التعددية الحزبية في الدساتير العربية و معوقاتها حالة الجزائر و مصر

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ﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝ لﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺩﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻤﻀ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ،ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵﺍ ﺯﺭﺒﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻌﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﺤﻨﻤ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻫﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺸﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻭ ،ﺔﻬﺠ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻜﺘﺤﺍ ﻊﻨﻤﺒ ﻴﻠﺜﻤﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺇ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺀﺍﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩ ﻻﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻤﺠﻴ ﺩﺎﻜﻴ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﻠﻌﺠ ﺓﺩﻴﻁﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻥﺴﻠﻜ ﻪﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺀﺍﺩﻋ ﻲﻔﺨﻴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ . ﺴ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺕﻝﻭﺤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻼﺜﻤ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ . ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ " ﻭﻝﻭ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻁﺎﺨﻤﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﺒﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﺒ ﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺘﻴﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ لﻜ ﺎﻬﻴﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ." ) 1 ( ﺍﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺎﻓ ﻨﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺯﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻫ ﻰ ﺔ . ﻝ ؟ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻜ ﻪﻴﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ لﺎﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻊﺌﺎﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝﻭ ،ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺩﺭﻭ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻋ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻭﺩﺭﻭﺒ " ﺔﻴﺅﺭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒ ﻥﻴﺩﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻡﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻓﻭﻔﺼ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﻡﻬ ﺔﻤﻜﺎﺤﻝﺍ ." ) 2 ( 1 -ﻲﻨﻭﻴﺴﺒ ﻲﻨﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺙﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻜ ، ،ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ) ﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺩﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ل ، 1998 ( ﺹ ، 55 . 2 -ﻕﻭﺩﺼ ﺭﻤﻋ : ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩ ،ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻗ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ 1995 ﺹ ، 50 .

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ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺭﻴﺸﺘﻓ ،ﻕﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺫﺨﺄﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺍﺫﻝ ،ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﻥﻋ ﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩ لﻜ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻲﻗﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ . ﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤﻭ ﺩﻤﺘ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻬﻘﻓ ﺩﻜﺅﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺎﺒ ﻱﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﺒ ﺫﺨﻷﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺩﺠﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻲﺒﺴﻨﻝﺍ لﻴﺜﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺌﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ . ﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺩﻗ ﺫﺇ ﺘ ﺯﺭﻔ ﺇ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺏﻁﻗ ﻭﺫ ﻲﺒﺯﺤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤ ﻲﻫﻭ ) 1 ( ، ﺓﺩﻋ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﻝ ﺏﺎﻁﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻲﺒﺯﺤ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﺯﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ . ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﺓﺄﺸﻨﺒ ،ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺩﻗ ﻕﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻁﺴﻭ ﺎﻔﻗﻭﻤ ﺕﻔﻗﻭ ﺫﺇ ،ﺎﺒﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻴﻨ ﻴ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺒﻁﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﺔ لﻴﻝﺩﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻨ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻋﺎﻁﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻀﺎﻨﻤ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﺯﺤ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻴﺃ ﻅ ﺕﺭﻬ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﻼﺜ ) 2 ( ﻋﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻬﻅ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ، ﻲ ﺄﺸﻨ ﺭﺨﺁ لﻜﺸ ﻫ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻴﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺭﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻅﻓﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﺒﺭﻝﺍ لﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺘﻝ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻴﻋﻭﻴﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﺘ ﻭ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌ ﺘ ﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﺯﻐ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺔ ﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ لﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺹﻭﺼﻨ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﺴ ﺘﻨ ﺀﺍﺩﺘﺒﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩ . ﺭﻋ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﻬﺘﺄﺸﻨ ﺕﻓ ﺎ ﻕﺒﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻐﻝﺍ ﺎﺒﺭﻭﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﻭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺘﺩﻌﺘ لﺒ ،ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻁﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺤﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺕﻔﻠﺘﺨﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﻊﻤ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ) 3 ( ، ﺩﺠﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﻓ ﺕﺭﻅﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﺒ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﺔﺤﺍﺭﺼ " ﻑﻠﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻀ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ 1 ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺴﻭﻴ ﻡﻴﺭﻜ ﻜ ﻜﺎﺸ ﺵ : ﻡﺎﻋ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ 1987 ﺹ ، 581 . 2 -ﷲﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺎﻤﺤﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﻡﺎﻋ ، ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻋ 2001 ﺹ ، 361 . 3 -ﺭﻔﻅﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻫﺯ : ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ،ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ) ﺩﺩﻋ 51 ﻥﺍﻭﺠ ، 1994 ( ﺹ 31 ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ .

(3)

ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻴﺘﺸﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﻑﻭﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﺘ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ " ) 1 ( ﻝ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺏﺯﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺎﻜ ﻝ ﻡﺎﻌ 1963 ﻥﺍﺩﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1973 ﻭ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻥﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ 1970 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺭﺼﻤ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ، 1956 . ﻲﺒﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﺜﻤ ،لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺤﺎﺒﺃ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1958 ﻲﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1943 ) 2 ( ﻭ ﻨﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻲ 1952 . ﺍﻭ ﺏﺯﺤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻨﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺩﺤ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺭﻜﺘﺤﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤ لﻜﺒ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻥﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻭﻘﻌﻝ ﺏﺯﺤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻝ ﺒﻝﺍ ﻌ ﺒ ﺢﻴﻁﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ،ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺙ ﻪ ﻕﺍﺭﻌﻠﻝ ﻲﻜﻴﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻭﺯﻐﻝﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ، ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺀﻲﺸﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﻤﺤ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﺒ ﺓﺩﻴﻘﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺎﻘﻠﻁﻤ ﺎﻫﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻜﻠﻤ ، ﻨ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺕﻠﺸﻔﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺤ لﻜﺒ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺱﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﺩﻴﻘﻤ ﻲﻜﻠﻤ ﻡﺎﻅ ﺎﻴﻨﺎﻁﻴﺭﺒ . ﺭ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻴ ﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﺎ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺒﻫ ﺘ ﻡﻝ ،ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﺜﺘﺴ ﻭﺩﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ل ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﺘ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺠﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﺠﻭﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻷﺎﺒ ﺍﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺇ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨ ﺭﺠﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺍﺫﻜﻫﻭ ، ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺇ ﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻪﺠﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﻴﺘﺎﺴﺩ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ 40 ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻡﺎﻋ 1989 ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﻜ ) 3 ( ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘ لﺎﺨﺩﺇ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺭﺼﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻜ 05 ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ 1971 ﻥﺄﺒ ﻲﻀﺘﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﻝ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﺎﻋ 1980 : ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ . 1 ﻯﺭﺎﻜﺒ ﺭﻴﻔﺴﻝﺍ ﺩ ﻲﻤﺍﺭ : ﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺎﻓﺃ ،ﺎﻴﻘﻴﺭﻓﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ، ) ﺩﺩﻋ 153 ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ ، 2003 ( ﺹ ، 55 . 2 -ﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻨﺒﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﻭﺼﺨ ﻊﻤ ﻴ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ، : ﺩﻭﻤﺤﻤ ﻱﻭﺭﻜﻝﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ : ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺤﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻋﺍﺩﺘ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺠﻤ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ، ) ﺩﺩﻌﻝﺍ 316 ، ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ 28 ، 6 ﻥﺍﻭﺠ 2005 ( ﺹ ، 37 / ﺵﻤﺎﻫ 1 . 3 ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ 40 ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ 1989 : ﺤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻕ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤ .

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ﺒﻭ ،ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ﺱﺴﺅﻴ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ،ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺍﺫﻬ ﺭﺨﻵﺍﻭ ﺝﺭﺨ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺕﺒﻌﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺍ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ لﺎﻀﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒ ﻥﺎﻬﺘﺴﻴﻻ ﻭ ﺕﻐﻝﺃ ﺔﻘﻴﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﺭﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻌﺠﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴ ، ،ﺎﺒﺯﺤ ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻝﺍ ﻎﻠﺒﺘ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺎﺒﺯﺤ ﻥﻭﺜﻼﺜ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻴﻭ ﻭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘ ﺙﻼﺜ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻴﺩﻴﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ : ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ . ﻲﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ . ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ . ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻜ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠ ﺏﺯﺤ ) 1 ( ﻝﺍ ﺕﺭﺩﺼ ،ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ . ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻨ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻥﻋ لﺀﺎﺴﺘ ﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎﻤﻬﻝ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻼﻔﻜ لﻫﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻭ ؟لﻴﻗﺍﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺨﺩﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻠ ؟ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺼﺘ لﻫ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﺘ ؟ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻝﻭ ﻕﻴﻴﻀﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺃ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻜﺸﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻝ : ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺕﻠﺼﻭ لﻫ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻐﺘ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺭﻴﻴ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤ ؟ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ 1 -ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﺃ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒ لﻭﺤ : ﻲﻗﺍﺯﺭ ﻲﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ : ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ -ﻕﺌﺎﻘﺤﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻡﺎﻋ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﺯﺠﻝﺍ 1990 . -ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﻜ لﻴﻋﺎﻤﺴﺍ : ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻜﺭﻤ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ لﺒﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﻡﺎﻋ ،ﺕﻭﺭﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ 2002 ﺹ ، 155 ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ . ﺭﻅﻨﺃ ﺭﺼﻤ لﻭﺤﻭ : ﻡﺴﺎﻗ ﺱﻨﺃ ﺭﻔﻌﺠ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ : ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻘﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ 1999 ﺹ ، 226 ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ .

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ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻨﻜﻤﺘ لﻫﻭ ﺘ لﺼﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﻜﺸ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻭﻜ ﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻴﺴ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻭ ؟ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴ ؟ ﻥﻭﺩ لﻭﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ لﻫ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻍﻭﻠﺒ ؟ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ﺯﺭﺒﺘﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺠﻭﻨ ﻲﺤﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺯ : -ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ : ﺎﻨﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﺩﻌﻴ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺎﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻡﻏﺭ ﺫﺇ ﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺕﺴﻴﻝﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻰﻘﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻝ ﻱ ﺍ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻪﺒﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺊﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻁﺎﻘﻨﺒ ﺫﺨﻷ ﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺓﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻬﺤﻼﺼﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻌﻀﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﺠﺎﻨ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ . -ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ : ﻓ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺩﺤﺃ لﻜﺸﻴ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻤﻜﺘﻓ ﻲ ﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻜﻌﻴﻭ ،لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻫ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺌﺎ ﻡﻜﺤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺌﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩ ﻡﺃ ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺒﺘﺴﺍ . ﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻕﻤﻌﺒ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤ ﻡﺜ ، ﻡﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ، ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﺒ ﺝﻭﺭ ﻪﻨﻤ ﻑﺭﺤﻨﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺢﻠﺼﺘﻭ ﻱﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ . ﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﺒ ﺕﻌﻓﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ . ﻥﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﺒﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ لﻭﺤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍﻭ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﺒ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍﻭ . ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻔﺼﻭﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ ﻲﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻕﺎﻴﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻸﻝ ﻲ ﻭ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻲ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘﻭ . ﻭ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻍﻭﻠﺒ لﺠﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﺜﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﺎﻴﺒﻠﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍ ﺍﺭﺜﺃ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺯﻜﺭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ

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1989 ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ 1996 ﺭﺩﺼ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻌﺒﺘ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻌﻤ 1997 ﻜ ، ﻝﺎ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘ ﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1997 ﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻼﻝ 1997 ، ﺕﺭﺩﺼ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻥﺎﻴﺤﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻼﻋﻹﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ لﺜﻤ ،لﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻰﺘﻤ ،لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 1990 ﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻤﻌﻝﺍ 1989 . ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻨﺩﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝ 1971 ﻥﻴﻌﺒ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﻠﺨﺩﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻜ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ 1977 ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺔﻓﺎﺤﺼﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ 1980 ، ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻉﻭﺠﺭﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻅﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ لﺜﻤ ،لﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻰﺘﻤ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺨﻴﺭﺎﺘ 1923 . ﻝﺇ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻡﺴﻗ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ لﻭﺼﻓ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﻰ : لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ، ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ : ﺸ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﻭﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻥﺎﺜ ﺙﺤﺒﻤ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﻴ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﻵ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺒﻤ : ﺹﺨﻴ ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﻴﻓ ﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻠ لﻴﻭﻤﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ . ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺒ ﺩ ﻭ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﻭ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺼﺼﺨ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔ ﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴ ،ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻨﺯﻴﻤ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ :

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ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ،لﻭﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﺠﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜ ﺙﺤﺒﻤ ﻲﻓ . ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺘ ﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﻷ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻌ ﻊﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻨ .

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لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻨﺭﺸﺃ ﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤ ﺔ ﺕﺄﺸﻨ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﺃ ﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻝﻭ ،لﻼﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﻑﻭﺭﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺹﻭﺼﻨ ﻙ ﺢﻀﺍﻭﻭ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ . ﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻕﺤﻴ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻜ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍﻭ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺯﻝ ﻥﺎﻜ ،ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻕﺤﻝ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤ . ﻭ ﺭﺩﺼ ﺱﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ 89 / 11 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ : 05 / 07 / 1989 ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻜ ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ 40 ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ 1989 ﺭﺭﻗ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺓﺭﻤ لﻭﻷ ﺭﺌﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ 1962 ، ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ . ﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﻕﻠﻁﺃ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎ ؟ﻯﺭﺘ ﺎﻴ ﺍﺫﺎﻤﻠﻓ ،ﻥﺎﻔﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﻥﻴﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻲﻫ ﺔﺜﻼﺜ ﺭﻭﻤﺄﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ : -ﻀﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻏﺭ ﻴ ﺔﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺼﺤﻨﻴﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺫﻭﻔﻨﻭ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻕﻴ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﺩ . ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻭﺃ ﺵﺎﻌﺘﻨﺇ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ -ﻓﺇ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗﻭ ﺔﻠﻫﺅﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺽﺍﺭﺘ ) 1 ( ﻥﻴﺼﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻴﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺃ ﺩﻌﺒ ،لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺎﻀﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺕﺍﺭﻐﺜ ﺎﻤﻬﻴﻓ ﺕﺀﺍﺭﺘ ﻥ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺔﻨﺴ ﻲﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻓﺭﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺒﺒﺴ 1991 . ) 2 ( ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺼ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ 1996 ﺘ ﺩ لﻴﺩﻌ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻝﺎﻁ ﺎﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴ 40 ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ 1989 ،ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﻀﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺫﺇ ﻓ ،لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ 42 ﺕﻔﻴﻀﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﻪﻨﻤ 1 ﺭﻤﻋ ﻕﻭﺩﺼ : ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 51 . ﺔﻨﺴ ،ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ،ﺭﻴﺘﺴﺠﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺔﻝﺎﺘﻨﻫﻭﺒ ﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤ 2001 2 ﺔﻨﺴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ لﻭﺤ 1997 ﺭﻅﻨﺃ : ﺭﻀﺤﻤ ﺀﺎﺜﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘﺒ ﺓﺩﻘﻌﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻌﺴﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﻠﺠﻝﺍ 18 -02 -1997 ﻡﻗﺭ 150 .

