Thomas Southern's Loyal Brother : A Play on the Popish Plot

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(7) .UiUSU*. BIBX,IOTI3::e]Q,TJ E DE LA. FACULTY DE. PHILOSOPHIE ET LETTRES. r University de Liege. FASCICULE XX. Thomas Southern's Loyal Brother PLAY ON THE POPISH PLOT. A. Edited with introduction and notes by P.. HAMELIUS. 1911 Impr.. H.VAILLANT»CARMANNE Sooiete. 8.. HONORE CHAMPION. Auonyme. Rue St-Adalbert.. LI^GE. Li])raire-Editeur. 8. 5.. QuAi Malaquais, 5. PARIS.

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(9) BIBLIOTHfiQUE DE LA. FACULTE DE PHILOSOPHIE ET LETTRES DE L'UNIVERSITE DE LIEGE.

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(11) bibi1jZOti3:£]q,tj E DE LA. FACULTY PHILOSOPHIE ET LETTRES DE. rUniversit6 de Liege. FASCICULE XX. Thomas Southern's Loyal Brother A PLAY ON. THE POPISH PLOT. Edited with introduction and notes by P.. HAMELIUS. 191 Impr.. H.VAILLANT-CARMANNE Sooiete. 8,. 1. HONORE CHAMPION. Auonyme. Rue St-Adalbert, 8. LIEGE. Libraire-Editeur. 5.. QuAi Malaquais, 5. PARIS.

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(13) THE LOYAL BROTHER OR. THE PERSIAN PRINCE, BY. Thomas. A PLAY. SOUTHERN.. ON THE POPISH PLOT. Edited with introduction and notes. BY. P.. HAMELIUS,.

(14) TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I.. II.. Edft ions of the novel and of. Summary. tfie. play. ~. .. .. .. 9. .. of the novel. III.. Key. to the novel. IV.. Key. to the play. V.. The. sources. .. ,. 12 .. .". .. .. 14 16. .. .. .. .. .. .. v. ... ..... 24. SOUTHERN'S LOYAL BROTHER VI. Text and notes VII. Index. ..... 26 .. — v.- — -.. EXCHAMOC. t. -.. 129.

(15) PREFACE The present of. study as. Isabella,. edition has. my. article. grown out. r^f. the. same. line. on the source of Southern's. printed in the Modern Language Review,. 1909-. For kindly assistance and information received in its preparation I. have. V. Chauvin of Liege, M.. Dr Bricteux. of. to. thank. my. wife, Prof.. Marie Polain. Liege, and Prof. A.. of. Paris,. Le Breton. Bordeaux. P. H.. Hermalle sous Argenteau, Feb. 191 1.. ^:. 4 1 854. of.

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(17) The bookseller Thomas Evans^ in his prefixed to life and writings of Southerne i^. «. Account of the. the 1774 edition. of the Plays, writes as follows of the Loyal Brother: « His first. dramatic performance was The Persian Prince, or Loyal. Brother, acted in 1682. prince of Persia,. The. a novel,. story. is. taken from Thamas {s\c),. and the scene. laid at Ispahan.. is. This play was performed when the Tory interest was triumphant;. and the character of the Loyal Brother was no doubt. intended to compliment the Duke of York,. rewarded the poet >. The. clue here. Southern's. first. clear. afforded of the political significance of. is. to follow. up the personal and. play. In this undertaking. many. hints might be. it. critics,. to. manner. XXth century. and the object of the. out and, so. political allusions. no. made. contained in the. clear to contemporaries, con-. of actors,. II's court,. by the appear-. which are hopelessly. readers. Moreover, as Prof.. has pointed out in his book:. far as possible, to. certainty can be expected. final. versant with the intrigues of Charles ance, tone and. afterwards. tragedy has been repeated and completed. by subsequent biographers and present edition. who. (^).. lost. Andre Le Breton. Le Roman au XVII^. every interpretation of a roman or piece a clef. is. siecle,. open. to. the objection that truth and fiction are intermingled in. them, and that (^). Southeme. :. is. was necessary. Plays, ed 1774,. I,. for their. pp. 1-2.. authors to leave.

(18) — many. open. of their personal allusions. This reservation applies with. Our. to. doubt and denial.. less force to a. work avowedly. to serve party interests.. written, like ours,. a. —. lO. duty has been to identify Southern's source.. first. French turquerie or Oriental. Tachmas. 1676, and called. (^).. It is. It is. published in Paris in. tale. not immaterial that the. binding of the copy in the Bibliotheque Nationale bears the. arms of Anne-Marie-Louise d'Orleans, Duchess of Montpensier, called la is. Grande Mademoiselle, and that the novel The name of its author has remained. dedicated to her.. unknown the. to us, although the dedicatory epistle. initials. had made. We. H. F. M.. is. signed with. imagine him or her (authoresses. their appearance with. M™« de. la. Fayette and M'^^. de Scudery), to have belonged to the Grande Mademoiselle's literary circle at S* Fargeau,. and. to. have written the. tale. by her command. As we did not see our way to reproducing the full text of the French novel, we subjoin a brief sum-. (^). Tachmas Prince de Perse Nouvelle historique Arrivee chez a Paris aujourd'hui regnant Sophy Seliman |. |. sous le. ;^tienne Loyson, au Palais. au. |. |. nom de. Jesus.. a manuscript. |. a I'entree de la gallerie des Prisonniers. |. M.DC.LXXVI.. copy made. |. |. |. |. Avec permission.. in the Bibliotheque nationale,. —. |. I. from. used. Y2. 70997. I have no particulars of a second edition, published in 1686, and kindly mentioned to me by Prof. Victor Chauvin. A slightly abridged edition, all the variants of which have been communicated to me in manuscript, appeared in 1752, published in Paris by. C. P. Gueffier.. announced in the Michaelmas Term under the title Tachmas, Prince of which happened under the Sophy Persia. An Historical Novel Soliman, who Reigns at this day. Rendred into English by P. Porter, The Esquire. In Octavo. Price bound, 1 s. (Arber's Reprint.). An. English translation. is. Catalogue (Nov. 22), 1676,. :. ;. —. British. Museum. Library contains a copy..

(19) .-^. mary,. ^. II. compared with the contents of Southern's. to be. tragedy.. The. first. Noyes. performance of that play. in the winter. (^). 1. is. placed by. Prof.. 681-1682. It seems more likely to. have been produced about the time of the Duke of York's return from Scotland, in. March 1682.. known. It is. three editions, dated respectively 1682, 1721, 1774. to us in (2).. We. have collated the editions of 1682 and 1744 i^^ ^^^ British Museum, and found that neither is printed very. The. consistently or carefully.. with the. identical. The. later edition. substantially. is. and probably printed from. earlier,. it.. variants are mostly due to the change in the typogra-. and chiefly. practice of the type-setters,. phical. A. spelling.. few,. which have been recorded. affect. the. in the present. by the 1774 corrector as an improvement on the somewhat irregular metre of the original. reprint, are intended. Dry den's Poet. Works, The Loyal Brother. (^). (2). I. gedy. as. is. it. 1908, p. 122. |. or the. Persian. |. acted at the Theatre Royal. Prince. |. By. I. |. a. |. Tra-. their Majesties. I. Servants,. j. By Thomas Southern.. |. I,. fuge, sed poteras tutior esse. Domi. Mart. London, Printed for William Cademan at the Popes Head in the New Exchange in the Strand, 1682. — It is announced in the Easter Term (May) Catalogue, 1682. (Arber's Reprint, |. |. I,. |. 485).. Works of Mr Thomas in u The Volume the first etc. Printed for London J. Tonson, B. Tooke, M. Wellington, And W. Chetwood MDCCXXl. » - The title page of The Loyal Brother is nearly the. The second. Southerne.. edition occurs. |. |. |. (. :. |. |. j. same. as that of the first edition.. The. Plays. third edition stands in «. Southerne, Esq.. |. now. first. collected.. |. written by. |. with. |. An. |. Thomas. account of the. and writings of the author. vol.1 London, Printed for T. Evans, near York-buildings and T. Becket, corner of the Adelphi, Strand. MDCCLXXIV. > The older title-page of the Loyal Brother is repeated with unimportant changes. life. i. ). |. ;. |. |. —. |.

(20) — Some. edition.. been removed. 13. —. obvious misprints of the earlier issue have in the later^. We fully agree. and some fresh ones introduced.. with Genest's remark^ that the dramatic. merits of our play are but slender^ and that. ones are considerable to the linguist. and. (*).. As. it is. political. its. hardly important enough. critic to justify a literatim reprint,. have modernised the. spellin.g. wherever. it. we. could be done. without impairing the metre and sound of the 1682 edition. Therefore the numerous apostrophes occurring in only retained in the present re-issue. when they. it. are. alter the. prosody. Mere orthographic variants are not recorded, but. we hope. that. all. others have been.. Only one emendation. of. the text has been found necessary.. II.. Summary The. of Tachmas, prince de Perse.. Sophy Chabas has died from poisoning, leaving two sons, the elder of whom, named Seli' man, has succeeded him, and is still reigning. The younger, story begins after. Tachmas,. is. a. paragon of. all. perfections,. object of his brother's jealousy.. Among. court, the prince admires Negare,. advances. to. make. He. and therefore the the beauties of the. and she responds. to his. then asks the Sophy's favourite Allagolikan. the sovereign acquainted with their wish to marry,. ôrgetting. that he. has formerly. caused that perfidious. courtier to be punished, and has thus incurred his secret but lasting hatred.. ('). The. minister treacherously awakens love for. Some Account of the English. Stage,. I,. p. 324..

