• Aucun résultat trouvé

Workaholism Studies

Dans le document The DART-Europe E-theses Portal (Page 169-173)

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2.1 Work engagement

2.2.5 Workaholism Studies

The famous example in workaholism is Japan, this country is claimed as a workaholism country. The word of mount as karōshi or death by overwork is refers to workaholism or a person who works compulsively, support by the world workaholism ranking (Ipsos Global and Reuters,2010). The survey found that Japanese workers are least likely to use their vacation days and were therefore dubbed the most workaholism, followed by Austrlia and South Africa.

Workaholism, in same as more work hours longer, are found in cross culture perspective (Snir and Harpaz, 2006) explains the Japanese worked more hours per week than all other nationalities, such as Belgium, Israel, The Netherlands, and the USA, respondents with a high level of work centrality worked more hours per week than did those with a low level of work centrality. Men worked more hours per week than women. Married women worked fewer hours per week than unmarried women, while married men worked more hours per week than unmarried men. Private-sector employees worked more hours per week than public-sector employee.

Workaholism among age, gender and marital status, Gender has been considered in workaholism studied, Schaufeli and colleagues (2008) presents that men score significantly higher than women on both workaholism scales; work excessively and work compulsively. while Aziz and Cunningham (2008) found that workaholism and gender are independent.

75

Furthermore, a study about gender related with working hours, Snir and Harpaz (2011), studied in Belgium, Israel, Japan, The Netherlands, and the USA, found that men work more hour per week than women, moreover married women work fewer hour per week than unmarried women, while married work more hour per week than unmarried men.

Workaholism among gender and marital status , gender has been consider in workaholism studied, as men might be more likely to work more hours and engaged in workaholism, while some studies found workaholism and gender are independent (Aziz and Cunningham, 2008)

A study about gender related with working hours, Snir and Harpaz (2011), studied in Belgium, Israel, Japan, The Netherlands, and the USA, found that men work more hour per week than women, moreover married women work fewer hour per week than unmarried women, while married work more hour per week than unmarried men.

Workaholism related to age was found in Schaufeli and colleagues (2008), they found a correlation of work compulsively with age is statistically significant, while work excessively was not related to age.

Furthermore, The related studies of workaholisms by samples country, as:

Dutch, a study of position related with workaholisms presented manager and high level professional, on average, the score higher than blue collar, pink collar, blue collar and executive and low level professional (Taris et al., 2012) . While, level of workaholism in industry sector higher than service sector (Taris et al., 2012).

76

Italy, workaholism relates to individual behavior, workplace aggressive, was found that increasing level of workaholisms were related with higher frequency of aggressive behavior and job related emotion fully mediated the association between workaholism and aggressive behavior (Balducci,2009). Thus, studying about workaholisms must be understood as individuals with psychological and behavioral problems,

The United Stated, the association between workaholism and marital status was studied in US, by Robinson and colleagues, both wife and husband’s perspective, suggested that that women who identified their husbands as workaholisms also reported greater marital disaffection and less positive feeling toward their spouse (Robinson et al.,2001), and stated that workaholism is positively related to marital disaffection, and workaholism domains for predicting marital disaffection were over controlling behavior and impaired. communication (Robinson et al., 2009).

Japan, the association between workaholism and sleep problem hospital nurses in japan (Kubota et al, 2010). The research indicated that workaholism nurses who have the tendency to work excessively hard in a compulsive fashion have higher risks for impaired awakening, insufficient sleep, and workplace sleepiness. In addition to, a spillover-crossover perspective had been studied workaholism and well-being among Japanese dual-earner couples, Results showed that workaholisms workers were more likely to experience work-to-family-conflict and psychological distress compared to relaxed workers both gender, and husbands of workaholisms women workers were more likely to experience family-to-work conflict, whereas wives of workaholisms men workers were not (Shimazu et al., 2011).

77

Although, there are many studies about the relation between workaholism and individual factors and others factors. Some studies presented some factors have relation with workaholism, but others studied presented these factors do not have relation with workaholism. These could be say that workaholism level is different in individual, work experience factors or others factors, as same as the level of workaholism vary by countries. However, the workaholism study among individual, work experience and external factors are interesting because workaholism gains both advantage and disadvantage to organizations. Maintaining employees in appreciate level of workaholism is get more benefits.

Thus, this study focus on workaholism level for knowing the status of workaholism in the sample of this study. This study focus on the types of workaholism in order to know status of each participant, these will give benefits in individual development program. This study also focuses on individual factors and work experience factors such as: gender, generations, education, marital status, organizational tenure, tenure in current position, division, and position, relate with workaholism in order to extent and to confirm the previous study.

Furthermore, the relationship between workaholism and work engagement is inline in this study, because both workaholisms and engaged employees are hard worker. They are employees who are gain benefits to organization, but work engagement relates with employee’s well-being while workaholism relates with employee’s unwell- being.

78

Dans le document The DART-Europe E-theses Portal (Page 169-173)