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ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻓ ، ) 1 ( ﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻊﺒﺘ ﻡﻗﺭ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﺼﺒ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ 97 / 09 ﻲﻓ ﺥﺭﺅﻤﻝﺍ 05 ﺱﺭﺎﻤ 1997 ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻤﻀﺘﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ) 2 ( ﺀﺍﺩﺒﺍ ﺎﻴﺌﺩﺒﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺕﺎ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺤ ﻪﻝﻭ : -ﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﺩﺒ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻡ . ﺓﺭﻅﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ . -ﺘﺎﻴﻌﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝ ﻲﺌﺯﺠ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻪﻨﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﺀﺍﺭﻘﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺎ 1989 . ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺭﻗ 2 ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ،ﻪﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ لﻫ ﻱﺃ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻪﻨﻜﻝ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻪﺘﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺃ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺱﺴﺅﻴ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻔﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﻭﻴ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﻭﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺒ ) 3 ( ﺎﺤ ﻰﺘﻤ ﻥﻴﺒﺨﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﺜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯ ، ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﺭﻤﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﻓ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﺠﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻐﺒ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ 4 ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻥﻤ 1958 ﻪﻝﻭﻘﺒ : les partis et groupements politiques

concourrent a’ l’expression du suffrage » ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺎﻨﻬﻓ ﻭﺃ ﺡﺎﺠﻨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻠﻤﺤﺘ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺱﻓﺎﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ لﺸﻓ . 1 ﻲﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ : ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻕﺤ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺯﻭﺠﻴ ﻻ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺇ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺴﻨﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻗﺭﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻻﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲ ﺠﻴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﺯﻭ ﺭﻅﺤﻴ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺄﺠﻠﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺯﻭﺠﻴ ﻻ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻝﺎﺼﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﺃ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺸ لﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻠﻜﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻩﺍﺭﻜﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﺏﺯﺤ ﺎﻤﻬ . 2

-loi organinque : « -loi dont l’objet est de préciser l’ organisation des pouvoirs publics constitutionnels (procédures de designation des membres

d’un organe ,regles de composition , de fonctionnemement, etc..) dans la hierarchie des normes elle se situe entre la constitution et la loi ordinaire ».charles debbach, yves daudet : lexique des termes politiques. 2eme editions ,dallez, 1978 . ﺔﻗﺩﺎﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺘﺘﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﺃﻭ ﺏﺍﻭﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺎﺒ ¾ ﺱﻠﺠﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃ ﺭﻝ ﻊﻀﺨﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻷﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩﺼ لﺒﻗ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗ . 3 ﻡﻜﺤﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﻏﻷﺎﺒ ﺯﻭﻔﻴ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ لﺒ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺀﺎﻐﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻫ ﺩﺍﺭﻔﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻻ ﻑﻼﺘﺌﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺍﺩﺭﻔﻨﻤ .

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ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺫﻫ . ﺭﺼﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺒﺴﺃ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻰ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨ 40 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1977 ﺔﻴﻔﻠﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ 1976 ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻼﻝ ﺙﻼﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻴﻭﺤﺘﺒ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﻝﺍ ) 1 ( ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ،ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺕﻘﺤﻝ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘ 33 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1978 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻡﻗﺭ 36 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1979 ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ، 30 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1981 ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ، 221 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1994 . ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﺘﻴﻝ ﺔﻨﺴ 1980 ﻪﺘﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ 5 ﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘﻭ ، ﺎﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩ " ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ". ﺀﺍﺩﺒﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺹﻠﺨﻨﻭ ﻝﺍ ﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻠﻜﺸ ﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ، ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻱﺭﻭ ﺭﺼﻤ : -ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺓﺩﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺭﻗﺇ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺤﻨﺠﻷ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺎﻴﺌﺩﺒﻤ ﺢﻤﺴ ﺫﺇ ،ﺎﻤﺸﺘﺤﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺤﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻜﺎﺤﻝﺍ . ﺇ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺎﻜﻤ ﺎﻤﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺍﺭﻗﺈﺒ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ لﺩﻋ ﻲﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻥ ؟ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻤﻝ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻘﺘﻌﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﺘ ﺃ . -ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺯﺤﻠﻝ ﺎﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺩﺭﻭﺃ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ) 2 ( ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﺴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻪﻘﻔﻝﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺨﺇ ﻥﻤ . -ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻼﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻠﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﺘ . ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻠﻝ ﻲﻠﻜﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ،ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﺔﻤﻅﻨ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻤﻀﻨ ﻑﻴﻜ ﻰﻨﻌﻤﺒ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﻤﺎﻀﻤ ﻥﻋ لﺀﺎﺴﺘﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺀﺎﺸﻨﺇ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺭﺸ ﻁ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺇ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺎﻬﻋﺎﺒﺘ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻨﺴﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ، ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ؟ 1 ﻡﺎﻋ ﺕﺴﺴﺄﺘ ،ﺭﺎﺴﻴﻝﺍﻭ ﻁﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻴﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﻨﻤ ﻲﻫ 1976 ﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺤﺘﻻﺍ ﺏﺯﺤ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﺤﻨﺠﺄﻜ ﻲﺒﺭﻌ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ 1977 ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺕﻝﻭﺤ . 2 ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ 2 ﻭﻫ : ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﻷ ﺎﻘﺒﻁ ﺱﺴﺅﺘ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠ لﻜ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴ .

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ﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ لﻫﻭ ﻨﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘ ﻰ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻝ ، ﻴ ﻡﺩﺨﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺴﺠ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺤﻼﺼﺇ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﻗﺍﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺌﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻱﻭﺤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒ ؟ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺹﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﺘ ﺎﻨﻴﺄﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺒﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺴﻘ : لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﺍﺯ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ . لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤ .

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لﻭﻷﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ . ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻋﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﻤﺴ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﺒ ﻬﺘﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺩﻌﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ﺎ . ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ لﻜﺎﻴﻬﻜ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ . ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ 1996 ﻲﻓ ، ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺎﺼﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻥﻜﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ 1989 ﺔﻴﻨﻤﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﻷﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻭﻌﻴﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻋ ﻲﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﻭ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺸﺎﻋ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ 1991 ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺭﺤ ﺫﺇ ، ﻱ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﺎﺼﺤ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﺘ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻨﺩﺎﻘﺘﻋﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﺭﺎﻁﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺹﻨﻴ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ لﻴﺤﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻗﺎﻁﻨ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘﻭ ﺱﺴﺄﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ 1997 ﺎﻬﻴﻓ لﺼﻔﻴﻝ . ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻴ ﻡﻠﻓ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ 1971 ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﺒ ﻰﻔﺘﻜﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻫﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ لﺎﺤﺃ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ 1977 ، ،ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺴ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﻴﻗ ﺫﺇ 4 ﻲﺴﻨﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1958 ـﺒ : LES PARTIS

ET GROUPEMENTS POLITIQUES CONCOURRENT A’

L’EXPRESSION DU SUFFRAGE…. ILS DOIVENT RESPECTER LES PRINCIPES DE LA SOUVERAINETé NATIONAALE ET DE LA DEMOCRATIE ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝ ﻰﻝﻭﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1997 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ 1977 ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ لﻴﺼﻔﺘ . ﻥﻴﺒﻠﻁﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺜﺤﺒﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻨﺴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ :

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لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻗ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﻴ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ : ﻭﺭﺸ ﺭﺼﻤﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻁ ﻘﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﻨ ﺀﺍﺭ 42 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 1996 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ 1997 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗﻭ 1977 ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﻨ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘﻝ ﺔﻤﺯﻼﻝﺍ ﻁﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ . ﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺕﺎ . ﻥﻴﻋﺭﻓ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ لﻜ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓﻭ . لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺄﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ . ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ 42 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 1996 ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ 9،5،3 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1997 ﻲﻓ : -ﺠﺘﻭ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ لﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺩﻴﺴ 1954 . -ﻥﺎﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﻕﻭﻘﺤ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ . -ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻁﻭﺘ . -ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . -ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻪﺘﻤﻼﺴﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ . -ﻭﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﺴﻤﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﻁ . -ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ . -ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ . -ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝ ﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ . -ﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﺴﺅ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗﻻﺍﻭ ﻕﻠﺨﻠﻝ ﺔﻔﻝﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺍﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻼﺴﻻﺍ ﺭﺒﻤﻓﻭﻨ لﻭﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻡﻴﻗ 1954 ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﻤﺭﺒ ﺔﻠﺨﻤﻝﺍﻭ .

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-ﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﻨﺠ -ﻭﺃ ﻲﻗﺭﻋ -ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ -ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺱﺴﺅﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴﻻ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇﻭ ﻱﻭﻬﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻬﻤ 9 ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻬﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺢﻔﺼﺘﺒ ﺩﺨ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺼﺘﻭ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤ ،لﻜﻜ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺍﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﻭ ، ﺎﻨﺎﻜ ﻰﺘﻤ ﻥﻷ ﺎﺤﺎﺠﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺠ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺍ ﻻﻭﺍﺩﺘ ﺔﻤﺜ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﻑﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺯﺤ ﺯﻭﻓ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﻥﺃﻭ ﻻﺍﻭﺩﺘ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻙﺭﺩﻴ لﺒ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺒ ﻲﻤﺭﻴ ﻻ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻭﺩ . ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﺔﻔﻝﺎﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻷﺍ ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﻭﺒ ﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺀﺎﺼﻗﺇ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻝ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺩﺩ ﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤ ﺭﺍﻭﺤ ﺩﺠﻭﻴ لﺒ ل . ﻥﻜﻝ ،ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻡﻏﺭ ﻀﻌﺒ ﺎﻬ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﺘ : ﻤﻓ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻼﺜ ﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﺩﺠﻨ ،ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻬﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﻨﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻗﺭﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻝﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﻷ ﻡﻴﻠﻗﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻻﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻊﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺘ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﻥﻴﻭﻜ ﺨ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻁ ﻭ ﺭﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻻ ﺎﻫﺍﺭ ﺍﻭﺴ ﻯﺭﺨﺃﻭ ﺔﺌﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ،ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻨﺠ ،ﺔﻴﻗﺭﻋ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺀ ﺎﻤﻴﺴ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺘ ﻌ ﺼ ﺫﻫ ﺏ ،ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻩ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴﻻ ﻪﻨﺎﻓ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻴﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩ ﻥﻷ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻼﺴﻻﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﻓ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺁ لﻭﺤ ﻁﻘ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﺏﻌﺸﻠﻝﻭ ،ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻭ ﻡﻜﺤ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﻤﺩﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﺒ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻴﻘﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻊﻤ ،ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻻﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻴﻝﺎﻁﻴﺍﻭ ﺎﻨﻴﺎﻤﻝﺄﻜ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻭﺃ لﻭﺩ ﻲﻓ لﺼﺎﺤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤﺭﺍﺯﻋ ﻁﺸﻨﺘ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﺘﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺭﺎﻁ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺸﺍ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝ . ﺎﺒﺒﺴ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻕﺭﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﺱﺴﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺇ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺘﺩﺎﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﺴﺃﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻤﺴﺘ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ ،ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻬﺠﻝﺍﻭ 3 ﻭ 5 ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻱ 1997 . -ﺒﻋ ﺕﻨﻤﻀﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺍﺭﺎ ﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﺎﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﻀﻓ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻴﻭﺄﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻠﺒﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻁﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﺌﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻓ ل

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ﻴﺒﻭﺴﺤﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔ ﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻡﻝ ﺫﺇ ، ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉ ﺤﻤ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﺔﻴﻭﻬﺠ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺒﻭﺴ . ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺼﻨ ﺫﺇ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻝﺍ لﻴﺒﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ 42 لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ 1996 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺹﻨ ﺎﻤﻜ ، 1997 ﻭ ﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﻨﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺎﺜﻤ ﺭﺸ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻬﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻗﺭﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﻬﺠ ﻥﻤﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻁ ﻪﺘﻤﻼﺴﻭ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍ . ﺒ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﺨﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﺴﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﺏﺴﺤﻓ . ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺭﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺘﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺸ . ﺎﻤﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺹﻨﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻘﻓ ،ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ 1977 ﻲﺘﻵﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘﻭ ، : -ﺃ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻊﻤ ﻪﺠﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻭﺃ ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻻﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻠﻝ ﻲﺴﻴﺌﺭ ﻭ ، ﻲﺘﺭﻭﺜ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻊﻤ 23 ﻠﻴﻭﺠ ﺔﻴ 1952 ﻭ 15 ﻱﺎﻤ 1971 ﻭ ، ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ . -ﻯﺭﺨﻷﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺍﺭﻫﺎﻅ ﺍﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻪﺘﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ . ﺕﻌﻀﺨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺯﺤ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺍ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﻻﺃ ﻤﻠﻝ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﺒ ﻡﻭﺴﺭ 27 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1953 ﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺤ . -ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻭ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻋ . ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺢﻔﺼﺘﺒ ﻀﻌﺒ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺡﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻰﺸﺎﻤﺘﺘﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻌﻤ ﺎﻬ ﻁﺭﺸﻜ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻋ ، ،ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻫﻭﺠ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻝﺎﺒﻭ ﻠﻋ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻲﻝﺎﺘ ﺡﻭﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺭﺩﻗ ﻰ

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ﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻭﻀﺭﻌﻴﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﻙﺸ ﺭﺎﺜﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﻰﺘﺤ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﻻﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺎﻀﻴﺃﻭ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻨﻻ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺘ ﻪﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻴﻀ . ) 1 ( ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺠ ﻥﻤﻀﻴ ﻪﻨﻷ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻩﺩﺠﻨ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﺴﺎﻴﺴﻭ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻁﺭﺸﻭ ﺤﻴﻭ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺤﺼﻷ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺕﺎﺒﻏﺭ ﺩﺭﺠﻤﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻥﻭﺩ لﻭ ﺭﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻥﻁﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺎﺒﺍﺭﻁﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻰﻀﻭﻓ ﻕﻠﺨﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺔﻬﺒﺎﺸﺘﻤ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻴ ﺞﻤﺍﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ) 2 ( ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ، ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻘﻤ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ﺜ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺏﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻭﻴﻝﻭﻴ ﺓﺭﻭ 1952 ﻱﺎﻤﻭ 1971 ﻪﻨﻷ ﻍﺎﺴﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ، ﻑﻭﺭﻅﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺤﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺩﻗ ﻲﻔﻀﻴ ) 3 ( ﻭ لﻴﻝﺩ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻥﺃ ﻙﻝﺫ 1952 ﺓﺭﻭﺜﺒ ﺔﻋﻭﺒﺘﻤ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ 1971 ﺓﺭﻭﺜﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﺢﺤﺼﺘﻝ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﺏﺠﻭﻴ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﻭﺭﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺎﻬﺌﺩﺎﺒ ﻲﻨﺎﺴﻨﻻﺍ ﺭﻜﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻤﺠ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻴﺭﺸﺒ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺩﻨﻋ ) 4 ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻙﻝﺫﻜﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻁﺍﺭﻘﻤﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ . ﺎﺒﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺱﻴﺴﺄﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻭﻴﻗ ﻊﺒﺭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺌﺍﻭﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻻ ) 5 ( ﻲﻓ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ : ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ،ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ، ﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺈﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺭﻴﻐﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻼﻬﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺎﻁﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ " ﻥﺃ ﻪﻌﻤ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻊﻀﺨﺘ ﻙﻴﻫﺎﻨ ﻡﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﻀﻠﻝ ﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﻔﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﻭ ،ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺸ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻔﻨﺘﻜﻴ ﺎ ﻥﻜﻤ 1 -ﻱﺭﻜﻓ ﻲﺤﺘﻓ : ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ،ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ،ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ 1971 -ﻡﺎﻋ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ 2000 ﺹ ، 84 . 2 -ﻋ ﻲﻔﻴﻔﻋ لﻤﺎﻜ ﻲﻔﻴﻔ : ﺔﻴﻨﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﺎﻤﻀﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺎﻴﻨﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺨﺘﻨﻻﺍ -ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺹ ،ﺦﻴﺭﺎﺘ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ ، ﻥﻴﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ 696 . 3 -ﻊﻴﻤﺴ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ : ﻡﻼﻋﻺﻝ ﺀﺍﺭﻫﺯﻝﺍ ،ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻼﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﺃ ﻡﺎﻋ ،ﻲﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ 1988 ﺹ ، 354 -355 . 4 -ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ : ﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏ – ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﺼﺄﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ لﺍﻭﺩﺘ ﻕﺤ ،ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ،ﺔﻴﺭﺩﻨﻜﺴﻻﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﻋ 2000 ﺹ ، 204 . 5 -ﻱﺭﻜﻓ ﻲﺤﺘﻓ : ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 41 .

