Internet of Things : technologies and applications in healthcare management and manufacturing

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© Paule Myriame Pochangou, 2020

Internet of Things: technologies and applications in

healthcare management and manufacturing

Mémoire

Paule Myriame Pochangou

Maîtrise en génie mécanique - avec mémoire

Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.)

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Internet of Things: technologies and applications in

healthcare management and manufacturing

Memoir

Paule Myriame Pochangou

Under the direction of:

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Résumé

L'Internet des Objets (ou IoT) s'appuie sur des objets connectés dotés de capteurs et technologies capables d'échanger des données entre eux de manière indépendante. Ces nouvelles technologies offrent aux entreprises et à toutes les organisations des moyens pour l’acquisition et le traitement intelligent de l’information (Industrie 4.0) pour demeurer compétitives.

Ce mémoire vise à analyser la contribution de l'IoT dans les soins de santé et production, mettant l'accent sur l'Industrie 4.0 et la maintenance prédictive, particulièrement en maintenance, sur la base d’œuvres littéraires récentes publiées au cours de la dernière décennie.

L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de comprendre l'IoT, d’exposer ses potentiels et sa stratégie de déploiement dans différents domaines d’applications. Même, le but est de comprendre que l'IoT ne se limite pas à l'application de la maintenance des systèmes de production mais aussi du bien-être des patients, c'est pourquoi j'ai choisi ces deux domaines importants où l'IoT peut être appliqué (santé et production) pour ce travail de recherche.

Cette thèse aidera à explorer comment l'IoT transforme le système de santé. J'explique comment l'IoT offre de grandes avancées dans ce système. Je donne quelques exemples où ses concepts souhaiteraient être implémentés pour améliorer la qualité des soins des patients et quelques études récentes.

Outre, je clarifie l'impact de l’Industrie 4.0 sur la production, notamment en maintenance, en lien avec la maintenance prédictive rendue possible par l’IoT. Je fournis une vue d'ensemble de l'Indust rie 4.0 et de la maintenance prédictive. J’aborde les fonctionnalités de l'Industrie 4.0 et présente ses technologies de pilotage susceptibles d'améliorer les domaines de processus de production, tels que la réduction des temps d'immobilisation, les coûts de service, etc. J'attire l'attention sur les implications de la maintenance prédictive dans l’Industrie 4.0 en décrivant son fonctionnement et comment les fabricants peuvent l'exécuter efficacement, avec des exemples à l'appui.

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Abstract

The Internet of Things (or IoT) relies on connected objects embedded with sensors and other technologies capable of exchanging data with each other independently. These new technologies provide businesses and all organizations with the means to acquire and intelligently process information (Industry 4.0) to remain competitive.

This thesis aims to analyze the contribution of IoT in healthcare and manufacturing, with a focus on Industry 4.0 and Predictive Maintenance, specifically in maintenance, based on recent literary works published over the last decade.

The main purpose of this thesis is to understand what IoT is, to highlight its potentials and its deployment strategy in various areas of application. Similarly, the goal is to understand that IoT is not limited to the application of the maintenance of production systems but also of patients’ wellbeing which is the reason why I selected these two important areas where IoT can be applied (healthcare and manufacturing) for this research work.

This thesis will help explore how IoT is transforming the healthcare system. I explain how IoT offers great advances in the healthcare system. I give some examples of where its concepts would like to be implemented to improve the quality of care of patients and some recent studies.

In addition, I clarify the impact of Industry 4.0 in manufacturing especially in maintenance, in connection with predictive maintenance made possible by IoT. I provide an overview of Industry 4.0 and predictive maintenance. I discuss the capabilities of Industry 4.0 and present its driving technologies that can improve all areas of production processes such as reducing downtime, service costs, etc. Moreover, I draw attention to the implications of predictive maintenance in Industry 4.0 by describing how it works and how manufacturers can run it effectively, with supporting examples.

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List of Figures

Figure 1: A depiction of an IoT environment in which objects, animals, businesses, and people can be connected

and controlled over any network . ... 4

Figure 2: It shows the expected rise of billions of “IoT” devices in a span of years between 2015 and 2025. ... 5

Figure 3: This is a summary of how IoT system works from collecting data to delivering the requested services to the end users. ... 6

Figure 4: Some advantages of IoT ... 17

Figure 5: This shows how IoT can change the way farmers work by assuring the quality of products through monitoring, analyzing, and controlling the operations remotely on their device . ... 24

Figure 6: This shows how from a device whether be a smartphone or a tablet, IoT can be used to remotely monitor and program the appliances in a home. ... 27

Figure 7: Different areas IoT can be applied by smart grid . ... 29

Figure 8: Monitoring of a patient’s health through connected devices. ... 32

Figure 9: An overview of IoT enabling technologies ... 35

Figure 10: This is a summary of different IoT protocols that can deliver required IoT services. ... 41

Figure 11: It shows how data can be easily shared between a patient and a caregiver remotely through sensors embedded in the patient over a network and thus care can be provided to the patient whenever an issue arises. ... 48

Figure 12: It shows how a patient’s health data can be readily available to them on their smart device. ... 49

Figure 13: Advantages of IoT in Healthcare... 52

Figure 14: These are different types of maintenance programs ... 72

Figure 15: The first three Industrial Revolutions leading to Industry 4.0 ... 77

Figure 16: This is a representation of a cyber-physical system... 79

Figure 17: This is a depiction of an Industry 4.0 environment. ... 80

Figure 18: These are the nine enabling technologies of Industry 4.0... 85

Figure 19: This represents the impact of Industry 4.0 in any industry if established. ... 87

Figure 20: This is a review of the nine Industry 4.0 enabling technologies. ... 91

Figure 21: The eight pillars of TPM. ... 92

Figure 22: An illustration of the predictive maintenance process. ... 97

Figure 23: The architecture of predictive maintenance. ... 99

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List of Tables

Table 1: The eight characteristics of an IoT Application Enablement Platform or IoT Platform. ... 9 Table 2: Below is a comparison of different IoT platforms [83]... 13 Table 3: These are the abbreviations of the following detailed IoT protocols ... 40

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List of abbreviations and acronyms

ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter AI Artificial Intelligence

API Application Programming Interface ATM Automated Teller Machine AWS Amazon Web Services

AMQP Advanced Message Queueing Protocol BDC Banque de développement du Canada BLE Bluetooth Low Energy

BMI Body Mass Index CM Cloud Manufacturing

CoAP Constrained Application Protocol CPS Cyber-Physical Systems

CPPS Cyber-Physical Production Systems EHR Electronic Health Record

EPC Electronic Product Code GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications GUI Graphical User Interface

