¶XQHVWUXFWXUHERXORQQpHH[FLWpHjVDIUpTXHQFH SURSUH SDU XQ SRW YLEUDQW /D VWUXFWXUH UHSUpVHQWDWLYH G¶XQH SDUWLH G¶RVVDWXUH PpWDOOLTXH GH EkWLPHQWHVWFRQVWLWXpHSDUSOXVLHXUVERXORQVTXLIL[HQWGHX[SRXWUHVRUWKRJRQDOHPHQWVXUXQ PRQWDQW/HVSRXWUHVVRQWOHVWpHVGHPDQLqUHjDXJPHQWHUOHPRPHQWGHIOH[LRQLQGXLWSDUOH PRXYHPHQW/HFLVDLOOHPHQWGHVERXORQVFUpHXQPLFURJOLVVHPHQWTXLFRQGXLWjODILVVXUDWLRQ GHVERXORQVjXQHGpJUDGDWLRQGHOHXUUDLGHXUHWILQDOHPHQWDXGHVVHUUDJHGHO¶DVVHPEODJH/D VWUXFWXUHDWWHLQWVDUXLQHSDUIDWLJXHGHO¶DVVHPEODJH . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. . .

(96) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpDSXrWUHDERUGp DXWUDYHUV G¶pWXGHV DQDO\WLTXHV SDUWDQW GH O¶pWDW G¶pTXLOLEUHUpDOLVpDXVHUUDJHGHO¶DVVHPEODJHGpFULWSUpFpGHPPHQWOHVDXWHXUVRQWHQYLVDJp O¶HIIHW GH GpSODFHPHQWV RX G¶HIIRUWV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHV SRXYDQW LQGXLUH OH GpYLVVDJH &HWWH GpPDUFKHVHKHXUWHjGHVGLIILFXOWpVSRXUSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHGHIDoRQSUpFLVHOHVGpWDLOVGHOD JpRPpWULHGHVGpIRUPDWLRQVHWGHVPRXYHPHQWVGHO¶DVVHPEODJH '¶DXWUHV DXWHXUV RQW VLPXOp FH SKpQRPqQH GDQV GHV pWXGHV QXPpULTXHV JpQpUDOHPHQW UpDOLVpHVDXPR\HQGHORJLFLHOVGHVLPXODWLRQPHWWDQWHQ°XYUHODPpWKRGHGHVpOpPHQWVILQLV /¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ UpFHQWH GHV SHUIRUPDQFHV GHV ORJLFLHOV HW GHV FDSDFLWpV GH FDOFXO SHUPHW PDLQWHQDQWGHVLPXOHUDYHFXQHERQQHSUpFLVLRQOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVDVVHPEODJHVGXPRLQV GDQVOHVFDVVLPSOHVXQHVHXOHYLVVROOLFLWDWLRQTXDVLVWDWLTXHHWF (QILQGHVH[SpULPHQWDWLRQVRQWpWpUpDOLVpHVVRLWSRXUPLHX[FRPSUHQGUHOHVSKpQRPqQHV HQFDXVHVRLWSRXUYDOLGHUOHVUpVXOWDWVG¶pWXGHVDQDO\WLTXHVRXQXPpULTXHVVRLWHQFRUHSRXU WHVWHUO¶HIILFDFLWpGHGLYHUVHVGLVSRVLWLRQVGHVWLQpHVjV¶RSSRVHUDXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQp 'DQV OD VXLWH GH FH FKDSLWUH OHV pWXGHV TXL V¶DUWLFXOHQW DXWRXU GH FH SKpQRPqQH VRXV GLIIpUHQWHV VROOLFLWDWLRQV VHURQW H[SRVpHV /H FODVVHPHQW GH FHV pWXGHV HVW IRQFWLRQ GH OD GLUHFWLRQGHVFKDUJHV'¶DERUGVHURQWSUpVHQWpHVOHVpWXGHVTXLSRUWHQWVXUOHGpYLVVDJHVRXV FKDUJHVD[LDOHV(QVXLWHVHURQWGpWDLOOpHVFHOOHVTXLPRQWUHQWOHSKpQRPqQHGXGpYLVVDJHVRXV FKDUJHV WUDQVYHUVDOHV (W ILQDOHPHQW QRXV WUDLWHURQV GH FHOOHV FRQFHUQDQW OH GpYLVVDJH TXL UpVXOWHG¶XQFRXSOHV¶H[HUoDQWDXWRXUGHO¶D[HGXILOHWDJH. /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVRXVO¶DFWLRQGHVFKDUJHVD[LDOHV 3OXVLHXUVpWXGHVGRQWFHUWDLQHVDQFLHQQHVSRUWHQWVXUOHGpYLVVDJHHQJHQGUpSDUXQHFKDUJH YDULDEOHDJLVVDQWVHORQO¶D[HGHODYLVRXFKDUJHD[LDOH'DQVFHUWDLQVFDVRQSHXWREVHUYHUXQ YLVVDJHRXXQGpYLVVDJHFRUUHVSRQGDQWjXQVHUUDJHRXXQGHVVHUUDJHGHO¶DVVHPEODJH (Q*RRGLHUHW6ZHHQH\>@RQWPHQpXQHpWXGHjODIRLVDQDO\WLTXHHWH[SpULPHQWDOH ,OVRQWXWLOLVpXQHPDFKLQHGHWUDFWLRQSRXUFKDUJHUHWGpFKDUJHUGHIDoRQUpSpWLWLYHXQV\VWqPH YLVpFURX /D URWDWLRQ GH O¶pFURX SDU UDSSRUW j OD YLV pWDLW PHVXUpH j O¶DLGH GH PLFURVFRSHV FRPPHOHPRQWUHODILJXUH. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(97) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.  )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOGH*RRGLHUHW6ZHHQH\G¶DSUqV>@. *RRGLHUHW6ZHHQH\Q¶RQWSDVREWHQXOHGpYLVVDJHFRPSOHWGHO¶DVVHPEODJHILOHWpPDLVLOV RQW RIIHUW XQH H[SOLFDWLRQ GX UHOkFKHPHQW SDUWLHO GHV IL[DWLRQV '¶DSUqV HX[ OD YDULDWLRQ GH WHQVLRQGHO¶DVVHPEODJHERXORQQpJpQqUHDXWUDYHUVGXFRHIILFLHQWGH3RLVVRQXQHGpIRUPDWLRQ UDGLDOHGHODYLVHWGHO¶pFURXTXLFUpHXQPRXYHPHQWGHJOLVVHPHQWUDGLDOHQWUHOHVIODQFVGHV ILOHWVGHODYLVHWGHO pFURXDLQVLTX¶jO LQWHUIDFHHQWUHOHVVXUIDFHVG DSSXL /H SDV GX ILOHWDJH OD SUpFRQWUDLQWH HW OH FKDUJHPHQW LPSRVp LQIOXHQW VXU OH GpYLVVDJH VSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQp$ILQG¶H[DPLQHUOHXULQIOXHQFH*DPEUHOODHIIHFWXpGHV H[SpULPHQWDWLRQVUDSSRUWpHVSDU+HVV>@,ODFRPSDUpODSHUIRUPDQFHG¶DVVHPEODJHVDYHF ILOHWDJHJURVVLHUVHWILQVVRXVGLIIpUHQWHVFRQGLWLRQVGHOXEULILFDWLRQVRXPLVjGHVHIIRUWVGH WUDFWLRQ 6RQ GLVSRVLWLI G HVVDL ILJXUH 