(21) — lathe lady in Seliman's. own. and she. heart,. conquered by. is. the tempting offer of the crown. But her very. first. and. with Tachmas revives her attachment. meeting her. silences. ambition.. This repeated transfer of her inclinations as. evidence of her fickleness by the. who as. is. represented. is. hearted favourite,. false. thus able to awaken distrust of Negare in the prince,. he has already aroused jealousy of the prince. in the. Sophy. The sovereign now separates the lovers, forbidding his brother to see the lady, and he decides to marry her himself on the next. AUagolikan who,. The. day.. after. disaster. having secretly. Negare 's chamber, brings. and takes. Tachmas. let. into. Seliman to surprise them. Dis-. in. regarding his mother's prayers, he orders closely confined,. completed by. is. favourite's. his. Tachmas. to be. advice to. have. But when he heart is moved, and. sentence of death pronounced against him. sees his brother led to the scaffold his. the execution lover's life if. he. is. put. off.. in danger,. is. will spare. As soon. as. Negare hears that her. she promises to marry the Sophy. him. Accordingly, the prince. is. restored to. freedom and ordered to forget the lady, as she has agreed to forget him.. The. now. treacherous minister. enters into. an alliance. with a beauty of the court whose love has been scorned by. Tachmas, and conspires with her to breed fresh trouble by making Negare believe that her worshipper has transferred his affection. The two. to Sunamire,. accomplices manage to. into Negare's hands,. and contains. She. falls. which. is. make. is. called.. a forged letter. fall. life. and crown.. and hands the. letter to the. a proposal to take the Sophy's. who. is. signed with Tachmas' name,. a victim to their wiles,. sovereign, favourite.. as the despised lady. strengthened in his resentment by his. Negare soon discovers her mistake, but. is. unable.

(22) 14. Tachmas' innocence. While the. to persuade Seliman of. prince. is. being blinded^ the unfortunate lady poisons herself J. so doesBegonC; the. queen mother^ and Sunamire stabs herself Her accomplice AUagolikan is. after confessing her crime.. strangled,. and so the story ends.. III.. The. M"* de Montpensier's Me'moires (^) has convinced us that the tale, which was published five years alter Lauzun's arrest, was meant as a literary monument to perusal of. Mademoiselle's. passion for the. ill-fated. man who. afterwards. became her husband. The heroic younger brother who is torn from his lady-love and imprisoned is le cadet Lauzun.. The angry tyrant who. parts. aujourcVhui regnant.. The. herself.. The. princess. Persian and Indian. Begone. title. be the queen mother,. posthumous picture. maiden. (i.. e.. Mademoiselle. Begum, the. Anne. of Austria.. minister.. of Mazarin, a. There. the treacherous rival Sunamire the. This key to our Persian. widow. may. of a. is. He may. very well be. (^). and. in. her. life.. though. satisfactory. To. clue.. and. not the only alternative. For in the living. one we. queen Henrietta Maria, a resident. French court and a near pensier,. tale,. cer-. is less. Memoires give no. murdered king and mother of a. also discover. familiar. bugbear of Mademoiselle's. earlier years, transferred into a later episode of. hardly open to doubt,. Louis XIV.,. is. is. turned into a proper name), would. tainty about the perfidious a. two tender hearts. love-lorn. relative. and friend to. her elder son, king Charles. Collection Petitot, vols. 40-43.. M"<^. II.,. at the. de Mont-. whose hand.

(23) was often moiselle. —. 15. fruitlessly pressed. on the wealthy Grande Made-. (^).. The analogy between. younger brother and the. Charles's. Tachmas of the tale is less obvious, although the Duke of York several times appears in the Memoires, in favourable contrast to his brother^ and once even as a possible match (2). If the duke was understood by the initiated among contemporary readers to be intended by the Tachmas of the French. novel,. this. might explain. appeared in English in the very year of. the its. fact. that. French^ and was translated by the same P. Porter Englished. might. ^(^jjy/^. also explain Southern's choice of this story. write a. Whigs and. the. It. when he. drama celebrating the defeat of the of York's triumph in 1682^ after the. Duke. collapse of the Popish plot.. (^). who. and the Life of the Duchess Mazarin.. resolved to. it. publication in. f. Notice sur M"® de Montpensier, prefixed to her memoirs in « Mazarin aurait voulu que. the Collection Pehtot, vol. 40, p. 323. :. [M"® de Montpensier] epousAt. le prince de Galles, fils de I'infortune Charles l®"", qui etait alors refugie en France [1646.] Elle dedaigna ce... parti... Ce fut alors qu'on lui vit partager la haine peu fondee que commenQait a inspirer le ministre. » — Ibid.,. la princesse. p. 327. [1649.] « Mademoiselle... parut revenir un peu de ses preventions contre le ministre. Cliarles I®*" etant mort,,.. son fils aine... prit le titre de roi d'Angleterre. Les propositions qui avaient ete faites furent alors. renouvelees. disposee a les accueillir.. ;. et. Mademoiselle... se montra. fort. ». Comme. la ducliesse d'Yorck [Anne Hyde] etait morle, et couru un bruit que je m'allais marier avec leduc d'Yorck, « Je viens vous M. de Lauzun vint un soir chez moi il me dit dire que si vous voulez epouser M. le Duo d'Yorck, je supplierai le Roi de m'envoyer des demain en Angleterre pour negocier ce manage je ne souhaite rien tant au monde, me dit-il, que votre C-^). qu'il avait. ;. :. :. grandeur, etc. (Collection Petitot, vol. 43, p. 313)..

(24) _. —. i6. IV.. Both the characters and the situation of that drama are to a great extent borrowed from the French Tachmas, especially the love story^ a necessary groundwork for every Restoration tragedy. Semanthe is a new name for Negare, the innocent beauty persecuted on account of her faithful love of Tachmas.. perhaps. She stands for the faithful Tory party and and suffering women in it Queen. for the slandered. :. Catherine, accused by Oates and Bedloe of conspiring with. her. physician,. Charles II. (').. Sir. The. George. Wakeman,. love between. to poison. king. Tachmas [the Duke of York]. (') Pollock, p. 159-160: «The fact that the murder [of Godfrey] was sworn [by Prance] to have taken place in Somerset House was not without danger to the queen herself. At Bedloe's first information she acted a prudent part. She sent a message to the House of Lords expressing her grief at the thought that such a crime could have taken place at her residence, and offered to do anything in her power that might contribute to the discovery of the murderers. When an order was given to search the palace, she threw open the rooms and in every way facilitated the process. The course which she adopted was most wise. The Lords were touched hy her confidence and voted thanks for her message. Her confessor, who had been accused by Bedloe, was not charged by Prance. In spite of the libels which assailed her she was never again molested on the matter. » — Ibid. p. 229. After Oates and Bedloe had launched their accusation against the queen, « The House of Commons, stirred by their deep affection and care for the royal person, voted an immediate address for the removal of the consort and her household from Whitehall, and sent to beg but the Lords, dissatisfied with the the Lords' concurrence depositions laid before them, refused, under protest of Shaftesbury and two ot his followers, to join in the vote. Their consideration had been won by the queen's behaviour on the subject of Godfrey's ;. murder, and they refused to allow her to be molested. In public she bore herself bravely, but her intimates knew how greatly she had been distressed by the attack. ».

(25) —. —. 17. and Semanthe can hardly be interpreted. pointing to. as. James's second wife Mary ofModena^ for no hint appears that she. was either alluded. implicated in the intrigues. to. queen mother, named Begona queen. is. when the. of representing. Martyr King's widow on the stage her. the tyrant Seliman. warrants. the death. two sons was. and. of melodramatic effect. stroke. son. the. play was. peace-maker between. as a. Ihe widowed. (')•. her French prototype,. after. who had been dead about first acted. The device. Henrietta Maria,. thirteen years. the play or seriously. in. of the time. Charles. is. of the. Tory. of. victims. 11.. a. who had. ,. the. of. master. policy. Her. ». signed. Popish Plot. and appointed Shaftesbury President of Temple's Privy. As. Council in April 1679.. for. the treacherous minister. Ismael, the counterpart of Allagolikan in the French tale,. we need only quote. Genest's interpretation:. who. unprincipled statesman,. is first. in the. ence, and then excites the city to rebellion,. the. Earl. of. Shaftesbury ». (*).. accomplices in the tragedy are. The. « Ismael, an. Sophy's confidis. crafty. meant. less easily identified.. described by Southern as brother and. sister,. for. favourite's. Being. they might. members of the Whig family of Gerard. It was a Lady Gerard of Bromley who carried Oates's accusations against queen Catharine to the king (^). This tallies with the. stand for. (1). «The Duchess. to the Princess of. of York [Mary of Modena] started on a visit Orange in Holland. It was said that she was. smuggling guilty priests out of the country. * (Pollock, p. 179, No flimsier charge could well have been under Sept. 30, 1678.). —. made. !. (2). Genest. (3). Pollock,. :. Some Account p.. 229-230. :. of the English stage. Vol. «. Mrs.. Elliot,. I,. p. 324.. wife of Elliot of the. bedchamber, had been the agent who took Gates' message [that he had somewhat to swear against the queen], to the king. She had 2.