HIE Health Information Exchanges HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol H-IoT Health-related internet of things IaaS Infrastructure as a Service

IBM International Business Machines

ICT Information and Communication Technologies IDC International Data Corporation

IIoT Industrial Internet of Things IoT Internet of Things

IEFT Internet Engineer Task Force IM Instant Messaging

IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 IrDA Infrared Data Association LAN Local Area Network

LR-WPAN Low-Rate Wireless Private Area Networks MAC Medium Access Control

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology mDNS Multicast DNS

MTTF Mean Time To Failure MTU Maximum Transmission Unit

MQTT Message Queue Telemetry Transport M2M Machine to Machine Communication OMG Organisms Genetically Modified PAN Personal Area Network

PC Personal Computer PHY Physical Layer

PTC Parametric Technology Corporation P&G Proctor & Gamble

QoS Quality of Service

REST Representational State Transfer

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SaaS Software as a Service SCM Supply Chain Management SDK Software Development Kit TCP Transmission Control Protocol TI Texas Instruments

TPM Total Production Maintenance

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System USB Universal Serial Bus

UWB Ultra-Wide Band WAN Wide Area Network

WBAN Wireless Body Area Network

WI-FI Wireless Networking (WLAN products that are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards) WSN Wireless Sensor Network

XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol 3D Three Dimensional

3G Third Generation (mobile communication system) 6LowPAN IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks

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Dedication

I hereby dedicate my research paper to almighty God who has been my guardian throughout my research process and by his grace I was able to complete my master's degree program.

Also, I dedicate my research work to my beloved mother (Mrs. Magne Emilienne Pochangou) for encouraging and supporting me to further my education and to accomplish my research with truthful self-confidence.

I am also dedicating my work to my loving brothers (Mr. Fonkam Teda Paterne and Mr. Navot Fonkam) for their contribution and support.

Lastly, to a true and loving one (Gbenga Damilare Bakare) who also supported, encouraged and motivated me when I almost gave up.

Words are not enough to express how I am grateful to have you all in my life, I pray God bless you all in your endeavours in life.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge my supervisor, Professor Daoud Ait-Kadi without whom I would have never had the opportunity of learning enormously with interest.

I am expressing my sincere gratitude for he has really assisted me greatly during my program. Thank you for your patience, continuous support, insightful comments and advice that have tremendously helped me throughout my research. I would not have imagined a better mentor for my master’s degree program.

I also extend my sincere gratitude to my family members for their contributions. Thank you all for your support.

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Introduction

Imagine a world where almost everything is interconnected and automated. In an effort to address the concerns hindering the progress in healthcare and manufacturing, IoT systems will need to be adopted. In essence, this suggests that IoT promises to pave the way for new services, applications and transform a wide range of fields as it will certainly make things a lot smarter. My research paper aims to demonstrate that IoT has the potential to impact the healthcare and maintenance world positively, for instance, by promoting better patient care outcomes, by enhancing operations’ productivity and efficiency and others.

This research work will address the applications of IoT in healthcare and manufacturing field—with emphasis on maintenance based on Industry 4.0 and predictive maintenance. This work is a collection of several readings/sources based on articles, books, documents and some online information. Some examples will be given to back up the theories of IoT and for a clearer knowledge of its importance in society. Likewise, this work will help understand how IoT assists in tackling problems faced in the world, whether be in the case of health emergencies, business operations, maintenance of equipment , road traffic management, energy conservation, agricultural problems, etc.

This memoir is divided up into five parts. The first part will give an overview of IoT by talking about its history, by giving a concrete definition of this technological innovation and an understanding of how it operates. Second, the advantages and disadvantages as well as the domains (or areas) where IoT can be applied will be discussed. Third, different technologies and protocols that enable the deployment of IoT systems into today’s world will be elaborated. Then, the fourth and last part will describe the various ways IoT influences the healthcare and manufacturing field, especially on how Industry 4.0 impact maintenance with predictive maintenance solutions. Finally, some example cases will be provided to support this technological advance that is, IoT in healthcare along with some real-world examples of Industry 4.0 and predictive maintenance in the manufacturing (maintenance) field.

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Part I: What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

1. About the Internet of Things

This first part will provide an understanding of IoT, from its origins to how it operates and delivers services.

1.1 Origins of IoT

According to (Borgia, 2014, p.1,3) [9], the origin of IoT can be credited to Kevin Ashton, a member of the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Development community and one of the founders of the original Auto-ID Center at MIT, who introduced the term IoT in a presentation held at Proctor & Gamble (P&G) in 1999. (Claveria, 2019) [13] said this visionary technologist challenged businesses to imagine a world where the Internet will permeate all aspects of people’s lives. Computers will be able to sense things for themselves using RFID and sensor technology and will give real-time feedback without human intervention.

As stated by (Alqahtani, 2018, p.1) [3], in 2003, the Auto-ID center released the electronic product code

(EPC) network.The EPC enabled tracking objects moving from one location to another. This gave an

idea for the IoT implementation, where microchips can be used to create a network for mainstream commercial means. The radio frequency identification (RFID) implementation further cemented the opportunities for developing the IoT as a new IT paradigm in both academic and indus trial environments.

That being said, as noted by (IMDA, n.d., p.1) [74] and by (Evans, 2011, p.3) [22], it is only sometimes between the years 2008 and 2009 IoT became more relevant to the practical world because of the growth of mobile devices, embedded and ubiquitous communication, cloud computing and data analytics.

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1.2 Definition of IoT

First, let’s discuss separately what Internet and Things mean. According to (GCFGlobal, 2019) [30], the Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around the world. It is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more.

On the other hand, based on (Borgia, 2014, p.2) [9] article, a “thing” can be any real/physical or virtual object (e.g., RFID, sensor, actuator, spime, smart item) but also a virtual/digital entity, which moves in time and space and can be uniquely identified by assigned identification numbers, names and/or location addresses. Once these things are embedded with technologies, they become smart objects that, as pointed out by (Miorandi, Sicari, De Pellegrini, & Chlamtac, 2012, p.2) [46], may possess means to sense physical phenomena (e.g. temperature, light, electromagnetic radiation level) or to trigger actions, having an effect on the physical reality (actuators). Moreover, objects include not only electronic devices, but according to (Rouse, 2019) [58], they can be a person with a heart monitor implant, a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low or any other natural or man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and is able to transfer data over a network.

In summary, as defined by (Borgia, 2014, p.4) [9] and (Evans, 2011) [22], IoT represents the next evolution of the Internet. It refers to a dynamic global network infrastructure with self capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual ‘‘things’’ have identities, physical attributes, virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network. In addition, IoT enable people and things to be connected not only ‘‘Anytime’’ ‘‘Anywhere’’ with ‘‘Anyone’’ and ‘‘Anything’’, but also use any type of location or network and any available service (See Figure 1).

