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D a i r y c a t t l e Beef c a t t l e P o u l t r y
Type o f D i s p o s a l
P e r An: f m a l C o n t r i b u t i o n i n 1 b
a D i r e c t d i s c h a r g e t o streams b A n a e r o b i c l a g o o n s
c Land s p r e a d i n g
d ~ o t a l o r g a n i c c a r b o n e T o t a l n i t r o g e n
S - T o t a l p h o s p h o r o u s
The p r o c e d u r e u s e d f o r a r r i v i n g a t f i r s t e s t i m a t e s of n o n - p a i n t l o a d s i n t h i s a r e a i s as f o l l o w s :
I,
Land u s e i n v e n t o r i e s , shown i n T a b l e 41, w e r e c o m p i l e d f r o m N o r t h C a r o l i n a Land 'IJse and C o n s e r v a t i o n Needs I n v e n t o r y a n dt h e 1969 Census o f A g r i c u l t u r e ; c a t e g o r i e s o f band u s e i n c l u d e d u r b a n , row c r o p l a n d , g r a s s c r o p l a n d , p a s t u r e , a n d f o r e s t ;
T a b l e 4 1
g r o s s n u t r i e n t l o a d s f r o m row c r o p s a n d f o r e s t s were o b t a i n e d by
9 , 5 Comparison o f P o i n t and Non-point Loads
A comparison of e s t i m a t e d p o i n t and n o n - p o i n t l o a d s i n t h e R e s e a r c h T r i a n g l e a r e a l e a d s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g t e n t a t i v e c o n c l u s i o n s :
1,
Non-point s o u r c e s a c c o u n t f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 p e r e e n t of t o t a l a v e r a g e d a i l y BOD l o a d s i n t h e a r e a w i t h e x i s t i n g l e v e l s of t r e a t m e n t f o r p o i n t s o u r c e s ;2, u r b a n s t o r m r u n o f f i s t h e dominant s o u r c e of n o n - p o i n t l o a d s f o r BOD;
3 . p o i n t s o u r c e s a c c o u n t f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 p e r c e n t of t o t a l a v e r a g e d a i l y n i t r o g e n l o a d s ;
4 , p o i n t s o u r c e s a c c o u n t f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 85 p e r c e n t s f t o t a l a v e r a g e d a i l y l o a d s o f p h o s p h o r o u s ; a n d
5 , non-point l o a d s of s o l i d s dominate p o i n t s o u r c e l o a d s ,
These c o n c l u s i o n s m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d h i g h l y t e n t a t i v e a t p r e s e n t b e c a u s e o f t h e p a u c i t y of p r i m a r y f i e l d d a t a upon which e s t i m a t e s o f r u r a l n o n - p o i n t l o a d s a r e b a s e d and b e c a u s e o f u n c e r t a i n t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t e c h n i q u e s u s e d t o e x t r a p o - l a t e a v a i l a b l e d a t a o n u r b a n and r u r a l r u n o f f t o l a r g e r w a t e r s h e d s , However, t h e s e e s t i m a t e s d o p r o v i d e s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e t h a t n o n - p o i n t l o a d s a r e w o r t h y o f f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n u r b a n areas, and t h e y s h o u l d b e t a k e n a s g u i d e s f o r t h e i n i t i a l d e s i g n of f i e l d s a m p l i n g programs t o f i r m up t h e e s t i - m a t e s , I t f o l l o w s f r o m t h e s e f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n s t h a t n o n - p o i n t s a m p l i n g s h o u l d b e weighed most h e a v i l y i n s t r e a m s t h a t c a r r y u r b a n s t o r m r u n o f f ,
9.6 Recommendations f o r I m p r o v i n g E s t i m a t e s o f Non-point Loads
P r i m a r y f i e l d e s t i m a t e s o f n o n - p o i n t l o a d s and r e l a t e d r u n o f f c o e f f i c i e n t s u n d e r s t o r m e v e n t s s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d o n s e l e c t e d u r b a n and non-urban w a t e r s h e d s , L i t e r a t u r e e s t i m a t e s o f n o n - p o i n t l o a d s , some o f which a r e a v a i l a b l e from a s m a l l area i n downtown Durham, a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o e s t a b l i s h t h a t non-point l o a d s d u r - i n g and a f t e r s t o m s a r e l i k e l y t o b e a m a j o r problem i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h e f f l u - e n t s f rom s e c o n d a r y w a s t e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s , E x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e s e estimates t o l a r g e r a r e a s and t o a r e a s where n o p r i m a r y d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e would b e a
p r o c e s s open t o c o n s i d e r a b l e u n c e r t a i n t y and s e v e r e c r i t i c i s m i f c o s t l y c o r r e c t i v e n e a s u r e s a x e n e c e s s a r y t o remedy a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o n w a t e r q u a l i t y ,
E s t i m a t e s of n o n - p o i n t l o a d s s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d
for