(98)  HVW FRPSRVp G¶XQ DVVHPEODJH j XQ VHXO ERXORQ VROOLFLWp SDU XQ OHYLHU HQWUDvQp SDU XQH FDPH DFWLRQQpH SDU XQ PRWHXU j YLWHVVH YDULDEOH /D WHQVLRQGXERXORQHVWPHVXUpHSDUXQHFHOOXOHGHFKDUJH,ODIDLWYDULHUOHUDSSRUW DSSHOp'56

(99)  HQWUH FKDUJHPHQW G\QDPLTXH HW VWDWLTXH DLQVL TXH OD SUpFRQWUDLQWH LQLWLDOH OD IUpTXHQFH GH FKDUJHPHQW OHV FRQGLWLRQV GH OXEULILFDWLRQ HW OH QRPEUH GH F\FOHV GH FKDUJH *DPEUHOO D FRQVWDWpTXHSRXUXQ'56LQIpULHXUjO XQLWpLOQ \DYDLWDXFXQHGLIIpUHQFHVLJQLILFDWLYHHQWUH OHVILOHWDJHVILQVHWJURVVLHUV3RXUGHVYDOHXUVGX'56VXSpULHXUHVjO XQLWpOHVILOHWVILQVVH VRQWGHVVHUUpVPRLQVTXHOHVJURVVLHUV3RXUOHVILOHWVJURVVLHUVODOXEULILFDWLRQDpWpUHFRQQXH FRPPHXQIDFWHXUVLJQLILFDWLI. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(100) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. ,ODDXVVLQRWpTXHODYLWHVVHGXGpYLVVDJHGLPLQXHORUVTXHOHQRPEUHGHF\FOHVGHFKDUJH DXJPHQWHHWTXHGDQVODSODJHGHIUpTXHQFHVFRPSULVHHQWUH+]HW+]ODIUpTXHQFHQ D DXFXQHIIHWVXUOHGpYLVVDJH,OIDXWUHPDUTXHUTXHGDQVODSUDWLTXHOH'56HVWWRXMRXUVLQIpULHXU jO XQLWp(QHIIHWSRXUXQHYDOHXUVXSpULHXUHOHVSLqFHVDVVHPEOpHVVHVpSDUHUDLHQWFRQGXLVDQW DLQVLjO¶XVXUHGHVVXUIDFHVHWjODIDWLJXHSOXVUDSLGHGHODYLV.  )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOGH*DPEUHOOG¶DSUqV>@. (Q VH EDVDQW VXU OHV WUDYDX[ GH 5DVKTXLQKD >@ +HVV D pWXGLp DQDO\WLTXHPHQW >@ HW H[SpULPHQWDOHPHQW >@ XQ GLVSRVLWLI FRQVWLWXp G¶XQH PDVVH LQHUWLHOOH IL[pH VXU XQH EDVH YLEUDQWHSDUO¶LQWHUPpGLDLUHG¶XQERXORQGLVSRVpGDQVODGLUHFWLRQGHODYLEUDWLRQ6RQPRGqOH DQDO\WLTXHHVWGXW\SHjSDUDPqWUHVORFDOLVpV ILJXUH

