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Transcriptional repression of interferon-stimulated genes by the TRRAP transcriptional co-activator and its chaperone TTT

Dans le document The DART-Europe E-theses Portal (Page 93-143)

PART 1:

Transcriptional repression of interferon-stimulated genes by the TRRAP transcriptional co-activator and its chaperone TTT

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110 MATERIALS & METHODS

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124

PART II:

TORC1 and TORC2 converge to regulate the SAGA co-activator

Dans le document The DART-Europe E-theses Portal (Page 93-143)