• Aucun résultat trouvé

Teredo Client Specification

Dans le document we call this the Teredo service (Page 16-31)

5. Specification of Clients, Servers, and Relays

5.2. Teredo Client Specification

Os resultados apresentados mostram um decréscimo significativo nas taxas de captura do mako à medida que a TSM aumenta e um claro deslocamento a região sul ficando restrito as latitudes entre 20ºS e 30ºS e nulo acima de 20ºS (TSM>=2ºC). Em todos os cenários à medida que a temperatura aumenta, observa um estreitamento temporal das capturas para os meses mais frios, ou seja, em épocas normais a abundância ocorreria no primeiro e quarto trimestres do ano. Já em condições simuladas de aumento de TSM indica uma antecipação espaço-temporal da abundância no terceiro trimestre do ano. Apesar do mako não ser alvo da pescaria compartilha o mesmo ambiente com outras espécies de importância comercial e a perda do acesso aos recursos será mais impactante na região equatorial, como mostra o presente trabalho, trazendo consequências econômicas e sociais sem precedentes. Ainda que a magnitude e a velocidade dessas mudanças não sejam comparáveis, é razoável supor que as alterações previstas na distribuição das espécies possam ter consequências semelhantes.

6- Referências

ABASCAL, F.J; QUINTANS, M.; RAMOS-CARTELLE A.; MEJUTO, J.; Movements and environmental preferences of the shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Biology 158: 1175−1184, 2011.

AUGUSTIN, NH.; MUSIO, M.; VON WILPERT, K.; KUBLIN, E.; WOOD, S.N.; SCHUMACHER, M.; Modelling spatio-temporal forest health monitoring data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 104(487): 899–911, 2009.

AUGUSTIN, N.H.; TRENKEL, V.M.; WOOD, S.N.; LORANCE, P. Space–time modelling of blue ling for fisheries stock management. Environmetrics, 24: 109–119, 2013.

BADJECK M.; ALLISON E.; HALLS A.; DULVY N. Impacts of climate variability and change on fishery-based livelihoods. Mar. Policy 34, 375–383, 2010.

BOLKER B.M.; BROOKS M.E.; CLARK C.J.; GEANGE S.W.; POULSEN J.R.; STEVENS M.H.H.; WHITE J.S.S. Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24(3):127-135, 2008.

BRILL, R.; M.; LUTCAVAGE. 2001. Understanding environmental influences on movements and depth distribution of tunas and billfish can significantly improve stock assessments. Pages 179-198. In: G. R. Sedberry, editor. Island in the Stream: Oceanography and Fisheries of the Charleston Bump. American Fisheries Society Symposium 25, Bethesda, MD.

CAMPANA, S.E.; MARKS, L.; JOYCE, W.; KOHLER, N.E. Catch, by-catch and indices of population status of blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the Canadian Atlantic. Colllective Volume of Scientifics Papers ICCAT, 58 (3): 891-934, 2005.

CLARKE. “Shark Product Trade in Hong Kong and Mainland China and Implementation of the CITES Shark Listings,” TRAFFIC East Asia, Hong Kong, pp 8859-8861, 2004.

COCHRANE, K.; DE YOUNG, C.; SOTO, D.; BAHRI, T. eds. 2009. Climate change implicationsfor fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific

knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530. Rome, FAO. 212 pp. (disponível www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0994e/i0994e.pdf acesso em 15/02/2016). DUNN, P. K.; SMYTH, G. K. Series evaluation of Tweedie exponential dispersion models densities. Statistics and Computing, 15: 267–280, 2005.

EBERT D.A.; STEHMANN, M.F.W. Sharks, batoids, and chimaeras of the North Atlantic FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 7. Rome, FAO. 523 pp, 2013.

HINTON,M.G.; DERISO, R.B. Distribution and stock assessment of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the eastern Pacific Ocean from catch and effort data standardized on biological and environmental parameters. U.S. Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 142: 161-179, 1998.

HOLTS, D.B.; BEDFORD, D.W. Horizontal and vertical movements of the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus, in 174 the Southern California Bight. Aust J Marine Freshwater Reseach 44: 901−909 Hothorn T, Bretz, 1993.