(101)            )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOHWPRGqOHG\QDPLTXHGH+HVV>@ (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(102) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /H FRQWDFW DX[ LQWHUIDFHV HVW PRGpOLVp SDU GHV UDLGHXUV N N HW NW HQ SDUDOOqOH DYHF GHV DPRUWLVVHXUVFFHWFW/HIURWWHPHQWGDQVOHVILOHWVHWHQWUHODWrWHGHYLVHWODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOH HVWGpFULWSDUOHPRGqOHGH.DUQRSS>@(QHIIHWOHPRGqOHGHIURWWHPHQWGH&RXORPEHVW GLVFRQWLQXHWHQJHQGUHGHVGLIILFXOWpVGHUpVROXWLRQQXPpULTXHORUVTXHODYLWHVVHGHJOLVVHPHQW DSSURFKHGH]pUR/HPRGqOHGH.DUQRSSHVWjODIRLVSK\VLTXHPHQWUpDOLVWHHWSOXVDLVpjJpUHU QXPpULTXHPHQW ,O GpILQLW XQH UpJLRQ GH YLWHVVH IDLEOH DVVLPLOpH j O¶pWDW G¶DGKpUHQFH GDQV ODTXHOOHOHIURWWHPHQWHVWGpWHUPLQpSDUOHVIRUFHVDJLVVDQWVXUOHV\VWqPH(QGHKRUVGHFHWWH UpJLRQOHIURWWHPHQWHVWIRQFWLRQGHODYLWHVVH (Q IRQFWLRQ GX GpSODFHPHQW YHUWLFDO LPSRVp j OD EDVH +HVV D SX SUpYRLU SDU OH FDOFXO OD URWDWLRQGHODYLVGDQVOHVHQVGXYLVVDJHRXGXGpYLVVDJH $XFRXUVGHVHVHVVDLVH[SpULPHQWDX[+HVVDIDLWYDULHUSOXVLHXUVSDUDPqWUHVODSUpFKDUJH GHODYLVODPDVVHLQHUWLHOOHPHWODUDLGHXUGHFRQWDFWNHQWUHODPDVVHHWODEDVH.  )LJXUH'RPDLQHVGHFRPSRUWHPHQWHQIRQFWLRQGHODIUpTXHQFH HWGHO¶DPSOLWXGHGHODYLEUDWLRQ>@. /DILJXUHPRQWUHXQH[HPSOHGHVUpVXOWDWVREWHQXV2QYRLWTX¶LOQ¶\DSDVGHURWDWLRQ SRXU XQH IDLEOH DPSOLWXGH GH YLEUDWLRQ /¶DXJPHQWDWLRQ GH FHWWH DPSOLWXGH FRQGXLW DX GpYLVVDJHYRLUHDXYLVVDJHSRXUXQHYLEUDWLRQGHIRUWHDPSOLWXGHDYHFXQHKDXWHIUpTXHQFH . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. . .

(103) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 'HVUHFKHUFKHVSOXVUpFHQWHVVXUOHVERXORQVFKDUJpVD[LDOHPHQWRQWpWpVFRQGXLWHVSDU$]L] >@TXLDUHSULVOHSULQFLSHGHO¶H[SpULHQFHGH+HVV,OH[FLWHpJDOHPHQWXQHPDVVHLQHUWLHOOHSDU O¶LQWHUPpGLDLUHG¶XQSRWYLEUDQW ILJXUH