(26) —. I8. —. part piaffed by Siiiiamire in the French novel and in the. English tragedy. In the tragedy she figures as a. Bromley was sister to Brandon (1659 P-iyoi); Shaftesbury and Monmouth. of. in. ;. history. in their attacks. of York^ and daughter to Charles Gerard^ of. sister to. Lady Gerard Charles Gerard^ second Baron of who was closely associated with. the disaffected general Arbanes. Brandon and Earl of Macclesfield. Charles. Whig. I.. upon the Duke. first. Baron Gerard. {d. 1694)^. a general. of. during the Civil War, and a supporter of the. policy under Charles II. This key would. fit. (*).. well enough,. Gerard family had been. if. the part played by the. sufficiently conspicuous,. tragedy did not contain a. number. and. of hints at the. our. if. Duke. of. Monmouth, Dryden's Absalom. Two keys fitting one lock are not unknown to literary history. Southern might have the same reasons as Dryden, who stood sponsor to the Loyal Brother and wrote. its. prologue. be cautious and moderate. in. his. Charles's favourite son.. The most. and. epilogue,. allusions to. acceptable interpretation. seems to be that the dramatist amalgamated. in his. Arbanes. features borrowed from three contemporary personages I ). from the elder Charles Gerard,. Charles. Gerard,. I.. the Civil. in. his. War. ;. 2). his. and. been dismissed from his. 3). :. having fought for. from the younger Charles. being a brother to Semanthe's. Catharine's) accuser,. to. Monmouth,. {i.. e.. queen. from Monmouth, his having. command. of the army.. In this. Tonge, and in a significant statement to the House she had been sent to hi n by Lady (ierard of Bromley. The mention of this lady's name throws a ray of light on the doubtful intrigue, for she was in close connection with the also spoken to. of Lords confessed. Whig (2). leaders. ». Diet. Nat. Biog..

(27) — way no unpardonable. insult. -. 19. was offered. the blame of the Popish Plot was laid. to Monmouth, and whojjy ?^ .^^hpff^g-. bury's door.. Herein the tendency of the Loyal Brother agrees with that of. Absalom and Achitophel ShxiX.. in its bold. widely from. differs. it. attacks on Charles II. (Seliman). it. a jealous. as. brother and a weak-minded tyrant.Ône possible explanation of this. audacity. surprising. is. that the abuse. al. ernately. hurled at the cynical monarch by both factions was wel-. comed by him. as. showing that he held the balance even. between them. Another explanation of. Whig. is. that, after a. plays had passed the censorship,. deny the same privilege. laid bare. number. difficult to. to the Tories.. But the two brothers were differences,. was. it. by deep-rooted. actually divided. both political and personal, which have been. by modern historians. According to. their relations « varied. Osmund. Airy,. on Charles's part from boon comp-. anionship to contemptuous dislike. ..«He hates him perfectly, said Shaftesbury,. when. and he knows. it. !. ». ('). -. In Oct. 1680,. the excitement of the Popish Plot was at. its. height,. the French ambassador reported to his government about the bitterness. between the. d'York]. me. Roi son. frere voulut. tit. mettre tons. [sic]. les. :. «. II. [le. Due. catholiques en desespoir. aucune mesure.. et les persecuter sans. termes pleines. two brothers. entendre... qu'il ne comprenait pas que le. II. ajouta a cela en. de colere et ressentiment que. si. on. le. poursuit a bout et qu'il se voit en etat d'etre entierement ruine par ses enuemis, repentir et se vangera. ham. m'a. dit plusieurs. (0 O. Airy. :. Charles. il. trouvera. [sic] d'eux.... fois qu'il. II,. moyen de les en faire M. le Due de Bouquin-. le .. avait bu fort souvent avec. 1904, p. 352..

(28) — le. Roi de. la. (irande-Bretagne; raais. ce Prince dans. une debauche un pen. beaucoup d'aigreur. — is. That. —. 20. et. meme. de haine. a large section. jamais vu. qu'il nâvait. ne temoignat. libre qu'il. of the Court. contre son frere ». (').. countenanced James. proved by the statement of another foreign observer that^. after. keeping away from the Protestant service. continued to be visited by the nobility than the king himself ». (-).. 1676 « he. in. numbers. in greater. — These quotations might suffice. to account for the bitterness against Charles II. appearing. honour of James, even. in a tragedy written. in. Modena, the. second. thought of. latter's. as a possible. princess thus. match. Mary. if. of. had not been previously. wife,. That. for the former.. Italian. occupies in history a position between the. rival brothers similar to that of. While Southern. is. Semanthe. in the play. (^).. bolder than Dryden in his allusions to. the royal family, he introduces into his tragedy a greater. amount. of fictitious action. and sentiment than. the satirical narrative oi Absalom. is. found in. and Achitophel.\Yi\s. love. story indeed gives an opportunity for a passionate outpouring. of devotion from the persecuted. by a. loving woman,. to. its. Tory. party, impersonated. banished leader?). It. is. perhaps. the earliest example of the pathetic allegory afterwards used. by Jacobite poets. in their political love-songs.. On. the other. ('). Barillon, quoted. (2). Cattaneo, quoted by Martin Haile, Queen Mary of Modena,. by Pollock,. p. 69.. footnote. 1.. 1905, p. 60. (^). Christie, Life of Shaftesbury,. the beginning of this year [1673],. « ... in vol. II, 1871, p. 147 there had been some idea that :. the queen of England might die, and a thought of this beautiful princess of Modena, who now married James, had entered the. mind of Charles for a second wife for himself. This fact, unnoticed by any historian, rests on the authority of a despatch of Colbert [the French ambassador] of Feb. 20, 1673. ».

(29) — many. hand;. departures from or additions to truth were. demanded by the. necessities of dramatic action.. to the intricate political. are of three kinds i). in. The. —. 21. movements. The. allusions. of the time in our play. :. general analogy of the characters in history and. our tragedy,. as. pointed out. above,. and maintained. throughoiat the five acts. 2). and 1,2)}. A in. closer likeness. between. definite incidents in real life. the play^ chiefly confined to Act. 4;. Act. V,. sc. I; 2.. An. particularise that likeness in. I^ sc.. II,. attempt has been made. Pollock's table (pp. XIII-XIX). all. Act. sc.. to. the following synoptic table,. where outstanding events have been quoted that. i,. Though. it is. chiefly. from. hardly likely. the coincidences there recorded were present to. Southern's mind, yet they belong. to. the atmosphere in. which he thought and wrote, and are therefore useful understanding him aright.. for.

(30) —. 22. —. Loyal BRofHER. A.. Sc.. 1.. I.. Ismael and Arbanes^ in Seliman's presence, describe the fighting against the Northern Tartars, and their ultimate defeat.. Seliman's birthday. is. celebrated.. Ismael complains that he has. Arbanes complains of the A.. Tachmas makes. his. lost. Seliman's favour.. loss of his. II.. Sc.. miUtary honours.. 1.. triumphal entry and. is. welcomed by. Seliman.. Seliman invites. his court to a. A.. Ismael, with great to their death.. show. II.. banquet Sc.. in. Tachmas' honour.. 3.. of friendship, entices several. Lords. Ismael accuses Semanthe of entertaining a lover privately. A.. II.. Sc. 4.. having induced the Lords to meet Tachmas Semanthe's apartment, afterwards lets in Seliman overhear them and send them to their death.. Ismael. Tachmas. is. in. to. banished by Seliman.. Seliman sentences the Lords to death as A. V. Sc.. tiaitors to the. crown.. I.. Ismael resolves to take shelter in the city. A. V. Sc. The. citizens. Ismael. calls. patriot.. 2.. usurp the dignity of judges.. upon the. citizens. to. avenge the murder of a.

(31) —. 23. —. Historical events.. 1679. March, 25. Shaftesbury's speech on Scotland. 1679. June^ 22. The Covenar-ters routed by Monmouth Bothwell Brig^. May^. 1679.. at. 2q. Charles II. 's birthday.. 1679. Oct., 15. Shaftesbury dismissed from his place at the council board. 1679. Sept., 12. The Duke of Monmouth commission of Lord General.. removed from. his. The Duke. of York came to London three times in the period covered by our play. Probably his second return, Feb., 24, 1680, before the Lord Mayor's banquet, and his third, March, 4, 1682, when the Loyal Brother appeared, are here alluded to together.. The king and the Duke of York entertained banquet by the Lord Mayor.. 1680, March, 8. at a. 1678. The five Popish Lords surrender on October 28, and are impeached on December 5. 1678. Nov. 28, Oates accuses the House of Commons.. queen. at the. bar of the. —. Nov., 25, Oates 1678. Nov., the queen's palace searched. swears to having heard the queen in conversation with certain Jesuits approve the plan for Charles' assassination ( ). '. 1679. Feb., 28, by the king.. The Duke. —. 1680. Nov. 30 Dec. 7. ford for high treason. 1. of. Trial. York. is. ordered to withdraw. and conviction of Lord. Staf-. 681. Nov., 24. Shaftesbury released on the finding of the grand jury of Middlesex. Dec, 13. The Skinners' company give a dinner in his honour (~).. —. 1678. Nov.,. I.. Lloyd preaches the sermon. funeral. (1) Pollock, (2). 228-229.. Diet. Nat. Biogr. IV. 1053.. at. Godfrey's.