a t l e a s t two l e v e l s of a e r i a l c o v e r a g e , F i r s t , estimates s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d f o r l a r g e w a t e r s h e d s i n t h e r a n g e of 25-150 s q u a r e m i l e s and on which p o i n t l o a d s a r e small i n compari- s o n w i t h a n t i c i p a t e d n o n - p o i n t l o a d s , There a r e many w a t e r s h e d s i n t h a t s i z e r a n g e i n t h e s t u d y a r e a ; and f o r p u r p o s e s of e s t i m a t i n g t a r a l l o a d s i n c r i t i c a l r e c e i v i n g s t r e a m s , many of t h e s e are l i k e l y t o b e t r e a t e d as s i n g l e l o a d s .118
Loads from w a t e r s h e d s o f t h i s s i z e r a n g e p r o b a b l y c a n n o t b e e s t i m a t e d by s i m p l y a d d i n g e s t i m a t e s Prom s m a l l a e r i a l u n i t s w i t h i n t h e w a t e r s h e d s upon which P m d a s e s a r e homogeneous, D e g r a d a t i o n , s e d i m e n t a t i o n , and o t h e r phenomena o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n l a r g e w a t e r s h e d s p r o b a b l y r e d u c e t h e t o t a l l o a d From t h e s e a r e a s t o
l e v e l s much below t h e sum o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m s u b a r e a s w i t h i n t h e w a t e r s h e d , I n s e l e c t i n g w a t e r s h e d s upon which t h e s e e s t i m a t e s s h o u l d b e eons E r u c t e d , two c r i t e r i a are w o r t h y o f n o t e , F i r s t , t h e s e t o f w a t e r s h e d s s h o u l d r e f l e c t a m i x t u r e o f p r e d o m i n a n t l a n d u s e s s o t h a t p l a n n e r s w i l l h a v e i n f o r m a t i o n
from
a b r o a d r a n g e o f l a n d u s e e f f e c t s upon which t o draw f o r p u r p o s e s o f d e s i g n , Second, t h e w a t e r s h e d s s h o u l d b e p o t e n t i a l l y i n p o ~ t t a n t o n e s i n z e l a t i o n s h s p t o p o i n t s o u r c e s , By s e l e c t i n g w a t e r s h e d s t h a t d r a i n u r b a n areas and a r e a s u p s t r e a m of u r b a n a r e a s , t h e m a g n i t u d e s and i m p o r t a n c e sf n o n - p o i n t l o a d s i n comparison w i t h p o i n t l o a d s can be a s s e s s e d d i r e c t l y , A s e t o f w a t e r s h e d s t h a t appears ta meet t h e s e c r i t e r i a i n c l u d e s t h e Eno R i v e r A o v e Durkaan, E l l e r b e Creek which d r a i n s a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e n o r t h s i d e o f Durhan, C r a b t u e e Creek above a n d below R a l e i g h , New Hope Creek above US 15-5Q1, T h i r d F o r k C r e e k which d r a i n s much o f S o u t h Du;9ham, L i t t l e Creek i n Chapel H i l l , and N o r t h e s s t Creek above HC 751.Second, e s t i m a t e s o f n o n - p o i n t l o a d s s h o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d f o r a s e t o f s m l l u r b a n w a t e r s h e d s i n t h e r a n g e 3-10 s q u a r e m i l e s , The p u r p o s e s of t h e s e e s t i - m a t e s a r e :
(1)
t o p r o v i d e f u r t h e r i n s i g h t s i n t othe nature
o f p r o c e s s e s t h a tg e n e r a t e n s n - p o i n t l ~ a d s i n t h e u r b a n c e n t e r s o f t h e s t u d y a r e a ; m d (2) co p r o v i d e i n f o m a t i o n f o r p r e d i c t i n g n o n - p o i n t l o a d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h new Band d e v e l o p m e n t , W a t e r s h e d s s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d s o t h a t Band u s e s
within
w a g e r s h e d s a r e r e l a t i v e l y homogeneous and l a n d u s e s i n a l l w a t e r s h e d s r e p r e s e n t a b r o a d r a n g e o f urban l a n d u s e s , Some o f t h e w a t e r s h e d s w i t h i n t h e G r a b t r e eGreek
d the C i t y of R a l e i g h p r o v i d e a n e x c e l l e n t o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a c q u i r i n g t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , The unnamed c r e e k a r i s i n g n e a r t h e S t a t e F a i r g r o u n d s and f l o w i n g n o r t h e a s t e r l y a l o n g t h e US 1 and 5 4 B e l t l i n e d r a i n s a Band area thaC i s u s e d p r i m a r i l y % o r highway t r a v e l ; B e a v e r D a m Branch c a r r i e s t h e r u n a f f from a w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a ; P i g e o n House B r a n c h , f l o w i n g a f m g Downtcwn B o u l e v a r d (US l - B u s i n e s s and US 401) t r a n s p o r t s t h e r u n o f f f r o m a p o r t i o n of t h e Central B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t , t h e S t a t e govern men^ csrnplex, a d commercial a d i n d u s t r i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a l o n g t h e B o u l e v a r d ; B i g Bran&, which f l o w s i n t o C r a b t r e e C r e e k f r o m t h e n o r t h , c o l l e c t s s t o r m w a t e r f r o m p r e d o m i n m t k y s u b u r b a n t y p e d e v e l o p m e n t ,