Furthermore, as mentioned by (PIEMR, 2017) [55], leading Market Research firm IHS forecasts that the IoT market will grow from an installed base of 30.7 billion devices in 2020 to 75.4 billion in 2025 (See Figure 2).

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Figure 1: A depiction of an IoT environment in which objects, animals, businesses, and people can be

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Figure 2: It shows the expected rise of billions of “IoT” devices in a span of years between 2015 and

20252_.

2_{PIEMR. (2017, 07 12). Why should you be interested in the Internet of Things (IOT)? Retrieved from}

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1.3 Architecture of IoT

According to (Al-Fuqaha, Guizani, Mohammadi, Aledhari, & Ayyash, 2015, p.3) [2], the ever-increasing number of proposed architectures has not yet converged to a reference model. Currently, from the pool of proposed models, the architecture of IoT consists of five common layers that enable the collection, storage and processing of data. Basically, it explains how IoT system works. Figure 3 below introduces the global structure of IoT.

Figure 3: This is a summary of how IoT system works from collecting data to delivering the requested services to the end users.

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1.3.1 Objects Layer or Perception Layer

This first layer, as mentioned by (IMDA, n.d., p.14) [74], is made up of smart objects integrated with

sensors. The sensors enable the interconnection of the physical and the digital worlds, allowing real-time information to be collected and processed. Sensors are grouped according to their unique purpose such as environmental sensors, body sensors, home appliance sensors and vehicle telematics sensors, etc. Furthermore, as asserted by (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.3) [2], this layer is not only made up of sensors, but also actuators to perform different functionalities such as querying location, temperature, weight, motion, vibration, acceleration, humidity, etc. Here, standardized plug-and-play mechanisms need to be used by the perception layer to configure heterogeneous objects. Then, the perception layer digitizes and transfers the data to the Object Abstraction Layer through secured channels. The big data created by the IoT are initiated at this layer.

1.3.2 Object Abstraction Layer or Transport Layer

(IMDA, n.d., p.15) [74] stated that massive volume of data is produced by these tiny sensors and this requires a robust and high performance wired or wireless network infrastructure as a transport medium. As indicated by (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.3) [2], Object Abstraction Layer transfers data produced by the Objects layer to the Service Management Layer through secure channels. These data can be transferred through various technologies such as RFID, 3G, GSM, UMTS, LAN, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy, Infrared, Zigbee, etc. Furthermore, other functions like cloud computing and data management processes are being handled at this layer.

1.3.3 Service Management Layer

According to(IMDA, n.d., p.15) [74], the Management service renders the processing of information

through analytics, security controls, process modeling and management of devices. Moreover, as noted by (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.3) [2], Service Management or Middleware (pairing) layer pairs a service with its requester based on addresses and names. This layer enables the IoT application programmers to work with heterogeneous objects without consideration to a specific hardware platform. Also, this layer processes received data, makes decisions, and delivers the required services over the network wire protocols.

1.3.4 Application Layer

As per (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.3) [2], the Application Layer provides the services requested by customers. For instance, the layer can provide temperature and air humidity measurements, etc. to the customer who asks for that information. The importance of this layer for the IoT is that it has the ability

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to provide high-quality smart services to satisfy customers’ needs. The application layer covers numerous vertical markets such as smart home, smart building, transportation, industrial automation, smart healthcare, and more.

1.3.5 Business Layer

Lastly, (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.3) [2] stated that the Business (management) Layer manages the overall IoT system activities and services. The responsibility of this layer is to build a business model, graphs, flowcharts, etc. based on the received data from the Application Layer. It is also supposed to design, analyze, implement, evaluate, monitor, and develop IoT system related elements. The Business Layer makes it possible to support decision-making processes based on Big Data analysis. In addition, monitoring and management of the underlying four layers is achieved at this layer. Moreover, this layer compares the output of each layer with the expected output to enhance services and maintain users’ privacy.

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1.4 IoT Platform

As said by (Khan, 2019) [34], an IoT platform is an end-to-end software framework. It's the glue that pulls together information from sensors, devices, networks, and software that work together to unlock

valuable, actionable data. Similarly, as stated by (AVSYSTEM, 2019) [77], an Internet of Things

platform is the main place where the actual IoT magic happens. It is at the heart of every IoT deployment, bringing together the hardware, connectivity, software and application layers to offer an efficient solution for device management and configuration, data collection and analysis, enablement of applications as well as connection with the cloud or on-site server.

There are two parts that will be discussed in this section. The first part will talk about the eight criteria of an IoT platform and the second part will give some examples of IoT platforms.

I. The eight criteria of an IoT platform

According to (Padraig, 2016) [52], there are eight general components to a true end-to-end IoT platform and summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1: The eight characteristics of an IoT Application Enablement Platform or IoT Platform3_.

3_{Padraig, S. (2016, 01 26). 5 things to know about the IoT Platform ecosystem. Retrieved from}

https://iot-analytics.com/5-things-know-about-iot-platform/

Connectivity & Normalization

Agents and libraries that ensure constant object connectivity and harmonized data formats Device management

Backend tool for the management of device status, remote software deployment and updates Database

Repository that stores the important data sets Processing & action management

Rule engine that allows for (real-time) actions based on incoming sensor & device data Analytics

Algorithms for advanced calculations and machine learning Data visualization

Graphical depiction of (real-time) sensor data Additional tools

Further development tools (e.g. app prototyping, access management, reporting)

External Interfaces

API, SDKs and gateways that act as

interfaces for 3rd_{party systems (e.g., ERP,}

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1. Connectivity & Normalization

It brings different protocols and different data formats into one “software” interface, ensuring accurate data streaming and interaction with all devices.

2. Device management

It ensures the connected “things” are working properly, seamlessly running patches and updates for software and applications running on the device or edge gateways.

3. Database

Scalable storage of device data brings the requirements for hybrid cloud-based databases to a new level in terms of data volume, variety, velocity, veracity and value which are related to big data. From (Shanawaz. S., 2019) [67], Big data refers to a relatively modern field of data science that explores how large data sets can be broken down and analyzed in order to systematically glean insights and information from them. In terms of volume, Big data defines the ‘amount’ of data that is produced. In terms of variety, Big data entails processing diverse data types collected from varied data sources. Velocity refers to the speed at which the data is generated, collected and analyzed. The Veracity of big data is the assurance of quality or credibility of the collected data. And finally, in the context of big data, value amounts to how worthy the data is of positively impacting a company’s business. As it is, (Nayyar D. A., 2018) [49] mentioned that the IoT platform should also be scalable enough to accommodate growing needs without any hiccups.