(104) ,OREWLHQWXQGpFROOHPHQWGHO pFURXGHVRQDSSXL DYHF XQ PRXYHPHQW GH YLVVDJH RX GH GpYLVVDJH $X WHUPH G¶XQH pWXGH G¶RSWLPLVDWLRQ LO REVHUYHTXHOHGpFROOHPHQWVHORQFHSULQFLSHG¶XQDVVHPEODJHQRUPDOHPHQWVHUUpGHPDQGHUDLW XQHDFFpOpUDWLRQWUqVLPSRUWDQWHTXLQHSHXWrWUHDWWHLQWHTXHSDUXQFKRFWUqVGXU.  )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOG¶$]L]>@. $SDUWLUGHFHVWUDYDX[RQSHXWWLUHUOHVFRQFOXVLRQVVXLYDQWHVSRXUXQDVVHPEODJHVRXPLV jXQHFKDUJHD[LDOH  O¶DVVHPEODJHQHSHXWJpQpUDOHPHQWVHGpYLVVHUVSRQWDQpPHQWTXHVLVDWHQVLRQHVW IDLEOH VRLW j OD VXLWH G¶XQ GpIDXW GH PRQWDJH VRLW HQ UDLVRQ GH FRQGLWLRQV G¶H[SORLWDWLRQ TXL DXUDLHQW IDLW FKXWHU OD SUpFKDUJH LQLWLDOH SDU PDWDJH IOXDJH VXUFKDUJHGLODWDWLRQGLIIpUHQWLHOOHRXWRXWDXWUHSKpQRPqQH  XQ DVVHPEODJH FRQYHQDEOHPHQW GLPHQVLRQQp SDU UDSSRUW j VHV FRQGLWLRQV G¶H[SORLWDWLRQHWFRQYHQDEOHPHQWPRQWpQHGHYUDLWSDVVHGpYLVVHUVSRQWDQpPHQW  DYHFXQHIDLEOHSUpFKDUJHHWVRXVO¶HIIHWGHVROOLFLWDWLRQVD[LDOHVRQSHXWREVHUYHU DXVVLELHQXQYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpTX¶XQGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpGHO¶DVVHPEODJH 1RXVH[DPLQHURQVPDLQWHQDQWO¶HIIHWGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVDOHVSDUUDSSRUWjO¶D[HGX ILOHWDJH . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. . .

(105) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /HGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpVRXVO¶DFWLRQGHVFKDUJHVWUDQVYHUVDOHV /H UHOkFKHPHQW G¶XQDVVHPEODJH YLVVp SHXW UpVXOWHU GH FKDUJHV G\QDPLTXHV GH GLIIpUHQWV W\SHVWHOVTXHGHVFKRFVRXGHVYLEUDWLRQV'LIIpUHQWVWUDYDX[RQWPRQWUpTXHFHSKpQRPqQHVH SURGXLW SOXV IUpTXHPPHQW ORUVTXH OD IL[DWLRQ HVW VRXPLVH j XQH FKDUJH WUDQVYHUVDOH TXL SURYRTXHXQJOLVVHPHQWHQWUHOHVVXUIDFHVGHODIL[DWLRQ *HUKDUG-XQNHU>@DGpYHORSSpXQHPDFKLQHG¶HVVDLTXLDpWpVRXYHQWUHSULVHSDUG¶DXWUHV H[SpULPHQWDWHXUVDYHFSDUIRLVTXHOTXHV YDULDQWHV &HWWH PDFKLQHHVWSUpVHQWpHSDUODILJXUH .  )LJXUH0DFKLQHGH-XQNHU>@. &HWWHPDFKLQHVHFRPSRVHG XQPRWHXUTXLHQWUDvQHXQPpFDQLVPHH[FHQWULTXHSURYRTXDQW XQGpSODFHPHQWFRQWU{OpGHODSODTXHVXSpULHXUHTXLHVWOLpHjXQHEDVHIL[HSDUO¶DVVHPEODJH ILOHWpjWHVWHU8QFDSWHXUGHIRUFHHVWXWLOLVpSRXUPHVXUHUODWHQVLRQGHODYLVGHIDoRQFRQWLQXH DX FRXUV GH O¶HVVDL /H GpSODFHPHQW GH OD SODTXH VXSpULHXUH OD IRUFH VXU FHWWH SODTXH HW OD URWDWLRQGHODYLVVRQWPHVXUpV . (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(106) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.  )LJXUH'LIIpUHQWHVSRVLWLRQVGXERXORQVRXVXQFKDUJHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDODOWHUQDWLI>@. -XQNHUUHSULVSDU%LFNIRUG>@IRXUQLWXQHH[SOLFDWLRQGXFRPSRUWHPHQWG¶XQERXORQVRXV O¶HIIHWG¶XQFKDUJHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDODOWHUQDWLI$O¶LVVXHGXF\FOHSUpFpGHQWYLVHWpFURXVRQW GDQVOHVSRVLWLRQVUHODWLYHVPRQWUpHVSDUODILJXUH$ OHMHXGHODWLJHGHYLVGDQVOHVSODTXHV DVVHPEOpHVHVWDPSOLILpSRXUODFODUWpGHO¶H[SRVp

(107) 4XDQGOHVSODTXHVJOLVVHQWO¶XQHVXUO¶DXWUH GDQVODGLUHFWLRQLQGLTXpHVXUODILJXUH%ODYLVHWO¶pFURXUHVWHQWG¶DERUGHQDGKpUHQFHO¶XQ VXU O¶DXWUH WDQGLV TXH OD YLV IOpFKLW YHUV OD GURLWH 4XDQG FHWWH IOH[LRQ HVW VXIILVDQWH ILJXUH &

