ﻬﻤﳉﺍ ـ ـ ﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺔﻳﺭﻮ ـ ـ ﻘﳝﺪﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮ ـ ـ ﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻃﺍﺮ ـ ـ ﺔﻴﺒ ﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ــ ﻢ ﱄﺎـﻌﻟﺍ ﺤﺒﻟﺍﻭ ـــ ﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺚ ـــ ﻲ ﻌﻣﺎﺟ ـ ـ ﻓ ﺔ ـ ــ ﻋ ﺕﺎﺣﺮ ـ ـ ﻴﻄﺳ ـ ﺱﺎﺒ ــــ ﻒ ﺔــﺣﻭﺮـﻃﺃ ﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺔ ﻡﻮــﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻴﺟﻮــــﻟﻮﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻗ ﻬﺷ ﻞـــﻴﻨﻟ ـــ ﺓﺩﺎ ﻛﺩ ــ ﻟﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻩﺍﺭﻮﺘ ــ ﺔ ﻉﺮﻓ : ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﺣﻷﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﻣ ـ ﻃ ﻦ ــ ﻑﺮ ﺴﻟﺍ ﺪﻴ : ﺏﻮﻬﻴﻣ ﺪﻤﳏ ﻕﻭﺭﺯ ﺿﻮﳌﺍ ــ ﻉﻮ
ﺤﺒﻟﺍ
ـ
ﻋ ﺚ
ــ
ﻦ
ﺭﻭﺩ
ﺳ
ـ
ﻢ
solanapyrone Aﻛ
ـ
ﻣﺇ ﻞﻣﺎﻌ
ـ
ﻄﻔﻟ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮ
ـ
ﺮ
(Ascochyta rabiei Pass. Labrousse) Didymella rabiei Kovachevski
ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ
ﻠﻋ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﳌ
ـ
ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻰ
(Cicer arietinum L.) ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺘﺑ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﺖﲤ : 27 ﱪﻤﻓﻮﻧ 2007 ﻣﺃ ـ ﻨﺠﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺎ ــ ﺔ: ﻟﺍ ﻴﺋﺮ ـ ــ ﺲ : ﻱﺩﺎﳍﺍ ﺪﺒﻋ ﻲﺸﻗ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺣﺮﻓ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ـ ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎ ، ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ﳌﺍ ﺸ ـ ــ ﻑﺮ : ﻧﺯﻮﺑ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ـ ﻱﻭﺍﻭﺯ ﺩﺎ ﻬﻌﻣ ،ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ـ ﺵﺍﺮﳊﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺪ ﳌﺍ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻑﺮﺸ : ﻌﻟﺍ ﺱﻭﺮﻌﻟ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ـ ﰊﺮ ﺣﺮﻓ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ـ ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ،ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎ ﻨﺤﺘﻤﳌﺍ ــ ﻥﺎ : ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍ ﺮﺼﻧ ﻭﺎﺒﺳ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﳌﺍ ،ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃ ﻃﻮﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺪ ـ ﺔﺒﻘﻟﺍ ،ﺓﺬﺗﺎﺳﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﻨ ﺣ ﺪﻴﺴﻟﺍ ـ ﺩﻭﺍﺩ ﷲﺍ ﺯﺮ ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ،ﺱﺎﺒﻋ ﺕﺎﺣﺮﻓ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺮﺿﺎﳏ ﺫﺎﺘﺳﺃﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﶈﺍ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ 1 ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ 3 .1.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ 3 .2.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺬﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ 4 .3.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺬﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ 4 .4.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﺃ 7 .1.4.1 ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ 8 .1.1.4.1 ﻲﺿﺮﳌﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ 8 .2.1.4.1 ﺺﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ 9 .3.1.4.1 ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ 11 .4.1.4.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ A. rabiei 11 .5.1.4.1 ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ 13 .6.1.4.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﺣ A. rabiei 16 .7.1.4.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ 17 .8.1.4.1 ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﺗ 19 .9.1.4.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﻲﻠﺋﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻯﺪﳌﺍ 20 .10.1.4.1 ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ 21 .11.1.4.1 ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ 24 .1.11.1.4.1 ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ 25 .2.11.1.4.1 ﺕﻼﺘﺸﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ) ﺕﺎﺘﺒﻨﻟﺍ ، Seedling ( 25 .3.11.1.4.1 ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ 26 .4.11.1.4.1 ﺔﺠﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ 27 .5.11.1.4.1 ﺖﺳﻼﺑﻮﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺮﻔﻨﳌﺍ ﺎﻳﻼﳋﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ 28 .6.11.1.4.1 ﻉﺭﺍﺰﳌﺍ ﻖﻠﻌﻣ 29 .12.1.4.1 ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺁ 29 -5.1 ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ 32 .1.5.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ 32 .1.1.5.1 ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻓﺮﳌﺍ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﳋﺍ 32
.2.1.5.1 ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﳝﺰﻧﻹﺍ ) ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﳝﺰﻧﻹﺍ ( 33 .3.1.5.1 ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﻜﻟﺃﻮﺘﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻛﺍﺮﺗ 34 .4.1.5.1 ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍ ) Pathogenesis-related proteins ، PR-proteins ( 35 . 6.1 ﻳﻮﲢ ﻞ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ Ascochyta rabiei 36 .1.6.1 ﺲﺳﺃ ATMT 39 .2.6.1 ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﺞﻣﺩ T-DNA ﻞﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ 40 .3.6.1 ﻞﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﺮﺑ ﺭﻭﺩ ﰲ ATMT 43 .4.6.1 ﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺮﺛﺆﳌﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﺤﺘ ـﺑ ATMT 43 .1.4.6.1 ﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰ 44 .2.4.6.1 ﺔﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻕﻼﻄﻧﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻣ 45 .3.4.6.1 ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ Agrobacterium 46 .4.4.6.1 ﻦﻣﺍﺰﺘﳌﺍ ﻦﻀﳊﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻇ 46 .5.4.6.1 ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ Acetosyringone 48 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺮﻄﻓ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗﻭ ﻝﺰﻋ Ascochyta rabiei ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ 49 .1.2 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ 49 .2.2 ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ 50 .1.2.2 ﺥﻮﻛ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗﻭ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻆﻔﺣﻭ ﻝﺰﻋ 50 .2.2.2 ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﺹﻼﺨﺘﺳﺍ DNA 51 .3.2.2 ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ DNA 52 .4.2.2 ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﳌﺍ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ) PCR ( 52 .5.2.2 ﳊﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﺗ ﻞﺼﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﳌﺍ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﺑ 53 .6.2.2 ﺯﻭﺭﺎﻗﻷﺍ ﻡﻼﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ 54 .7.2.2 ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺗ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ 5 . 3.2 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ 55 .1.3.2 ﺥﻮﻛ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻉﻮﻧﻭ ﻲﺿﺮﳌﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ 55 .2.3.2 ﻲﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ) Mating types ( ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟ A. rabiei 55 . 4.2 ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌﺍ 61
ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﻢﺳ ﺭﻭﺩ Solanapyrone A ﺔﻴﲰ ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ A.rabiei ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﺪﺿ 63 .1. 3 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ 63 .2.3 ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ 64 .1.2.3 ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ 64 .2.2.3 ﻮﳕ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇﻭ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ 64 .3.2.3 ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﺒﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﻭﺮﻜﻟﺍ (HPLC) 66 .4.2.3 ﺔﻠﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺣﺮﳌﺎﺑ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﺗ 66 .5.2.3 ﻡﻮﲰ ﻞﺼﻓ solanapyrone ـﺑ flash chromatography 68 .6.2.3 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﺔﻴﲰ Ascochyta rabiei 68 .1.6.2.3 ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻓﺎﲣ ﲑﻀﲢ solanapyrone A 68 .2.6.2.3 ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ 70 .3.6.2.3 ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﳕ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ 70 7.2. 3 ﻲﺋﺎﺼﺣﻹﺍ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ 70 .3.3 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ 71 .1.3.3 ﻢﺳ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ solanapyrone A 71 .2.3.3 ﺳ ﺔﻴﻘﻨﺗﻭ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻢ solanapyrone ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﺑ flash chromatography 74 .3.3.3 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﺔﻴﲰ Ascochyta rabiei 74 .1.3.3.3 ﻢﺳ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ solanapyrone A ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭﻭ A. rabiei ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﻹ 74 .2.3.3.3 ﻢﺳ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ solanapyrone A ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭﻭ A. rabiei ﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ 77 .4.3 ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌﺍ 83 ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﻳﻮﲢ ﻞ ﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻔ A. rabiei ﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜ Agrobacteirum tumefasciens 85 .1.4 ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ 85 .2.4 ﻕﺮﻄﻟﺍﻭ ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻮﻟﺍ 86 .1.2.4 ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟﺍ 86 .2.2.4 ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻔﲢﻭ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ A.tumefasciens 88 .3.2.4 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ A. rabiei 89 .4.2.4 ﻳﻮﲢ ﻞ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ A. rabiei 89 .5.2.4 ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ 89
.6.2.4 ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ A. rabiei ﺓﺮﻳﺎﻌﳌﺍ ﺢﺋﺎﻔﺻ ﰲ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹ 90 . 3.4 ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ 90 .1.3.4 ﻮﳕ A. tumefasciens 90 .2.3.4 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ ﻮﳕ A. rabiei 92 .3.3.4 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ A. rabiei ﻢﺴﻟ solanapyrone A 92 .4.4 ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﳌﺍ 96 ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ 98 .1.5 ـﻟ ﻲﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢﻭ ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ A. rabiei ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ 98 .2.5 ﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻮﻤﻨﻠﻟﻭ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﻹ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻠﻟ ﺓﺯﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄ 99 .3.5 ﻢﺳ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ solanapyrone A 101 .4.5 ﻳﻮﲢ ﻞ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ A. rabiei 104 .5.5 ﺔﲤﺎﺧ 108 ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍ 109
ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 1.1 . ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ Ascochyta rabiei 10 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 2.1 . ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ 15 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 3.1 . ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺓﺭﻭﺩ 18 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 4.1 . ﻡﻮﲰ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ solanapyrones A ﻭ B ﻭ C 23 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 5.1 . ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﲢ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻂﻄﳐ Agrobacterium 38 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 6.1 . ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻡﺎﻈﻧ ﻂﻄﳐ T-DNA ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟ A. tumefasciens 41 ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺮﻄﻓ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗﻭ ﻝﺰﻋ Ascochyta rabiei ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 1.2 . ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ A. rabiei ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ 56 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 2.2 . ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ A. rabiei ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺔﻟﻭﺰﻌﳌﺍ 56 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 3.2 . ﻰﻠﻋ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻔﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ 57 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 4.2 ﺃ . ﻲﻣﻭﺯﻮﺒﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺗ ) rDNA ( ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻠﻟ Ag1 ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ AR738 58 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 4.2 ﺏ . ﻲﻣﻭﺯﻮﺒﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺗ ) rDNA ( ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻠﻟ Ag2 ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﳌﺍ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ AR738 59 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 5.2 . ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﱵﻟﺰﻌﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍ A. rabiei ) Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ( 60 ﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸ 6.2 . ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻔﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ 62 ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﻢﺳ ﺭﻭﺩ Solanapyrone A ﺔﻴﲰ ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ A.rabiei ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﺪﺿ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 1.3 . ﻢﺳ ﻑﺎﻴﻄﻣ solanapyrone A ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌﺍ 67 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 2.3 . ﺯﺎﻬﺟ flash chromatography 69 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 3.3 . ﻢﺴﻠﻟ ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﻭﺮﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻑﺎﻴﻄﳌﺍ solanapyrone A 72 ﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻟ 4.3 . ﻢﺳ ﻑﺎﻴﻄﻣ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ solanapyrone A ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﻣ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﺘﳌﺍ 72 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 5.3 . ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺯﺍﺮﻓﺇ A. rabiei ﻭ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﻭ Ag3 ﻢﺴﻟ solanapyrone A 73 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 6.3 . ﺗ ﺳ ﻂﻴﺒﺜ ﻢ solanapyrone A ﺒﻧﻹ ﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺒ ﺭﻭﺬ 75 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 7.3 . ﺗ ﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜ ﺔﻟﺰ Ag1 ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﻧﻹ 75 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 8.3 . ﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔﻟﺰ Ag2 ﺒﻧﻹ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ 76 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 9.3 . ﺔﻟﺰـﻌﻟﺍ ﺔـﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂـﻴﺒﺜﺗ Ag3 ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﻧﻹ 76
ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 10.3 . ﺳ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻢ solanapyrone A ﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺮ 79 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 11.3 . ﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔ Ag1 ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ 79 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 12.3 . ﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔ Ag2 ﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺮ 80 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 13.3 . ﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔ Ag3 ﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺮ 80 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 14.3 . ﺳ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻢ solanapyrone A ﻤﻨﻟ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻮ 81 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 15.3 . ﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔ Ag1 ﻤﻨﻟ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻮ 81 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 16.3 . ﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺔﻟﺰﻌ Ag2 ﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺔ 82 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 17.3 . ﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔ Ag3 ﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻟ ﺔ 82 ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﻳﻮﲢ ﻞ ﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻔ A. rabiei ﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜ Agrobacteirum tumefasciens ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 1.4 . ﺎﺧ ﺪﻴﲰﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺭ pBIN7-1 87 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 2.4 . ﺧ ﺪﻴﲰﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺭﺎ pGREEN_hph1 87 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 3.4 . ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﺢﺋﺎﻔﺻ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻮﳕ 24 ﺓﺮﻔﺣ 91 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 4.4 . ﳕ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻮ ) ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻟﺍ ( ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃﻭ A. rabiei ﻂﺳﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ CD V8 93 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 5.4 أ ﺏ ﻭ . ﻢﺳ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ A. rabiei ﻭ ﺪﻫﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻦﻣ 30 ﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ 94 ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺔﻣﺎﻋ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 1.5 . ﺮﻄﻔﻟ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺗ Ascochyta rabiei ) Ar738 ( ﺮﻄﻔﻟﻭ Alternaria solani ) AF 314576 ( 103 ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ 2.5 . ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟ ﻱﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﻖﻴﻠﺨﺘﻟﺍ solanapyrones 107
ﻝﻭﺍﺪﳉﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ .1.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ 5 ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ 2.1 . ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻣﺎﺘﻴﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺓﺭﺬﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﳏ 5 ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ 3.1 . ﻑﺎﳉﺍ ﻥﺯﻮﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻮﺌﳌﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻮﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﳏ 6 ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ 4.1 . ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ) Host specific ( 22 ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ 5.1 . ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟﺍ )
Non Host- specific
( 22 ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ : ﻳﻮﲢ ﻞ ﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻔ A. rabiei ﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜ Agrobacteirum tumefasciens ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ 1.4 . ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ ﺩﺪﻋ A. rabiei 93 ﻝﻭﺪﳉﺍ 2.4 . ﻢﺴﻟ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ solanapyrone A 95
ﺺﺨﻠﻣ ﻝﺰﻋ ﰎ ﺙﻼﺛ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﻣ A. rabiei ﱄﺍﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﻴﲰ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﻭ Ag3 ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺙﻼﺛ ﰲ ﺺﲪ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻭ ﺔﳌﺎﻗﻭ ﻒﻴﻄﺳ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺎﺑ . ﺮﻄﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻝﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﺤﲰ ﺔﻳ ﺔﻬﻴﺒﺷ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻌﺘﺴﳌﺎﺑ . ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺩﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺭﻮﻬﻈﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ . ﰎ ﺪﻗﻭ ﲔﺘﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﺾﻤﳊ ﺔﻴﺗﻭﺯﻵﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺗ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﺑ rDNA . ﻟﺰﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺗﻭﺯﻵﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺗ ﻥﺎﻛ ﲔﺘ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﺎﺸﻣ ﺎ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﺑﺎﺘﺘﻟ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻠﻟ ﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮ AR 738 ﺕﺎﻨﻴﳉﺍ ﻚﻨﺑ ﻦﻣ ) Genbank ( ﰲ 448 ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻭ 454 ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﳌﺍ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺖﻄﻋﺃﻭ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﺤﻠﻟ ) PCR ( ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺕﺎﺋﺩﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﲔﺘﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﲔﺗﺎﳍ ﻲﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺛﺭﻮﳌ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﺠﳍﺍﻭ ﺍ ﻊﻄﻘﻟ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺾﻤﳊ ﻲﺌﻳﺰﺟ ﻥﺯﻭ 700 bp ﻢﻗﺭ ﻲﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﲔﺘﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﺘﻠﻛ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻨﻴﺒﻣ 1 ) mating type 1 .( ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻴﺟ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺖﳕ ﻂﺳﻭ Czapek Dox ﺕﺎﻧﻮﻴﺗﺎﻜﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﻋﺪﳌﺍ ) CDCLM ( ﻢﺳ ﺓﺯﺮﻔﻣ ، solanapyrone A ﻢﺳ ﻦﻣ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃﻭ solanapyrone C . ﻑﺮﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﰎ ﻢﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ solanapyrone A ﻑﺎﻴﻄﻣﻭ ﺱﺎﺒﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﻦﻣﺯ ﺐﺴﲝ ﻻﺍ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﻣ ﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻠﺋﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻏﻮﺗﺎﻣﻭﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﰲ ﱄﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩ ) HPLC ( ﺚﻴﺣ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻴﻄﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﻑﺎﻴﻄﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﺗ . ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﻂﺒﺜﻳ solanapyrone A ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭﻭ A. rabei ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭﻭ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻔﲣ ﺓﺩﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﺾﻔﺨﻨﺗﻭ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ . Probit ﺖﺗﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﻻﺍ ﺽﺎﻔﳔﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺮﻟﺍ ﻒﻴﻔﲣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻭﺃ ﻢﺴﻟ . ـﻟ ﻂﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺭﺪﻗ %50 ﻹﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺒﻧ ـﺑ ﺕﺎ 6.93 ± 0.21 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻣ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻨﻟ ﻂﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺮﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻎﻠﺑ %52.5 ﻭ %55.0 ﻭ %64.4 ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻠﻟ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﻭ Ag3 ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﻥﺇ ﻢﺳ solanapyrone A ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭﻭ ﻚﻟﺬﻛ ﻥﺎﻄﺒﺜﻳ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﳕ ـﻟ ﻂﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺚﻴﺣ ، %50 ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻦﻣ 4.72 ± 0.30 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﺭﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺲﻔﻨﻟ ﻂﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺮﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ ﻞﻣ %30 ﻭ %47.5 ﻭ %53.0 ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻠﻟ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﻭ Ag3 ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . ـﻟ ﻂﺒﺜﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﺎﻣﺃ %50 ﻎﻠﺒﻓ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻦﻣ 6.56 ± 0.33 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﺎﻛ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ﻞﻣ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻥ ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ Ag1 ﻭ Ag2 ﻭ Ag3 ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺲﻔﻨﻟ ﻂﺒﺜﳌﺍ %45 ﻭ %51 ﻭ %59 ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﲑﺛﺄﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﳕ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﰲ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﳕﻭ 7.10 ± 0.21 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﻭ ﻞﻣ 4.72 ± 0.3 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﳕ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮ ﻭ 6.56 ± 0.33 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﻮﳕ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﰲ ﻞﻣ . ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﲢ ﺢﲰ Agrobacterium tumefaciens ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﲔﺘﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ LBA1126 ﻭ AGL1 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺎﺑ 498 ﻱﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺩﺎﻀﻤﻠﻟ ﺎﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ hygromycin B ﺖﻐﻠﺑ ﺔﻋﺎﳒ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻊﻣ 46.8 ﻭ 35.8 ﻞﻜﻟ ﺮﻓﺎﻃ 510 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻏﻮﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ . ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﰎﻭ 30 ﻢﺳ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ solanapyrone A ﺔﺟﻮﻣ ﻝﻮﻃ ﰲ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﻣﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺑ 327 ﻰﺼﻗﻷﺍ ﺔﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﻃ ﻮﻫﻭ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻧﺎﻧ ) λmax ( ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﰲ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺐﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻮﻫ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺺﺘﳝ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻂﺳﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ CDCLM ﳝ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺔﺟﻮﳌﺍ ﻝﻮﻃ ﰲ ﺺﺘ . ﺪﻘﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﳊﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﺑ ﺡﻭﺍﺮﺗ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﺑ ﻢﺴﻟ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺮﻓﺇ ﻞﺠﺳ 2.11 ± 0.10 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﻭ ﻞﻣ 4.32 ± 1.93 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﲔﺑ ﺖﺣﻭﺍﺮﺗ ﺽﺎﻔﳔﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ﻞﻣ %74.11 ﻭ %46.99 ﺔﻴﻠﺻﻷﺍ ﺔﻟﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻪﺗﺯﺮﻓﺃ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ) 8.15 ± 2.99 ﻡﺍﺮﻏﻭﺮﻜﻣ / ﻞﻣ .( ﺢﻴﺗﺎﻔﻣ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻛ : Ascochyarabiei ، Cicerarietinum ، phytotoxins ، SolanapyroneA Abstract
