A. Overall economic performance since 1980
Zimbabwe is a land-locked country covering an area of 390,580 km^ and has common borders with Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique and South Africa. It has an estimated population of 7.9 million (1984), growing at an average rate of 2.84 per cent per annum. The gross domestic product stood at $584.6 million at current prices in 1984, and per capita GDP measured $740 in that year. The GDP grew at an average rate of 4.2 per cent per annum in real terms over the period 1980-1984. The total external debt was $2,156.7 million in 1984. The actual debt-service ratio as a percentage of exports of goods and debt-services was 30.5 per cent in 1984. The total net resource inflows to Zimbabwe declined from a level
167
-of $844.3 million in 1981 to about $418.0 million in 1984. ODA, however, rose from $212.3 million to $282.0 million during the same period. As a Southern African State, Zimbabwe experienced problems resulting from the political and economic destabilization policies of South Africa. This, coupled with the 1982 and 1984 droughts and the world recession has seriously hampered the implementation of the country's development plan.
B. Main areas of focus of the national recovery programme (1986-1990)
The principal objectives of the national development plan include:
(a) transformation of the economy for the establishment of a national economy;
(b) raising employment and the standard of living of the majority of the people;
and (c) the development of the country's scientific and technological capability.
Whilst these objectives imply that the material production sectors are at the centre of government's new investment programmes, the sustenance and further consolidation of the gains already made since independence in the non-material production sectors are of no less importance.
C. Highlights of policy reforms in support of the national recovery programme (1986-1990)
Far-reaching adjustment measures already taken include: diversification of cash crops and the pursuance of a pricing policy that has ensured food self-sufficiency; devaluation of the Zimbabwe dollar to make exports more competitive.
Policy reforms in the public sector will include the reorganization of parastatals to make them more profitable and self-financing. Other policies include: land reform and redistribution of land to small-holder farmers and co-operatives;
provision of agricultural inputs in the form of credit fertilizers, improved seeds and pesticides and more effective marketing through the agricultural marketing boards. Whilst Zimbabwe's Government has indicated areas where foreign investment is welcome and the conditions attached, revisions to the foreign investment guidelines are yet to be made. Taxation policy has also to be revised in accordance with the new social order.
D. Estimates of resource requirements for the national recovery programme (1986-1990) a/
Millions of US dollars (i) Resources already mobilized
Domestically Externally
1 246.9
Subtotal 1 246.9
(ii) Resources planned to be mobilized Domestically
Externally
1 424.4 1 782.5
Subtotal 3 206.9
( iii ) Estimates of likely available resources 4 453.8
(iv) Total estimated cost of programme 5 601.9
(v) Resource gap 1 148.1
a/ Estimates were updated subsequent to preparation of table 2 of the annex.
E. Estimates of debt-servicing requirements (1986-1990) (in millions of US dollars)
Type of debt
Official creditors Private creditors Total
Interest 263.1 222.6 485.7
Principal 201.0 720.3 921.3
Total 464.1 942.9 1 407.0
50. THE SAHARAOUI ARAB DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC A. Overall economic performance since 1980
The Saharaoui Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) came into existence on 27 February 1976. It has an area of 284s000 km2, the greater part of which is desert. The fact that Spain, the former colonial power, did not hand over any administrative or financial apparatus, and because of the war with Morocco, which engulfed the country since independence, the normal operation of the institutions of the country has been adversely affected. Hence, it has not been feasible for SADR to organize country-wide censuses to determine population, income and expenditure, resource use and structure of economic activity. However, the country is known to be rich in fishery resources and phosphate deposits.
Apart from the war, which caused immense social dislocation, drought and desertification have further contributed to the deterioration in the environment and the quality of life of the people of SADR.
B. Main areas of focus of the national recovery programme (1986-1990)
The priority programme of SADR has been drawn up within the framework of the need and urgency of restoring complete territorial integrity of the country.
Hence, in addition to defence requirements, top priority has been accorded to agricultural development with the objective of ensuring food self-sufficiency and creating conditions suitable for normal economic activity. In conformity with this setting, SADR's priority programme focuses on the following areas:
(a) Agriculture: establishment of livestock development units; veterinary services; fodder production; construction of irrigation systems; underground water development; storage facilities; and establishment of maintenance and repair units for agricultural equipment;
(b) Other sectors supporting agriculture: establishment of factories for carpet weaving, and manufacture of tents and footwear;
(c) Drought and desertification: programmes for afforestation and combat of shifting sand-dunes are envisaged, and
169
-(d) Human resources development: establishment of educational and health centres; training for agronomists and agricultural planners, and technicians in the area of small-scale farming; and supply of equipment for training centres.