(108) OHVIRUFHVGHIOH[LRQVXUPRQWHQWOHVIRUFHVGHIURWWHPHQWHQWUHOHVILOHWVODYLVVHUHGUHVVH HW VH GpSODFH GDQV O pFURX YHUV OD JDXFKH &HWWH DFWLRQ VHXOH QH VXIILW SDV j SURYRTXHU OH GpYLVVDJH FDU OD WrWH GH OD YLV HVW HQFRUH PDLQWHQXH SDU OHV IRUFHV GH IURWWHPHQW 4XDQG OH PRXYHPHQW WUDQVYHUVDO VH SRXUVXLW OD WrWH GH YLV JOLVVH DXVVL VXU VD VXUIDFH G¶DSSXL $ FH PRPHQWOHVGHX[H[WUpPLWpVGHODYLVVRQWHQJOLVVHPHQWHWHOOHWRXUQHOpJqUHPHQWSHUGDQWXQ SHXGHVDWHQVLRQ$SUqVTXHOHMHXGDQVOHILOHWDJHDLWpWpDEVRUEpLOQ¶\DSOXVGHJOLVVHPHQW GDQVOHILOHWHWODYLVQHWRXUQHSOXV6LOHPRXYHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDOVHSRXUVXLWHQFRUH ILJXUH '

(109) ODWLJHGHYLVDUULYHHQEXWpHGDQVVRQDOpVDJH/HVPrPHVSKpQRPqQHVVHUHSURGXLVHQW GDQVODFRXUVHGHUHWRXU. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(110) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.  )LJXUH(YROXWLRQGHODWHQVLRQGHODYLVHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHF\FOHV>@. 6XU OD ILJXUH  RQ UHPDUTXH TXH OH GpYLVVDJH FRPPHQFH SDU XQH UHOD[DWLRQ OHQWH HW SURJUHVVLYHGHODSUpFKDUJHVXUXQHFHQWDLQHGHF\FOHVGDQVFHFDV/RUVTXHODWHQVLRQGHODYLV DWWHLQWXQHYDOHXUFULWLTXHOHGHVVHUUDJHGHYLHQWSOXVUDSLGH /D PDFKLQH GH -XQNHU D VHUYL GH UpIpUHQFH SRXU G¶DXWUHV DXWHXUV TXL RQW XWLOLVp OH PrPH SULQFLSH&¶HVWOHFDVGH3DL>@TXLDUpDOLVpGHVHVVDLVDYHFXQHPDFKLQHDQDORJXH6HORQOXL OH GpYLVVDJH G¶XQ pOpPHQW GH IL[DWLRQ QH SHXW VH SURGXLUH TXH ORUVTXH OHV GHX[ FRQGLWLRQV VXLYDQWHVVRQWVDWLVIDLWHV LOH[LVWHXQFRXSOHDJLVVDQWVXUOHVVXUIDFHVGHFRQWDFWGDQVODGLUHFWLRQGXGpYLVVDJH  OD UpVXOWDQWH GHV HIIRUWV WDQJHQWLHOV VXU OHV VXUIDFHV GH FRQWDFW VXUPRQWH OHV IRUFHV GH IURWWHPHQW &RQVLGpURQVXQDVVHPEODJHFRQVWLWXpG¶XQHYLVTXLVHUUHXQHSLqFHVXUXQHEDVHIL[HVRXPLV jXQHIIRUWG\QDPLTXHGHFLVDLOOHPHQWRUWKRJRQDOjO¶D[HGHODYLV/DSUHPLqUHFRQGLWLRQGH GpYLVVDJHHVWVDWLVIDLWHHQUDLVRQGHODJpRPpWULHKpOLFRwGDOHGXILOHWTXLSURGXLWXQPRPHQWGH GpYLVVDJHUpVXOWDQWGHODSUpFKDUJHGHODYLV'HSOXVGDQVODSOXSDUWGHVDSSOLFDWLRQVOHVHUUDJH LQLWLDOHVWUpDOLVpSDUXQFRXSOHGHVHUUDJHDSSOLTXpHVXUODWrWHGHODYLV8QHSDUWLHGHFHFRXSOH HQWUDvQHODWRUVLRQGHODYLVTXLUHVWHSUpVHQWHDSUqVODILQGXVHUUDJHHQUDLVRQGHVIURWWHPHQWV VRXV OD WrWH GH YLV HW GDQV OHV ILOHWV &HWWH WRUVLRQ SURGXLW XQ PRPHQW GH GpYLVVDJH VXSSOpPHQWDLUH /DGHX[LqPHFRQGLWLRQGHGpYLVVDJHQHVHYpULILHTXHTXDQGGHVFKDUJHVH[WpULHXUHVDJLVVDQW VXUO¶DVVHPEODJHV¶DMRXWHQWDX[FRXSOHVFLWpVSRXUVXUPRQWHUOHVIRUFHVGHIURWWHPHQWHWURPSUH O¶pTXLOLEUHSUpFpGHQW (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(111) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 7RXVOHVSURFHVVXVGHGHVVHUUDJHVXSSRVHQW G¶DERUG OD SHUWH GHOD WRUVLRQ GXH DX VHUUDJH LQLWLDOSXLVOHJOLVVHPHQWGXILOHWDJHTXLHQWUDvQHXQHWRUVLRQGXFRUSVGHYLVTXLSURGXLWjVRQ WRXUODURWDWLRQGHODWrWH4XDQGO¶DVVHPEODJHHVWFKDUJpODYLVHVWVRXPLVHjODSUpFKDUJHj XQHIIRUWGHFLVDLOOHPHQWHWjXQPRPHQWGHIOH[LRQ&HVHIIRUWVVHUpSDUWLVVHQWGHIDoRQLQpJDOH VXUOHVVXUIDFHVGHFRQWDFWHWFHUWDLQHV]RQHVSHXYHQWrWUHHQDGKpUHQFHWDQGLVTXHG¶DXWUHVVRQW HQJOLVVHPHQW /HGpYLVVDJHSHXWVXUYHQLUDYHFXQFKDUJHPHQWF\FOLTXHSDUO¶pYROXWLRQVXUO¶HQVHPEOHGHV VXUIDFHV GH FRQWDFW G¶XQ JOLVVHPHQW ORFDOLVp 3RXU LOOXVWUHU TXDOLWDWLYHPHQW FH SURFHVVXV FRQVLGpURQVODILJXUHTXLPRQWUHO¶pWDWGHFRQWDFWVXUOHIODQFG¶XQILOHWjWURLVPRPHQWV GLIIpUHQWVDXFRXUVG¶XQF\FOHGHFKDUJHPHQW.  )LJXUH(YROXWLRQGXJOLVVHPHQWORFDOLVpDXFRXUVG¶XQF\FOHGHFKDUJHPHQW>@. 4XDQGODFKDUJHGHFLVDLOOHPHQWDJLWYHUVODGURLWH ILJXUHD