(32) — 3). 24. -. Besides the passages enumerated above occasional allus-. ions and party sentiment occur sporadically, as pointed out. but most elements are. in the notes,. and borrowed. fictitious. from the French novel. The reason why truth has more place in the seek.. two. first. acts than in the last three. surrounded with inning of a. many. difficulties,. classical tragedy,. danger of his. life. riate for fourth. Duke. the. hero,. Southern's actual. such as. is. of fit. not. far to. York, was. into the beg-. but he never was in the actual. and freedom that was considered approp-. and. fifth. acts.. Therefore the dramatist was. when he wanted to pitch. The Duke was. driven to fiction from Act III onward, raise. pity. and. fear to. the highest. repeatedly banished asTachmas arrested (III, (III, 4),. A. 2),. is. conducted to. in. a. Act II, but he was never scaffold. for. execution. or invited to drink poison out of a gilt bowl (V. 3).. number. of rabid attacks. on Shaftesbury and. his sup-. porters in the City are not directly connected with the plot.. They have been. inserted into Act V, probably in order to. rouse party feeling towards the close of the performance,. and. to dismiss the audience with. a strong prejudice against. the Whigs.. V.. Has Southern used any sources besides This must remain an open question, subjects were of such tales. common. for. his. French novel. ?. Turkish and Persian. use in Seventeenth Century. and dramas that both the French novelist and the. English playwright. may. very. well. have dispensed with. seeking accurate information about the history and manners. some of his proper names {viz. Ismael, Sha Abbas^ Xa-Tamascoolibeague [Tachmas ?]) occur in Sir. of the Persians. Still.

(33) —. -- 25. Anthony. Shirley's relation of his travels in Persia, published. and more fully in 1613. From this source is drawn the play on the Travels of the three English Brothers first. in 1600,. Rowley and Wilkins(i6o7). In Tavernier's Six Voyages, published in French in 1676 and in English. attributed to Day,. in. 1678,. we. Cha-Abas. [i.. Nagar (Negare. Cabas) ?). Cha-Tammas. Ismael,. find: ^.. Ali-couli-kan. (^),. Allagolikan. Begum-Saheb (Begona. (^),. Tachmas),. {i.e.. (i. ^.. thern's Persians appear sometimes as Shiite. —. (*).. ?). (^),. Sou-. Mohamedans,. swearing by AH, referring to mosques and tomans (spelt. by him tiimains) and sometimes ancient Persians. in dictionaries of. —. may be. Herodotus. (^).. Arbanios, and. A. Greek proper names.. the latter. occur. as sun-worshippers, like the. Neither Semanthe nor Arbanes occurs. A a. name Artabanos found. the Persian called. city. remote source of. Arbanion. .. an. name Semanthes. masculine proper. in. adjective also. (®).. Although Elizabethan out the Loyal Brother,. tradition. we have. makes. itself felt. through-. not been able to single. out more than a few borrowings from Shakespeare, which are recorded in the footnotes. Ismael,. ambitious statesman,. is. and the main springs of the faithful. woman,. rivalry. same as slander and. plot are the. vizi^x'waXxy in love, culminating in a. the scheming and. pretty closely modelled on lago,. in. in Othello,. distrust of. and envy about. ambition,. preferment in the stale and in the army."^. (*). Edition of 1676, vol.. I^. p. 511.. ('^). Edition of 1676. vol.. I,. p.. (^). Edition of 1678,. (*) Ibid. p.. p.. 513.. 161.. 210 of the Indian Travels.. (^). Herodotus, ed. Macan,. (®). Pape, Worterbuch der Eigennamen,. II,. 1908. Index 3.. III. p.. 439.. ed. 1863.. /.

(34) 2ti. [Dedication.. ]. To His Grack the Duke of Richmond,. etc.,. Master of. the Horse to his Majesty, and Knight of the most Noble. Order of the Garter. (').. Sir. When. things of this nature are presented to persons of. your high rank and quality, trade- wind. that. dedication. But. the. fruits. first. carries. flattery. author. the. my design is of my muse,. laying. my. attempted thus. own pen I. (^). far. at. always supposed the quite. wholly to that. and serious thoughts come on). maidenhead. is. I. oflfer. through to. (when pleasure. may. excuse. my. Nor. durst. your door.. into the world,. the. your Grace tires (-), folly,. I. by. have. had not the Laureate's. secured me, maintaining the outworks, while. lay safe intrenched within. his. lines. ;. and malice,. nature and censure were forced to grin at a distance.. have not performed. my. part in this piece,. ill. If. I. the excuse of a. young beginner will pass with the reasonable part of mankind but when I look upon your Lordship, and join your princely (1). Charles Lennox, Duke of Kichmond,. bastard son. of king. and of Louise de Keroualle, Duchess of Portsmouth, was a child of ten. When our tragedy was published, his mother had joined the Duke of York's party, and on the 22'^ Jan. 168 1-2 he had been appointed Master of the Horse, on the removal of the Duke of Monmouth. The withdrawal of the Duke of York from Scotland (Tachmas' triumph in Act II, Sc. i of our play) in March i682,wasthe work of the Duchess of Portsmouth (D. N. B. lames 11.). Charles. (2). II.. lives. 1682.. Dryden wrote the prologue and epilogue to The Loyal Brother, which bears a close analogy to his own poem on Absalom and (3). Achitophel..

(35) --. birth to the early promises of. give us^. manly. virtue. which you daily. all). prophecy, venture to say,. I. without the. dare,. may. the inspiration. thoughts to some more worthy offering. Could. me. carry I. am. to the. hopes of succeeding. in. in little. my. vanity. things of this kind,. :. in. my surest way would be to draw my characters whom the fairest images of Nature are shown. your Royal Father's gieatness, majestic awfulness,. wit and goodness,. are promised. all. in. you. blessed. you with. you to. in. a royal parentage,. a princely education. ;. crown our hopes, but time,. what Titus was that you. may. in. Rome, the. your mother's. :. conquering beauty triumphs again in you. to. refine. my. of. gift. confident. from you,. now. me. you communicate an influencing beam on. if. you must shine on. (as. —. 27. :. has just. is. wanting. make you mankind. England. and nothing to. Nature. and Fortune been in. delight of. Which. prove, shall ever be the constant wish of,. Sir,. Your Grace's most humbly devoted servant T. Southern..

(36) ^. 2H -^. Prologue. :. By Mr. Dryden. Poets, like lawful monarchs; ruled the stage,. damned whigs, debauched our age, Mark how they jump (•) critics would regulate Our theatres, and whigs reform our state. Till critics, like. :. ;. Both pretend love and both (plague rot'em) hate.. The critic humbly seems advice to bring, The fawning whig petitions to the king ;. But one's advice into. a satire slides,. T' other's petition a remonstrance hides.. These. The. no taxes give, and those no pence would starve the poet, whigs the Prince.. will. Critics. ;. critic all. our troops of friends discards.. Just so the whig would fain pull. Guards are. illegal,. down. the guards.. that drive foes away,. 'As watchful shepherds, that fright beasts of prey.. Kings,. Are. who. safe. disband such needless aids as these.. — as long as. e'er their subjects please.. And that would be till next Queen Bess's night Which thus grave penny chroniclers indite Sir Edmund Berry (^) first, in woeful wise ('*),. (^),. :. together, are more usual. Pope burnings, organised by the Green Ribbon their dates were November Club, are mentioned by J. Pollock 17th, 1679 and 1680. The seventeenth of November, the anniversary of Queen Elizabeth's accession, was annually celebrated by (I). jump. with,. (^). Two. great. jump. ;. :. Protestants. (^) Sir. (*). i.. Edmund. e.. guise.. Berry Godfrey. is. again alluded to in Act V, So.. 1..

(37) —. 29. —. Leads up the show^ and milks their maudlin eyes. There's not a butcher's wife but dribs her part. And pities the poor pageant from her heart. Who, to provoke revenge, rides round the fire, And, with But. a civil. congee does. guiltless blood to. retire.. ground must never. There's Antichrist behind to pay for. The punk. A. of Babylon in. pomp. fall. :. all.. appears,. lewd old gentleman of seventy years,. Whose. age in vain our mercy would implore,. For few take pity on an old cast whore.. who brought him. The. devil,. Sits. cheek by. to the shame, takes part,. jowl, in black, to. Like thief and parson. in a. cheer his heart,. Tyburn. cart.. The word is given and with a loud huzzaw The mitred moppet from his chair they draw.. On. the slain corpse contending nations. Alas, what's one poor pope. fall. among them. ;. all?. He burns, now all true hearts your triumphs ring (*) And next (for fashion) cry God save the king !. :. A. needful cry in midst of such alarms.. When But. forty thousand. after he's. In each. (~). cheer. t. are. up. succeeding health they. So God begins, but. ('). men. in arms.. once saved, to make amends.. still. Triumph was one. damn. the devil ends. of the. names. his friends.. (3).. for the City pageant. on Lord Mayor's day. (2). such 1774.. proverbs contained in W. C. Hazlitt's collection (1882) on this line No sooner is a temple built to God^ but Good to begin well, better to the devil builds a chapel hard by. (3). seem. Two. to bear. end well.. :. —.

(38) — What if some ComC;. let's. 30. one^ inspired. go cry. God. — (^. ). with. him. save. at. zeal,. should. Whitehall. call. ?. His best friends would not like this over-care^. Or think him. e'er the safer for that prayer.. Five praying saints are by an Act allowed {-\ But not the whole Church-militant^ in crowd. Yet, should Heaven all the true petitions drain Of Presbyterians who would kings maintain, Of forty thousand; five would scarce remain.. (^) inspir'e 1682. (*) In. the Conventicle Act 1664, «. A. conventicle was defined as. being a religious meeting not in accordance with the practice of the Church of England, at which present in addition to the household.. History of Engl. 1902,. p. 588.. more than four persons were ». (S.. R. Gardiner, Student's.