4. Processing & action management

It brings big data to life with rule-based event-action-triggers enabling execution of “smart” actions based on specific sensor data.

5. Analytics

It performs a range of complex analysis from basic data clustering and machine learning to predictive analytics extracting the most value out of the IoT data-stream. In fact, machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows computer to think and learn independently.

6. Data visualization

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(Nayyar D. A., 2018) [49], the IoT platform’s operations should not be hidden; rather the end user should be greeted with a centralized interface which gives all the details with regard to system statistics, hardware information and the modules or services.

7. Additional tools

They could be development tools which allow IoT developers prototype, test and market the IoT use case creating platform ecosystem apps for visualizing, managing and controlling connected devices. 8. External interfaces

They integrate with 3rd-party systems and the rest of the wider IT-ecosystem via built-in application programming interfaces (API), software development kits (SDK) which, from (Lionel Valdellon, 2019) [41], is a set of software tools and programs used by developers to create applications for specific platforms, and gateways. According to (Nayyar D. A., 2018) [49], the most important and foremost protocol to facilitate IoT is the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT). The IoT platform should support the MQTT protocol to provide all sorts of communication from sensors to the cloud. Almost all cloud service providers use MQTT. These include Microsoft Azure, Amazon AWS, Google Cloud, etc. Moreover, the IoT platform should support the API over WebSockets, REST and CoAP. As stated by (Pearlman, 2019) [53], API is a software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to each other. In other words, an API is the messenger that delivers your request to the provider that you’re requesting it from and then delivers the response back to you.

Altogether, as noted by (Padraig, 2016) [52], these IoT platforms’ building blocks mentioned above

have to be solidly secured and the platform architecture has to be holistically designed so that the threat of cyber attacks is minimized at every level. This necessitates the protection and encryption of data, device access management, user authentication, and much more.

II. Some IoT platforms

(McClelland, 2019) [42] wrote that IoT platforms provide a head start in building IoT systems by providing built-in tools and capabilities to make IoT easier and cheaper for businesses, developers, and users. According to (DA14, 2018) [82], the criteria for choosing a platform may be based on price and pricing model (pay-as-you-go model, where you are charged for the resources you actually consume or the subscription model, where you are billed a flat fee per month). Moreover, the criteria could be based on the availability of a free tier (when you need to test your idea and need an opportunity to run a simple project with a minimum investment) or it could be based on the development team

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experience (by asking the development team about their experience and knowledge of available

options and making your selection by balancing the project requirements and the team expertise).

The following pages compare some IoT cloud platforms (IoT vendors) that can provide the most optimal

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Table 2: Below is a comparison of different IoT platforms [83]5_.

5_{10 Best IoT Platforms to Watch Out In 2019. (2019, 08 21). Retrieved from}

https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/best-iot-platforms/ IO T CLO UD P LA TFO RM S CO M PA RI SO N De vi ce M ana ge m ent Pl at for m Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Ye s Se rv ic es Su pp or ts a ll k in d of c lo ud -ba se d pr oj ec t ( 1) . Pr ov id es su pp or t fo r H TT P, lig ht w ei gh t co m m un ic at io n pr ot oc ol , a nd M Q TT [8 3] Su pp or ts Io T so lu tio ns (2 ). Pr ov id es p re di ct iv e m ai nt en an ce fo r e qu ip m en t, so lu tio ns fo r s m ar t c iti es & bu ild in gs , a nd re al -ti m e as se t t ra ck in g [8 3] O ffe rs b ot h pr ec on fig ur ed so lu tio ns & th e po ss ib ili ty to cu st om iz e th em a nd cr ea te ne w o ne s ac co rd in g to th e pr oj ec t r eq ui re m en ts (3 ) D es ig ne d fo r b ui ld in g in du st ria l Io T so lu tio ns (4 ) Su pp or ts e ffe ct iv e re m ot e de vi ce co nt ro l, se cu re d at a tra ns m is si on a nd st or ag e in cl ou d, re al -ti m e da ta ex ch an ge , a s w el l a s m ac hi ne le ar ni ng o pt io ns (5 ) Av ai la bi lit y of fr ee tie r Ye s; 1 2 m on th s fre e tri al p er io d is a va ila bl e [8 3] Ye s, it p ro vi de s f re e da ta u p to 2 50 M B pe r m on th [8 3] Ye s Ye s Ye s Pr ic e & Pr ic ing M ode l Pa y as y ou g o m od el (1 ) / P ric in g is b as ed o n th e co nn ec tiv ity , m es sa gi ng , r ul es e ng in e, a nd de vi ce sh ad ow u sa ge [8 3] Pr ic in g is b as ed o n th e da ta vo lu m e. P ric e st ar ts a t $ 17 58 p er m on th [8 3] Pr ic in g is b as ed o n th e nu m be r of m es sa ge s pe r d ay [8 3] C on ta ct th em fo r p ric in g de ta ils [8 3] Pr ic in g is b as ed o n th e da ta ex ch an ge d, d at a an al yz ed , a nd da ta a na ly ze d at th e ed ge . C os t st ar ts a t $ 50 0 pe r in st an ce /m on th [8 3] Am az on W eb Se rv ic es (A W S) G oog le C loud IoT Sui te M ic ros of t A zur e IoT Sui te Thi ngW or x IoT Pl at for m IB M W at son Int er ne t of Thi ngs

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1. Amazon Web Services

This platform uses the pay-as-you-go model and offers a free tier option with certain restrictions. No matter what kind of cloud-based project someone may have in mind, with an almost 100% probability, AWS will support it. The cloud services provided by Amazon include an IoT suite that supports all aspects of Internet-of-Things applications through:

 AWS IoT Core—is the base on which any IoT application can be built. Via AWS IoT Core, devices can connect to the Internet and to each other and exchange data. Billions of messages can be sent between the devices and cloud storage over a secure connection. The platform supports various communication protocols, including custom ones, thus enabling communication between devices from different manufacturers.

 AWS IoT Device Management—allows easy addition and organization of devices. The service ensures secure and scalable performance with the possibilities of monitoring, troubleshooting and updating the device functionality.

 AWS IoT Analytics—provides a service for automated analytics of large amounts of various IoT data, including unstructured data from different types of devices. The data gathered and processed by the service is ready for use in machine learning.

 AWS IoT Device Defender—supports the configuration of security mechanisms for the IoT

systems.AWS IoT Device Defender enables the setup and management of security policies

controlling device authentication and authorization, as well as providing encryption mechanisms.