At t h e s e c o n d l e v e l o f a e r i a l c o v e r a g e , e m p h a s i s is p l a c e d on u r b a n w a t e r - s h e d s f o r two r e a s o n s , F i r s t , p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s of n o n - p o i n t l o a d s p o i n t t o u r b a n c e n t e r s as b e i n g o f g r e a t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e t h a n r u r a l a r e a s ; s e c o n d , c o r r e c t i v e m e a s u r e s are l i k e l y t o b e most c o s t - e f f e c t i v e i f t h e y a r e a p p l i e d t o a r e a s where a c t i v i t i e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d , B e f o r e s a m p l i n g i s i n 5 t i a t e d on t h e s e w a t e r s h e d s , d e s i g n o f t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n program f a r s e l e c t e d w a t e r s h e d s s h o u l d b e made c o m p a t i b l e w i t h d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t s of a s t o m - w a t e r r u n o f f model f o r s i m u l a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s of w i t h i n - w a t e r s h e d c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s , P r o p e r t i e s o f
t h a t model w i l l b e s p e c i f i e d i n t h e g u i d e l i n e s f o r g e n e r a t i n g a n d t e s t i n g altema- t i v e management p l a n t ; l i k e l y frameworks f o r t h e model a r e t h e S t o - m Waeer
Management Model ( 2 4 1 , t h e S t o r a g e , T r e a t m e n t , Overflow, and Runoff Mode4 (251, Data r e q u i r e m e n t s w i l l n o d o u b t i n c l u d e e o n t h u o u s measurement of r a i n f a l l i n a d d i t i o n t o rates of r u n o f f f o r w a t e r and w a t e r - b o r n e p o l l u t a n t s , H a d u s e , i m p e r v i o u s a r e a s , g r o u n d s l o p e , and d r a i n a g e c o n d u i t s w i l l a l s o b e r e q u i r e d ,
F i n a l l y , i f upon f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s of t h e s e s e l e c t e d a r e a s t h e r e i s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l amount o f n o n - p o i n t l o a d s may b e a r i s i n g f r o m t r a c t s of l a n d t h a t c a n b e r e a d i l y i s o l a t e d ( s h o p p i n g c e n t e r s , i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s , e t c . ) , s p e c i a l s i t e s u r v e y s may b e n e c e s s a r y ,
A l l f i e l d s u r v e y s f o r n o n - p o i n t l o a d e s t i m a t e s must b e c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h w a t e r q u a l i t y s u r v e y s and s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ,
9,7 S t o m w a t e r I m p a c t A n a l y s e s
Water q u a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i s s o f s t r e a m s i n t h e a r e a u n d e r low f l o w c o n d i - t i o n s h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d r e a s o n a b l y w e l l by t h e s e v e r a l s t u d i e s r e v i e w e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s document, S n a p s h o t s o f t h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u n d e r o t h e r c ~ n d i t i o n s a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e p r i o r s t u d i e s , b u t t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e dynamics of s t r e a m s d u r i n g and a f t e r r a f n s t o m s , t h e p e r i o d s d u r i n g which most n o n - p o i n t l o a d s a r e t r a n s m i t t e d t o a n d h a v e t h e i r i m p a c t upon s t r e a m s i n t h e a r e a , T h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t p r i o r i n f o r m a t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h t h a t n o n - p o i n t l o a d s a r e l a r g e by comparison w i t h e f f l u e n t s f r o m s e c o n d a r y t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s ; t h e r e i s l i t t l e e v i d e n c e as t o t h e e f f e c t s s u c h l o a d s may h a v e d u r i n g and s h o r t l y a f t e r s t o r m s , Flows, v e l o c i t i e s , a n d o t h e r s t r e a m c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e s u b j e c t t o l a r g e a n d r a p i d v a r i a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e s e t i m e s ; t h e e f f e c t s o f i n c r e a s e d l o a d s d u r i n g t h e s e t i m e s may o r may n o t b e o f s u c h a magnitude t o c a u s e v i o l a t i o n s o f w a t e r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s ,
T h e r e f o r e , s t o r m w a t e r i m p a c t a n a l y s e s s h c u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n o n t h o s e s e g - ments of s t r e a m s i n t h e a r e a where s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t s c a n b e a n t i c i p a t e d , The
l o g i s t i c s of e x e c u t i n g t h e s e a n a l y s e s w i l l b e complex and e x p e n s i v e , Storms a r e h i g h l y random w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r t i m i n g , l o c a t i o n , i n t e n s i t y , and dura- t i o n ; t h e y a r e p r e d i c t a b l e o n l y a few h o u r s i n adv ce a t b e s t . There i s