(39) 3i. •. =:. Persons represented. [Men.]. Seliman^ the Sophy of Persia,. Tachmas^. Mr. Goodmaji. Mr. Clark.. his brother,. ISMAEL, a villainous favourite.. Major. Akbanes, a. Mr.. disaffected general,. OsMAN,. a captain to. Several. officers.. Citizens. and their wives.. Tachmas,. Moon. (*).. Griffin.. Mr. Saunders.. Eunuchs, and guards.. [Women.]. Begona, mother to Seliman and Tachmas, Mrs. Cory. Semanthe, beloved and in love with Tachmas^ Mrs. Cook. SuNAMiRE,. sister to. Arbanes. Mrs. Guin(3).. {^),. [The corresponding characters. in the. French novel are. :. Seliman, Tachmas, Allagolikan, among the men, Begone,. Negare, Sunamire, among the women. Sovithern's. dramatis personae. historical characters. = = =. Seuman Tachmas Ismael ('). Mohun.. C-^). in love. (3). Nell. stand for the following. :. Charles. II.. James Duke of York.. The Earl of Shaftesbury.. with Tachmas secretly, 1774.. Gwynn..

(40) — Arbanes. =. 32. —. The Duke of Monmouth, and. perhaps the. Gerards,. Begona Semanthe. = =. Queen Henrieita Maria. Queen Catherine and, perhaps, Mary of MODENA. perhaps, Lady Gerard.. SuNAMiRE. --=. OsMAN. =- the Tory party.. Citizens. ==. the. Whig. citizens of. London..

(41) THE LOYAL BROTHER OR. THE PERSIAN PRINCE,. Act Scene. I. 0), a. I.. chamber. of state.. Seliman, Ismael, Arbanes^ Guards^ Attendants.. My. Se/.. Lord, our letters from our brother show. The enemy encamped on Gehun. banks.. Headed by that brave Tartar, that Has kept us warm for glory in the Their number's. To. O. fifty. so long field.. thousand^ ours but twenty,. poise their fate^ or turn the scale of. war. glorious odds, and by our Prophet's soul.. Worthy. And. the renown of this immortal throne. /sm.. To. imperial gamesters, worthy us,. Long have. !. these tempests threat'ned from the North,. overturn the fate of Persia,. (^). This scene refers to. the. affairs. of. Scotland,. where the. Duke of York (Tachmasj resided in 1679-1680 and in 1680-1682. The Covenanters (Tartars ?) were routed by Monmouth in the battle ofBothwell Brig (June 22, 1679), on the Clyde (Gehun). Gihon or Jihun is the Persian name for the Amu-Darya, ancient Oxus. For a reference to Shaftesbury's speech on Scotland see table on pages 22-23: The wars between Persia and the Tartars. are referred to by Tavernier. 3.

(42) — And But. —. shroud her glories in eternal night.. my. say,. Lords^ what has their fury done. Arb. Like clouds,. To. 34. it. ?. vanished at our rising sun,. {}). the renown of royal Seliman.. Let some report their conquests to the world,. They. And. provinces subdued, but under ground.. peopled graves. ;. There spoke the voice. Sel.. how. they triumphed too, but. In death they triumphed, for they of. fell. war. by you. ?. (^).. !. we have conquered 'em, and shall again. Since Tachmas leads our armies to the fields (•^). Thrice they the Gehun passed, as oft thou knowest, Khohemus (^) felt the wounds of Tartar's swords. Where was I then, Arbanes ? Stood I idle ? Yes,. my. For thou wert Saw'st. all. my. lieutenant in the war,. actions, therefore best canst speak 'em.. Arb. The Grecian eloquence can never paint. Your. victories (to. How. then shall. (^). The arms. (2). Cf.. I. mention but the ?. But. my. first),. reflecting soul. of Persia bear a rising sun and a lion.. Prologue to Ot way's Venice Preserved,. 1.. 21-22. :. Yet here's an army raised^ though under ground^ But no man seen, nor one commission found. » «. The. allusion, in both passages^. seems. to be to the Catholic. army. reported by the witnesses to the Popish Plot to be collecting to. overthrow the Protestant religion in England. That invisible army might jestingly be said to be hiding under ground, and the witnesses to be peopling graves. Such a passing hint would have been caught and enjoyed by a contemporary audience, but to the modern reader it. creates confusion, as (=^). field,. ('•). KoCihi. it. does not quite. fit. into the context,. «774-. — Mis,. the copper mountain, situated. Easterii angle of the Caspian Sea.. at. the South-.

(43) Shows the. And. You gods. Sel. 1. think. To. past scene of glory to. my. view,. can speak a truth.. 1. my. !. a truth. ?. actions do disdain a He. speak 'em brave. I. Sel.. am. calm^ proceed.. Arb. Dread. A. Sel.. you wrong. Sir,. my. meaning. !. barbarous people, of a rougher clime,. Invade our. frontiers,. burn our. villages,. •. Unyoke our labouring oxen from the plough, Our flocks destroy, and after them our hinds. The fatal news enters our city gates.. And. Ispahan. (*). appears one face of sorrow. !. The virgin's shriek, the matron's- fear prevents The stroke of war old bed-rid age laments Its many winters, or does wish 'em more, To have more strength to fight, or less, to die. ;. But then you. War. is. and Fortune could no more. rose,. ;. proclaimed, and you the general.. Then to have heard your drooping subjects shout To arms to arms All to the famous field, The Sophy leads us on, and all must follow By the bright sun was wonderful indeed. Our virgins, who before stood dumb as death. Now sing us on our way. The very boys !. :. !. !. Act victory at home, and coward priests In mosques (^) with prayer battle with the gods. But when we joined the foe Sel. Ay, then, Arbanes !. (*). London.. The sun-worshipper's oath by the bright sun Mohamedan allusion to mosques by three lines. (2). precedes the.

(44) -. -. 36. Fierce as a winter storm upon the main, I. ranged the. whilst. field,. Like billows. at the. my. affrighted foes,. angry Neptune's frown,. my. Successively did vanish from. Did. I. sight.. not pour upon their foremost ranks,. Sudden and. rush. fierce as lightning,. Their thickest squadrons, and. among. in glorious heat. (Like thunder breaking from a teeming cloud)-. Make. desolation wait. How. Ism.. upon. my. vanity distorts. With my drawn sword. Sel.. arms. him. ?. [To Arbaiies.. !. pointed out the paths. I. Of dazzling fame, which none but I could tread, Mounting that stately pyramid alone. Whilst all my army lagged, and you below Trembled,. like girls, to. Now. Ism.. behold. Nay more. When my. Sel.. Amidst. my. daring.. to fire him.. too eager courage bore. me. band of bold Tartarian horse,. a. No guard, but death, that hung upon my sword To make it fatal — say, who brought me off? By Mars, the single virtue of this arm Dispersed their troops, and sent 'em from the. Ism. So, he beat them Arb. Great. Sir,. field.. himself. all. your royal brother claims a share. In that renowned day. Sel.. Arbanes. Arb. But. all. !. ha. !. his glorious actions are. your own.. Since you, like streams, from the same fountain run. Sel.. I. cannot talk of. Mention. But. You. I. of war, or arms.. fields,. a siege, or battle that I. am. plant. thought to boast.. my. laurel wreaths. And would my. crown.. I. won,. know your. idol. on Tachmas' brow. By Heaven. I. know your. hearts. !.

(45) -. —. 37. Arb. Allah forbid thi: you should think us traitors. !. Ism. He's strangely thoughtful.. O. Arb.. /Sel.. it. stings his soul.. Ismael, thou art honest. (^). dost thou think. ;. rince. Ism. Sel.. What of the Prince, my Lord Why, nothing now.. 'Twas but an. idle thought,. and. /. ?. dismiss. I. Ism. Your royal mother, with the. the^. —. it.. fair. Semanthe,. Intend this way. Sel.. Then comes. the brightest. the chastest glory,. star,. That ever waited on Diana's pride. Light without heat, and youth without. O. Ismael. The. Wliat courage can. !. raging torments of a hopeless love. 'Tis that, in spite of all. My. my. desire.. resist ?. victories,. past renown, or soldier's hardiness,. That. drives me, like a coward, to the ground,. Breathless and pale before that scornful beauty.. Ism.. It. goes as I would have. Sel. Still as I. wooed, when. [Aside.. it.. at. Begging the bounty of a look to. her feet bless. I lay.. me,. Hadst thou but seen with what a modest pride,. A. virgin innocence,. and chaste reservedness.. She took the humble. How. still. in all the. my love, my passion,. offering of. windings of. Through the high tide of vows and strong temptations She kept an equal mind by Heaven I think.. —. Hadst thou then seen the temperate virgin stand Cold to. my. flame as marble to the sun,. {}) Ismael's. insinuating «. honest. 93-170.. ». lago's.. and cautious slander. Cf. Othello. II, 3^. ^nes. 6,. 341. is ;. imitated from. III, 3,. 1.. 35-40,.

(46) -. 38. -. (Not flushed and haughty with her conquest made. As. would be). others, vainer, of her sex. Thou wouldst have. loved her rigid virtue too.. Ism. Take warmer beauties to your breast, whose heat. May. melt that frozen image of a love.. O. Sel,. Her. !. thou mistak'st, nothing can drive her hence.. rigorous beauty binds. me. for. Freezes the wandering current of. Which, did she. smile,. her slave,. my. love,. would loosely glide along. Into the boundless ocean of her sex.. Were. she like other. Coming and forward. To. women. to be. moved,. to believe our vows,. drink our tears, ajid melt within our arms,. Then. I. should slight the easy conquered prey.. But of such. different. tempers we are framed,. There's such a contrariety between. Like fighting. And. qualities,. as she freezes, I. With. us.. each gathers force. consume, and burn,. fiercer violence of raging love.. Ism.. My. Lord, she enters. Enter Begona and Semanthe, attended.. Sel.. Hail beauteous maid. So near the sun you shine,. We justly And pay Sem.. may. !. Thou. leading light of. so bright. your. Heaven. !. lustre.. mistake you for the morn,. our earlier devotion here.. The pomp and entertainments. Speak some high. festival. !. of the day. perhaps your birth. {}). (>) Charles II. 's birthday, falling on the 29th of May, did not occur between the victory of Bothwell Brig (June 1679) and the Duke of York's first return (Feb. 2\, 1680) and the ensuing. banquet (March8^ 1680). Therefore the second return (March 1682) must be meant by Tachmas' triumph in Act. II. Cf. the stage directions at the beginning of Act. II..