2. Google Cloud IoT

Google Cloud Platform is another global cloud provider that supports IoT solutions. Its Google Cloud IoT package allows someone to build and manage IoT systems of any size and complexity. The Google Cloud IoT solution includes a number of services that enable the creation of IoT networks through:

 Cloud IoT Core, the heart of the Google Cloud IoT suite, which allows the connection of various devices and the gathering of their data.

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 Cloud Machine Learning Engine, which allows the building of ML models and use of the data received from IoT devices.

3. Microsoft Azure IoT Suite

The IoT platform comparison would not be complete without the solution by Microsoft Azure, a cloud service giant in the same league with AWS and Google Cloud Platform. Microsoft Azure IoT Suite offers both preconfigured solutions and the possibility to customize them and create new ones according to the project requirements.

With Microsoft Azure IoT Suite, someone gets the strongest security mechanisms, superb scalability, and easy integration with any existing or future systems. The platform allows end users to connect hundreds of devices by various manufacturers, gather data analytics and use the IoT data for machine learning purposes.

4. ThingWorx IoT Platform

ThingWorx by Parametric Technology Corporation (PTC) is designed for building industrial IoT solutions. It is considered one of the most complete toolsets for creating IoT applications of varying complexity and scale.

The platform has excellent sharing and collaboration possibilities, which makes it a great solution for large development teams. Its native capabilities are sufficient to build various IoT applications without the need to apply third-party components or libraries.

The IoT applications created on the basis of the ThingWorx platform have all the features of an advanced enterprise solution—great scalability options, and integration with cutting-edge technologies, such as augmented reality, and extensive analytics. This powerful functionality is implemented with a simple and intuitive user interface, thus combining great performance with high usability.

5. IBM Watson Internet of Things

According to their own description, with IBM Watson “the Internet of Things becomes the Internet that thinks”. This bold statement means that IBM experiments with integration IoT with artificial intelligence creating unique experiences and solutions. Essentially, from (Frankenfield, 2020) [23], artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.

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The IBM Watson IoT platform supports effective remote device control, secure data transmission and storage in cloud, real-time data exchange, as well as machine learning options thanks to their integration in AI.

The development platform offered by IBM includes a number of convenient tools and services, making IoT software creation easier and more efficient.

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Part II: Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT and its Application

Domains/Services

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

2.1 Advantages of IoT

IoT offers many opportunities that individuals and organizations cannot ignore. It represents a significant shift in technology that can both improve the living standards of people and businesses. Figure 4 below shows an overview of a few advantages of IoT.

Figure 4: Some advantages of IoT 6

Though the benefits of IoT are not limited, here is a comprehensive list of some its advantages.

6_{Herry, P. (n.d.). 6 Ways Businesses Can Take Advantage of IoT. Retrieved from}

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2.1.1 Efficient processes

(Cognizant, 2014, p.4) [14] said that organizations can use real-time operational insights to make smarter business decisions and reduce operating costs. They can use real-time data from sensors and actuators to monitor and improve process efficiency, reduce energy costs and minimize human intervention.

2.1.2 Improved Productivity

As stated by (Cognizant, 2014, p.4) [14], productivity is a critical parameter that affects the profitability of any organization. As it is, IoT improves organizational productivity by offering employees just-in-time training, reducing the mismatch of required vs. available skills and improving labor efficiency.

An instance of how an IoT device can improve productivity is provided by (New Era Technology, 2017) [50] in the case of changing the daily commute. Being stuck in traffic or on the subway can lead to lost time and productivity. However, since we have so many devices always connected to the Internet, employees can use this time to get work done instead of it going to waste. This can significantly increase overall productivity, especially as more employees use different forms of transportation other than a personal vehicle.

2.1.3 Improved Asset Utilization

According to (New Era Technology, 2017) [50] viewpoint, with the right connected devices and strategically located sensors, someone can better manage their assets and significantly boost their bottom line at the same time.

Additionally, as per (Cognizant, 2014, p.3-4) [14], with improved tracking of assets (machinery,

equipment, tools, etc.) using sensors and connectivity, businesses can benefit from real-time insights and visibility into their assets and supply chains. For instance, they could more easily locate assets and run preventive maintenance on critical pieces of infrastructure and machinery to improve throughput and utilization.

2.1.4 Cost-Savings

One of the biggest advantages of IoT is that it saves money. (Cognizant, 2014, p.3) [14] stated that costs can be reduced through improved asset utilization, process efficiencies and productivity. Customers and organizations can benefit from improved asset utilization (e.g., smart meters that

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clinical settings) to save or cut costs. General Electric has estimated that if intelligent machines and analytics caused even a tiny reduction in fuel, capital expenditures and inefficiencies, it would result in billions of dollars in cost savings.

2.1.5 Tracking Individual

As discussed by (Suny Cortland, 2012) [72], IoT can track individual consumers and target these consumers based on the information supplied by the devices. In a way, it provides a more “personalized” system that could potentially increase business sales and increase their demographic. It helps organizations better respond to customers’ demands and improve on their business’s strategies.

Furthermore, another way IoT can track individuals is in a medical setting, where a chip could be implemented into each individual, allowing for hospitals to track the vital signs of the patient. By tracking their vital signs, it could help indicate whether or not serious assessment is necessary.

2.1.6 Energy Conservation

(Suny Cortland, 2012) [72] mentioned that, with the increased number of devices connected to the Internet, the IoT device (Smart Grid) expands, conserving more energy. Devices will be able to make decisions and adapt without human guidance to reduce their energy usage. According to (Mehta, 2014) [43], high-energy consumption household appliances will also adjust based on dynamic price signals to lower the electric bill. Thermostats and lighting will learn one’s habits to create the optimal setting based on one’s daily life, such as turning to their ideal temperature just before the pers on arrives home. These gadgets will also sense when no one is in the house and turn off automatically to reduce wastes and costs.

2.1.7 Increase Business Opportunities

According to (Herry, 02 12) [27], IoT opens the door for new business opportunities and helps firms benefit from new revenue streams developed by advanced business models and services. IoT-driven innovations build strong business cases, reduce time to market and increase return on investments. IoT has the potential to transform the way consumers and businesses approach the world by leveraging the scope of the IoT beyond connectivity.

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2.1.8 Improved Safety and Security

(Herry, 02 12) [27] also noted that IoT services integrated with sensors and video cameras help monitor workplace to ensure equipment safety and protect against physical threats. The IoT connectivity coordinates multiple teams to resolve issues promptly.

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2.2 Disadvantages of IoT

IoT has many benefits but as with any technology, it’s no surprise it comes with its disadvantages. These disadvantages can be largely destructive to society, individuals and businesses. To master IoT, the disadvantages listed below by (Sannapureddy, 2015) [60] need to be addressed.