p r e c i o u s l i t t l e time t o a c t i v a t e f i e l d p e r s o n n e l and equipment between t h e time t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of a s t o m becomes l a r g e d t h e t i m e sf i t s o c c u r r e n c e , Fur- thermore, s t o r m e v e n t s have a h i g h p r o b a b i l i t y of o c c u r r i n g a t times o t h e r t h a n d u r i n g r e g u l a r working h o u r s . The c o s t of m a i n t a i n i n g competent f i e l d crews on a round-the-clock b a s i s f o r an extended p e r i o d of time would be p r o h i b i t i v e ; and t h e r e f o r e , i t seems r e a s o n a b l e t o d e s i g n t h e s e f i e l d s t u d i e s upon t h e
assumption t h a t a u t o m a t i c equipment w i l l b e u t i l i z e d w i t h a minimum of manpower r e q u i r e d i n t h e f i e l d ,
However, a u t o m a t i c m o n i t o r i n g
and
sampling equipment i s e x p e n s i v e , as a r e t h e chemical and b i o l o g i c a l a n a l y s e s of samples c o l l e c t e d i n t h e f i e l d . None- t h e l e s s , t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f non-point l o a d s and t h e i r i m p a c t s on w a t e r q u a l i t y d u r i n g and a f t e r s t o r m s are c r i t i c a l p i e c e s of m i s s i n g i n f o r m a t i o n f o r d i a g n o s t i c purposes and t h e d e s i g n of c o r r e c t i v e measures, P r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s o f c o s t s f o r t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n h a v e been judged t o be r e a s o n a b l e where t h e y a r e compared t o t h e a n t i c i p a t e d v a l u e of t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e s e a r c h f o r c o s t - e f f e c t i v e management a c t i o n s .' The recommended s t r a t e g y f o r o b t a i n i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i n v o l v e s t h r e e l e v e l s of a n a l y s i s ; t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l would be u n d e r t a k e n o n l y i f t h e f i r s t two a r e i n c o n c l u s i v e . Because d i s s o l v e d oxygen (DO) e f f e c t s a p p e a r t o be t h e most i m p o r t a n t s h o r t - t e r m m e a s u r a b l e consequences of s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f w i t h i n t h e s t u d y a r e a , t h e f i r s t l e v e l of a n a l y s i s would i n v o l v e t h e c o n t i n u o u s measure- ment of DO a t segments o f s t r e a m s of t h e a r e a where t h e most c r i t i c a l e f f e c t s can b e a n t i c i p a t e d , These segments a r e t h e Neuse R i v e r below R a l e i g h and above S m i t h f i e l d , North C a r o l i n a , and t h e New Hope R i v e r below Durham and Chapel Hill and above t h e mouth o f t h e r i v e r . Measurements t a k e n a t s e l e c t e d l o c a t i o n s i n t h e s e segments o v e r s e v e r a l months can b e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e magnitude, f r e q u e n c y , and d u r a t i o n of DO impacts i f they e x i s t . D i s s o l v e d oxygen measure- ments i n t h e s e se e n t s can be c o r r e l a t e d w i t h c o n t i n u o u s s t r e a m f l o w gages and n e i g h b o r i n g r a i n f a l l gages t o i s o l a t e t h e impacts of s t o r m e v e n t s u s i n g measure- ments of non-storm p e r i o d s a s ' b a s e l i n e d a t a f o r comparison,
The second Level o f a n a l y s i s i s d e s i g n e d t o measure t o t a l l o a d s of t h e most i m p o r t a n t p o l l u t ts e n t e r i n g c r i t i c a l segments of major r e c e i v i n g s t r e a m s , A l i m i t e d amount of s u p p l e m e n t a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w i l l b e u n d e r t a k e n a t t h i s l e v e l t o g a i n some i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e k i n e t i c s o f decomposition and mass t r a n s p o r t
w i t h i n t h e s e l e c t e d segments and t o e s t i m a t e t h e q u m t f t y of m a t e r i a l s b e i n g t r a n s p o r t e d o u t of t h e segments, Segments t o b e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s a r e t h e same a s t h o s e i n t h e f i r s t l e v e l o f a n a l y s i s , P o l l u t a n t s t o b e measured i n c l u d e t o t a l o r g a n i c c a r b o n , t o t a l and suspended s o l i d s , n i t r o g e n , phosphorous, and s e l e c t e d m e t a l s . Supplementary d a t a w i l l a l s o i n c l u d e BOD (5-day, n i t r o g e n i n h i b i t e d , and long-term) ,
I f a t h i r d l e v e l of s t o r m r u n o f f impact a n a l y s i s i s r e q u i r e d f o r p u r p o s e s of d e s i g n i n g c o r r e c t i v e measures, i t would c o n s i s t of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of