(47) —. —. 39. Has claimed this sun a sacrifice While (') you, the royal lord, Conclude. in lavishly. to jollity,. bestowing praises.. Take 'em as the oflFering The meaning of my soul. Sem. As they are meant, Sel.. The. 'em. effect of gallantry, I take. O, how, Semanthe, how. Sel.. What shall I say, or how To conquer thy belief ?. of excessive love,. all.. shall I. my. Couldst thou discern the workings of. bosom. Pass through this. convince thee. ?. shall I protest,. to. my. soul,. throbbing heart,. O, there thou wouldst behold thy heavenl}^ form. Deep. writ,. Why. dost thou take thy. and never. Like the sun's flower,. to be razed (*). my. away. !. beauties from. my. eyes. ?. folded glories fade,. Perish and die, unless thou shine upon me.. Ha. O. !. weeping too. !. What. has. my. passion done. ?. mother, beg her, on your knees implore.. Entreat her. for. your poor offending son. !. Tell her I kneel, but dare not ask for pardon.. Lest even then. Beg.. O. rise,. my my. words should give offence. royal Lord. !. Some. secret grief. Bedews her cheeks, which I could never learn. Although I often pressed her to discover. Enter an Eunuch.. Eun. Sel.. An. officer. begs admittance from the Prince.. Conduct him. in. !. Sem. Did he not name the Prince (1). Query. :. which. ?. (2) the, 1682, 1774.. ?. My. heart confirms. it,.

(48) — For. have. I. And am. the weight of. lost. —. 40. my. afflictions. within a httle world of joy.. Ism. Methinks a sudden pleasure overcomes. Your mistress. Ha Ism. Was Sel.. 's. sorrows.. !. The eunuch. there aught in what. Ism.. change. so quick a. ?. — but why that question Only a foolish doubt, — but am. Nothing. Sel.. work. said^ to. to her. ?. satisfied.. I. The manner of thy speech says not. Ism. Alas Age in a minute raises scruples Sel.. !. That years can But. since. you. 't. tell. solve^. me. and. this. perhaps. is. one.. she was not concerned. In what the eunuch said,. I'll. give. it. over.. He said, an officer begs admittance from Ism. He did, my Lord, and as he named the. the Prince.. Sel.. A. Prince,. sudden, joy, like lightning, dried her tears,. And. not a cloud was seen in that bright heaven. Ha, Ismael, thy words have stunned. Sel.. Than. the united force of heaven could do.. I fear. thy friendship has been. With an What,. officious. for. my. (*).. me more. me,. fatal to. eye discovering. peace,. had better been concealed. Enter Osman.. Osm. Let Persia. Be ever master. break her. and. faith. Allagolikan. with him, in. warns Tachmas that Negare same way as Ismael warns. tlie. [p. 69]. desirs,. Negare. :. p.. 68. *...il. [Allagolikan]. quelque chose d'important qu'il bien aise de ne lui pas declarer. Enfin, apres s'etre defendu longtemps des prieres du prince, pour irriter davantage ses il lui dit qu'il ne devait pas moins craindre I'inconstance de que 1 'amour de Seliman, etc. ». connaltre a. eut ete. Tachmas. Lora. !. Selimanthat Semanthe may love Tachmas fit. loyal. its. of the Asian world. Tachmas, 1676:. ('). may. flourish,. qu'il savait.

(49) —. —. 41. And when fame calls your armies to May Tachmas lead 'em out^ and still As now, triumphant home In. field,. return,. the glories of a famous war.. all. Say, have. Sel.. How. the. we conquered then. ?. Relate the means,. such prodigious odds were overthrown,. Osm. Our armies. lay in view. ;. Gehun between. Gently, as peace^ in silver currents streamed, Offering her store to quench the flame of war.. But. all in. vain. Shouts, trumpets, drums.. In dreadful echoes, bid the battles join.. We on. our guard, and they expecting when. To pour Sent.. a purple deluge. How my. on our. plain.. heart beats with fear. !. Osm. This was our posture, when one solemn morn Riot began in the proud Tartars' tents,. Nor ended with the. Was. sun, for half the night. given to sporting, luxury and wine.. Which when. the Prince perceived,. silent, as sleep. Stole on their reeling senses, forth he drew. His army, and If glory. at their. be your aim,. Then leaped. head he cried. now. follow. me. :. !. into the stream.. And, like a sea-god mounted on a wave. Dashed the strong tide, and led a floating war, Which when their out- guards found, alarmed the camp. But there confusion in a thousand shapes Befriended us. Like Cadmus' brood, they fell By each others' swords, and made our conquest easy (*). ('). of the. Tliis. conventional description of a battle. Duke. to Scotland or the a sea-god, as. is. intended as praise. of York's heroism, without definite application either. Low. Countries.. weiras armies.. James commanded. fleets, like.

(50) —. 42. -. Sel. By Haly's (') soul, 't was conduct for a god And worth the experience of an age of arms.. my. O, now,. mother, peace. Not only banishing But. as the glory of. is. doubly welcome,. my people's fears, my brother's arms.. Beg. Tachmas has copied what your sword. You. for. My. Osnt.. Had. your father conquered, he. drew,. first. for you.. Said the Prince nothing of returning. Sel.. !. home. ?. speed had been prevented.. not some orders to the army staid him.. To-morrow's. A. SeL Sent. Sel.. earliest. sun will see him here.. {^) for thy welcome news. hang upon thy tongue Fly then, and through my kingdoms, loud as fame. thousand tumains. Blessings for ever. Can speak,. 1. proclaini an universal joy. Let plenty triumph in our. !. streets, rich presents. Be shared among our subjects, not a face Be seen in sorrow Grief herself must smile, !. When. Seliman appears. Let our. But. soft virgins. fly to. to. crown the day.. now no. longer mourn,. every meadow, bower and grove.. Supinely melting on the bed of love. For the glad day comes. !. on, that will restore. Their lovers to their arms, and to. Confirm new blessings ne. 'er. my. Exeunt omnes, praeter Ism.. Ism. Twice have. And swayed. I. power. enjoyed before. et. Arb.. held the glories of a favourite (0,. the father once, as Ali, reverenced. now. the son,. by the Shiites. as next to. Mohamed.. (1). Haly,. (*). Probably another form of toman.. (3). Shaftesbury belonged to the royalist party and held several. i.. e..

(51) — High. —. 43. ambition joined with power could raise me.. as. Yet blasts have nipped my summer's blowing pride Withered the glorious blossoms of my hopes^. And. left. Arb.. me. You shared some But. threatening storms. leafless to the. When Sophy. Cabas. (').. most true. ruled,. (*). my. Lord,. part of his divided favours,. safe in Seliman's breast. Far above envy, or a. you sleep. secure,. "^. rival's reach.. Ism. No, no, Arbanes, no. Thou. !. 'rt. short-eyed here,. my pride That grows too fast, and shades me from the 'Tis Tachmas, baneful name to all my hopes, There's yet a cedar that out-tops. Who. :. by the giant weight of his deserts. Presses. my. fate,. and keeps. it. struggling under.. Arb. Ismael, in that name thou stabb'st. With Once. sun. my. the remembrance of I. my. was great,. my. soul. former glory.. hopes as flourishing. appointments under Charles I. in 1643. In 1644 he joined the Parliamentarians and afterwards welcomed Charles 11. He was not a favourite twice. But his prototype in the French novel, Allagolikan rfavernier's Ali-couli-kan) was a favourite with two successive kings. On October 15, 1679, Shaftesbury had been dismissed from his place as President of the Privy Council. ('). Another. fallen favourite.. Wolsey. in. Shakespeare's Henry VIII.,. complains of his disappointment in similar language «. This. is. the state of. man. :. to-day he puts forth. :. The tender leaves of hopes to-morrow blossoms^ And bears his blushing honours thick upon him The third day comes a frost, a killing frost. And when he thinks, good easy man, full surely :. :. His greatness. is arising,. nips his root, » etc.. (Henry VlIIth,III, (2). Great. Sophy Chabas, (i. 585-1 628).. in the. French novel,. The name here. is. 2,. 352-557).. Shah-Abbas. stands for Charles. I.. I.,. the.