2.2.1 Complexity

As with all complex systems, there are more possibilities of failure. With the Internet of Things, failures could skyrocket. Any failure or bugs in the software or hardware will have serious consequences. Even power outage can cause a lot of inconvenience. For example, a bug in the software could end up automatically ordering a new ink cartridge for your printer each and every hour for a few days, or at least after each power failure, when you only need a single replacement. Or a couple may receive messages that the milk has expired, and both end up buying twice the amount they need.

2.2.2 Loss of Privacy/Security

Privacy is an important issue in areas related to IoT. With all of this IoT data being transmitted, the negative consequences of losing privacy increases. As all the household appliances, industrial machinery, public sector services like water supply and transport, and many other devices are connected to the Internet; therefore, a lot of information is available on it. This information is prone to attack by hackers and it would be very disastrous if private and confidential information is accessed by

unauthorized intruders. Furthermore, as (Cognizant, 2014, p.6) [14] mentioned, with many devices

used for personal activities, many users might not even be aware of the types of personally identifiable data being collected, raising serious privacy concerns.

2.2.3 Safety

There is a chance that the software can be hacked, and someone’s personal information get misused. The possibilities are endless. Imagine if a notorious hacker changes one’s prescription, it could put the person at risk. Or if a store automatically ships you an equivalent product that you are allergic to, or a flavor that you do not like, or a product that is already expired. As a result, safety is ultimately in the hands of the consumer to verify any and all automation. Safety can also be described as an aspect of security against unwanted attacks.

2.2.4 Over-Reliance on Technology

People’s lives will be increasingly controlled by technology and will be dependent on it. The younger generation is already addicted to technology for every little thing. People will have to decide how much

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of their daily lives they are willing to mechanize and be controlled by technology. Moreover, (Suny Cortland, 2012) [72] reminded that there are glitches that occur constantly in technology, specifically involving the Internet. Depending on the amount that an individual relies on the information supplied could be detrimental if the system collapses.

2.2.5 Lesser Employment

As per (Suny Cortland, 2012) [72], the connecting of more and more devices to the Internet will result in the loss of jobs. The automation of IoT “will have a devastating impact on the employment prospects of less-educated workers”. For example, people who evaluate inventory will lose their jobs because devices can not only communicate between each other, but they can also transmit that information to the owner. Already, there have being jobs lost to automated machines, such as the checkout line in supermarkets and even ATM’s.

2.2.6 Compatibility

Currently, there is no international standard for the tagging and monitoring equipment. However, this disadvantage is the easiest to overcome as the manufacturers just need to agree to a common standard, such as Bluetooth, USB, etc. This is nothing new or innovative needed.

Today, there are Bluetooth-enabled devices and compatibility problems exist even in this technology! Compatibility issues may result in people buying appliances from a certain manufacturer, leading to its monopoly in the market.

2.2.7 Data and Information Management issues

(Cognizant, 2014, p.6) [14] explained that routing, capturing, analyzing and using the insights generated by huge volumes of IoT data in timely and relevant ways is a huge challenge with traditional infrastructures. The sheer magnitude of the data collected will require sophisticated algorithms that can sift, analyze and deliver value from data. As more devices enter the market, more data silos will be formed, creating a complex network of connections between isolated data sources. The lack of universal standards and protocols will make it even tougher for organizations to eliminate data silos.

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3. Other Applications and Services of IoT

From (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.5) [2], the ultimate goal of all IoT applications is to reach the level of ubiquitous services. IoT can impact many industrial areas while enhancing the quality of life, economy, society, etc. Its list of applications is not exhaustive.

3.1 Agriculture

According to (Ge, Bangui, & Buhnova, 2018) [24], agriculture is a vital domain of our society that takes advantage of the benefits from IoT technologies to assure the quality of the products and the satisfaction of end-customers. For example, monitoring from IoT devices plays an important role to protect the agricultural products from attacks by rodents or insects. To effectively manage all the agricultural activities and find the optimal environmental conditions, cloud platforms are used to store and analyze the sensed information and in turn improve the agricultural productivity as well as save

energy. Likewise, as noted by (Borgia, 2014, p.9) [9], monitoring and controlling agricultural production

and feed (e.g., presence of OMGs, additives, melanin) by using advanced sensor systems are further applications of IoT that will help ensure the health of plant origin products intended both for human and animal consumption. Figure 5 shows the application of IoT in agriculture (farming).

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Figure 5: This shows how IoT can change the way farmers work by assuring the quality of products

through monitoring, analyzing, and controlling the operations remotely on their device 7_.

3.2 Breeding

As stated by (Borgia, 2014, p.8) [9], the regulations for traceability of animals require a continuous monitoring of animals and of their movements in order to report promptly to the appropriate authorities any relevant events, e.g., diseases. The use of IoT identification systems (e.g. RFID, sensors) allows to identify and monitor animals, and to isolate any infected animals from the healthy ones, thus avoiding the spread of contagious disease. Advanced microchips may store information about the s tatus of the animal (e.g., demographic information, veterinary checks, contracted diseases, vaccines performed) or transmit information about the animal’s body health (e.g., temperature) to streamline animal health

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certification, to control trade and imports, and to avoid possible frauds. More, by analyzing collected data, authorities may verify the actual number of livestock reported by local breeders and provide subsidies, accordingly.

3.3 Logistic and Product Lifetime Management

As mentioned by(Borgia, 2014, p.8) [9], the first relevant example of an industrial IoT application is the

logistics and supply chain management. RFIDs can be attached to objects and used to identify materials and goods such as garments, furniture, equipment, food, and liquids. Their use help to manage efficiently warehouses and retails, and to simplify the inventory by providing accurate knowledge of current inventory, while reducing inventory inaccuracies.

Advanced IoT systems, composed of RFID-equipped items and smart shelves tracking items in real-time, may help to reduce material waste, thus lowering costs and improving profit margins for both retailers and manufacturers. Underproduction and overproduction may reduce drastically by having a correct estimate of needed items, which can be inferred by analyzing data collected by smart shelves. In addition, the real-time analysis by sensors allows to identify product deterioration events, which is of vital importance for food and liquids. For example, to ensure the freshness of perishables (e.g., fruits, vegetables, frozen food), sensors may monitor continuously temperature and humidity inside storages or cold storages, and actuators may modify them to make optimal the conservation of contained food. Furthermore, the entire lifecycle of objects can be tracked too. For example, RFID readers installed along the production plant allow to monitor the production process, while the label can be traced throughout the entire supply chain (e.g., packaging, transportation, warehousing, sale to the customer, disposal).