C. Highlights of policy reforms in support of the national recovery programme (1986-1990)
In order to give adequate thrust to the process of economic and social development, the Government of SADR has given special attention to the development of institutional support mechanisms. Within this setting, a national commission has been established to formulate a programme for the mobilization and allocation of resources in accordance with established priorities. Special emphasis has also been placed on popular involvement and participation in the development process.
D. Resource requirements for the national recovery programme (1986-1990) a/
Millions of US dollars (i) Resources already mobilized
Domestically Externally
Subtotal ~
(ii) Resources planned to be mobilized Domestically
Externally
Subtotal ~
(iii) Estimates of likely available resources (iv) Total estimated cost of programme
(v) Resource gap
E. Estimates of debt-servicing requirements (1986-1990) (in millions of US dollars)
Type of debt
Official creditors Private creditors Total
Interest • • • • • • • • •
Principal • • • • • • • • •
Total *•. ... ...
aj The Government of the Saharaoui Arab Democratic Republic has put on record that the lack of information on sources and means of finance to execute the proposed projects/programmes is due to the prevailing war situation.
PART H: STATISTICAL APPENDICES
173
-PART II: STATISTICAL APPENDICES EXPLANATORY NOTES
The following notes are being issued to clarify the concepts, definitions and classifications used in the statistical annex. For easy reference, these notes will follow the order in which the items appear in the tables. For those items which are self-explanatory, no further clarification is given. Unless otherwise stated, the sources of data are the responsible bodies in the countries themselves e.g. the Ministries of Planning, Finance and Agriculture, the Central Statistical Office and the Central Bank.
Table 1
Area in sq. km,
Population growth rate
GDP growth rate
For the avoidance of conflict, the area of any country is as recorded in United Nations publications such as the Demographic Yearbook.
The growth rate is calculated using the geometric growth rate and is given as per cent per annum.
The growth rate per annum is calculated as the percentage increase or decrease and the average for the period 1980-1984 as the arithmetic mean of the four annual growth rates.
Level of external debt External debt is defined as the total of public and private loans disbursed and outstanding at the end of 1984, including IMF repurchases, private non-guaranteed loans and arrears. Concessional debt is defined as debt arising from loans which are given at below the prevailing market conditions.
This generally implies long-term loans and/or relatively low interest rates. All other debts are non-concessional.
Debt service ratio : This refers to the ratio of actual debt-service repayments during the year 1984 expressed as a proportion of total value of exports and non-factor services.
Resource flows : The net ODA flows were calculated as:
Loans + Grants - Interest - Amortization.
The net flows (others) were calculated as:
Loans + Direct Investment - Interest - Amortization
The total = ODA + Others.
Table 2
(a) Total cost
The total cost of the priority programme relates to those components of the cost of national priority programmes which come under agriculture, other sectoral measures in support of agriculture, drought and desertification and human resources development as defined by the African Priority Programme for Economic Recovery, 1986-1990 adopted by the African Heads of State and Government in July 1985.
(b) Domestic resources already available or planned
This refers to resources already mobilized from domestic sources or which the government at the time of preparation of the Statistical Annex was sure it could mobilize from those sources during the period 1986-1990.
(c) External resources available or pledged
This refers to resources already committed by foreign donors (multilateral or bilateral) or by commercial financial institutions. They include in addition funds from these sources already made available in the form of loans and grants.
(d) Gap to be filled by additional external assistance
This measures the difference between the total cost of the priority programme by country reduced by the amount of the domestic resources already available or planned and the amount of external resources either already made available or pledged.
Tables 3, 4 and 5
These tables are percentages of table 2 calculated in different ways as is self-evident from the tables themselves.
Table 6
This is derived from the World Debt Tables of the World Bank of 1985.