dynamic mass-balance models i n t h o s e segments where such i n f o m a t i on i s r e q u i r e d . Because d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n f o r s u c h models i s v e r y c o s t l y , t h e s e s t u d i e s would b e u n d e r t a k e n o n l y if t h e f i r s t two l e v e l s of a n a l y s i s a r e i n c o n c l u s i v e , D e t a i l d e s i g n s of f i e l d s t u d i e s f o r t h i s l e v e l w i l l depend v e r y much upon t h e f i n d i n g s from t h e f i r s t two l e v e l s and c a n n o t b e s p e c i f i e d i n advance.
9 . 8 Accounting f o r B e n t h i c D e p o s i t s
The p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t s t o r m r u n o f f c a u s e s a s c o u r i n g e f f e c t on b e n t h i c d e p o s i t s behow major p o i n t s o u r c e s and t h e r e b y c o n t r i b u t e s s u b s t a n t i a l amounts o f p o l l u t i o n d u r i n g and a f t e r s t o r m e v e n t s s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d , Most of t h e major p o i n t s o u r c e s i n t h e a r e a a r e l o c a t e d on small s t r e a m s t h a t a r e s u b j e c t t o sudden and v e r y l a r g e i n c r e a s e s i n f l o w as a r e s u l t s f s t o m s . There i s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t d u r i n g p e r i o d s of low s t r e a m f l o w r e s i d u a l w a s t e s from t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s have a h i g h r a t e of s e d i m e n t a t i o n when d i s c h a r g e d t o t h e s e s t r e a m s , The f l u s h i n g e f f e c t of l a r g e s t o r m s may r e s u s p e n d t h e s e m a t e r i a l s and c o n t r i b u t e s u b s t a n t i a l p o l l u t i o n l o a d s . Because management t e c h n i q u e s f o r c o n t r o l of t h e s e Loads a r e l i k e l y t o b e d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e c a r r i e d b y s t o r m w a t e r a l o n e , t h e s e l o a d s s h o u l d b e i s o l a t e d from t o t a l l o a d s d u r i n g s t o r m s ,
Streams where t h i s phenomenon can b e a n t i c i p a t e d i n c l u d e E l l e r b e Creek, Knap of t h e Reeds Creek, Walnut Creek, T h i r d Fork Creek, Morgan Creek, and p o r t i o n s of New Hope Creek, The c o s t o f i n c l u d i n g a l l of t h e s e s t r e a m s i n a s t u d y may b e p r o h i b i t i v e , S e l e c t e d streams s h o u l d i n c l u d e Walnut Creek, T h i r d Fork Creek, and p o r t i o n s of New Hope Creek, P a r a m e t e r s of p a r t i c u l a r concern i n c l u d e BOD and suspended s o l i d s ,
C h a p t e r 1 0 MONITORING STMTEGY l 0 , l V a r i e d R e q u i r e m e n t s o f M o n i t o r i n g Design
I t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o p r o v i d e u n i v e r s a l g u i d e L i n e s f o r t h e d e s i g n o f a d a t a c o l l e c t f s n program t h a t would b e i d e a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o a l l t h e o b j e c t i v e s , The most e f f e c t i v e s t r a t e g y w i l l r e q u i r e a mix o f t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n s :
1 , t o m o n i t o r c u r r e n t a m b i e n t w a t e r q u a l i t y l e v e l s , 2 , t o m o n i t o r m a j o r p o i n t s o u r c e s ,
3 , t o f o r e c a s t and p r e d i c t f u t u r e t r e n d s a t p e r i o d i c i n t e r v a l s , 4 , t o m e a s u r e c o n t r i b u t i o n s from a sample o f n o n - p o i n t s o u r c e s , and 5 , t o m o n i t o r s e l e c t e d t y p i c a l d r a i n a g e s u b - b a s i n s i n t e n s i v e l y i n
o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e b a s i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s ,
E x c e p t i n areas where o n e p o i n t s o u r c e o f p o l l u t i o n i s c l e a r l y dominant o v e r a l l o t h e r p o s s i b l e s o u r c e s , t h e e n f o r c e m e n t s f p o l l u t i o n l i m i t a t i o n s can- n o t b e b a s e d on t h e a m b i e n t w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a , n o r c a n t h e a m b i e n t w a t e r
q u a l i t y l e v e l s b e o b t a i n e d f r o m a d e t a i l e d knowledge o f t h e p o i n t s o u r c e s , The s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f m o n i t o r i n g d e s i g n f o r a m b i e n t w a t e r q u a l i t y l e v e l s s h a l l v a r y s f g n i f i c a n t l y among s t r e a m s o f d i f f e r e n t o r d e r , The e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n L i s t e d i n d e t a i l f o r v a r i o u s i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e f e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s . The
s a m p l i n g i n t e r v a l s s u f f i c i e n t t o e n s u r e c o m p l i a n c e s h o u l d b e a r r i v e d a t from t h e s e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , Enforcement w i t h r e s p e c t t o stream q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s w i l l d i c t a t e i t s own l o c a t i o n and f r e q u e n c y o f s a m p l i n g s i t e s .