3.4 Industrial Automation (Manufacturing)

As highlighted by (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.6) [2], Industrial Automation is computerizing robotic devices to complete manufacturing tasks with a minimal human involvement. It allows a group of machines to produce products quickly and more accurately based on four elements: transportation, processing, sensing and communication. The IoT is utilized in industrial automation to control and monitor production machines’ operations, functionalities, and productivity rates through the Internet. For instance, if a particular production machine encounters a sudden issue, an IoT system sends a maintenance request immediately to the maintenance department to handle the fix. Furthermore, the IoT increases productivity by analyzing production data, timing and causes of production issues.

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Moreover, from (Sannapureddy, 2015) [60], by using this IoT technology, manufacturing processes can be automated remotely. It can be helpful to monitor the emission of toxic gases to avoid damage to workers’ health and the environment.

3.5 Smart Home

Smart Home is a very powerful application of IoT. Smart home products are promised to save time, energy and money. According to (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.5) [2], smart homes are required to have regular interaction with their internal and external environments. The internal environment may include all the home appliances and devices that are Internet-connected while the external environment may consist of entities that are not in control of the smart home such as smart grid entities. As it is, IoT services contribute to enhancing the personal lifestyle by making it easier and more convenient to monitor and operate home appliances and systems (e.g. air conditioner, heating systems, energy consumption meters, video surveillance, etc.) remotely. For example, a smart home can automatically close the windows and lower the blinds of upstairs windows based on the weather forecast. Also, as per (Sannapureddy, 2015) [60], it can be useful in detecting and avoiding thefts (See Figure 6).

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Figure 6: This shows how from a device whether be a smartphone or a tablet, IoT can be used to

remotely monitor and program the appliances in a home8_.

3.6 Smart Building

(Miorandi et al., 2012, p.13-14) [46] stated that, instrumenting buildings with advanced IoT technologies may help in both reducing the consumption of resources associated to buildings (electricity, water) as well as in improving the satisfaction level of humans populating it, be it workers for office buildings or tenants for private houses. Impact is both in economic terms (reduced operational expenditures) as well as societal ones (reducing the carbon footprint associated to buildings, which are key contributors to the global greenhouse gas emissions). In this application, a key role is played by sensors, which are used to both monitor resource consumption as well as to proactively detect current users’ needs.

8_{DataFlair Team. (2018, 09 15). IoT Applications: Top 10 Uses of Internet of Things. Retrieved from}

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3.7 Smart Grid

As mentioned by (Borgia, 2014, p.10) [9], energy management is a requirement towards a sustainable environment and the smart grid represents a building block for its realization. The smart grid is defined as an intelligent electrical distribution system that delivers energy flows from producers to consumers

in a bidirectional way.Unlike the traditional power grids, where the energy is generated only by a few

central power plants and it is ‘‘broadcasted’’ to the final customers, via a large network of cables/transformers/substations, in the smart grid the producers may also be the final customers. The energy produced by the customers’ micro-grids (e.g., through solar panels, wind turbines) is sent to the grid, which, in turn, manages it appropriately through smart energy control services and stores it in specific energy storages. Monitoring and exchanging information about energy flows are additional applications of the smart grid. Using smart meters, automatic control devices, smart switches, smart appliances, the grid is able to know in advance the expected demands and to adapt the production and consumption of electricity, consequently avoiding peak loads, eliminating possible blackouts and acting promptly in case of failures/leaks. Information concerning consumed electricity is delivered to customers in order to increase their personal awareness about energy consumption habits and to lead them to a more rational energy usage. Figure 7 shows different areas IoT can be applied with the help of smart grid.

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Figure 7: Different areas IoT can be applied by smart grid 9_.

3.8 Public Safety Monitoring

As discussed by (Borgia, 2014, p.10) [9], local and national governments aim at creating secure society, by guaranteeing public safety and by planning emergency management accurately. The public security services include the maintenance of public order, the prevention and protection of citizens, and the safeguard of public and private properties. Emergency management assists the society in preparin g for and coping with natural or man-made disasters such as chemical leaks, floods, fire, earthquakes, tornadoes, epidemics, and electrical outages. IoT offers solutions for monitoring and tackling these

9_{DataFlair Team. (2018, 09 15). IoT Applications: Top 10 Uses of Internet of Things. Retrieved from}

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emergency scenarios. Data collected by fixed cameras located within the city and on personal citizens’ devices allow advanced video surveillance and territorial monitoring services while helping the police to control public order in case of sport events, musical performances, political meetings. Safety of private and public buildings (e.g., banks, shops) can be reinforced by using sensor technology that will

trigger alarms. Emergency management operations such as pre-emergency10_{, lifesaving}11_and

post-emergency12_{operations, can also be improved and strengthened through the use of IoT technologies.}

Currently, the emergency system lacks precise information about the emergency site. Dedicated sensors and intelligent cameras, as well as GPS and wireless technologies providing real-time localization and tracking, can be used to form a complete map of the event, to forecast its trends (e.g., direction and/ or speed of fire spread, major risk areas), and thus to establish a dynamic emergency plan to coordinate the rescue operations.

3.9 Environmental Monitoring

(Miorandi et al., 2012, p.14) [46] mentioned that IoT technology can be suitably applied to environmental monitoring applications. In this case, a key role is played by the ability of sensing, in a distributed and self-managing fashion, natural phenomena and processes (e.g., temperature, wind, rainfall, river height), as well as to seamlessly integrate such heterogeneous data into global applications. Real-time information processing, coupled with the ability of a large number of devices to communicate among them, provide a solid platform to detect and monitor anomalies that can lead to endangering human and animal life. Moreover, the vast deployment of miniaturized devices may enable access to critical areas whereby the presence of human operators might not represent a viable option (e.g., volcanic areas, oceanic abysses, remote areas), from where sensed information can be communicated to a decision point in order to detect anomalous conditions. In this perspective, IoT technologies can enable the development of a new generation of monitoring and decision support systems, providing enhanced granularity and real-time capabilities over current solutions. Another case in which the sensing ability of IoT devices supports the environmental safety is represented by fire detection. When a suite of sensors detects the possible presence of fire (by means, e.g., of temperature sensors), an alarm is sent directly to the fire department in a short time (exploiting the advanced

10_{This type of operations is based on the premise that sufficient warning allows the mobilization of resources.}

11_{This operation deals with the rescue of the injured, provision of medical care, evacuation of homeless, firefighting, route}

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communication features of IoT platform), along with other parameters that are useful in decision making and support, such as the description of the area subject to the fire, the possible presence of people, of inflammable materials, etc. Clearly, rapid response has the consequence of saving human lives, mitigating the damage to the property or vegetation and in general reducing the level of disaster. 3.10 Healthcare

(Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015, p.6) [2] stated that, smart healthcare plays a significant role in healthcare applications through embedding sensors and actuators in patients and their medication for monitoring and tracking purposes. The IoT is used by clinical care to monitor physiological statuses of patients through sensors by collecting and analyzing their information and then sending analyzed patient’s data remotely to processing centers to make suitable actions. For example, Masimo Radical-7 monitors the patient’s status remotely and reports that to a clinical staff. Recently, IBM utilized RFID technology at one of OhioHealth’s hospitals to track hand washing after checking each patient. They realized that this operation could be used to avoid infections that cause about 90 000 deaths and lose about $30 billion annually. Also, according to (Rouse, 2019) [58], IoT systems can be used in hospitals to complete tasks such as inventory management, for both pharmaceuticals and medical instruments. Figure 8 shows how through connected devices a patient’s health can be monitored.