(52) As now declined, my As victory could raise That boy,. my. -. 44. fate erected it,. till. high. the Prince,. scholar in the trade of arms,. me. By. treachery despoiled. My. valour purchased with an age of war. Ism,. Why. did you bear. To. 're. fate of soldiers. when we. Hacked, hewn with constant. are worn,. thrown aside. service,. rust in peace or rot in hospitals.. But. tell. me, Ismael, nay,. These arms, are they. By Heaven Bound up. And. fury. its. feels as. ?. feel these limbs.. past wielding of a sword. think not. 1. !. Forgot his killing virtue. Or has my good ? Or has rust. Neither. !. See,. it. comes,. warrior's. when he. first. Then why am. I lain. by. ?. Why am. Appears (*). In. I. field.. not. still ?. Ism. Ay, there's a question Arb.. [Draws. appears. In polished steel, and marching to the. general. ?. old friend. keen, and looks as bright and gay. As the young. A. ?. but ambition's tools, to cut away. her unlawful ends, and. To. (*).. it ?. Arh. Dost thou not know the. We. plumes. of those. And. will. not to be decided,. in blood again.. O. till. admit debating this. (^).. sword. Ismael,. September 1679, Monmouth was deprived of. mission as General,. commander. of the forces.. Being born. his. com-. in 1649^. he was younger than his uncle James, born 1633. By turning him into an elderly cast-off soldier, Southern avoids an open attack on the king's favourite son, and identifies Arbanes with the standing character of the stage braggart. (') The relation between Ismael and Arbanes i§ similar to that between Achitophel and Absalom in Dryden's poem. The plotting statesman rouse's jealousy and ambition in the warrior..

(53) -. 45 --. Thou kind regarder of my fame, I swear Were not thy stricter virtue to inspire. A I. generous heat of action think. 't. would. in. my. soul,. almost to dishonour.. settle. was a conscientious. Alas. I. And. durst not think of vengeance. Quite blotted from. But now. my memory. the}^ live again^ and;. Shall be revenged at. full. I. all. ;. and. by. sword,. me. !. Sure thou mock'st. !. 'm a pigeon-hearted. As. (^). my. patience. slave, a thing. virtue,. courage.. Ism. Arbanes, know,. f /. my. almost doubt. wrongs. lost.. my. So overgrown with that poor sneaking I. my. !. Ism. Be calm, and hear. Arh. Calm, Ismael. Why,. fool. I. look upon the Prince. a black cloud, that rises. my. on. glory.. know it, and I hate him more than thou, Though with less noise. I have no army lost. I. No. titles of. The. the war, 'twas not. court has been. my. my. province.. sphere,. Where, with the music of my tongue in council charmed opinion after me, been thought. I 've. The voice of fate, and ere my words could mount, The Sophy's ear has stooped to entertain 'em. Where I have revelled long, and whence I fear. No. banishment, unless outed by the Prince.. His merit flows. fast as. the Sophy's love.. Which if I aim not wide, like meeting tides. May dash my fate, and sink my pride for ever. Thus, though from different. They (^). centre in revenge. mock'd,. J. 774.. lines. our wrongs proceed,. !.

(54) Arb,. ril stab. Ism.. The. Can. A. 't. in his. triumph.. Here. !. is. one. purchase a revenge, without being hanged.. statesman. But. him. policy of soldiers. we. see,. (^). would have found. a. thousand ways.. are disturbed.. Enter Sunamire.. Arb.. My. Ism.. I. sister. (^). Sunamire alone, and thoughtful. know her haughty. !. spirit. Resents an injury above her sex. And. has. all. the contrivance of a. In working of revenge.. Arb.. A. Would. woman. she was ours. plot without a priest or. Had been. woman. !. in. 't (•^). a prodigy.. Ism. Let us withdraw,. I. would unseen observe her.. S»n. Tachmas to-morrow to return, and therefore. Through Ispahan. O. tortures. !. furies. a general joy. !. hell. Goes. it. not there. ay, that's the cause. !. ?. !. No, Sunamire must curse his crowding triumphs,. And when he But. if I. comes,. my. These eyes that wanted. Q) statesmen, (^). wishes be his welcome.. must behold him, may these. On. fire. warm. to. eyes. his heart. ("*),. 1682, 1774.. the possible bearing of the relationship between Arbanes. and Sunamire on the Gerard family, see Introduction. (3). Priests and. women. in large. numbers were concerned with. Tub. Titus Gates,. the Popish Plot, the Meal. Plot etc.. who had. belonged to several Jesuits' colleges, and who called himself a Doctor in Divinity, and Mrs. Cellier, the Popish midwife, were especially prominent. (*).. «. Tachmas, 1676:. p. 127. ce prince. [Sunamire].... s'etait imagine qu'avec un peu d'adresse.. [Tachmas] deviendrait infailliblement. sa. conquete en.

(55) —. 47. —. Flash fierce as basilisks, and dart him dead. Ism. Yet nigher. all. And. I. can accept. a score of fond protesting things. their height of gallantry, can say.. the next minute part with. If that. The. 'er. fondness does exceed the bounds. No,. a court lady.. Whate In. my. Not that. Sn7i.. Of. (^). !. [To Arbanes.. !. were. But. all.. to. them. for ever,. be scorned, that, that's. hell of hells, the plague of. womankind. Ism. Arbanes, said she not scorned. !. ?. Arb. She did. Sim. Had I been born of vulgar parentage, Then unobserved I might retire, and in Some corner melt my sorrows into tears.. But here. at court. Where each apartment is a theatre. And all the world observers of our follies, For me to whine a tedious scene of love beyond patience. Let. Is. Ism. O, now. she's. my. fancy work. —. on the rack.. peu de temps. Mais elle eut beau faire toutes les demarches [128.] necessaires pour cela, et briguer la tendresse du prince par des soit que Tachmas, qui connaissait soupirs tous les jours repetes :. encore peu Tamour, ne les. mepriser,. il. les entendit pas, soit qu'il. voulut bien expres. n'y repondit jamais que par de I'indifFerence, et I'hu-. meur enjouee de Sunamire etais la seule chose qui I'attirait aupres [129] d'elle. Quand elle vit qu'apres avoir ete si longtemps sourd a ses caresses,. il. s'etaii enfin. attache a Negare, elle s'abandonna a. toute sorte de resseniiment. et par un changement assez ordinaire dans le cceur d'une lemme, elle fit succeder a I'amour une impatiente ardeur de se venger.. ». Richard III, I. 2, 150. Glou. Thine eyes^ sweet lady, have infected mine. Anne. Would thev were basilisks to strike thee dead. (») Ct.. !.

(56) -. -48 Sun. Ay^. now the. presence. I see. fills,. the Prince. In the bright circle like a charmer stand. With I. all. the beauties of the East around him.. hear his melting language, hear his couit,. His. and. soft addresses,. Whilst. my. his sighing love,. false senses, flattering. my. despair,. Whisper through every mansion of my soul-: To Sunamire they 're meant, they 're meant to me. Then, then, I can no longer bear the thought,. My. every eye observes. At which the. my. ladies laugh,. The To mourn my. and. past disgrace.. Arb. Sister,. 1 too late. That your revenge points I. Sun. Else. Why. why. is it. revenge. that. common. The hours. in talk. made ? ?. room. am. !. glad. I hate.. oflfers. now. it. comes.. us. mounted on the wing.. revenge, but. like the. man. at the. Say, Sunamire, Arbanes, shall. Unheeded. the. waited time, and. The golden minute comes, safe. fly. — My brother here. heard your story, and. I 've. Ism. Long have. cheeks.. wild concern.. cause perceiving, blushing. A. my. eager joy works outward on. And. it. pass. births of time. a question. ?. You. ?. are wronged^. why trifle you But coward man would. If so,. cool.. Did not the shame, or public tongue provoke him,. More than the sense. of honour, to revenge.. Ism. O, you have raised a dire, provoking thought. Would make a timorous {}) anchorite fearless Run to the fatal steel, and stab his Prince. Arbanes, now he dies, a thousand wrongs (*). timerous, 1682; tim'rous, 1774..

(57) — Cry. in the voice of. murder,. —. 49. for revenge,. —. Thine, mine. Arb. But what more sensibly does touch me, Is his. proud scorn of thee.. Sun. Brother, that word. Would. shame. paint. But my fired Think it the. spirit. on. for ever. You know. my. sister. my. brow.. blush again.. if I. my. scarlet trapping of. Arb. 'Twas like Ism.. ('). mounts, and. rage.. spoke.. the Sophy's of a nature hot,. Vain, and ambitious, yet withal most pliant.. And. mould. easy for the flatterer to. To any form. So jealous of his glory, That when you but opposed the Prince's Ambition broke through. And. all. merit. the bonds of love. shot his fiery soul out of his eyes.. Arb.. I. But, hell. Ism.. marked, and hoped !. for. wonders from. his passion,. too soon he cooled.. And. things that soonest cool are soonest heated.. 'Tis. not a sudden overflowing passion. But. a just tide of rage, in ebbs. and. flows,. Must perfect a revenge, and though his virtue Awhile suppress his fears, yet they will rise Engendering doubts,. Which. distrusts,. and. jealousies. of themselves will ne 'er be conjured down,. But with the fall We must foment. of. him who. first. his passion for. begot 'em.. Semanthe,. Since that conduces most to our design.. Stm.. How. Ism. With I 've. (}). blown. my. that,. my. Lord. ?. continual praises of her beauty. his flame to such a raging height. a shame, 1774..