The a b i l i t y t o p r o j e c t t r e n d s , e v e r y f i v e y e a r s f o r i n s t a n c e , r e q u i r e s d a t a r e c o r d s of s p e c i f i c d u r a t i o n and f r e q u e n c y t o d e t e c t s h i f t s i n t h e mean q u a l i t y l e v e l s of s p e c i f i c m a g n i t u d e a t g i v e n l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ,
A s t r a t i f i e d random s a m p l e from t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f n o n - p o i n t s o u r c e s w i l l r e p r e s e n t d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f l a n d u s e s e a c h h a v i n g s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t r e q u i r e - ments o f m o n i t o r i n g d e s i g n . SampPing f o r s t o r m w a t e r q u a l i t y r e q u i r e s i t s own p r o t o c o l o f measurement.
D e t a i l e d m o n i t o r i n g w i l l b e r e q u i r e d t o u n d e r s t a n d n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , r e a c t i o n rates, s o u r c e s , r e s e r v o i r s , and s i n k s o f p o l l u t a n t s . The c a l i b r a t i o n of w a t e r q u a l i t y m o d e l s w i l l r e q u i r e e x t e n s i v e s t a t i o n s o b s e r v e d a t h i g h
f r e q u e n c i e s ,
1 0 a 2 One-time B a s i c Data Program
The g r e a t e s t c o n s t r a i n t on t h e a p p 2 i c a t i o n o f a n a l y t i c a l and q u a n t i t a t i v e t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e d e t a i l e d d e s i g n o f a m o n i t o r i n g n e t w o r k i s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y
of a c t u a l d a t a . Each method assumes t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of c e r t a i n t y p e s of i n f o r m a t i o n , The s t a t i s b i c a l and sampl i n g t e c h n i q u e s r e q u i r e advance e s t i - mates of p o p u l a t i o n v a r i a n c e s , Extreme v a l u e sampling r e q u i r e s e s t i m a t e s of
t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f v i o l a t i o n and of d u r a t i o n s of v i o l a t i o n .ad n o n - v i o l a t i o n , The d e s i g n of t h e d e n s i t y of networks r e q u i r e s c o r r e l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e i n t i m e and s p a c e , Because of t h e l a c k of a c t u a l w a t e r q u a l i t y d a t a , i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e
a prisK
t o g i v e r e a s o n a b l y good e s t i m a t e s o f t h e r e q u i r e d d e n s i t y and sampling f r e q u e n c y f o r any t y p e of m o n i t o r i n g network on t h e b a s i s of a n a l y t i c a l e o n s i d e r a - t i o n s a l o n e ,I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t o p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e c o v e r a g e o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e con- d i t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t North C a r o l i n a , a one-time one-year program t o c o l l e c t sam- p l e s a t about 1008 s i t e s w i l l be needed, T h i s i s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g sampling l o c a t i o n s , The frequency of sampling w i l l b e monthly, The
samples w i l l be analyzed f o r a broad spectrum of q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s ,
Tke p r o t o c o l o f s e l e c t i n g t h e s e s t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e a s f o l l o w s : The f i r s t s t e p w i l l b e t o develop a s t r e a m s e g m e n t a t i o n p l a n f o r a l l d r a i n a g e b a s i n s t a k i n g 3 o r 4 h i g h e s t o r d e r s of t h e s t r e a m s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n , These segments w i l l c o n s t i t u t e t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n from which t h e sample i s t o b e drawn, A p r e l i m i n a r y a l l o c a t i o n t o each major d r a i n a g e b a s i n w i l l b e i n p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e t o t a l flow of t h e b a s i n , The s t r a t a i n each d r a i n a g e b a s i n w i l l b e b a s e d on t h e s t r e a m o r d e r , A random sample of e q u a l s i z e w i l l b e drawn from each
s t r a t u m , The l o c a f i o n s w i l l b e m o d i f i e d t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e x i s t i n g stream-gaging s t a t f o n s , known areas o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n , and a r e a s of p o t e n t i a l development,