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Figure 8: Monitoring of a patient’s health through connected devices13_.

3.11 Mobile Gadgets

According to (Ebersold & Glass, 2015, p.3) [19], mobile gadgets that are capable of acting as a sensor and provide real-time data transmission are being developed in increasing numbers. These devices are being used in applications that support individual users as well as providing social value such as aggregating the data to identify commuting patterns or traffic patterns that could be better understood, and even shaped in real-time. Individuals may use real-time data to actively manage their time more flexibly by receiving traffic updates, viewing the whereabouts of friends and colleagues through geo-tagging devices, changing meeting times and locations based on real-time information or to monitor air quality, weather and other urban environmental concerns.

Moreover, individuals are now using IoT gadgets to inform themselves, particularly in the area of monitoring one’s physical indicators for personal health. This Quantified Self movement is not solely supported by mobile devices such as smartphones and is increasingly likely to be enabled through a variety of wearable technology, such as smart watches, bracelets, and necklaces. These are among a wider variety of new mobile technologies that are rapidly being developed. Wearables continue 24/7

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updates of a person or status—what they are up to, or what they are thinking’. So far, according to (Analytics Vidhya, 2016) [4], companies like Google, Samsung have invested heavily in building such devices. These devices broadly cover fitness, health and entertainment requirements. The pre-requisite from the IoT technology or wearable applications is to be highly energy efficient or ultra-low power and small sized.

3.12 Military

Based on (Ge et al., 2015) [21], the application of IoT is extended to the military domain and brings a significant and valuable source of information that could improve the intelligence of various military applications such as military logistics, surveillance and military robots. Furthermore, the integration of IoT in military domain is expected to save lives of citizens by detecting harmful chemicals or biological weapons. For these reasons, the management and analysis of the shared information is necessary to make the right protective decisions, provide guidelines to perform the tasks as well as understand, in real-time, the implications of these decisions. For example, the Internet of Battle Things (IoBT) is one of the IoT applications that introduces future smart battlefields. In this smart environment, the intelligent things are communicating, acting, and collaborating with one another without neither the presence nor the coordination of human war fighters. Unfortunately, according to (GlobalData Thematic Research, 2019) [26], there are many ethical dilemmas that arise from this IoT application, which involves firing against targets, especially when it comes to operations in civilian areas, where human identification and clearance for firing will always be necessary. This necessity is expected to act as barriers to the rapid expansion of IoBT in the field of armed unmanned systems. Therefore, for this reason, it is important for a user to invest in the quality and quantity of its sensors, so as to be able to recognize and identify targets.

3.13 Education

(DataFlair Team, 2018) [18] pointed out, one of the very smart components of present-day colleges and classrooms is that the IoT improves schooling itself and brings advanced benefit to the physical surroundings and systems. A smart college has facilities that function easily and provide a better step of getting to know each other personally. The smart gadgets that are used within the campus employ Wi-Fi community to send data and acquire commands. A computational Internet of Things gadget for faculties and studying facilities enables to create smarter lesson plans, maintain a tune of critical resources, improves admission records, design safer campuses and much more.

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For instance, IoT can bring interactive gaining of knowledge in an educational setting. Getting to know these days is not restrained to the mixture of texts and pictures but beyond that. Most of the textbooks are paired with net-primarily based websites that consist of extra substances, films, exams, animations and different substances to support the mastering. This gives a broader outlook to the students to analyze new things with a better understanding and interplay with instructors and their friends. The instructional professionals can bring the actual world troubles inside the study room and permit college students to find their very own answers.

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Part III: Enabling Technologies and Protocols of the Internet of

Things

From(Santiago & Salazar, 2017, p.19)[61], successful application of the IoT concept into the real world

is possible thanks to advancements in the underlying technologies and protocols cited below.

4. IoT Enabling (Drivers) Technologies

IoT is pushed forward by intelligence built into objects. Here are some of the most relevant enabling technologies that enable IoT systems to spread in the world. Each illustrates their function in IoT. Below, Figure 9 summarizes these enabling technologies.

Figure 9: An overview of IoT enabling technologies Communication

To convey information collected by the sensors to the targets recognized by the local embedded

processing nodes

Big Data and Analytics To extract analytics and so

knowledge to help identify inefficiencies and find ways to

improve an IoT system Fog Computing

Act as a bridge between smart devices and large-scale cloud computing and

storage services

Miniaturization of Devices Play a critical role in the widespread adoption of IoT for

various industry applications Energy

Power and energy storage technologies are enablers for the deployment of IoT

applications

Sensors

Can be deployed everywhere, from under a human skin to

on a T-shirt. They are information-gathering tools

Cloud Computing Ideal back-end solution for handling huge data streams

and processing them

Security, Privacy and Data Confidentiality Necessary to adopt IoT solutions on a large scale

Radio Frequency Identification Devices

Assist in automatic detection of anything they

are attached to Standards

Key enablers for the success of wireless communication technologies and for any

Internet of Things : technologies and applications in healthcare management and manufacturing

© Paule Myriame Pochangou, 2020

Internet of Things: technologies and applications in

healthcare management and manufacturing

Mémoire

Paule Myriame Pochangou

Maîtrise en génie mécanique - avec mémoire

Maître ès sciences (M. Sc.)

Internet of Things: technologies and applications in

healthcare management and manufacturing

Memoir

Paule Myriame Pochangou

Under the direction of:

Résumé

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of abbreviations and acronyms

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Part I: What is the Internet of Things (IoT)?

1. About the Internet of Things

1.1 Origins of IoT

1.2 Definition of IoT

1.3 Architecture of IoT

1.4 IoT Platform

Part II: Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT and its Application

Domains/Services

2. Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT

2.1 Advantages of IoT

2.2 Disadvantages of IoT

3. Other Applications and Services of IoT

Part III: Enabling Technologies and Protocols of the Internet of

Things

4. IoT Enabling (Drivers) Technologies