(112) ODSDUWLHJDXFKHGXILOHW HVW HQ JOLVVHPHQW WDQGLV TXH OD SDUWLH GURLWH UHVWH DGKpUHQWH /H ILOHW VXELW XQH GpIRUPDWLRQ pODVWLTXHORFDOHTXLFRPSUHQGXQHFRPSRVDQWHGDQVODGLUHFWLRQFLUFRQIpUHQWLHOOHHQUDLVRQGX PRPHQWGHGpYLVVDJH4XDQGODFKDUJHGHFLVDLOOHPHQWV¶DQQXOH ILJXUHE

(113) XQHSDUWLHGH FHWWH GpIRUPDWLRQ HVW FRQVHUYpH SDU O¶HIIHW GX IURWWHPHQW /RUVTXH OD FKDUJH GH FLVDLOOHPHQW FKDQJHGHGLUHFWLRQ ILJXUHF

(114) ODSDUWLHGURLWHGXILOHWHQWUHHQJOLVVHPHQWHWVHGpIRUPHj VRQWRXUGDQVODGLUHFWLRQFLUFRQIpUHQWLHOOHWRXMRXUVGDQVODGLUHFWLRQGXGpYLVVDJH. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(115) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 3DU FRQVpTXHQW DX FRXUV G¶XQ F\FOH GH FKDUJHPHQW OH JOLVVHPHQW ORFDOLVp SDUFRXUW O¶HQVHPEOHGHOD]RQHGHFRQWDFWHWODGpIRUPDWLRQpODVWLTXHVHSURSDJHVXUFHWWHVXUIDFHFH TXLFRQGXLWjXQHIDLEOHURWDWLRQG¶HQVHPEOH 3RXU XQH FKDUJH GH FLVDLOOHPHQW SOXV pOHYpH OD FRQGLWLRQ GH JOLVVHPHQW HVW VDWLVIDLWH VLPXOWDQpPHQW VXU WRXWH OD VXUIDFH GH FRQWDFW HW OH JOLVVHPHQW HVW JpQpUDOLVp &H FDV D pWp SUpDODEOHPHQWGpWDLOOpGDQV>@ 7RXWH FRPELQDLVRQ GHV FRQGLWLRQV FLGHVVXV FRQGXLUD DX GpYLVVDJH 3DU H[HPSOH OH JOLVVHPHQW ORFDOLVp VRXV OD WrWH HW OH JOLVVHPHQW JpQpUDOLVp GX ILOHWDJH HVW XQH FRQGLWLRQ VXIILVDQWH SRXU OH GpYLVVDJH 6L WRXWHIRLV DXFXQH GH FHV FRQGLWLRQV Q¶HVW VDWLVIDLWH GDQV OH ILOHWDJHQLVRXVODWrWHDORUVLOQHSHXW\DYRLUDXFXQUHOkFKHPHQW /DYDOLGDWLRQGHFHWWHpWXGHDpWpHIIHFWXpHDXPR\HQG¶XQHPDFKLQH ILJXUH