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ﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻕﺤﺒ ﻑﺼﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝ " ) 1 ( ﻡﺍﺭﺘﺤﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻯﻭﻋﺩﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻝﻭ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻗ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻴ . ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺍﺭﺘﺸﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻪﻨﻤ لﺌﺎﻁ ﻻ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘ ﻭﻫ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﺎﻔﺤﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺭﺼﻨﻴ ﻝﺍ ﺫﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻯﺭﻨ ﺎﻨﻨﺃ ﻭﻝﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻘﺤ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤ ﺍ ﺼﻤ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ،ﺎﻗﻼﻁﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻁﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺫﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺍﺭﺒﻴﻠﻝﺍ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺭ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ل ) 2 ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﻔﺘﺍ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻋﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﻡﺩﻘﺘ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻡﺯﺘﻠﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺒ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺠﻤﺍﺭﺒ ﻊﻀﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘ . ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﺔﻝﻭﻘﻌﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻘﻁﻨﻤ ﻭﺩﺒﺘ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺎﻤﺇ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻕﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻓﺎﺠﺤﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺩﻴﺩﺸﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻤﺎﻐﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻀﺎﻔﻀﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺏﻌﻝ ﺩﻗ ﺎﻴﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻜﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻼﺜﻤﻤ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇﻭ لﻴﻭﺄﺘﻝﺍ لﻤﺘﺤﺘ ﻐﻝﺍ ﻙﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ﻯﺭﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺽﻭﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺏﻌﻠﻴ ﻡﻝ ﻝ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺴ ﺒﺒ ﻥﻴ : -ﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘ-ﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﻥﻷ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻠﻜﻭﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺹﺘﺨﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﺒ ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﻡﺎﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ 1997 لﺒﻗ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺎﺜﻴ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﻭﻤﻏ ﻱﺃ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻫﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﺭﺍﺩﺼﺇ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻝﺎﺤﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﺓﺫﻔﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻻﺇ ﻩﺭﺴﻔﺘﻻ ﻴﻝ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﻠﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻗ ﺕﺴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ . -ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻝﺍ ﻡﺤﻘﺘ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻱﻭﺎﻋﺩ ﺏﺎﻴﻏ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﻀﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻷ ،ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺌﺎﻗﻭﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻑﻴﻴﻜﺘ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺈﺒ ﺎﻤﺯﻠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻉﺍﺯﻨ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻌﻴ لﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇﻭ . ﺹﻭﺼﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼﻝﺎﺒ لﺨﺃ ﺎﻤﻤ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺍﺭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﻹﺎﺒ . 1 -ﻱﻭﺍﺭﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺴﺤ : ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 205 . 2 -ﻔﻴﻔﻋ لﻤﺎﻜ ﻲ-ﻔﻴﻔﻋ ﻲ : ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ 691 .