Cultures of A. rabiei, designated Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3, were isolated from chickpea debris left in fields near the Algerian towns of Sétif, Guelma and Oued Smar, respectively. Isolation from such plants gave rise to fungal colonies with he same morphology as the original isolates and symptoms identical to the naturally infected plants. Identity of isolates Ag1 and Ag2 was confirmed by sequencing rDNA. The sequence for Ag1 gave a perfect match for 448 bases of a reference sample AR 738 in Genbank and essentially the same result for 454 bases of Ag2. PCR of DNA from Ag1 and Ag2 with primers specific for the mating type genes of A. rabiei both gave amplicons of about 700 bp, demonstrating that they were both mating type 1. The three Algerian isolates grew well on Czapek Dox medium supplemented with cations (CDCLM). Only solanapyrone A and sometimes a trace of solanapyrone C were produced and were recognised by their retention times on HPLC and spectra. The major peak from all three Algerian isolates gave spectra that closely matched to that of authentic solanapyrone A. Solanapyrone A and culture filtrates of A. rabei inhibited the germination of chickpea seed, and this inhibition decreased with dilution. Probit % inhibition of germination was proportional to the concentration of solanapyrone A or the dilution factor of culture filtrates. The concentration of solanapyrone A that caused 50% inhibition of germination was 6.93 ± 0.21 µg/ml and the dilutions of culture filtrates of isolates Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3 required to give the same inhibition were 52.5%, 55.0% and 64.4%, respectively. The elongation of radicles and hypocotyls of chickpea seedlings was inhibited by solanapyrone A and culture filtrates of A. rabiei. The concentration of solanapyrone A that cause 50% inhibition of radicle elongation was 4.72 ± 0.30 µg/ml and the dilutions of culture filtrates of isolates Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3 required to give the same inhibition were 30%, 47.5% and 53.0%, respectively. The concentration of solanapyrone A that cause 50% inhibition of hypocotyl elongation was 6.56 ± 0.33 µg/ml and the dilutions of cultural filtrates of isolates Ag1, Ag2 and Ag3 required to give the same inhibition were 45%, 51% and 59%, respectively. Radicle elongation was the most sensitive of the three parameters to solanapyrone A, the respective values for the three tests being 7.10 ± 0.21 µg/ml for germination, 4.72 ± 0.3 µg/ml for radicle elongation and 6.56 ± 0.33 µg/ml for hypocotyl elongation. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation of A. rabiei with strains LBA1126 and AGL1 led to the production of 498 tranformants which were resistant to hygromycin B with an efficiency of 46.8 and 35.8 transformants per 105 spores, respectively.. A total of 30 transformants was screened for the production of
solanapyrone A as determined by light absorption at 327 nm, the λmax of solanapyrone A as this is essentially the only compound in culture filtrates of wild type A. rabiei grown on CDCLM which absorbs at this wavelength. If it is assumed that this is also true for the transformants, then their production of solanapyrone A varied from 2.11 ± 0.10 µg/ml to 4.32 ± 1.93 µg/ml, representing a reduction of solanapyrone A of 74.11% to 46.99% in comparison
ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻞﺘﳛ ) Cicer arietinum L. ( ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻮﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﻨﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﺴﻟﺎﻜﻠﻟ ﻡﻮﻴﺳﺎﺗﻮﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻨﳌﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻚﻧﺰﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﳊﺍﻭ ﺭﻮﻔﺳﻮﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﻐ ﺰﻴﻨ . ﺍﺪﻴﺟ ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ـﻟ β-carotene . ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻞﻜﺸﻳﻭ ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻗﺎﻄﻠﻟﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﱪﻠﻟ ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺎﻣﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻛ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻴﻣﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺤﺻ ﻞﻛﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﻣ ﱐﺎﻌﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺠﺘﻠﻟ ﺀﺍﺬﻐﻠﻟ . ﺎﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ) ﱄﺍﻮﺣ 0.8 ﻦﻃ / ﺭﺎﺘﻜﻫ ؛ FAOSTAT ، 2005 .( ﺍﺬﻫ ﺩﻮﻌﻳﻭ ﺼﺑﻭ ،ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺾﻔﲣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺽﺎﻔﳔﻻﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺔﺻﺎﺧ ﺔﻔ ﻲﻣﻮﻳﺭﺍﺯﻮﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﺑﺬﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣﻭ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ) Millan ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2006 .( ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺐﺒﺴﻳ Ascochyta rabiei ) ،ﺺﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ anamorph ( ، Didymella rabiei ) ،ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ teleomorph ( ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺐﻴﺼﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺮﻄﺧﺃ ﻦﻣ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ، ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﰲﻭ ﺍ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉ . ﻭ ﻮﻫ ﻳ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺮﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺛﺍﺪﺣﺇ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﺁ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺍ ﻪﺗﺭﺪﻗ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘ ﺪﻴﺟ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻥﻵﺍ ﺪﳊ ﺔﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻰﻘﺒﺗ . ﺕﺎﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺖﻨﻴﺑ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻕﺮﺘﳜ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﻗﺍﺮﺘﺧﺍ ) Höhl ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1990 ( ﻡﻮﲰ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﺯﺮﻔﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ، solanapyrones ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺙﺪﲢ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺎ ) Hamid ﻭ Strange ، 2000 .( ﺕﺎﳝﺰﻧﺇ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺯﺮﻔﻳ ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ cutinase ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺪﺣﺃ ﺎﺄﺑ ﺖﺒﺛ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻓ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ) Dickman ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1989 .( ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻠﻟ ﺎﺿﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻠﻟ ﺓﺯﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺪﲢ ﻄﻟﺍ ﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻲﻌﻴﺒ ﺅ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍﻭ ﻥﺍﻮﻴﳊﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﺃ ﰲ ﻝﺎﳊﺍ ﻮﻫ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺇ ﰲ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﻞﻫ ،ﻝ . ﻲﻫﻭ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﰲ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ : ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺇ ﰲ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺮﻓﺇ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺰﺟ ﻮﻟﻭ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺪﻫ ﺓﺭﺪﻗﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﺔﻤﻴﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎ
) Aducci ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1997 .( ﺎﻤﻛ ،ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﰲ ﺎﻣﺎﻫ ﺍﺭﻭﺩ ﺔﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺐﻌﻠﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﲔﺘﻈﺣﻼﲟ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻳ ﺎﻳﱪﳐ ﻞﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ﻑﺎﻨﺻﺃ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﰲ ﺎﳍﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﻊﻴﲨ ﻔﺗ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﰎ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻻﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﻷﺍ ﰲ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺯﺮ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﻷ ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺇ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ) ﺎﻫﲑﻏﻭ ﻉﺮﻓﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺴﻜﻧﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺯﻭﺮﻜﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﻟﺍ ،ﺭﻮﻀﺨﻴﻟﺍ ﺪﻘﻓ ) ( Hamid ﻭ Strange ، 2000 .( ﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺃ ﲔﺑ ﻦﻣ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻔﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺑ ﺎـﻫﺯﺮﻔﻳ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻡﻮ Ascochyta rabiei ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﺇ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻛ ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﺎﻳﱪﳐ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﻭ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﲔﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻉﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﺛﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻧﺍ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻻﻭﺃ ﻢﻬﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻥﺎﻛ A. rabiei ﺾﻤﳊﺍ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﺮﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﻮﻨﻟﺍ ﺒﻳ ﻲﻣﻭﺯﻮ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﻲ . ﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﳍ ﻖﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﺘﻧﻻﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﲢ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻑﺪﳍﺍ ﻥﺎﻛ ﺕﻻﺰ ﻤﺴﻠﻟ ﺎﻫﺯﺍﺮﻓﺇ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻛﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻡﻮ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﲑﺛﺄﺗﻭ ﺓﺯﺮﻔﳌﺍ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻛ ﲔﺑ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻂﺑﺭ ﰒ ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﳕﻭ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﺣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﺀﺍﺮﺟﺈﺑ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﲑﻏ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ ﺍﲑﺧﺃﻭ ﺮﻔﺗ ﻞﻗﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻴﺌﺿ ﺕﺎﻴﻤﻜﺑ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺯ ﻠ ﰲ ﻼﺒﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻄﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺔﻴﻐﺑ ﺔ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻵﺍ ﰲ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺧﺍ . ،ﺱﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ ﰎ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺖﻟﻭﺎﻨﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻌﺘﺳﻻ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﺼﺧ ،ﻝﻮﺼﻓ ﺔﺴﲬ ﱃﺇ ﺚﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﻴﺑ ،ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗﻭ ﻝﺰﻌﻟ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﻴﺼﲣ ﰎ ﺎﻤﻨ A. rabiei ﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﰎ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺎﺑ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﻦﻣ ﺚﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻢﺴﻟ ﺙﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺯﺍﺮﻓﺇ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﻭﺎﻨﺘﻓ solanapyrone A ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻢﺴﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺭﻭﺩﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻣﻭ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮ ﻚﻟﺫﻭ ﺳﺍﺭﺪﺑ ﺔﺣﺎﺷﺭ ﺔﻴﲰ ﺔ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻳﻮﲢ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟ ﻊﺑﺍﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺺﺼﺧ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ،ﺔﻘﻳﻮﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺬﳉﺍ ﻮﳕﻭ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﺎﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻃﺎﺳﻮﺑ Agrobacterium tumefasciences ) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation ، ATMT ( ﺃﻭ ،ﻡﻮﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺯﺍﺮﻓﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﲑﻏ ﺕﺍﺮﻓﺎﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻮﺼﳊﺍ ﻑﺪ ﻓ ﺍ ﺩﺮ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﺲﻣﺎﳋﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟ ﺔﻣﺎﻌﻟﺍ .
ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﻞﺼﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ .1.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻱﻮﻨﺳ ﻭﺫ ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﰐﺍﺫ 16 ﺎﻣﺯﻮﻣﻭﺮﻛ ) n2 = x2 ( ﺢﻴﻘﻠﺘﻟﺍ ، ﻲﺴﻜﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺪﺟﺍﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻻ ﻳ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ 1 % ﻂﻘﻓ ) Smithson ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1985 ؛ Singh ، 1997 .( ﺔﺌﻓﺍﺪﻟﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻮﻤﻨﻳ ﺔﻓﺎﳉﺍ ﻪﺒﺷﻭ ﺔﻓﺎﳉﺍ ﻭﺃ . ﲔﺑ ﻰﻠﺜﳌﺍ ﻩﻮﳕ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺡﻭﺍﺮﺘﺗ °26-18 ﺍﺭﺎ ﻡ ﻭ °29-21 ﻡ ﻼﻴﻟ . ﻱﻮﻨﺳ ﻝﺪﻌﻣ ﻊﻣ ﺭﺎﻄﻣﻷﺍ ﻂﻗﺎﺴﺘﻟ ﺮﺘﻳ ﺍ ﲔﺑ ﺡﻭ 600 ﻭ 1000 ﻢﻠﻣ ) Smithson ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1985 ؛ Tekeoglu ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2000 .( ﱃﺇ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣﻭ ﻥﻮﻟ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻢﺴﻘﻳ ﻒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﱄﻮﺑﺎﻛ ) Kabuli ( ﻭﺫ ﺍﻟ ﺭﻭﺬﺒ ﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﺒﻜ ﳌﺍ ﺓﺮﻔﺼ ، ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺐﻠﻏﺃ ﰲ ﻉﺭﺰﻳ ﻱﺰﻳﺩ ﻒﻨﺼﻟﺍ ﻭ ) Desi ( ﻭ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﻮﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﲑﻐﺼﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺫ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﻉﺭﺰﻳ ﺎﻴﻘﻳﺮﻓﺇ ﰲﻭ ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﰲ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ )
Van Der Maesen
، 1987 ؛ Ibrikci ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2003 .( ﻮﻠﻋ ﺡﻭﺍﺮﺘﻳ ﱄﻮﺣ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻩ ﲔﺑ 30 ﻭ 70 ﺩﺪﻋ ﻦﻜﻟ ،ﻢﺳ ﺍ ﻼﻴﻠﻗ ﻪﻟﻮﻃ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻳ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺮﺘﻣ . ﺗ ﺒﻧ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻰﻄﻐ ـ ﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎ ـ ﻴﻀﻣﺎﺣ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺓﺭﺎﺼﻋ ﺯﺮﻔﺗ ﺩﺪﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﺘﳏ ﺕﺍﲑﻌﺸﺑ ﺺ ـ ﺔ ﻌﻔﺗﺮﻣ ـ ﲪ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﻯﻮﺘﲢ ،ﺔ ﺾـ ﻔﺘﻟﺍ ـ ﺡﺎ ) malic acid ( ﲪﻭ ـ ﺾ oxalic ﻠﻟﺍ ـ ﳘﺎﺴﻳ ﻥﺍﺬ ـ ﻓ ﻥﺎ ـ ﻲ ﻣﻭﺎﻘﻣ ـ ﺒﻧ ﺔ ـ ﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎ ـ ﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺺ ـ ﺸﳊﺎﺑ ﺔ ـ ﻤﻛ ،ﺕﺍﺮ ـ ﻫ ﺎ ـ ﳊﺍ ﻮ ـ ﺜﻟ ﻝﺎ ـ ﻘﻟﺍ ﺐﻗﺎ ـ ﻥﻭﺮ )) Helicoverpa armigera Hiibner (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae ؛ Yoshida ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1997 .( ﻱﻮﺘﳛ ﺃ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺏﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺔﻌﺿﻮﺘﻣ ﺔﺒﻛﺮﻣ ﺎﻗﺍﺭﻭ ﲔﺑﺎﻣ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ 11 ﻭ 13 ﺔﻘﻳﺭﻭ . ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺭﻮﶈﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﻷﺍ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ﱃﺇ ﲔﺗﺮﻫﺯ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻧﻮﻜﺘﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﻫﺯ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﰲ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﻴﺣﻭ ،ﻱﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﺎﻫﺯﺃ ﺭ، ﱃﺇ ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻥﺍﻮﻟﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﻮﺟﺭﺃ ﺔﻳﺩﺭﻭ . ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻮﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻛ ﺓﺰﻴﳑ ﺔﻳﺭﺬﺟ ﺪﻘﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﳏ ،ﻖﻴﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺬﺟ ﺯﺎﻬﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﻳ . ﺢﻨﲤ ﻋ ﻱﻮﳉﺍ ﲔﺟﻭﺮﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻠﻟ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺔﻳﺭﺬﳉﺍ ﺪﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﱪ ﺟﻮﻟﻮﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻴﺒﺜﺘﻟﺍ ـ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﻲ
)
biological nitrogen fixation
؛ BNF ( . ﻤﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻴ ﺒﺜﺗ ﰲ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻔﺑ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺰ ﻴ ﺭﻮﻔﺳﻮﻔﻟﺍ ﺖ ) P ( ﺔﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﺼﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺐﺴﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﺘﶈﺍ ) Cubero ، 1987 ؛
Van Der Maesen
، 1987 .( .2.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺬﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﳘﻷﺍ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ) Cicer arietinum L. ( ﻝﻮﺼﳏ ﺚﻟﺎﺛ ﱄﻮﻘﺑ ﺰﻣ ﺀﺎﻴﺑﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﰐﺎﺒﻧ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎﻴﳌﺎﻋ ﻉﻭﺭ ) Phaseolus vulgaris L. ( ﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﻟﻮﺻﺎﻔﻟﺍ ) Pisum sativum L. ( ﻦﻣ ﺎﻗﻼﻄﻧﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻉﺭﺰﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ، ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻮﺣ ﻥﺍﺪﻠﺑﻭ ﻥﺎﻘﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣﻭ ﺎﺑﻭﺭﻭﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﱏﺩﻷﺍ ﻕﺮﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﺰﳉﺍ ﻪﺒﺷ ﱪﻋ ﺎﻴﺳﺁ ﻕﺮﺷ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻭ ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺄﺑ ﺀﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺎﻴﻟﺍﺮﺘﺳﺃ ) Abbo ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2000 ؛ Tekeoglu ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2000 ؛ Ibrikci ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2003 .( ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺣﻼﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺻﺎﶈﺍ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻮﺣ ﰲﻭ ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤﺿ ﻦﻣﻭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ . ﱄﺍﻮﺣ ﺺﻤﺤﻠﻟ ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﻎﻠﺑ 9 ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﻦﻃ ﻥﻮﻴﻠﻣ 2005 ) ﳉﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ 1.1 ( ) FAOSTAT ، 2005 .( .3.1 ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﺬﻐﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻮﺘﳛ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺎﻣﺎﻫ ﺎﻴﺋﺍﺬﻏ 357 ﺓﺮﻳﺮﺣ / 100 ﺓﺭﺬﺑ ) Williams ﻭ Singh ، 1987 ؛ Abbo ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2000 .( ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺓﺭﺬﺑ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﱄﺎﻋ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻫﺍﻮﺘﳏ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺪﺟ ﻡﺎﻫ ﺕﺎﻨﻣﺎﺘﻴﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴ ) ﳉﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ 2.1 .( ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺓﺭﺬﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﳏ ﺮﺗ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻮﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺑ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﶈ ﻞﺛﺎﳑ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍ ﻡﺎﳋﺍ ﺕﻮﻳﺰﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﺰﻴﻛ ﺮﺗﻭ ﺰﻴﻛﺍ ﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﺔ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻮﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻧﺭﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ) ﳉﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ 3.1 .(
ﳉﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ .1.1 ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ ﻲﳌﺎﻌﻟﺍ ) FAOSTAT ، 2005 ( ﺪﻠﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺣﺎﺴﳌﺍ ) ﺭﺎﺘﻜﻫ ( ﺝﺎﺘﻧﻹﺍ ) ﻦﻃ ( ﺩﻭﺩﺮﳌﺍ ) (Hg/Ha ( ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ 20000 15.000 7.500 ﰊﺮﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍ ﻝﻭﺩ 98815 64.150 28.626 ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ 10380.739 8572.356 8.258 ﳉﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ 2.1 . ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻣﺎﺘﻴﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺓﺭﺬﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﳏ ) William ﻭ Singh ، 1987 .( ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﳌﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺭﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ) ﻎﻠﻣ / 100 ﻍ ( ﻣﺎﺘﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﻴ ﺕﺎﻨ ﺰﻴﻛﺮﺘﻟﺍ ) ﻎﻠﻣ / 100 ﻍ ( ﺔﻴﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺍﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﻮﳌﺍ 61-50 Thiamin 1.1-0.21 ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍ 20-10 Riboflavin 0.33-0.12 ﻥﻮﺑﺮﻜﻟﺍ 440-140 Niacin 2.9-1.3 ﺭﻮﻔﺳﻮﻔﻟﺍ 382-190 B6 0.55 ﺪﻳﺪﳊﺍ 23.9-5.0 B1 0.29 ﻚﻧﺰﻟﺍ 9.95 B2 0.2 ﱘﱰﻐﳌﺍ 141 A 0.19 ﺱﺎﺤﻨﻟﺍ 0.96 C 3.87