(58) That now he. 50. -. brook a partner in his throne. 'd. Rather than in her heart. Sun. Alas, unrivalled he. And. if. may keep. that seat. !. the beauties of the Persian crown. Did not. attract. beyond Semanthe's charms^. Sure even in that he might unenvied be. Jsm. Tachmas thinks otherwise Sun. Ha,. named you Tachmas. Ism. Madam^ Sun. 'Tis. Or. you. if. He. cast. false. to. Su7i,. But. ?. the Prince.. !. did; yet falser,. if. you say. one thought away upon Semanthe.. Ism. Madam,. And. I did^. let this. Semanthe. my. me. for. heart. !. ;. 'tis. his. fever rages in. my. let. '11. To. you. shake. With. loose, to act. me. (•).. veins.. Restrain the fury in. Which heaves me, like the fighting winds, for One question more, and like the stormy god I. hand. [Gives her a letter. written.. The burning. hold;. speak. it. as. into atoms, tear. you. please.. my. brain,. a distraction that becomes revenge. vent.. (2).. (^) This letter is not forged, like that appearing in Act IV, Sc. 2, and borrowed from the French novel. In the actual Popish Plot, the letters addressed in August 1678 to the Jesuit Father Bedihgfield (See Pollock, The Popish Plot. p. 74), were forged, and intended to be intercepted while the letters found in the house of F2dward Coleman, secretary to the Duchess of York, Mary of Modena, on September 29, 1678, were authentic. Many other documents, real. and false, were produced in the course of the intrigues of the time, and may also have been in Southern's mind. C^). Revenge, a favourite theme of tragedy, here appears under. the influence of Tachmas, ed. 1676. [p. 138]. « ...[Sunamire] cette fiere esclave, etouffant pour jamais dans son coeur les feux d 'amour,. y alluma de nouveau ceux de la vengeance, ment Si la [139] perte de Tachmas. *. et.... s'anima aveugle-.

(59) -. 51. -. Arb. She raves already. Sfin.. My. Ism.. The. To. how came. Lord,. this letter to. your hands. my. Prince's goodness wisely chose. ?. age. be his confident in these amours,. / And knowing me unfit for fiercer joys (^) Thinks I still love the sport, and therefore makes me. '. The go-between,. the pander to their loves.. And I think I have so much of my office right To hasten on their ruins. True, I make bold To taste their letters to 'em, as they pass Through my employment (for to me they 're all Enclosed). What serve my ends I keep, the rest I am most faithful in delivering. Sun.. Still. he goes on, and every sound more. Tender, and melting, than the former. And. Semanthe. to. all. !. Myself, them, you and. Dumb. A. piece of love. poor young,. !. !. hell. soft,. !. O,. 1. all. the world, like this. could tear. Lose him to her. !. to her. !. actless, indigested thing.. Whose utmost pride can only boast of youth And innocence, whose stature speaks her mind And what fate meant her, a plebeian wife. Whilst. A. my. fuller. erected head was raised to give. majesty to crowns,. Rich with the summer Designed. fit. my. years. fruit of riper joys. offerings to the. god of. love.. But now no more. Q). is somewhat less coarsely Absalom and Achitophel Fretted the pigmy body to decay. » Punish a body which he could not please. ». Shaftesbury's physical weakness. alluded to by Dryden, 1.. 157. 1.. 167. :. :. ». «. :. (p. Ill of. Noyes' edition.).

(60) — Since. To. I. am. scorned^. my. 52. —. nobler thoughts aspire. glorious actions^ worthy female. Revenge; and death^ and blood. my. ire.. working fancy. Ism. ArbaneS; after her! cool her. Or storm her. fire.. [Exit.. thou canst. if. [Exit Arbanes.. into calmness. Ismael solus.. Ism. Virtue^ avaunt^ to villages begone. But haunt the luxury. Much. less aspiring. Ambition. is. our. of courts. !. (*). no more^. statesmen's nobler thoughts.. idol,. on whose wings. Great minds are carried only to extremes^. To be sublimely great; or to be nothing And he who aims his actions at this mark !. Must rush with manly resolution on.. when he. has begun. Stopping. at. Still pass. the shortest way^ although untrod,. Not. loiter in. But. let. A. nothing. the beaten honest road.. our masters watch the heights. statesman's loyalty. And we. ('). ;. is. we. but watch occasion to devour.. The. soar^. growing power. collocation of avamit and begone. Othello already referred to; III, 3, 335 Avaunt, begone, thou hast set. [Exit.. occurs in the scene of. :. me on. the rack..

(61) 53. —. Act. II.. —. Scene. I.. Tachmas's triumph ushered in by drums and trumpets and answered by flutes, oboes and voices from the other side of the stage. Seliman meets Tachmas with a full court (').. Welcome; thou worthy partner. Sel.. my. of. fame. From the rich harvest of thy glorious toil/ Welcome my general^ my friend^ and brother. Why. art. breast, for. my. Awaits thee there.. My. Thus. my. A. !. thou backward in thy part of friendship. my. Rise to. press thee to. !. ?. impatient heart. arms thus soul,. fold thee in,. where thou. meet. wilt. thousand welcomes more than words can give thee. Tach.. How. Permit. And. O my. imperial Lord,. my. God-like master,. has your servant merited this grace. me. pay. Sel.. I. prostrate. my. to. ?. fall. adoration to this goodness.. swear. A longing in. on the earth. it. must not. be, brother, I read. our gracious mother's eye,. She claims your knee and duty.. [Tachmas kneels to Begona.. (^) As to the two occasions when the Duke London Irom Scotland, see note to Act I,. there given for believing that Southern had. return in. mind. is. strengthened by the. fact. of. York returned. p.. 38. .. to. The reason. the Duke's second that. in. March 1682,. is. Whig Opposition was complete and that entered in the Easter Term Catalogue (May. The audience. therefore must have thought of the later date. James's triumph over the the Loyal Brother 1682).. when they witnessed the triumphal march described above. Though the Duke did not on either occasion return from a war, it probably seemed more heroic soldier.. to insert. a. compliment. to. his. credit. as a.

(62) — Arb.. Why^. all. —. 54. your projects are aground already^. The Sophy dotes upon Ism, Be patient. the Prince.. [Aside.. !. His kindness. is. as short-lived as his anger.. [Aside.. Beg. Thou second blessings which the gods enriched. My. fruitful. youth with^ comfort of. my. age.. Our lives' {}) preserver^ welcome from the Welcome to me^ and Ispahan. Tach.. My. Is. there a joy in victory beyond. mother's safety. Has overpaid the. My. ?. Protecting her, you gods.. My. Now. date of. I. am. still. your debtor. I could bless these powers, that. life. Once more. have done.. little I. hours of blood, and. Beg.. war^. to. to this. !. lengthened ou;. most happy day,. view the ancient Persian glory. Shine out in these. my. sons, once to behold. The The. fruits of. And. plenty smiling upon every brow.. face of things serene. and. peace brooding. fair. (^). again,. through. all. the land,. my country. But my joy's reserved for you, let me call you by a nearer name.. This as the mother of. The. My. spirit of. sons, or. Myself, thus to behold. To have my Flow. in. you meet. in friendship.. blood, although in different veins,. one stream of. Though empire. and what's yet more. love,. stands between, like a huge rock. To. break the current, and divide you ever.. O,. let it. be. my. glory now,. my. sons,. (') lives 1682, live's 1774. (*) rip'ning 1774. The verb brood does not appear in the N. E. D. with a sense that can apply here, but Southern, who was fond. of outlandish phrases,. may very. well have used. it..

(63) -. -. 55. To seal the bands of friendship you have tied, To bless you thus, thus, in each other's arms And as a worthy sacrifice, to offer. My. stock of breath in prayers for both your welfares.. Ambo. Long. thou best of mothers. live,. And mark me,. Sel.. To yon. all. bright roof, and. my. people. summon. all. witnesses to this great Stygian. By. the eternal godhead of the sun. 1. glory more that. My. Tach. Gods. speak. Or. if. My. my. if. !. me. to. 't. every step,. Sel.. Great. I. I. way I. '11. am. !. on to serve the king. wouldst. Yet, Tachmas,. O my brother.. in arms,. have conquered through the Asian world,. Still. there. is. wanting. Semanthe's love. I 'd. wearing crowns.. though certain death attend. thou maintain'st. Granted. in. to gratitude,. And. To show. {}). thee mine.. there be a possibility. know thou. as I. Though. call. [pets. :. thanks, but that's impossible. there be a. Direct. can. and brother, than. friend. To. I. the gods. vow. As. !. nay, sound our trum-. !. my to. glory in the. complete. — but that. wise. my. field,. bliss. Heaven denies me.. am but man. For had the me her, with this vast space I. gods of empire,. been their equal, not envied 'em the joys. They boast above, nor had Beyond her beauty.. —. But. (^). private cares. The vow by. a thought of. must not usurp. this day.. the godhead of the sun. the sun- worshipper.. Heaven. is. another phrase denoting.

(64) Lead. to the. banquet. 56. All must be our guests^. (^).. Seliman invites you.. »Tis. Ism. Madam,. I. know. —. [Exeunt omnes, praeter Ismael Semanthe.. et. the Prince's soul abhors. These forms and ceremonies that detain Him from your arms. I. have not time to open. all. my. thoughts,. must attend the king. Only prepare, If any storm should fall, to 'scape its fury I. [Exit. {^). ? And how should What lover ever yet foresaw a danger ? The god himself is blind, and all that love. Sent. Alas,. what storm. I. beware. ?. In midnight darkness to his temple move.. Like a tossed bark I. 'm. And. left. My. is. one port. fortune of. my. fair in. life. view, where I. and love. Tachmas' arms, where. ('). gone,. rocks on every hand to spHt upon.. Yet there. The. at sea, the pilot. exposed to winds and waves ^lone. will try.. I will live or die.. In Pollock's table of events, under March, 8, 1680, appears. the mention of a banquet, at which the king and the. Duke of York were entertained by the Lord Mayor, shortly after the Duke's earlier return, on February 24, 1680. Is a later banquet meant here.^. The Macchiavellian. (2). politician's caution. befriend his destined victims and warning. them. pretending to from the French. in is. novel [p. 85]:. prieres. heur^. il. « [Allagolikan].... fit. mine de. Tachmas'] et lui dit que ne lui en devait rien imputer.. \i. e.. s'il. ». se laisser flechir par ses. en arrivait quelque mal-.