(116) VLPLODLUH jFHOOHGH-XQNHU>@/DSODTXHVXSpULHXUHHVWHQWUDvQpHGDQVXQPRXYHPHQWGHWUDQVODWLRQ DOWHUQDWLISDUUDSSRUWjODEDVHIL[HGRQWHOOHHVWVpSDUpHSDUGHVpOpPHQWVURXODQWV. )LJXUH$SSDUHLOG¶HVVDLSRXUGpSODFHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDO>@. /D ILJXUH  PRQWUH GHV F\FOHV G¶K\VWpUpVLV REWHQXV SDU 3DL UHSUpVHQWDQW OD IRUFH GH FLVDLOOHPHQWDJLVVDQWVXUODSODTXHVXSpULHXUHHQIRQFWLRQGHVRQGpSODFHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDO/D SHQWHGHODFRXUEHFDUDFWpULVHODULJLGLWpGHODIL[DWLRQ(QO¶DEVHQFHGHJOLVVHPHQWODYLVIOpFKLW HWODFRXUEHHVWXQHOLJQHGURLWH0DLVVRXVO¶HIIHWGXJOLVVHPHQWVRXVODWrWHHWGDQVOHVILOHWV ODFRXUEHYRLWVDSHQWHGLPLQXHUHWHOOHIRUPHXQHERXFOHG¶K\VWpUpVLV/DSHQWHGHODFRXUEHHVW LPSRUWDQWHTXDQGLO\DIOH[LRQVDQVJOLVVHPHQWHWSOXVIDLEOHTXDQGLO\DXQJOLVVHPHQWGHOD WrWH /D ILJXUH LOOXVWUH TXDWUH FDV GH FRPSRUWHPHQW G¶XQH YLV GH ORQJXHXU  PP HW GH GLDPqWUHPPSRXUGLIIpUHQWHVFKDUJHVHWGLIIpUHQWHVOXEULILFDWLRQVVRXVODWrWHHWGDQVOHV ILOHWV. (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(117) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. /DFRXUEH HQWUDLWSOHLQ

(118) FRUUHVSRQGjXQJOLVVHPHQWORFDOLVpVRXVODWrWHHWORFDOLVpGDQV OHILOHWDJHSRXUXQHSUpFKDUJHGHN1DYHFXQHOXEULILFDWLRQjO¶KXLOHVRXVODWrWHHWGDQV OHV ILOHWV /D FRXUEH  HQ WUDLW SRLQWLOOp

(119)  FRUUHVSRQG j XQ JOLVVHPHQW ORFDOLVp VRXV OD WrWH HW JpQpUDOLVpGDQVOHILOHWDJHSRXUXQHSUpFKDUJHGHN1DYHFXQHOXEULILFDWLRQjO¶KXLOHVRXVOD WrWHHWjODJUDLVVH0R6 DXELVXOIXUHGHPRO\EGqQH

(120) GDQVOHVILOHWV/DSHQWHGHODFRXUEH HVWSOXVIRUWHTXHFHOOHGHODFRXUEHFDUOHJOLVVHPHQWUHVWHORFDOLVpGDQVOHFDVGHODFRXUEH /DFRXUEH HQWUDLWLQWHUURPSX

(121) FRUUHVSRQGjXQJOLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpVRXVODWrWHHWORFDOLVp GDQVOHILOHWDJHREWHQXDYHFXQHSUpFKDUJHGHN1HWXQHOXEULILFDWLRQjODJUDLVVHVRXVOD WrWHHWjO KXLOHDXQLYHDXGHVILOHWV/DSHQWHGHFHWWHFRXUEHFKXWHSRXUOHVYDOHXUVpOHYpHVGH ODIRUFHGHFLVDLOOHPHQWHQUDLVRQGHO¶DSSDULWLRQGXJOLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpVRXVODWrWHFHTXLQH VH SURGXLW SDV SRXU OHV FRXUEHV  HW  (QILQ OD FRXUEH  HQ WUDLW PL[WH

(122)  FRUUHVSRQG j XQ JOLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpVRXVODWrWHHWGDQVOHVILOHWVSRXUOHPrPHpWDWGHOXEULILFDWLRQTXHOD FRXUEHPDLVDYHFXQHSUpFKDUJHSOXVIDLEOHpJDOHjN12QQRWHTXHMXVTX jO DSSDULWLRQ GXJOLVVHPHQWJpQpUDOLVpVRXVWrWH LQGLTXpSDUODSHQWHSURFKHGH]pUR