ﳉﺍ ﻝﻭﺪ 3.1 . ﻑﺎﳉﺍ ﻥﺯﻮﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﻮﺌﳌﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻣ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﻟﻮﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﻯﻮﺘﳏ ) William ﻭ Singh ، 1988 .( ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﺝﻮﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺗﻭﱪﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺮﻜﺳ ﺕ ) + ﺔﻴﻠﻛ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻫﻮﺑﺮﻛ ( ﻡﺎﺧ ﺕﻮﻳﺯ ﻡﺎﺧ ﻑﺎﻴﻟﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﺪﻌﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﻴﻟﻮﺻﺎﻓ ﺀ 22.1 61.4 1.7 4.2 3.8 ﺔﻓﺎﺟ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﻠﺟ 22.5 62.1 1.8 5.5 2.6 ﺺﲪ 20.1 61.5 4.5 4.9 2.9 ﻝﻮﻓ 23.4 60.2 2.0 7.8 3.4 ﺱﺪﻋ 24.2 60.8 1.8 3.1 2.2 ﺔﻳﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﺔﻠﺴﺒﻟﺍ 1 20.9 62.9 1.7 8.0 3.5 ﺀﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ 2 23.4 60.3 1.8 4.3 3.5 ﺀﺍﺮﻀﺧ ﺀﺎﻴﺑﻮﻟ 3Green gram 23.9 60.4 1.3 4.2 3.4 ﺀﺎﻴﻟﻮﺻﺎﻓ Lima 4bean 19.7 64.8 1.1 4.4 3.4 1
pigeonpea (cajanus cajan)
2
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
3
Green gram (Phaseolus aureus)
4
Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
.4.1
ﻣﺃ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺽﺍﺮ
ﺮﻄﻓ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺐﻴﺼﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺃﻭ ﺔﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺏﺎﺼﻳ
Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo and K. Sato ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ
ﺮﻄﻓﻭ ﻝﻮﺑﺬﻠﻟ Ascochyta rabiei, (Pass.) Labrousse, (anamorph), Didymella rabiei Kovacheski v.
Arx. Syn. Mycosphaerella rabiei Kovacheski (teleomorph)
ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﳌ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ . ﺬﻫ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﺺـﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﻧ ﺐﻴﺼﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻯﺮﺧﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ،ﻦﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻦ Alternaria sp. ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ) leaf spot (، ﻭ Uromyces ciceris-arietinum ﺃﺪﺼﻠﻟ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ) rust (، ﻭ Botrytis cinerea ﻱﺮﻄﻟﺍ ﻦﻔﻌﻠﻟ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ) gray mould .( ﻭ Leviellula taurica ﻟ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ﺽﺎﻴﺒﻠ ﻲﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟﺍ ) powdery mildew ( ، ﻭ Rhizoctonia bataticola ﻭ R. solani ﲔﺒﺒﺴﳌﺍ ﻔﻌﻟ ـ ﳉﺍ ﻦ ـ ﻑﺎﳉﺍ ﺭﻭﺬ )
dry root rot
( ، ﻭ Sclerotium rolfsii ﻭ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ﻟ ﱭﺒﺴﳌﺍ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﻦﻔﻌ ) foot rot .( ﺮﻄﻓﻭ Verticillium albo-atrum ﻝﻮﺑﺬﻠﻟ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ) wilt .( ﺔﻴﻀﺒﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻺﻟ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺽﺮـﻌﺘﻳ ﺎﻤﻛ ) Oomycetes ( Pythium debaryanum ﻭ P. ultimum . ﺕﺎﺳﻭﲑﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺰﻋ ﰎ ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺱﻭﲑﻔﻛ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻦﻣ ﺀﺎﻔﻠﳊﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺗ ) alfalfa mosaic ( ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻑﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﻭﲑﻓﻭ ﺔﻧﺎﺒﻠﳉﺍ )
pea leaf roll
(
ﺱﻭﲑﻓﻭ ﺀﺎﻴﻟﻮﺻﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻔﺻﻷﺍ ﺶﻗﱪﺘﻟﺍ
)
bean yellow mosaic
( ﺭﺎﻴﳋﺍ ﺶﻗﱪﺗ ﺱﻭﲑﻓﻭ ) cucumber mosaic viruses ) ( Smithson ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1985 ؛ Van Emden ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1988 .(
.1.4.1 ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻛﺎﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﻝﺎﴰ ﰲ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺐﻴﺼﺗ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﻷﺍ ﺮﻄﺧﺃ ﻦﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺼﺗ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻠﺠﺴﻣ ﺮﺋﺎﺴﺧ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻊﻣ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍﻭ %100 ) Nene ﻭ Reddy ، 1987 ؛ Jiménez-Díaz ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1993 ؛ Acikoz ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1994 ؛ Tekeoglu ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2000 ( . ﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺍ ﺏﺮﻐﳌﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟﻭ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﻄﻳﺇﻭ ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻴﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﺴﻧﺮﻓﻭ ﺮﺼﻣﻭ ﺹﱪﻗ ﻭ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺎﻛ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻮﺣ ﻝﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻊﺳﺍﻭ ﺎﻳﺭﺎﻐﻠﺑ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺎﻴﻛﺮﺗﻭ ﺲﻧﻮﺗﻭ ﺎﻳﺭﻮﺳﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺒﺳﺇﻭ ) Porta-Puglia ، 1990 .( ﺮﺋﺎﺴﳋﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﲣ ﺮﺋﺍﺰﳉﺍ ﰲﻭ ﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺍﺬ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻯﺮﺧﺃ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻘﻄ ﺪﻓ ﻞﺼﺗ ﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﺎ ﱃﺇ %100 ) Bouznad ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1996 .( .1.1.4.1 ﻲﺿﺮﳌﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ﺒﺴﻳ ــ ﻣ ﺐ ــ ﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮ ــ ﺳﻷﺍ ﻊ ـ ﻴﻛﻮﻜ ــ ﻠﻋ ﱵ ـ ﺒﻧ ﻰ ـ ﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎ ـ ﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺺ ـ ﺮ
Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labrousse (anamorph): Didymella rabiei (Kovacheski) v. Arx. Syn. Mycosphaerella rabiei (Kovacheski; teleomorph) . َﻋ ﻑﺮ Passerini ﻡﺎﻋ 1876 ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ـ ـﺑ ﺔ Zythia rabiei ) khune ﻭ Kapoor ، 1980 ( ، ﺪﻌﺑ ﻦـﻜﻟ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻢﺳﺍ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺡﺮﺘﻗﺍ
Phyllosticta rabiei (Pass.) . ﺍﻭﺪﻛﺃ Singh ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ) 1997 ( ﺪﻘﺘﻔﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻟﺍﺰ ﻭ ﺪﺋﺍ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻘ ) apical appendage ( ﲏﻴﺗﻼﻴﺟ ﻑﻼﻐﺑ ﺔﻃﺎﶈﺍﻭ ـﻟ ﺔﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﺃ ﻲﻫ Phyllosticta spp . ﻡﺎﻋ ﰲﻭ 1930 ﻪﻓﺮﻋ Labrousse ﻪﻧﻮﻜﺑ Phyllosticta rabiei ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﲑﻏﻭ ﺩﺎﻋ ﻪﻧﺃ ﻻﺇ Ascochyta rabiei ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻣ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺱﺎﺳﺃ %4-2 ﻂﺳﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﻨﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻲﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﺍ . ﻭ ﻅﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻﺍ ﰎ ﺪﻗ ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﺋﺎﺷ ﺖﺤﺒﺻﺃ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﲑﺧﻷﺍ ) Nene ، 1982 .( ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺃ Didymella rabiei ﻦﻣ ﻪﺘﻴﻤﺴﺗ ﲑﻴﻐﺗ ﰎ ﺪﻘﻓ Mycosphaerella ﱃﺇ
ﺔﻴﻗﺰﻟﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﻨﳌﺍ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻋ ﻁﻮﻴﺧ ﺔﺑﺫﺎﻛ ) pseudoparaphyses ( ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺎﻳﻼﺧﻭ ﺔﻴﻗﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻭﺎﺴﺘﳌﺍ ﲑﻏ ﺔﻘﻴﺿ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺺﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻡﺎﺴﻘﻧﻻﺍ ﺔﻘﻄﻨﻣ ) Ascochyta ( ﺔﺼﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻃﻷﺍ ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻋ ـﺑ ﺔﻄﺒﺗﺮﳌﺍ Mycosphaerella ) Wilson ﻭ Kaiser ، 1995 .( .2.1.4.1 ﺺﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﻮﺘﶈﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻴﻧﻮﻜﻟﺍ ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﺃ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺔﺘﻴﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﳊﺍ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﳑ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺮﻄﻔﻟ ﺺﻗﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ A. rabiei ﺓﲑﻐﺻ ﻊﻘﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﰲ ﺎﺗﻬﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻦﻜﳝﻭ ) dots ( ﻞﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺞﻴﺴﻧ ﰲ ﺔﺳﺮﻐﻨﻣ . ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ـ ﺕﺎ ﻴﻨﺑ ـ ﻣﺭ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ـ ﻳﺩﺎ ـ ،ﺔ ﺋﺍﺩ ﻳﺮ ـ ﺒﺷ ﻭﺃ ﺔ ـ ﻳﺮﺋﺍﺩ ﻪ ـ ﺤﺘﻓ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔ ـ ﺔ ﺫﻭ ﻌﺑﺃ ﺕﺍ ـ ﺩﺎ ﺓﺮـﻴﻐﺘﻣ 60-215 x 80-240 ﺮﺘﻣﻭﺮﻜﻣ . ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻀﻴﺑ ﻥﻮﻠﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻴﻫ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﺃ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻧﻮﻛ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻄﺘﻣ 3.9-4.0 x 8.2-10.4 ﺘﻣﻭﺮﻜﻣ ﺮ ) Sattar ، 1934 ؛ Luthra ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1935 .( ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ـﻌﺑﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ـﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺩﺎ Kovashevski ) 1936 ( ﺖﻧﺎﻛ 5.5-3.4 x 16.0-6.0 ﻜﻣ ـ ﺘﻣﻭﺮ ـ ﺮ ﻠﻋ ـ ﺋﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻰ ـ ﻭ ﻞ 5.2-3.2 x 14.0-4.8 ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻹﺍ ﻉﺭﺰﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺳﻭﺃ ﻰﻠﻋﺮﺘﻣﻭﺮﻜﻣ )ﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸ 1.1 .( ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣ ﺪﻛﺃ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺴﻧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺑﻭ Bruns ﻭ Barz ) 2001 ( ﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺣﺃ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﻥﺄﺑ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻴﻠ ﺔﻴﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺳ . ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﺔﻴﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﻳﺩﺎﺣﻷﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺍﻮﻧ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺃ ﺔﻌﺑﺭﺃ ﻭﺃ ﲔﺗﺍﻮﻧ ﲔﺗﺍﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﻱﻮﺘﲢ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ﻂﻘﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺧ ﻞﻜﺑ .
ﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸ 1.1 . ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ Ascochyta rabiei ) Haware ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1986 .(
.3.1.4.1 ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻲﺴﻨﳉﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻒﺸﺘﻛﺍ ) teleomorph stage ( ﺮﻄﻔﻟ A. rabiei ﻞﺒﻗ ﻦﻣ ﻻﻭﺃ Kovashevski ) 1936 ( ﻀﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖ ﺎﻳﺭﺎﻐﻠﺑ ﰲ ﻞﻘﳊﺍ ﰲ ﻒﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﻞﺒﺼﻓ . ﰲ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻛﺍ ﰎ ﺎﻘﺣﻻ ﺎﻴﺳﻭﺭ ،ﻝﻭﺪﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ) Gorlenko ﻭ Bushkova ، 1958 ( ﻥﺎﻧﻮﻴﻟﺍ ، ) Zachos ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1963 ( ﺮﻟﻤﺠﺍ ، ) Kövics ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1986 ( ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺒﺳﺇ ، ) Jiménez-Díaz ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1987 ( ﺎﻳﺭﻮﺳ ، ) Haware ، 1987 ( ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ) Kaiser ﻭ Hannan ، 1987 .( ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺮﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﻷﺍ ) Pseudothesia ( ﱃﺇ ﺔﻨﻛﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﺀﺍﺩﻮﺳ ﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻫﺮﻄﻗ ﺡﺍﻭﺮﺘﻳ 120 ﻭ 270 ﻣﻭﺮﻜﻣ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﺃ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﲦ ﻱﻮﺘﲢﻭ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﻮﻄﺳﺃ ،ﺮﺘ ﺔﻴﻗﺯ ﻢﺴﳉﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺝﺮﲣ ﻋ ﻱﺮﻤﺜﻟﺍ ﱪ ﺔﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ) Trapero-Casas ﻭ Kaiser ، 1992 .( ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻴﻗﺰﻟﺍ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻘﻴﺿ ﺔﻴﻠﳋﺍ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﺔﻴﻟﻮﻴﻫ ﳊﺍ ﺰﺟﺎ ) septum ( ﻫﺩﺎﻌﺑﺃ ﺎ (7-5) 6 x (22-12.5) 16 ﺮﺘﻣﻭﺮﻜﻣ ) Galloway ﻭ Mac Leod ، 2003a .( .4.1.4.1 ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ A. rabiei ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻻﺍ ﺪﺿ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻟ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﻑﺎﻨﺻﺃ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓﻭ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﻭ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﲔﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻰﺣﻭﺃ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ A. rabiei ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﳍ ﺔﺿﺮﳑ ﻁﺎﳕﺃﻭ ﺕﻻﻼﺳ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﺑ . ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺇ ) D. rabiei ( ﺓﺭﻭﺩ ﰲ ﻡﺎﺴﻘﻧﻻﺍ ﱃﺇ ﲑﺸﻳ ﱂﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺣ ﺧﻻﺍ ﱄﺍﺰﺘ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ، ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻱﺬﻟﺍﻭ ﰲ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻳﺩﺆﻣ ﻲﺿﺮﳌﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻴﺟﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻣ ﺔﺒﻴﻛﺮﺗ ) combinations ( ﳌ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﱃﺇ ﱄﺎﺘﻟﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﺛﺭﻮ ﺔﺿﺮﳑ ) pathotypes ( ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻊﻣ ،ﺓﺪـﻳﺪﺟ A. rabiei ﺭﻮـﻄﻟﺍ ﺲـﻧﺎﺠﺘﻣ ﺮـﻴﻏ ) heterothallic ( ﻨﻟﺍﻭ ـ ﻦـﻴﻴﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﻦـﻴﻋﻮ )
two mating types
( ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻊﻴﲨ ﰲ ﻦﻳﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻣ ﲑﻏ ) Khan ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1999a .( ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﺇ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﰲ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻄﺼﳌﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﰎ ﺪﻘﻟ A. rabiei ، ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻤﻟﻤﺠﺎﻛ ) pathogenic groups (، ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻳﺰﻴﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﻼﺴﻟﺍﻭ ) races (، ﺔﺿﺮﻤﳌﺍ ﻝﺎﻜﺷﻷﺍﻭ
) virulence forms (، ﺔﺿﺮﻤﳌﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍﻭ ) pathotypes ) ( Chen ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2004 .( ﺓﺭﺪﻘﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﺮﺘﻗﺍ ﰎ ﺪﻘﻓ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻑﺎﻨﺻﺃﻭ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﻹﺍ ﺔﻟﻼﺳ ﺔﻴﺟﻮﻟﻮﻴﺴﻓ ﺔﺿﺮﳑ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻭﺃ ﺽﺮﳑ ﻂﳕ ﻭﺃ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ : 13 ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺿﺍﺮﻣﺇ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﳎ ) Vir ﻭ Grewal ، 1974 ( ﻭ 6 ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟﻭ ﺎﻳﺭﻮﺳ ﰲ ﺕﻻﻼﺳ ) Reddy ﻭ Kabbabeh ، 1985 ( ﻭ 5 ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻛﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺿﺮﳑ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ) Qureshi ﻭ Alam ، 1984 ( ﻭ 11 ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺎﺿﺮﳑ ﻼﻜﺷ ) Jan ﻭ Weise ، 1991 ( ﻭ 10 ﺔﺿﺮﳑ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ﺪﻨﳍﺍ ﰲ ) Ambardar ﻭ Singh ، 1996 ( ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ 11 ﺇﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﻛﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺎﺿﺮﳑ ﺎﻄﳕ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺒﺳ ) Navas-Cortés ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1998 .( ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﻑﺮﻌﺗ ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣ Bayaa ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ) 2004 ( ﻭ Chongo ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ) 2004 ( ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﰲ ﺽﺮﳑ ﻂﳕ ﻰﻠﻋ 14 ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺪﻨﻛ ﰲ ﺎﺿﺮﳑ ﺎﻄﳕ . ﱃﺇ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﻉﻮﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻊﺟﺮﻳ ﺪﻗ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ A. rabiei ﺯﻮﻣﻭﺮﻜﻟﺍ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻣﻭ ) ploidy .( ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﺢﲰ ﺔﻴﻃﺮﺸﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﳝﺰﻧﻹﺎﺑ ﻊﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺞﺗﺍﻮﻧ ﺕﺎﻤﺼﺑ ) Oligonucleotide fingerprinting ( ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﻥﺃ ﱃﺇ ﻞﺻﻮﺘﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺒﻛ ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻴﺣﻭ ﻞﻘﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ) Morjane ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1994 .( ﰲ ﻞﺻﻮﺗ ﺖﻗﻮﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ Fisher ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ) 1995 ( ﱃﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﺕﺎﺌﻳﺰﳉ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﺘﻟﺍ DNA ﻞﺴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ )
random amplified polymorphic DNA
، RAPD ( ﻉﻮﻨﺗ ﻦﻋ ﻒﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺍﻮﻨﻜﲤ ﺚﻴﺣ ، ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﻝﻮﻘﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﰲ ﲑﺒﻛ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻋﻮﻤﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺰﻴﻴﲤ ﻊﻣ ﻝﻮﻘﳊﺍ ﻦﻣ . ﻗﺍ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻛ ﺡﺮﺘ Bruns ﻭ Barz ) 2001 ( ﺔﻴﺛﺍﺭﻮﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻛ ﺔﻴﺿﺮﻓ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﺑﻭ ﺔﻳﻮﻧﻷﺍ ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﻥﺎﻀﻣﻮﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ) microfluorometry ( ﺓﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺗ ﺍﺪﻛﺃ ﺔﻳﻮﻧﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ . ﺞﺘﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺜﻳﺪﺣ Chen ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ ) 2004 ( ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﻦﻣ ﲑﺒﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺍﺬﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﻼﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺿﺮﻤﳌﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﻷﺍﻭ ﺕ ﺔﻴﻘﻳﺮﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﻑﺎﻨﺻﺃ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻤﳎ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ،ﲔﻴﺴﻴﺋﺭ ﲔﺒﺒﺳ ﻦﻋ ﺎﺳﺎﺳﺃ ﺞﺗﺎﻧ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ
ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﺟﺮﻣ ﺓﺪﺣﻮﻣ ﺔﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﱃﺇ ﲔﺜﺣﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻓﺍ ﻮﻬﻓ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺐﺒﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﻤﳎﻭ ﺩﺎﻘﺘﻓﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺓﺪﺷ ﻭﺃ ﻁﻭﺮﺷ ﺪﲢ ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺧ ﺽﺮﳌﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻩﺎﲡ ﺔﻴﺳﺎﺴﳊﺍﻭ ﺔﻣﻭﺎﻘﳌﺍ ﺩ . ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻝﺎﻤﻌﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺍﻮﻣﺎﻗ 48 ﻭ ﺎﻴﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﺎﻔﻨﺻ 6 ﺔﻳﺮﻄﻓ ﺕﻻﻼﺳ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺖﻔﻨﺻ ﱵﻟﺍﻭ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻳﺮﻄﻓ ﺕﻻﺰﻋ . ﺖﻳﺮﺟﺃ ﻼﺒﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺟﺎﺟﺰﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺘﺳ ﻭ ﺔﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺖﺤﲰ ﲞ ﺔﺑﺮﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻢﳍ ﺾﻔ ﺿﺮﻤﳌﺍ ﻁﺎﳕﻷﺍ ﺩﺪﻋ ﲔﻄﳕ ﱃﺇ ﺔ pathotype I ﻭ pathotype II . ـﻟ ﺔﻋﺎﻨﻄﺻﻹﺍ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻄﻋﺃ 40 ﺎﻴﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﺎﻋﻮﻧ ﺽﺮﻤﳌﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﱐﺎﺜﻟﺍ ) pathotype II ( ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺎﺗﻬﺪﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺖﺣﻭﺍﺮﺗ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﻷﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺳ 2 ﻭ 9 ﻢﻠﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺘﻟ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻥﻮﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ 9 ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ) 9 – 1 ( ﺽﺮﻤﳌﺍ ﻂﻤﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺖﻄﻋﺃ ﲔﺣ ﰲ ، ﺍ ﻝﻭﻷ ) pathotype I ( ﺎﻌﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺎﻴﻄﳕ ﺖﻄﻋﺃ ﻁﺎﳕﺃ ﺔﺛﻼﺛ ،ﺎﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﺓﺪﺷ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺖﺣﻭﺍﺮﺗ 7 ﻭ 9 ﻋﺃ ﺔﻴﻘﺒﻟﺍﻭ ﻄ ﺖ ﺓﺪﺷ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﻦﻣ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺎﻬﻠﻛ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ 4 . .5.1.4.1 ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻢﺟﺎﻬﻳ A. rabiei ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﳍﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﲨ . ﺓﺮﻜﺒﳌﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﻣ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﻦﻋ ﺔﲡﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺍ ﺕﻮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺒﻟ . ﺖﲤ ﱂ ﱵﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﺒﺑ ﺓﲑﻐﺻ ﺀﺍﺩﻮﺳ ﻊﻘﺑ ﺔﺒﺒﺴﻣ ﻢﺠﳊﺍ ﰲ ﱪﻜﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﻝﻮﺑﺫ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻮﻣ ﻚﻟﺫ ﺪﻌﺑﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺴﻜﻧﺍ ﰒ ﻕﺎﺴﻟﺍ . ﻊﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﺗ ﺔﻳﺯﻭﺮﻜﻨﻟﺍ . ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﲑﻐﺻ ﻊﻘﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﻞﻘﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺾﻌﺑ ﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟ ﺕﺎ ﻥﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﺗ ﺎﻣ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺑ ﺔﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﳊﺍ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻤﺋﻼﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ) Haware ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1986 ؛ Alam ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1989 ؛ Porta-Puglia ، 1990 ؛ Hamid ﻭ Strange ، 2000 ؛ Pande ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2005 ( . ﺏﺎﺼﺗ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﺎﻬﺘﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺮﺜﻜﻳﻭ ﻮﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻊﻴﲨ ﰲ ﻹﺍ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﰲ ﻦﻳﻮﻜﺗ ﺔﻳﺍﺪﺑ ﱴﺣ ﺭﺎﻫﺯ ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍ . ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺐﻴﺼﺗ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺰﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﻨﳌﺍ ﻌﻘﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻟ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺜﻳﺪﳊﺍ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﻮﳍﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺎ
ﻢﺠﳊﺍ ﰲ ﱪﻜﺗ ﺎﻣ ﻥﺎﻋﺮﺳ ﺔﻳﺯﻭﺮﻜﻧ ﺓﲑﻐﺻ ﺔﻴﺋﺎﻣ . ﺀﺎﳌﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺔﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﺗ ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﺘﻟ ﻗﺮﻔﺘﻣ ﻊﻘﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻳﺩﺆﻣ ﺔ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺲﻔﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺠﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻘﺑ ﱃﺇ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺎﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﺕﺎﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ . ﻠﻋ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﻷﺍ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﺗ ﻚﻟﺫ ﻊﻣ ﺓﺍﺯﺍﻮﳌﺎﺑ ﻰ ﺕﺎﺒﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺋﺍﻮﳍﺍ ﺀﺍﺰﺟﻷﺍ ﻞﻛ ﻥﻭﺮﻗﻭ ﺭﺎﻫﺯﺃﻭ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﺃ ﻦﻣ ،ﻥﺎﺼﻏﺃﻭ ﻉﺮﻓﺃﻭ ﻣﻭ ﻝﻮﺑﺫ ﺔﺒﺒﺴﻣ ﻮ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﺕ . ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺔﺒﻗﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻠﺣ ﰲ ﺎﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻠﻋ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻰ ﻢﻫﺃ ﻦﻣ ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ﺕﺍﺰﻴﳑ . ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﻷﺍ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺰﻛﺮﻣﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺑ ﻑﺍﻮﺣ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺩ ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﻣﺭ ﺔﻟﻭﺎﻄﺘﻣ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﻓ ﻉﺮﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﻥﺎﻘﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻣﺃ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﻮﺘﳛ ) Haware ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1986 ؛ Alam ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1989 ؛ Porta-Puglia ، 1990 ؛ Hamid ﻭ Strange ، 2000 ؛ Pande ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2005 .( ) ﻞﻜﺷ 2.1 .( ﺬﺗ ﺑﻞ ﻮﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻃ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ ،ﺕﻮﲤﻭ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ﻼﻓ ﺓﺮﻫﺎﻈﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺍﺭﻭﺬﺑ . ﻭ ﻱﺩﺆﺗ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﺓﺪﳊﺍ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﲑﻏ ﱃﺇ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﳋﺍ ﻑﻼﻐﻟﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻋ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﺇ ﲔﻨﳉﺍﻭ . ﻐﺘﻳ ﺔﻤﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﲑﻏ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻳﺮﺋﺍﺩ ﺀﺍﺩﻮﺳ ﺔﻘﻴﻤﻋ ﻊﻘﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺮﻬﻈﺗﻭ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻥﻮﻟ ﲑ . ﺔﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺎﻧﺎﻴﺣﺃ ﺓﺩﺮﻟﻤﺠﺍ ﲔﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ . ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺛﻮﻠﻣ ﺍﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﺞﻀﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻃ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻄﻌﺗ ) Haware ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1986 ؛ Alam ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1989 ؛ Porta-Puglia ، 1990 ؛ Hamid ﻭ Strange ، 2000 ؛ Pande ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2006 .( ﺓﺮﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﲢ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻳ ) subepidermally ( ﰲ ) apoplast ( ﺎﺷﺎﻤﻜﻧﺍ ﺎﺒﺒﺴﻣ ﻥﺎﻘﻴﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺴﻧﻸﻟ ﺎﻌﻳﺮﺳ ﺍﺭﺎﻴﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻳﺯﻭﺮﻜﻧ ﻊﻘﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﺗ ﱃﺇ ﺎﻳﺩﺆﻣ ﺔﺠﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ) Pandey ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1987 ؛ Höhl ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1990 ؛ Köhler ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1995 ؛ Ilarslan ﻭ Dolar ، 2002 ( . ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺪﺟﻭ ﻚﻟﺫ ﱃﺇ Gaur ) 2000 ( ﺭﻮﻀﺨﻴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎـﺘﻧﺇ ﺔﺒـﺴﻧ ﻥﺄﺑ a ﺭﻮﻀﺨﻴﻟﺍ ﻭ b ﰲ ﺱﻮﺴﳏ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺖﻀﻔﳔﺍ ﺪﻗ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻂﻴﺒﺜﺗ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺔﻟﺪﺘﻌﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺓﺪﻳﺪﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍ A. rabiei ﱘﺰﻧﺇ ﺔﻴﻃﺎﺸﻨﻟ chlorophyllase .