ICCAT, 2015. Access to ICCAT statistical databases. Task I Excel, MS Excel pivot table to obtain nominal catches of Atlantic tunas and tuna-like fish (including sharks),

by gear, region and flag, version 03/2015, 5 Mb(rar).

http://www.iccat.int/en/accesingdb.htm, Acesso em 20/10/2015.

IPCC, Painel Intergovernamental de Mudanças Climáticas. Sumário do 5º Relatório de Avaliação do clima para os tomadores de decisão: Grupo de Trabalho Impactos, Avaliação e Vulnerabilidade. US: IPCC, 2014. 46 p.

JURADO-MOLINA, J.; LIVINGSTON, P.A. Climate forcing effects on trophically- linked groundfish populations: Implications for fisheries management. Canadian Journal of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences 59, 1941-1951, 2002.

MARRA, G.; WOOD, S. N., 2011. Practical variable selection for generalized additive models. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 55 (7), pp. 2372-2387, 2011.

OTTERSEN, G.; HJERMANN, D.; STENSETH, N.C. Changes in spawning stock structure strengthens the link between climate and recruitment in a heavily fished cod stock. Fisheries Oceanografy. 15(3): 230–243, 2006

RICKER, W. E. Computation and Interpretation of Biological Statistics of Fish Populations. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, No 119, 1975. RUNCIE, R.; HOLTS, D.; WRAITH. J.;, YI XUC, RAMON. D.; RASMUSSEN, R.; KOHIN. S. A fishery-independent survey of juvenile shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and blue (Prionace glauca) sharks in the Southern California Bight, 1994–2013, Fisheries Research 183 233–243. (2016)

RUNCIE, R.; HOLTS, D.; WRAITH. J.;, YI XUC, RAMON. D.; RASMUSSEN, R.; KOHIN. S. A fishery-independent survey of juvenile shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and blue (Prionace glauca) sharks in the Southern California Bight, 1994–2013, Fisheries Research 183 233–243, 2016.

SCHICK, R.S.; GOLDSTEIN, J.; LUTCAVAGE, M. Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) distribution in relation to sea surface temperature fronts in the Gulf of Maine (1994- 1996). Fisheries Oceanography, 13(4) 225-238, 2006.

SEPULVEDA, C.A.; KOHIN, S.; CHAN, C.; VETTER, R.; GRAHAM, J.B.; Movement patterns, depth preferences, and stomach temperatures of free-swimming juvenile mako sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus, in the Southern California Bight. Marine Biology 145: 191−199, 2004.

SHARP , G.D. (1978). Behavioural and Physiologica l Propertie s of Tunas and their Effects on Vulnerability t o Fishing Gear. In 'Physiologica l Ecology of Tunas' (Ed. Sharp, G.D. and Dizon, A.E.)(Academic Press:New York).

STEVENS, J.D.. The Biology and Ecology of the Shortfin Mako Shark, Isurus oxyrinchus. In: Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation. Edited by CAHMI, M. D.; PIKITCH, E. K.; BABCOCK, E. A. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chapter 7. 87- 94, 2008.

TWEEDIE, M. C. K. An index which distinguishes between some important exponential families. Statistics: Applications and New Directions. Proceedings of the

Indian Statistical Institute Golden Jubilee International Conference (Eds. J. K. Ghosh and J. Roy), pp. 579–604, 1984.

VAUDO, J.J.; WETHERBEE, B.M.; WOOD, A.D.; WENG, K.; HOWEY-JORDAN, L.A.; HARVEY, G.M.; SHIVJI, M.S. Vertical movements of shortfin mako sharks Isurus oxyrinchus in the western North Atlantic Ocean are strongly influenced by temperature. Marine Ecology Progress Series 547:163-175, 2016.

WALTHER G.-R.; POST E.; CONVEY P.; MENZEL A.; PARMESAN C.; BEEBEE T. J. C.; FROMENTIN J.-M.; HOEGH-GULDBERG O.; BAIRLEIN F. 2002 Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416, 389–395.

WOOD, S.N.; BRAVINGTON, M.V.; HEDLEY, S.L. Soap film smoothing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Statistical Methodology 70(5):931–955, 2008.

Dans le document we call this the Teredo service (Page 16-31)

Documents relatifs