A t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s e f f o r t and t h e a n a l y s i s o f d a t a , i t i s hoped t o accomplish t h e f o l l o w i n g :
1. p r o v i d e a comprehensive r e c o r d of t h e c u r r e n t s t a t e o f t h e q u a l i t y of s u r f a c e w a t e r s i n North C a r o l i n a . This w i l l a l s o s e r v e a s b a s e l i n e d a t a ;
2, y i e l d broad e s t i m a t e s of t h e n a t u r a l p r o d u e t i o n o f c o n t a m i n a n t s ; 3 , i d e n t i f y c o n s t i t u e n t s and l o c a t i o n s where c o n d i t i o n s need f u r -
t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n ; and above a l l ,
4 ,
p r o v i d e a s t a r t i n g poin% f o r t h e d e s i g n o f t h e f i n a l m o n i t o r i n g s y s tern.HO,a
Framework o f M o n i t o r i n g DesignA s a r e s u l t of t h e p i l o t survey and t h e d a t a from s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n s , s u f f i c i e n t b a s e s would h a v e developed t o a l l o w r a t i o n a l a l l o c a t i o n of
s u r v e f l l a n e e r e s o u r c e s . One would a v o i d t h e p i t f a l l of emphasizing t h e regu- l a t o r y a s p e c t s o f t h e s t a t e ' s p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l a t t h e expense o f d a t a needs of s c i e n t i f i c management and long-range p h n n i n g o f t o t a l w a t e r and r e l a t e d l a d r e s o u r c e s , The second s t a g e m o n i t o r i n g network w i l l h a v e t h r e e components:
I , an e x t e n s i v e network, 2 . a r e g u l a t o r y n e t w o r k , and 3 , an i n t e n s i v e n e t w o r k ,
With r e s p e c t t o t h e l o c a t i o n of m o n i t o r i n g s i t e s , t h e s e c a t e g o r i e s a r e n o t m u t u a l l y e x e l u s i v e , I t i s proposed t h a t o n e - f o u r t h o f t h e r e s o u r c e s be a l l o - c a t e d t o t h e e x t e n s i v e and r e g u l a t o r y network each and t h e remaining t o t h e i n t e n s i v e network which s h o u l d b e t h e main f o c u s s f t h e m o n i t o r i n g e f f o r t ,
E x t e n s i v e Network, A f t e r a s t u d y of t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e s i t e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e b a s e l i n e network, a number of s e l e c t e d s t a t i o n s w f l l c o n t i n u e w h i l e t h e o t h e r s w i l l b e d i s c o n t i n u e d , Some l o c a t i o n s w i l l a l s o b e m o d i f i e d , I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e s i z e of b a s e l i n e network could be reduced by more t h a n 50 p e r c e n t " The e x t e n s i v e network w i l l comprise a number of key p o i n t s sampled a t l o n g e r i n t e r v a l s , n o t l e s s t h a n bimonthly i n i t i a l l y , f o r a r e l a - t i v e l y l a r g e number of q u a l i t y p a r a m e t e r s ,
T h i s network w i l l s e r v e a s a b a s i s of d e t e r m i n a t i o n of ambient w a t e r q u a l i t y l e v e l s , t r e n d e s t i m a t e s and non-point s o u r c e m o n i t o r i n g , A s a r e s u l t of t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a of t h i s network, r e l a t i o n s h i p between l a n d u s e and w a t e r q u a l i t y and c o n t r i b u t i o n s from s t o m r u n o f f w i l l emerge,
R e g u l a t i o n Network, I n what a r e c a l l e d w a t e r q u a l f t y l i m i t e d segments c o n t a i n i n g c l u s t e r s o f p o i n t s o u r c e s and t h e most s e r i o u s p o U u t i o n problems, t h e s t a t e ' s e f f o r t w i l l b e i n two d i r e c t i o n s :
E , d e v i s i n g a n extreme v a l u e network t o m o n i t o r %he w o r s t con- d i t i o n s , and
2 , e x e r c i s i n g q u a l i t y of d a t a c o n t r o l and t e s t i n g t h e a c c u r a c y of s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g n e t w o r k ,
The major burden o f m o n i t o r i n g wi61 b e on t h e s o u r e e s t h e m s e l v e s , The S t a t e s h a l l h a v e t o m o n i t o r o n l y a t t h o s e c r i t i c a l l o c a t i o n s which are n o t c o i n c i - d e n t w i t h t h e upstream sampling s i t e s of t h e s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g s o u r e e s ,
The
d e s i g n w i l l b e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c r i t e r i a d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter6 ,