(123) ODFRXUEHSUpVHQWH XQHSHQWHFRPSDUDEOHjFHOOHGHODFRXUEH /HSURFHVVXVGHGpYLVVDJHGpEXWHGRQFDYHFXQJOLVVHPHQWSDUWLHOGHODWrWHHWWRWDOGDQVOHV ILOHWVSXLVLOSURJUHVVHMXVTX¶jDWWHLQGUHOHJOLVVHPHQWWRWDOVRXVODWrWHHWGDQVOHVILOHWV.  )LJXUH&RXUEHVG¶K\VWpUpVLVIRUFHGHFLVDLOOHPHQWHQIRQFWLRQGXGpSODFHPHQW>@. /DILJXUHPRQWUHO¶pYROXWLRQGHODWHQVLRQGHODYLVHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHF\FOHV (OOHHVWVHQVLEOHPHQWOLQpDLUHMXVTX¶jFHTXHODWHQVLRQGHYLHQQHWUqVIDLEOH (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(124) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,.  )LJXUH7HQVLRQGDQVODYLVHQIRQFWLRQGXQRPEUHGHF\FOHV>@. 8Q PRGqOH pOpPHQWV ILQL GpWDLOOp SDU 3DL GDQV >@ D pWp YDOLGp SDU OHV UpVXOWDWV H[SpULPHQWDX[ .DVHL>@DpJDOHPHQWUpDOLVpGHVH[SpULPHQWDWLRQVVXUOHGpYLVVDJHVRXVO¶HIIHWG¶XQ GpSODFHPHQWWUDQVYHUVDOLPSRVp,OV¶HVWLQWpUHVVpjODIOH[LRQHWODWRUVLRQGHODYLVVRXVO¶HIIHW GHVIRUFHVGHIURWWHPHQW,OFRQVLGqUHTXHO¶DFFXPXODWLRQGHVF\FOHVGHFKDUJHPHQWFRQGXLWDX GpYLVVDJHGHO¶DVVHPEODJH /DILJXUHPRQWUHXQDSHUoXGHVRQEDQFG¶HVVDLFRQVWLWXpG¶XQFRUSVSULQFLSDOG¶XQ V\VWqPHG¶HQWUDLQHPHQWHWG¶XQV\VWqPHGHPHVXUH&RPPHGDQVODPDFKLQHGH-XQNHUGHV ELOOHVHQDFLHUVRQWLQVpUpHVHQWUHOHVSODTXHVVHUUpHVSDUXQHYLVHWXQFDSWHXUG¶HIIRUWPHVXUH OD WHQVLRQ GH OD YLV 8Q PpFDQLVPH GH YLV GLIIpUHQWLHOOH GRQQH j OD SODTXH PRELOH XQ GpSODFHPHQWDOWHUQDWLIWUDQVYHUVDOSDUUDSSRUWjODYLVHWSHUSHQGLFXODLUHDXSODQGHODILJXUH.  )LJXUH'LVSRVLWLIH[SpULPHQWDOGH.DVHL>@ (WXGHELEOLRJUDSKLTXH. .

(125) (WXGHGXGpYLVVDJHVSRQWDQpG¶XQDVVHPEODJHERXORQQpVRXPLVjGHVVROOLFLWDWLRQVWUDQVYHUVHVG\QDPLTXHV. 2OID.6(17,1,. 4XHOTXHVUpVXOWDWVH[SpULPHQWDX[VRQWLOOXVWUpVGDQVODILJXUH/DYLVWHVWpHSRVVqGHXQ GLDPqWUHPPXQSDVPPXQHORQJXHXUPPHWHOOHVXELWXQHSUpFKDUJHGHN1 /¶pFURXHVWKH[DJRQDO FDV$FRXUEHVHW

(126) RXKH[DJRQDODYHFFROOHUHWWHG¶DSSXL FDV% FRXUEHVHW

Références

Documents relatifs

Cela signifie que cette molécule contient 2 atomes d’hydrogène et 2 atomes d’oxygène. F/ La

[r]

5) En déduire la masse m CO2 de dioxyde de carbone produite. 6) Calculer la quantité n O2 (en mol) de dioxygène nécessaire à la combustion du butane. 7) En déduire le volume

 Au cours d’une réaction chimique, les molécules sont cassées car les liaisons entre les atomes sont rompues.  Le nombre d’atomes de chaque sorte ………, ils se ………

3) Préciser la température de changement d’état de l’eau dans chacun des DOC.1 à 4.. Exemple : eau liquide placée au

Les atomes C 4 et N 3 sont ainsi, car si on rajoute un hydrogène caché, la géométrie ne

2) L'atome responsable du caractère acide de l'acide palmitique est entouré ci-dessus. les autres atomes d´hydrogène sont tous liés à un atome de carbone. Ces liaisons ne sont

Une fois le soluté dissous, ce soluté n’existe plus dans la solution ; ce sont les ions du cristal disloqué qui sont effectivement présents dans la solution?. On peut calculer