ﺏ ﺃ ﺝ ﺩ ﻭ ـﻫ ﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸ 2.1 . ﻥﺎﻘﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ﺽﺍﺮﻋﺃ ) ﺏ ،ﺃ ( ﻕﺍﺭﻭﻷﺍﻭ ، ) ﺩ ،ﺝ ( ﻥﻭﺮﻘﻟﺍﻭ ) ﻭ ،ـﻫ ( ) Anonymous ، 2006 .(
.6.1.4.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻮﻴﺣ A. rabiei ﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺣ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻘﺒﻳ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺑﻭ ﻡﻮﻴﻠﺴﻴﻣ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺽﺭﻷﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺴﻨﳉﺍ ﻩﺭﻮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻴﻧﻮﻛﻭ ) Kaiser ، 1977 ( ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻢﺳﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻴﺣ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻟﺎﺑ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺻﺎﳋﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ ، ﻖﺣﻻ ﻢﺳﻮﻣ ﱃﺇ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ) Pande ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 2005 .( ﳛ ﺔﻠﻴﺳﻭ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﺎﲟﺭﻭ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻘﻠﺑ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻠﻟ ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﻢﻫﺃ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﱪﺘﻌﺗ ﻪﺘﻳﻮﻴﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻆﻓﺎ ﻩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍﻭ ) Haware ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1986 ؛ Porta-Puglia ، 1990 ( . ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﻻ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﻷﺍ ﺭﺪﺼﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﺪﻘﻓ ﰲ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻝﻭﺩ ﻦﻣ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺧ ﺖﻧﺎﻛ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﱵﻴﻛﻮﻜﺳﻷﺍ ﻊﻘﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﺮﻣ ) Kaiser ، 1972 ؛ Maden ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1975 ؛ Cother ، 1977 .( ﺪﺣ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺎ ﻉﺭﺯ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﰲﻭ ﺎﺜﻳ ) Morrall ﻭ Mckenzie ، 1974 ( ﻞﺜﻣ ﺓﺪﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻻﻮﻟﺍﻭ ﺍﺪﻨﻛ ) Wilson ﻭ Kaiser ، 1995 ( ﺎﻴﻟﺍﺮﺘﺳﺃﻭ ) Galloway ﻭ McLeod ، 2003b .( ﺓﺭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻭﺃ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺟﺍﻮﺘﻳ ﻥﺃ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﻦﻜﳝ ) Maden ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1975 ؛ Dey ﻭ Singh ، 1994 ( ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗﻭ ﺔﻄﻴﶈﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻳﻮﻴﺣ . ﻥﺃ ﻦﻜﳝ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺎﻴﺣ ﻰﻘﺒﻳ 14 ﱃﺇ 15 ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺍﺮﻬﺷ ﺔﻇﻮﻔﶈﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﰲ 5 ﻡ ° ﻭ 10 ﻡ ° ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻔﺨﻨﺗ ، ﺾ ﱃﺇ ﺓﺪﳌﺍ ﻩﺬﻫ 12 ﻭ 10 ﺮﻬﺷﺃ ﰲ ﺔﻇﻮﻔﶈﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ °20 ﻡ ﻭ °30 ﻡ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ) Tripathi ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1987 .( ﺔﺘﺑﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ ﺖﻐﻠﺑ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺖﻈﻔﺣ ﺭﻭﺬﺑ ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﺘﳌﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﰲ °2 ± 3 ﻡ ﺓﺪﳌ 14 ﱃﺇ 15 ﺍﺮﻬﺷ %33 . ﻱﺩﺆﻳﻭ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ 55 ﻭ 60 ﻭ °65 ﻡ ﺓﺪﳌ 12 ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ،ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻣﺎﲤ ﺀﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻋﺎﺳ ﻔﺧ ﱃﺇ ﻱﺩﺆﻳ ﺍﺬﻫ ﺾ ـﺑ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧﺇ ﺔﺒﺴﻧ %50 ) Maden ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1975 ( . ﺮﻛﺬﻳ Kaiser ) 1995 ( ﻥﺄﺑ ﺜﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﺮﻤ ) pseudothecia ( ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻠﻟ ) D. rabiei ( ﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻮﻜﺘﺗ . ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺎﻀﻳﺃ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﺗ ﺎﻤﻛ ﺔﻴﻗﺰﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻘﳊﺍ ـ ﺧ ﻞ ـ ﺔﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻊﻴﺑﺮﻟﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻝﻼ
) Trapero-Casas ﻭ Kaiser ، 1992 ؛ Navs-Cortes ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1995 .( ﺭﺪﺼﻣ ﱪﺘﻌﺗﻭ ﱄﻭﻷﺍ ﻯﻭﺪﻌﻟﺍ ﺡﺎﻘﻠﻟ ﻝﻮﺼﶈ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﺩﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻟﺍ ) Trapero-Casas ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1996 .( ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻣﺎﻋ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺎﻴﺣ ﺀﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻜﻣﺈﺑ ﻪﻧﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﳐ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻔﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻴﺣ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻘﺑ ﱃﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﻞﻘﳊﺍ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ) Zachos ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1963 ؛ Navas-Cortés ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1995 .( ﺎﻴﺣ ﻰﻘﺒﻳ ﺪﻗﻭ ﲔﺑ ﺎﻣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺔﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺴﻧﻷﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﲔﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﻷ 10 ﻭ °35 ﻡ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺴﻧ ﺔﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﰲ ﻦﻣ %0 ﱃﺇ %30 ) Kaiser ، 1973 .( ﻥﻭﺮﻗﻭ ﻥﺎﻘﻴﺳ ﻦﻣ ﺔﺑﺎﺼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺗﺎﺒﻨﻟﺍ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻣﺭ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻮﻤﻨﻳ ﺔﻳﺮﲦ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﺃﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻴﻨﻜﺑ ﻥﻮﻜﻳﻭ ﻞﻘﳊﺍ ﰲﺭﻭﺬﺑﻭ ) pseudothecia ) ( Nene ، 1982 ؛ Navas-Cortés ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1995 ؛ Trapero-Casas ،ﻥﻭﺮﺧﺁﻭ 1996 ؛ Kaiser ، 1997 .( .7.1.4.1 ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺓﺮﺜﻜﺑ ﺕﺍﺪﻴﻨﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺋﻼﳌﺍ ﺔﻴﺧﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻳ ﺀﺍﺩﻮﺳ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺔﻴﻘﻠﺣ ﻊﻘﺑ . ﻭ ﺭﺎﻄﻣﻷﺍ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﺗ ﱪﻋ ﺕﺎﻳﺪﻨﻴﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺝﺮﲣ ﱵﻟﺍ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﰲ ﺡﺎﻳﺮﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﺘﻔﻟﺍ ) Porta-Puglia ، 1990 .( ﻦﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺮﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺭﺩ ﻞﺜﲤ °19 ﻡ ﱃﺇ °24 ﻡ ﺓﺪﳌ ﺔﺒﻃﺭ ﺓﺮﺘﻓ ﻊﻣ ﺔﻨﻣﺍﺰﺘﳌﺍﻭ 10 ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﻮﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﻼﻟ ﺔﺒﺳﺎﻨﳌﺍ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ﻞﻀﻓﺃ ﺮﺜﻛﺃ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻮﻴﻟﺍ ﰲ ﺕﺎﻋﺎﺳ ) Weltzien ﻭ Kaack ، 1984 ( ، ﻩﺬﻫ ﺮﻓﻮﺘﺗﻭ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﳌﺍ ﺮﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﻮﺣ ﰲ ﺺﻤﳊﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻧ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﰲ ﺓﲑﺒﻛ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ ﻑﻭﺮﻈﻟﺍ ) Porta-Puglia ، 1990 .( ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻟﺍ ﻢﻫﺎﺴﻳ ) D. rabiei ( ﻞﺋﺎﺳﻭ ﻢﻫﺃ ﺪﺣﺃ ﱪﺘﻌﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﲑﺒﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﺽﺮﳌﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﰲ ﺮﻄﻔﻠﻟ ﱄﻭﻷﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﳌﺍ ﻦﻋ ﺓﺪﻴﻌﺑ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﺴﳌ ﻩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﻳ ﺚﻴﲝ ،ﺭﻭﺬﺒﻟﺍ ﺐﻧﺎﺟ ﱃﺇ ﺮﻄﻔﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﺽﺮﻤﻠﻟ ) Galloway ﻭ MacLeod ، 2003b .( ﺮﻛﺬﻳﻭ Kaiser ) 1997 ( ﻥﺄﺑ ﻍﺍﻮﺑﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻗﺰﻟﺍ ﺓﺪﻌﻟ ﻩﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺎﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﻮﻄﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺎﺻﻹﺍ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ) ﻞﻜﺷ 3.1 (.