These s i t e s w i l l a l s o s e r v e a s a broad check on t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d byt h e s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g s o u r c e s ,
A c a t e g o r i c a l l i s t of t h e p o i n t s o u r e e s s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o l o c a t i o n , s i z e , t y p e , and mass f l o w of p s l l u t a n t s , The l a r g a s z f i v e p e r c e n t o f
t h e s o u r c e s s h o u l d b e checked 1 0 0 p e r c e n t . A s t r a t i f i e d random s a m p l e s h o u l d b e drawn from t h e r e m a i n i n g f o r c h e c k i n g e v e r y y e a r ,
The d a t a s u b m i t t e d by s e l f - m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n s s h o u l d b e c r i t i c a l l y r e v i e w e d , A r o u t i n e c a n b e d e v e l o p e d t o s p o t any e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s f r o m t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f maximum and minimum v a l u e s and t h e r a t e s o f c h a n g e , S p e c i a l c a r e w i l l b e r e q u i r e d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g t e c h n i c a l v a l i d i t y o f t h e d a t a w i t h r e s p e c t t o a c c u r a c y , l o c a t i o n of m o n i t o r i n g s i t e s and t h e t i m i n g s f
s a m p l e s . The d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h i s m o n i t o r i n g h a s a f a i r c h a n c e o f a p p e a r - i n g i n l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s a n d r e g u l a t o r y a c t i o n . Given t h e v a r i a b i l i t y s f t h e s y s t e m p e r f o r m a n c e , and t h e f a c t t h a t a p o s s i b l e v i o l a t o r w i l l be r e g u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s of t h e d a t a h e h i m s e l f f u r n i s h e s , t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c e n t i v e f o r him t o s e l e c t a s a m p l i n g s c h e d u l e t h a t i s most f a v o r a b l e t o h i m , The v i o l a t o r and t h e r e g u l a t o r are i n a "game-playing" s i t u a t i o n h e r e ,
I n t e n s i v e Network. To s t a r t w i t h , a t l e a s t t h r e e d r a i n a g e s u b - b a s i n s , o n e f r o m e a c h p h y s i o g r a p h i c r e g i o n , s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s n e t w o r k . The s u b - b a s i n w i l l b e s t u d i e d
as
a c o m p l e t e u n i t w i t h a l l s i g n i f i c a n t o r d e r s o f s t r e a m s i n c l u d e d . I n i t i a l l y , t h e p r o c e d u r e u s e d w i l l b e ' o v e r - s a m p l i n g , "henumber o f s a m p l i n g l o c a t i o n s and s a m p l i n g r a t e s s h o u l d b e l a r g e r than a r r i v e d a t f r o m a n a l y t i c a l and e m p i r i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , The s i t e s s h o u l d b e sampled f o r a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number a f k e y p a r a m e t e r s , A f t e r a c c u m u l a t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f d a t a f o r a s u f f i c i e n t l e n g t h o f time b o t h t h e number of l o c a t i o n s a d f r e q u e n c y c a n b e r e d u c e d and i n t e n s i v e e f f o r t s h i f t e d t o o t h e r areas, The c r i t e r i a f o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f s a m p l i n g s i t e s and r e d u c i n g s a m p l i n g f r e q u e n c y w e r e examined e a r l i e r .
I t i s o n l y w i t h t h i s t y p e o f n e t w o r k t h a t one c a n d e v e l o p r e a l u n d e r s t a n d - i n g o f t h e p o l l u t a n t mass t r a n s p o r t a d t h e u n d e r l y i n g mechanisms and r e a c t i o n p r o c e s s e s , q u a n t i f y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e geometry and t h e h y d r a u l i c p r o p e r t i e s of d r a i n a g e b a s i n , e s n s t r u c t mass b a l a n c e s t o s t u d y t h e i n t e r p l a y o f p o i n t and n o n - p o i n t s o u r c e s , and o b s e r v e q u a l i t y u n d e r t h e w h o l e s p e c t r u m o f f l o w c o n d i t i o n s . P a r t i a l knowledge d e r i v e d froan o t h e r t y p e s of n e t w o r k s , a l t h o u g h b e t t e r t h a n a b s e n c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n , i s n o s u b s t i t u t e f o r a r e a s o n a b l y c o m p l e t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g ,
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