It covers only public and publicly guaranteed loans and exludes IMF repurchases, interest on short-term debt and payment of private non-guaranteed debt and arrears. It is based on projections made on the basis of 1984 debt services.
r.M5
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t 177 t
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- 179
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181
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183
-N e t r e s o u r c e f l o w s T o t a l
( m i l l i o n U S $ )
1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4
I N D I A N OCEAN I S L A N D
COUNTRIES 8 8 5 . 5 7 2 2 . 9 4 7 5 . 0 3 7 0 . 2 3 9 3 . 2
Comoros 4 6 . 5 4 5 . 7 3 8 . 4 3 8 . 0 2 5 . 9
Madagascar 6 1 6 . 0 5 1 6 . 3 3 2 9 . 3 2 7 8 . 7 3 1 8 . 6
Maur itius 1 9 9 . 1 1 3 5 . 3 8 0 . 8 3 3 . 7 4 6 . 6
S e y c h e l l e s 2 3 . 9 2 5 . 6 2 6 . 5 1 9 . 8 2 . 1
EAST AFRICA 3 3 7 4 . 2 3 4 8 5 . 0 2 9 3 4 . 5 2 6 0 8 . 8 2 9 0 6 . 2
B u r u n d i 1 6 5 . 9 1 8 0 . 4 2 0 5 . 5 1 7 5 . 8 2 0 0 . 5
Dj ibouti 7 1 . 6 6 3 . 9 5 8 . 8 6 4 . 6 4 0 . 1
Ethiopia 3 0 2 . 0 6 3 1 . 0 2 8 2 . 5 2 1 6 . 3 4 4 3 . 2
Kenya 9 6 4 . 4 9 3 5 . 0 6 6 9 . 7 5 7 2 . 0 4 2 8 . •
Rwanda 1 7 1 . 3 1 6 6 . 0 1 5 1 . 7 1 2 4 . 6 . 1 4 7 . 4
Somalia 2 6 9 . 0 2 8 4 . 8 4 5 3 . 7 2 6 9 . 3 3 2 6 . 0
Sudan 7 6 9 . 0 9 8 8 . 0 6 6 1 . 0 6 7 4 . 0 9 0 4 . 0
Uganda 1 4 6 . 0 1 3 1 . 0 1 6 9 . 0 1 8 9 . 0 3 4 . 0
United Republic of Tanzania 5 1 5 . 0 2 8 0 . 9 2 8 2 . 6 3 2 3 . 2 3 8 2 . 4
SOUTHERN AFRICAN STATES 2 5 1 0 . 6 3 0 9 3 . 3 2 8 7 6 . 0 1 6 9 7 . 8 1 6 5 7 . 0
Angola 1 7 8 . 0 1 6 7 . 0 3 7 8 . 0 7 5 . 0 1 3 5 . 0
Botswana 4 0 8 . 1 4 0 3 . 9 2 1 1 . 5 2 1 0 . 6 1 5 0 . 0
Lesotho 1 3 7 . 8 1 4 1 . 0 1 0 7 . 6 1 1 4 . 3 1 0 2 . 0
Malawi 2 9 3 . 3 1 6 5 . 6 1 3 6 . 2 1 6 9 . 8 1 9 5 . 0
Mozambicrue 4 2 0 . 0 4 6 6 . 0 4 7 5 . 0 1 5 3 . 3 1 3 9 . 0
S w a z i l a n d 5 7 . 9 4 3 . 6 5 0 . 1 6 0 . 6 3 8 . 0
Zambia 6 5 3 . 4 8 6 1 . 9 7 0 4 . 8 3 1 9 . 4 4 8 0 . 0
Zimbabwe 3 6 2 . 1 8 4 4 . 3 8 1 2 . 8 5 9 4 . 8 4 1 8 . 0
CENTRAL AFRICA 1 1 7 5 . 8 1 2 9 0 . 1 9 8 5 . 6 1 2 4 6 . 6 8 9 . 2
Cameroon 6 6 9 . 1 5 1 2 . 4 5 2 8 . 6 6 3 1 . 4 - 7 7 . 0
C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i c 1 1 0 . 0 9 6 . 6 1 2 1 . 7 1 0 5 . 9 1 3 7 . 0
Congo 2 9 1 . 1 4 8 0 . 6 2 5 0 . 1 4 7 2 . 4 2 0 5 . 0
Eauatorial Guinea 9 . 3 1 0 . 6 1 4 . 0 1 1 . 1 1 1 . 2
Gabon - 2 5 2 . 2 - 2 2 8 . 5 - 1 0 6 . 7 - 1 1 3 . 9 6 2 . 0
Sao Tome and Principe 3 . 9 6 . 1 9 . 9 1 1 . 6 7 . 9
Z a i r e 3 4 4 . 6 4 1 2 . 7 1 6 8 . 0 1 2 8 . 2 - 2 5 6 . 9
A . .