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ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﻔﻝﺍ : ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ : ﺎﻋﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﻤﺠ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﻁﺒﺭ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺩﺩﺼﺒ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ . ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ 42 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ لﻴﺩﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ 1996 ، ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍﻭ 8،7،6،5،4 ﻱﻭﻀﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺎﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 1997 ﻲﻓ : -ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻝ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ . -ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﺭﺘﺤﺘ ﻥﺃ . ،ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﻪﺒﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻠﺌﺎﺴﻭ لﻴﻭﺤﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺩﻤﻌﺘ ﻻﺃ -ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘ ﻻﺃ ﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻩﺍﺭﻜﻻﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻤ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻁﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻠﻝ ﺎﻤﻬﻠﻜﺸ ﻭﺃ ﺎ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ . ﻑﻝﺎﺨﺘ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﺘ ﻥﺃ لﻭﻌﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺴ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﺘﺴﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻜﺤﺃ . ﻭﺃ لﺨﺍﺩﻝﺎﺒ لﻤﻋ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﺘ ﺎﻫﺯﻭﻤﺭﺒﻭ ﺔﻝﻭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻤﻭﻠﺒﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﻝﺎﺼﻤﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﺒﻭ . -ﻲﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴ ﻊﻤﺠﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻉﺭﻓ لﻜﺸ ﺎﻬﻴﻁﻌﺘ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﺘ . ﻥﻴﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺎﻗﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺀﻻﻭ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺒﺎﻘﻨ ﺎﻬﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻬﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﻤ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﻤ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺠ . ﻭﺃ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻐﻠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻊﻨﺘﻤﺘ ﺔﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻕﺭﻌﻝﺍ . لﻭﻘﻨ ،ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺎﺒ ﻁﺄﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻉﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺭﻴ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻭﺭﺸ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻀﻭ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺩﻴﺅﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺕﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﺇ ﺙﺩﺤﺘ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻝﺍﺯﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻴﺩﺎﻔﺘ ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ، ﻡﺩﻋ ﻁﺭﺸﻜ ،ﺔﻴﺒﻨﺠﺃ ﻑﺍﺭﻁﺃ ﻊﻤ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻁﺒﺭ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻁﺭﺸﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻨﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﻩﺍﺭﻜﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﺌﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻨﻴﺩ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻋﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ لﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﻭ ،ﻲﺴﻨﺠ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﻐﻝ

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ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻗﺎﺒ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﺒﻁﻨﻴ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻱﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ . ؟ﺹﻭﺼﺨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺭﺸﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺒ ﺀﺎﺠ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻓ ﻡﺎﻌﻝ ﻱﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍ 1977 ، ﺌﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ لﺜﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﻠﻴ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ل : ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻱﻭﺌﻓ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻔﺌﺎﻁ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻘﺒﻁ ﻭﺃ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺓﺩﻴﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ لﺼﻷﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺒﺴﺒ ﺔﻗﺭﻔﺘﻝﺍ . -ﻭﺜ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻼﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﺉﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﺘ ﻻﺃ ﻲﺘﺭ 23 ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ 1952 ﻭ 15 ﻱﺎﻤ 1971 ، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻅﻓﺎﺤﺘ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﺏﺴﺎﻜﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺘﺸﻻﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ . -ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﻪﺒﺸ ﻭﺃ -ﺔﻴﺭﻜﺴﻋ ﺕﻼﻴﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻤﺎﻗﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺀﺍﻭﻁﻨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋ . -ﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻻﺃ ،ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷ ﺍﺩ ﺔﻀﻫﺎﻨﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻭﻨﺎﻘﻠﻝ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥ 33 ﺔﻨﺴﻝ 1978 ) 1 ( ﻡﺎﻌﻝ لﻴﺌﺍﺭﺴﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻫﺎﻌﻤﻝﻭ 1979 -ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻼﻋ . ﻡﻭﺴﺭﻤﻠﻝ ﺕﻌﻀﺨ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﺯﺤ ﻱﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺇ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺘﺭﺘﻴ ﻻﺃ ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﺒ 27 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1953 ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ لﺤ ﻥﺄﺸﺒ . ﻥﺃ ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻬﺘﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺼﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﺇ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ ﺕﺀﺎﺠ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻡﺩﻋ ﻁﺭﺸ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻥﻤ ،ﻩﺍﻭﺩﺠ ﻡﺩﻌﻝ ﻩﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻭﻝﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﻁﺸﻨﻷ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﻭﺠ ﻲﺘﺭﻭﺜ ﻊﻤ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ 1952 ﻱﺎﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺜ ﻭ 1971 ﻡﺩﻋ ﻁﺭﺸﻭ ، ﻭﺴﺭﻤ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﻌﺴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻡﺎﻴﻗ ﻡﺎﻋ ﻡ 1953 ﻱﺩﺒﺃ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻤ ﻱﺃ . 1 ﻡﻗﺭ ﻥﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺼ 33 ﻡﺎﻌﻝ 1978 ﺀﺎﺘﻔﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺠﻭﻤﺒ 21 ﻱﺎﻤ 1978 ﺔﻴﺭﻭﻬﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺌﺭ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺎﻋﺩ ، ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻨﺃ 15 ﻱﺎﻤ 1978 ﻪﻨﺄﺸ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﺒﺯﺤﻝ ﺏﺴﻨ ﺎﻤﺒ ، ﻭﻨﺎﻘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻤﻀﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻙﻝﺫﻝ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺒﺠﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺌﻔﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻥﺎﻤﺭﺤ ﻥ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﻗ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻸﻝ ﻡﺎﻤﻀﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻴﻀﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﻫﻭ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﺃ لﻴﺼﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻝ ،ﺔﻴﻭﻀﻋﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ﺎﺴﻴﺴﺄﺘﻭ : ﻊﻴﻤﺴ ﻥﺴﺤ ﺢﻝﺎﺼ : ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺹ 335 ﺎﻫﺩﻌﺒ ﺎﻤﻭ .