N e t r e s o u r c e f l o w s T o t a l
( m i l l i o n US$)
1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4
SAHEL 2 6 7 5 . 5 1 9 8 2 . 1 1 5 4 8 . 9 1 8 2 7 . 4 1 4 4 6 . 3
B u r k i n a F a s o 2 7 7 . 3 2 5 3 . 8 2 6 9 . 9 1 9 5 . 9 2 2 4 . 0
C a p e V e r d e 3 9 . 0 3 6 . 3 4 2 . 6 4 1 . 7 3 9 . 9
Chad 3 2 . 3 6 1 . 7 6 4 . 7 9 0 . 1 1 1 6 . 0
Gambia 1 7 5 . 3 6 5 . 0 1 3 9 . 8 6 6 . 2 4 2 . 7
G u i n e a - B i s s a u 1 6 . 8 6 . 5 1 2 . 1 4 . 7 6 8 . 0
M a l i 8 1 2 . 2 2 5 6 . 5 2 0 2 . 2 2 1 8 . 1 3 0 2 . 0
M a u r i t a n i a 1 9 2 . 0 2 4 5 . 0 3 0 5 . 0 2 4 7 . 0 2 5 0 . 0
N i g e r 7 2 0 . 0 7 2 5 . 0 4 2 9 . 7 5 9 6 . 6 2 6 6 . 0
S e n e g a l 4 6 0 . 6 3 3 2 . 3 8 2 . 9 3 6 7 . 1 1 3 7 . 7
NON-SAHEL WEST AFRICA 4 6 3 7 . 0 4 1 4 9 . 3 7 0 6 0 . 7 5 3 0 2 . 8 2 6 1 9 . 2
B e n i n 1 4 9 . 4 2 2 7 . 6 3 4 5 . 2 1 6 3 . 2 7 3 . 0
Cöte d*Ivoire 1 8 7 6 . 3 1 7 5 9 . 7 1 1 2 1 . 8 1 0 5 9 . 5 2 7 7 . 0
G h a n a - 9 0 . 5 4 4 1 . 5 1 5 7 . 4 2 5 7 . 8 5 6 6 . 3
G u i n e a 8 9 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 8 8 . 0 8 4 . 0 4 7 . 0
L i b e r i a 1 7 8 . 9 5 7 . 6 1 3 6 . 7 1 2 5 . 0 1 6 8 . 0
N i g e r i a 2 0 2 5 . 0 1 2 2 3 . 0 4 9 1 6 . 0 3 4 5 7 . 0 1 3 1 9 . 0
S i e r r a L e o n e 1 9 7 . 5 1 6 0 . 5 1 8 1 . 1 7 0 . 7 3 9 . 7
Togo 1 1 1 . 4 1 5 9 . 4 1 1 4 . 5 8 5 . 6 1 2 9 . 2
NORTH AFRICA 4 2 6 2 . 5 4 1 2 8 . 6 3 7 2 9 . 6 4 7 3 3 . 2 4 0 1 3 . 5
A l g e r i a 1 5 5 8 . 6 1 1 9 6 . 9 - 8 0 . 1 1 1 1 7 . 1 9 4 8 . 2
Egypt 2 3 5 5 . 8 2 4 0 6 . 7 3 2 6 8 . 4 3 0 8 5 . 7 2 7 7 9 . ]
L i b y a n A r a b J a m a h i r i y a
T u n i s i a 3 4 8 . 1 5 2 5 . 0 5 4 1 . 3 5 3 0 . 4 4 8 6 . 2
TOTAL 1 9 5 2 1 . 7 1 8 6 5 1 . 3 1 9 6 1 8 . 8 1 7 7 8 7 . 3 1 2 9 4 8 . 6
185
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1 8 7
V* to
189
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- 191
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193
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- 1 9 5
R- 0 0 00 R* R* CM AS 00 00 AS CM M M 00 m CM SO SO m
197
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- 199
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